System and method for recovering and separating rare earth minerals using ionic magnetisation

Abstract

The present invention relates to a system (100a) and method (100) for recovering rare earth minerals, RE minerals from ore bodies. The system (100a) includes geoelectric electrodes (104), processing units (106), and data analytics components (108), for improving the efficiency and sustainability of REE extraction from ion-adsorption clays and similar naturally occurring deposits. The method (100) involves performing a geoelectric survey to identify regions rich in RE minerals (102). A tailored leaching agent is applied to selectively dissolve REEs from the ore body (108). The dissolved RE minerals are separated using selective precipitation (110), and a magnetic field is induced to further isolate RE minerals (112). The extracted elements are converted into their oxide forms through thermal processing (114).

Description

[0001] SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR RECOVERING AND SEPARATING RARE EARTH MINERALS USING IONIC MAGNETISATION FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to a system and method for recovering and separating rare earth minerals. In particular, the present invention relates to system and method for recovering rare earth minerals using a multi-stage process utilizing geoelectric surveys, data analytics, leaching agents, selective precipitation, magnetic field induction, and thermal processing to efficiently recover RE minerals from natural deposits.

[0003] BACKGROUND ART

[0004] The recovery of valuable elements from natural ore bodies has long been a critical area of focus for various industries, including mining, environmental science, and materials engineering. Conventional methods for extracting elements, such as rare earth elements, REEs, typically rely on physical separation techniques, chemical processes, and traditional mining practices. These methods often involve manual labour, the use of solvents, and significant energy input. However, while these traditional approaches have been in use for decades, they frequently exhibit limitations in efficiency, scalability, and environmental sustainability.

[0005] Conventional extraction technologies, such as solvent extraction, flotation, and ion-exchange processes, have proven effective in separating specific minerals from ores. However, these techniques often require large-scale infrastructure, including high-temperature furnaces, chemical treatments, and extensive separation processes. In many cases, such processes lead to the generation of toxic by-products and high levels of energy consumption, making them economically and environmentally burdensome. Additionally, conventional methods typically rely on trial-and-error approaches for optimizing mineral recovery, leading to inconsistent results and inefficiencies.

[0006] Furthermore, despite advancements in mining and extraction technologies, there remain additional significant challenges associated with the recovery of specific valuable elements, particularly from low-grade ore deposits. Conventional methods often struggle to efficiently process ores with lower concentrations of valuable minerals, leading to reduced yields and higher operational costs. Additionally, the reliance on harmful chemicals and the large amounts of water required in traditional leaching and separation processes contribute to severe environmental degradation, such as soil contamination, water pollution, and habitatdestruction. The energy-intensive nature of these methods further exacerbates the carbon footprint of mining operations. Moreover, many conventional technologies lack precision, leading to the loss of valuable elements during the extraction process, which could otherwise be economically recovered. These combined issues result in a costly, inefficient, and environmentally detrimental extraction process, underscoring the need for more sustainable and effective solutions.

[0007] Numerous systems and methods for rare earth minerals recovery have been developed. One example of such system is disclosed in CN Patent Publication No. CN 118504204 A (hereinafter referred to as CN 204 Publication) entitled “Digital twinning-based ion type rare earth ore leaching method, device and storage medium” having a filing date of April 10, 2024, Applicant: China ENFI Engineering Corp, China Nonferrous Metals Engineering Co Ltd. The CN 204 Publication discloses provides a digital twinning-based method, device, and storage medium for ion-type rare earth ore leaching, improving the leaching rate and efficiency of rare earth elements. The method involves constructing a digital twin coupling model, which integrates an ionic rare earth element leaching model and a hydrometallurgical treatment model. It uses attribute information of the leaching agent, rare earth ore characteristics, and in-situ leaching process parameters as inputs to simulate leaching dynamics. The CN 204 Publication further discloses that the model generates seepage field and concentration field distribution data, which are used as initial parameters in the hydrometallurgical treatment model to predict operational parameters. These predictions guide the hydrometallurgical treatment of the leaching mother liquor, enabling the efficient extraction of ionic rare earth elements.

[0008] Another example of such system is disclosed in US Patent Publication No. US 20240279774 A1 (hereinafter referred to as US 774 Publication) entitled “Compositions comprising proteins and methods of use thereof for rare earth element separation” having a filing date of June 14, 2022, Applicant: Penn State Research Foundation, Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC. The US 774 Publication discloses methods and materials for the selective separation of rare earth elements, REEs from non-REEs and the separation of specific REEs from others, either individually or in groups. The process involves using a protein that selectively binds to certain REEs. The US 774 Publication further discloses that the method includes contacting the protein with REE-containing material to form protein-REE complexes while leaving an REE-depleted material. These complexes are separated, and the REEs are then detached from the protein to yield a purified REE fraction while regenerating the protein for reuse.A further example of such system is disclosed in CN Patent Publication No. CN 116933584 A A1 (hereinafter referred to as CN 584 Publication) entitled “In-situ leaching uranium mining simulation method and device”, having a filing date of July 07, 2023, Applicant: Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy of CNNC. The CN 584 Publication discloses a simulation method and device for on-site leaching uranium mining, aimed at modelling the hydrodynamic seepage field in the mining area. The method involves creating a three-dimensional model of the mining area, dividing it into cells, and identifying the positions of liquid injection wells and liquid pumping wells within the model. The CN 584 Publication further discloses that the tracking particles are introduced into the model to monitor their positions over time. Using the particle positions, along with the cell locations of the wells, the method calculates simulation parameters for individual liquid injection wells. These simulated values are then outputted to describe the hydraulic connections between liquid pumping wells and specific liquid injection wells.

