Ship having carbon capture storage device

Abstract

Provided is a ship comprising: a hull including an engine room; a carbon dioxide capture device for capturing carbon dioxide in exhaust gas generated in the engine room; a compressor room located on the deck of the hull and having a compressor installed to compress atmospheric air; and a carbon dioxide storage tank located above the compressor room.

Description

A ship equipped with a carbon capture and storage device

[0001] The present invention relates to a ship comprising a carbon capture device for ships.

[0002] Maritime transport is the most economical and common means of long-distance cargo transportation. The engines of large cargo ships and cruise vessels emit exhaust gases containing large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). These pollutants are not only harmful to the human body but also cause environmental pollution.

[0003] Accordingly, the UN has delegated the issue of regulating exhaust gas emissions from ships navigating all seas worldwide to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the IMO is pursuing various measures to reduce exhaust gas emissions with the goal of reducing environmental pollutants from ships by 40% by 2030 and by 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels.

[0004] In Korea, research projects are being conducted by establishing a mid-to-long-term roadmap to achieve the 2030 greenhouse gas reduction targets set by the IMO. Accordingly, the shipping and shipbuilding industries are demanding solutions to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, which are representative pollutants in exhaust gases, in order to develop eco-friendly ships through active technological development to reduce greenhouse gases generated from ships.

[0005] For eco-friendly ships, there is a rapidly increasing demand for the application of technologies for gas fuels with low carbon emissions, such as LNG and LPG, and research is underway on new technologies utilizing eco-friendly fuels, such as LPG / ammonia dual-fuel technology.

[0006] However, in addition to the burden of rising operating costs associated with fuel expenses, issues regarding the supply and availability of eco-friendly fuels still persist. Fuels such as ammonia have not yet reached commercialization due to toxicity issues, and there are difficulties in applying new technologies to existing vessels.

[0007] Accordingly, the development of Onboard Carbon Capture Storage (OCCS) systems, which apply Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) devices to ships, is underway.

[0008] However, compared to carbon capture methods on land, establishing a carbon capture system on a ship is subject to significant spatial constraints, and there are difficulties in securing space on existing ships to store the captured carbon dioxide. In addition, issues regarding absorbents for capturing carbon dioxide and the treatment of the captured carbon dioxide arise.

[0009] The objective of the present invention is to provide a ship equipped with a carbon capture and storage device while minimizing the impact on the existing ship's configuration.

[0010] The technical problems of the present invention are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned technical problems will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.

[0011] A ship is provided comprising: a hull including an engine room; a carbon dioxide capture device for capturing carbon dioxide in exhaust gas generated in the engine room; a compressor room located on the deck of the hull and equipped with a compressor for compressing atmospheric air; and a carbon dioxide storage tank located above the compressor room.

[0012] It may include a carbon dioxide liquefaction device installed in the above compressor room.

[0013] The above carbon dioxide liquefaction device may include a carbon dioxide compressor, a dryer, and a carbon dioxide cooler.

[0014] The carbon dioxide liquefaction device may be located at the rear end of the compressor room.

[0015] The above compressor room includes a compressor room pilotis located at the rear end, and the carbon dioxide liquefaction device may be located above the compressor room pilotis.

[0016] It may include a mooring line passing through the lower part of the compressor room pilotis.

[0017] Two carbon dioxide storage tanks are arranged horizontally above the compressor room, and a passageway located between the two carbon dioxide storage tanks may be included.

[0018] It includes a living quarters located at the stern above the compressor room and including a bridge on top, and the bridge may be located higher than the carbon dioxide storage tank.

[0019] The vessel of the present invention can place a carbon dioxide capture and storage device within the limited space of the vessel, thereby minimizing changes to the structure and arrangement of other structures within the hull.

[0020] In addition, the vessel of the present invention can simplify the lower support structure of the carbon dioxide storage device by placing the carbon dioxide storage device above the compressor room.

[0021] In addition, by placing the carbon dioxide liquefaction device in the compressor room, space for placing the device can be secured, and placement adjacent to the carbon dioxide storage tank can be achieved, thereby increasing the efficiency of the carbon dioxide storage process.

[0022] The effects obtainable from the present invention are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned effects will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.

[0023] The drawings attached to this specification are intended to provide an understanding of the present invention, to illustrate various embodiments of the invention, and to explain the principles of the invention together with the description in the specification.

[0024] FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a carbon capture and storage device for a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0025] FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view illustrating a compressor room and a carbon dioxide storage tank of a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating a compressor room and a carbon dioxide storage tank of a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] FIG. 5 is a plan view illustrating a compressor room and a carbon dioxide storage tank of a ship according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0029] FIG. 6 is a plan view illustrating a compressor room of a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view illustrating the stern portion of a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 8 is a plan view illustrating the stern portion of a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 9 is a rear view illustrating the accommodation area of ​​a ship according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] Hereinafter, some embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to exemplary drawings. It should be noted that in assigning reference numerals to the components of each drawing, the same components are given the same reference numeral whenever possible, even if they are shown in different drawings. Furthermore, in describing the embodiments of the present invention, if it is determined that a detailed description of related known components or functions would hinder understanding of the embodiments of the present invention, such detailed description is omitted.

[0034] In describing the components of the embodiments of the present invention, terms such as first, second, A, B, (a), (b), etc., may be used. These terms are intended merely to distinguish the components from other components, and the essence, order, or sequence of the components is not limited by the terms. Furthermore, unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein, including technical or scientific terms, have the same meaning as generally understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. Terms such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant technology, and should not be interpreted in an ideal or overly formal sense unless explicitly defined in this application.

[0035] In various examples of the present disclosure, " / " and "," should be interpreted as indicating "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Furthermore, "A, B" may mean "A and / or B." Furthermore, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B and / or C." Furthermore, "A, B, C" may mean "at least one of A, B and / or C."

[0036] In various examples of the present disclosure, "or" should be interpreted as indicating "and / or". For example, "A or B" may include "only A", "only B", and / or "both A and B". In other words, "or" should be interpreted as indicating "additionally or alternatively".

[0037] Meanwhile, as the shipbuilding sector requires the input of massive amounts of information, technology, human resources, and material resources from design to construction and post-delivery defect repair, the need for digitalization-based productivity innovation is increasing.

[0038] In this case, difficulties in information sharing and data processing arise due to the lack of compatibility resulting from different data formats and platform usage; therefore, it is necessary to introduce an efficient integrated design and verification system that considers continuous adoption, dissemination, and expansion within the shipbuilding and marine sectors, as well as data continuity and visualization at each stage.

[0039] Meanwhile, due to a global shift in awareness regarding the climate crisis caused by global warming, agreements including various regulations are being established. To meet these regulations, research is being conducted on carbon-free fuels that do not emit greenhouse gases; however, these are still only in the research stage and have not yet been commercialized considering safety and economic feasibility. Furthermore, most existing ships operate using power generated by exploding heavy fuel oil in their engines, resulting in serious emissions of pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide.

[0040] Equipping ships with carbon capture and storage devices to capture and store carbon dioxide from exhaust gases generated by vessels using conventional fuels and engines is a realistic method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

[0041] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a carbon capture and storage device (100) that absorbs carbon dioxide using an absorbent and separates it. Exhaust gas generated during engine combustion is passed through an absorption tower (110, scrubber). An absorbent is injected into the absorption tower (110) to react the carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas with the absorbent.

[0042] The absorbent that has absorbed carbon dioxide moves to a regeneration tower (120, separate tower), and the regeneration tower (120) separates the absorbent from the carbon dioxide, liquefies the carbon dioxide, and supplies the absorbent separated from the carbon dioxide back to the absorption tower (110).

[0043] However, there is a difference of about 60-80°C between the absorption temperature (40-60°C) suitable for reacting carbon dioxide with the absorbent in the absorption tower (110) and the regeneration temperature (100-120°C) for separating carbon dioxide and the absorbent in the regeneration tower (120). To compensate for the temperature difference between the absorption tower (110) and the regeneration tower, the temperature difference can be reduced to about 30-40°C through heat exchange (115) between the absorbent supplied to the regeneration tower (120) and the absorbent supplied to the absorption tower (110).

[0044] In the regeneration tower (120), a heater is used to raise the temperature of the absorbent that has absorbed carbon dioxide, and the absorbent supplied to the absorption tower (110) can be supplied with its temperature lowered to the absorption temperature using a cooler.

[0045] The carbon dioxide separated from the regeneration tower (120) can be put into a high-pressure, low-temperature state using a compressor and a cooler and stored in a carbon dioxide storage tank (140).

[0046] In addition to the method of storing by liquefaction, there is also a method of storing calcium carbonate using calcium oxide, but it has not yet been commercialized as it is in the verification stage regarding the securing of storage space and reliability of calcium carbonate in the ship (200).

[0047] The carbon dioxide separation temperature in the regeneration tower (120) is approximately 100°C to 120°C, and the separated carbon dioxide maintains a high-temperature gaseous state even after cooling. This is first cooled to about 40°C using a cooler (131), and when cooling, the moisture mixed in the carbon dioxide liquefies, allowing the moisture in the carbon dioxide to be removed through a gas-liquid separator (132).

[0048] Liquid carbon dioxide that can be stored in the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) is in a low temperature and high pressure state of -47°C and 7 Bar or -20°C and 20 Bar, so the carbon dioxide must be pressurized and cooled to a corresponding pressure and temperature range.

[0049] Cooled carbon dioxide is compressed by a compressor (133) to increase pressure, and the moisture that liquefies during this process can be removed through a dryer (134). Since the temperature rises during the carbon dioxide compression process, it can be liquefied by a cooler (135) and then stored in a carbon dioxide storage tank (140).

[0050] This carbon dioxide capture and storage device (100) can be broadly divided into a carbon dioxide capture device (101) that captures carbon dioxide and a carbon dioxide storage device (102) that liquefies carbon dioxide to store it.

[0051] It is efficient to place the carbon dioxide capture device (101) and the carbon dioxide storage device (102) adjacent to each other, but it is preferable to place them within the range that does not compromise the spatial constraints within the hull and the arrangement of existing components.

[0052] FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a ship (200) according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the drawing, the right side is the bow direction and the left side is the stern direction.

[0053] Since the carbon dioxide capture device (101) captures carbon dioxide from exhaust gas discharged from the engine, it can be placed adjacent to the engine room located in the engine. Since the engine room (250) is generally located at the stern, it is efficient to place the carbon dioxide capture device (101) at the stern of the hull (210).

[0054] In particular, since it is effective to perform carbon dioxide capture after passing through a sulfuric acid scrubber (251) that removes sulfuric acid from the exhaust gas, it is desirable to place it adjacent to the sulfuric acid scrubber (251).

[0055] However, as shown in FIG. 2, since there is not enough space on the stern side, it is preferable to install the carbon dioxide storage device (102) in a location other than the stern, and it can be placed on the deck in front of the accommodation area (200).

[0056] The carbon dioxide storage device (102) may be placed on the lower deck, but in the case of a vessel (200) that lacks additional space inside the hull (210), such as a liquid tank carrier, the carbon dioxide storage device may be placed on the deck.

[0057] The carbon dioxide storage device (102) may be composed of a carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) for liquefying carbon dioxide and a carbon dioxide storage tank (140) for receiving the liquefied carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) is relatively small in size, but multiple carbon dioxide storage tanks (140), which serve as storage spaces, may be required depending on the exhaust volume of the vessel (200).

[0058] In particular, the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) is large and heavy, making it difficult to secure placement space. In cases where there is no space under the deck, such as in a liquid fuel carrier, the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) must be placed on the deck. However, since the rigidity of the deck is insufficient to support the carbon dioxide storage tank (140), an additional reinforcement structure must be provided.

[0059] Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 2, the present invention may place the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) on top of the compressor room (240). The compressor room (240) is a structure with more rigidity than a deck and has sufficient rigidity to support the carbon dioxide storage tank (140), so that it can stably support the carbon dioxide storage tank (140).

[0060] However, since the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) placed above the compressor room (240) may obstruct the view of the bridge (225) located at the rear, the height of the accommodation area (200) may be raised to secure the view of the bridge (225). Alternatively, an auxiliary observation device such as a camera may be used in the forward direction to compensate for the view obstructed by the carbon dioxide storage tank (140).

[0061] FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view illustrating a compressor room (240) and a carbon dioxide storage tank (140) of a ship (200) according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the hull (210) may include a compressor room (240) that sucks in air and compresses it to provide high-pressure air necessary for the operation of the hull (210).

[0062] The compressor room (240) can be made of a material with high rigidity, such as a steel frame or a concrete structure, and when the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) is placed on top of the compressor room (240), the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) can be placed without changing the location of other equipment on the deck (211) of the hull (210).

[0063] Additionally, the deck (211) of the hull (210) is made of thin plate material and does not have high rigidity, so an additional reinforcing structure is required to place the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) on the deck (211), but the compressor room (240) has higher rigidity than the deck (211) and can support the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) with sufficient rigidity.

[0064] The carbon dioxide stored in the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) must be liquefied by pressurizing it to a high pressure. As seen in FIG. 1, liquid carbon dioxide can be produced through processes such as pressurizing the gaseous carbon dioxide separated from the absorbent, cooling it, and removing moisture mixed in the carbon dioxide.

[0065] Since gaseous carbon dioxide is easier to transport than liquid carbon dioxide, it is preferable to place the carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) adjacent to the carbon dioxide storage tank (140).

[0066] The compressor room (240) requires a large space compared to the installation space of the compressor, so it includes extra space in addition to the space actually used, and the extra space can be used as a warehouse for storing equipment of the ship (200), etc.

[0067] Therefore, the carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) of the present invention can utilize the extra space of the compressor room (240) without the need to provide additional separate installation space. Since the carbon dioxide capture device (101) is located at the stern, it is preferable for the carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) to be located at the rear of the compressor room (240). As shown in FIG. 3, a carbon dioxide liquefaction device cabin (242) can be configured at the rear end of the compressor room (240).

[0068] Depending on the type of vessel (200), if the space of the compressor room (240) is insufficient, the compressor room (240) can be extended to the rear. FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view illustrating the compressor room (240) and carbon dioxide storage tank (140) of a vessel (200) according to another embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5 is a plan view illustrating the compressor room (240) and carbon dioxide storage tank (140) of a vessel (200) according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0069] As shown in FIG. 4, the compressor room (240) can be expanded to secure an installation space for the carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130). However, since the arrangement of the mooring line (272) must be changed when it overlaps with the rear of the compressor room (240), a piloti (245) can be installed in the compressor room as shown in FIG. 4 to provide space for the mooring line (272) under the piloti.

[0070] A carbon dioxide liquefaction device cabin (242) can be placed on top of the compressor room pilotis (245), and a carbon dioxide storage tank (140) can be located on top of the carbon dioxide liquefaction device cabin (242). When a pilotis is added, the lower support structure of the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) is expanded, so that the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) can be supported more stably. In addition, since the liquefaction device is placed adjacent to the carbon dioxide storage tank (140), the carbon dioxide storage process can be carried out effectively.

[0071] Two carbon dioxide storage tanks (140) may be placed on the compressor room (240) as shown in FIG. 5. A passageway (260) through which a crew member can move can be placed by utilizing the space between the two carbon dioxide storage tanks (140).

[0072] The passageway (260) is a passage used to move from the bow to the stern and simultaneously passes between the carbon dioxide storage tanks (140), allowing access to and maintenance of the carbon dioxide storage device (102).

[0073] FIG. 6 is a plan view illustrating a compressor room (240) of a vessel (200) according to an embodiment of the present invention. The compressor room (240) may be configured with a carbon dioxide liquefaction device cabin (242) in which an atmospheric compressor is positioned at the front end (241) and a carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) is positioned at the rear end. Although the space used as a deck (211) storage room (243) for storing equipment necessary for the navigation of the vessel (200) may be reduced, storage as shown in FIG. 6

[0074] Liquid carbon dioxide that can be stored in the carbon dioxide storage tank (140) is in a low temperature and high pressure state of -47°C and 7 Bar or -20°C and 20 Bar, so the carbon dioxide must be pressurized and cooled to a corresponding pressure and temperature range.

[0075] The carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) may include a carbon dioxide compressor, a dryer, and a carbon dioxide cooler. The cooled carbon dioxide is compressed to a high pressure (about 22 bar) by the compressor (133) to increase the pressure, and the moisture that is liquefied at this time can be removed through the dryer (134).

[0076] High-pressure carbon dioxide can be liquefied to -20°C or lower using a cooler (135). The liquefied carbon dioxide can be stored in a carbon dioxide storage tank (140) located above the compressor room (240).

[0077] As seen above, the vessel (200) of the present invention can place the carbon dioxide capture and storage device (100) within the limited space of the vessel (200), thereby minimizing changes to the structure and arrangement of other structures within the hull (210).

[0078] In addition, the vessel (200) of the present invention can simplify the lower support structure of the carbon dioxide storage device (102) by placing the carbon dioxide storage device (102) on the upper part of the compressor room (240).

[0079] In addition, by placing the carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) in the compressor room (240), space for placing the carbon dioxide liquefaction device (130) can be secured, and it can be placed adjacent to the carbon dioxide storage tank (140), thereby increasing the efficiency of the carbon dioxide storage process.

[0080] FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view illustrating the stern portion of a vessel (200) according to one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 8 is a plan view illustrating the stern portion of a vessel (200) according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0081] A carbon dioxide capture device (101) can be positioned behind the sulfuric acid scrubber (251). Behind the sulfuric acid scrubber (251), a mooring line (271) for securing the vessel (200) and a lifeboat (300) can be positioned.

[0082] In order to secure space for placing the lifeboat (300) at the stern, the carbon dioxide capture device (101) can be positioned so as to be offset to one side in the width direction of the hull (210), as shown in FIG. 8.

[0083] At this time, a lifeboat (300) can be placed on the other side of the stern to secure space for placing a carbon dioxide capture device (101) behind the sulfuric acid scrubber (251).

[0084] However, the mooring line (271) extends horizontally and obliquely or rearward from the stern of the vessel (200), requiring space for the mooring line (271). A stern piloti (215) can be constructed for the placement of the mooring line (271).

[0085] The stern piloti (215) is a structure consisting of columns and a ceiling, and has an open space at the bottom, so a mooring line (271) can be placed using the open space at the bottom and a carbon dioxide capture device (101) can be placed on the upper part of the stern piloti (215).

[0086] The stern piloti (215) is sufficiently provided only on one side of the stern of the hull (210) where the carbon dioxide capture device (101) is located, and the other side can be used to place a lifeboat (300) without a separate piloti. As shown in FIG. 7, the lifeboat (300) is placed on a boat stand that supports the lifeboat (300), and the lifeboat (300) is positioned in a tilted shape toward the stern so that the mooring line (271) can pass through the lower space of the boat stand.

[0087] FIG. 9 is a rear view illustrating a living quarters (200) of a vessel (200) according to one embodiment of the present invention. (a) is a drawing illustrating a conventional vessel (200) without a carbon dioxide capture device (101) installed, and (b) is a drawing illustrating a vessel (200) including a carbon dioxide capture device (101) at the stern of the present invention.

[0088] The upper part of the living quarters (200) is the highest position on the ship (200) and allows for observation from the farthest distance, so an antenna or radar can be placed to transmit and receive wireless signals and detect distant objects.

[0089] Additionally, a lighting post (227) for indicating the location of the vessel (200) may be placed on the upper part of the accommodation area (200). In particular, the lighting post (227) may be placed on the upper part of the bridge (225), which is located at the highest point and where the steering room for controlling the vessel (200) is located.

[0090] However, as shown in FIG. 2, if the carbon dioxide capture device (101) is high enough to block the lighting post (227), the lighting post (227) may not be visible from the stern direction, which could be dangerous.

[0091] Accordingly, the position of the lighting post (227) can be changed so that it is located outside (on the side) of the carbon dioxide capture device (101). In this case, it can be placed on the same floor as the bridge (225) rather than on top of the bridge (225).

[0092] However, as shown in FIG. 2, the carbon dioxide storage tank located in front of the residential area (200) is positioned above the compressor room (240) to block the view from the bridge (225), so the residential area (200) of the present invention may have more floors or a higher floor height than the conventional residential area (200), so the height of the lighting post (227) can be installed at a height similar to that of the conventional one.

[0093] As seen above, the vessel (200) of the present invention can place the carbon dioxide capture and storage device (100) within the limited space of the vessel (200), thereby minimizing changes to the structure and arrangement of other structures within the hull (210).

[0094] In addition, the vessel (200) of the present invention can increase efficiency by arranging the carbon dioxide capture device (101) adjacent to the sulfuric acid scrubber (251) and avoid interference with the arrangement of the mooring line (271) and lifeboat (300) arranged at the stern.

[0095] The above description is merely an illustrative explanation of the technical concept of the present invention, and those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains will be able to make various modifications and variations within the scope of the essential characteristics of the present invention.

[0096] Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed in this invention are intended to illustrate, not limit, the technical concept of the invention, and the scope of the technical concept of the invention is not limited by these embodiments. The scope of protection of this invention shall be interpreted by the claims below, and all technical concepts within an equivalent scope shall be interpreted as being included within the scope of rights of this invention.

Claims

1. Hull including engine room; A carbon dioxide capture device for capturing carbon dioxide in exhaust gas generated in the engine room above; A compressor room located on the deck of the hull and equipped with a compressor that compresses atmospheric air; and A carbon dioxide storage tank located above the compressor room shipping.

2. In Paragraph 1, Characterized by including a carbon dioxide liquefaction device installed in the compressor room. shipping.

3. In Paragraph 2, The above carbon dioxide liquefaction device is Characterized by including a carbon dioxide compressor, a dryer, and a carbon dioxide cooler shipping.

4. In Paragraph 2, The above carbon dioxide liquefaction device is characterized by being located at the rear end of the compressor room. shipping.

5. In Paragraph 2, The above compressor room includes a compressor room pilotis located at the rear end, and The above carbon dioxide liquefaction device is characterized by being located above the compressor room pilotis. shipping.

6. In Paragraph 5, Characterized by including a mooring line passing through the lower part of the compressor room pilotis. shipping.

7. In Paragraph 1, Two carbon dioxide storage tanks are arranged horizontally above the compressor room, and Characterized by including a passageway located between the two carbon dioxide storage tanks. shipping.

8. In Paragraph 1, It includes a living quarters located aft of the aforementioned compressor room and including a bridge on top. The above bridge is characterized by being located higher than the carbon dioxide storage tank. shipping.

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