[0009] As outlined above, various systems and methods for recovering rare earth minerals have been developed. However, none of the existing systems, disclose such a configuration that at least overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks.

[0010] In light of the foregoing discussion, there exists a need to provide an improved system and method for recovering rare earth minerals, that overcome at least the above-mentioned drawbacks.SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0011] The present invention relates to a system and method for recovering and separating rare earth minerals. In particular, the present invention relates to system and method for recovering rare earth minerals using a multi-stage process utilizing geoelectric surveys, data analytics, leaching agents, selective precipitation, magnetic field induction, and thermal processing to efficiently recover RE minerals from natural deposits.

[0012] One aspect of the present invention provides a system (100a) for recovering and separating rare earth, RE minerals from an ore body, the system (100) comprising a geoelectric survey unit (102a) configured to perform a geoelectric survey on a target area, the geoelectric survey unit comprises geoelectric survey electrodes arranged in a dipole-dipole array configuration to identify presence of the RE minerals beneath the ground; a data analytics unit (104a) operably coupled to the geoelectric survey unit (102a) in communication with the geoelectric survey unit (102a), the data analytics module (104a) is configured to process geoelectric survey data and optimize identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals; and generate a correlation matrix to visualize relationships between resistivity, chargeability, and RE minerals concentration; a decision-making unit (106a) in communication with the data analytics unit (104a), the decision-making unit (106a) is configured to process and analyse data obtained from the correlation matrix to facilitate efficient extraction of the RE minerals; a leaching agent injection unit (108a) configured to inject a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into the ore body containing RE minerals, thereby forming a pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals for further processing; a precipitation unit (110a) operably coupled to the leaching agent injection unit (108a), configured to apply a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution, the precipitation unit (110a) is capable of adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels, based on corresponding solubility characteristics; a magnetic field induction unit (112a) operably coupled to the leaching agent injection unit (108a), configured to induce a low-frequency magnetic field, wherein the low-frequency magnetic field enhances migration of RE minerals ions in the pregnant solution, forming distinct layers for selective RE minerals extraction, with the RE minerals ions separated based on magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties; and a thermal processing unit (114a) for receiving separated RE minerals, the thermal processing unit (114a) is configured to convert the separated RE minerals into oxide forms by exposing the separated RE mineral to high temperatures to achieve a stable thermodynamic equilibrium and prepare thereof for further downstream applications.

[0013] Another aspect of the present invention provides that the geoelectric survey unit (102a) further comprises a plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) arranged in a dipole-dipole arrayconfiguration to identify presence of RE minerals beneath the ground, wherein the dipoledipole configuration includes current electrodes and potential electrodes, with the current electrodes for applying a subsurface electric current and the potential electrodes for measuring the resulting potential difference; an electromagnetic transmitter (102ab) configured to inject current into the ground through the current electrodes to facilitate detection of RE minerals by interacting with charges activated by the RE minerals in the subsurface; at least one Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG sensor (102ac) coupled to the plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa), configured to be placed underground through a borehole and measure strain or temperature variations in soil, providing additional data to enhance the accuracy of the survey; a resistivity meter (102ad) configured to be operable at each of the geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) in survey lines to perform geoelectric profiling and measure apparent resistivity and chargeability, with the readings used to identify and map subsurface RE minerals concentrations; a signal processing unit (102ae) to filter and amplify signals from the electrodes, and to process data from the FBG sensor (102ae) and resistivity meter (102ad) to generate geophysical resistivity measurements that are used to model subsurface RE minerals distribution; at least one GPS-based compass (102af) to assist in precise placement and alignment of the plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa), ensuring accurate survey results for resistivity and chargeability measurements; and graphene / graphite nanomaterials (102ag) integrated with the plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) to enhance activation of charges in RE minerals, thereby improving interaction between the injected current and the RE minerals, enabling better delineation of RE minerals rich zones.

[0014] Another aspect of the present invention provides that the leaching agent injection unit (108) further comprises a leaching agent reservoir (108aa) configured to store a leaching agent selected from ammonium salts, hydrochloric acid, HCI, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4, the leaching agent is injected into the ore body at controlled molarities and pH conditions to dissolve rare earth, RE minerals from the ore body, forming a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing; a hydrogeological evaluation module (108ab) configured to determine leaching agent flow paths and ensure that the leaching agent permeates the ore body while preventing contamination of surrounding groundwater systems; a network of high-density polyethylene injection wells (108ac) configured to distribute the leaching agent into the ore body at optimal locations based on the hydrogeological evaluation; a leaching agent distribution tank (108ad) positioned at a high elevation to optimize the injection pressure and distribution of the leaching agent throughout the ore body; a collection tank (108ae) positioned at a low elevation than the leaching agent distribution tank, for collection of the leachate solution, enriched with RE minerals, for further processing; a tunnel collection system (108af) coupled to the leaching agent distribution tank (108ad), comprising primary, secondary, andmain tunnel perforated tubes configured to maximize collection of the leachate solution from the ore body; a pump unit (108ag) operably coupled to the collection tank (108ae), configured to transport the leachate solution containing dissolved RE minerals from the ore body to the collection tank; and a lixiviant unit (108ah) operably coupled to the collection tank (108ae), configured to utilize ammonium sulphate as a lixiviant to selectively desorb and substitute RE minerals from the ore body, wherein ammonium ions displace RE minerals ions, forming soluble RE minerals sulphates in the pregnant solution.

[0015] Another aspect of the present invention provides a method (100) for recovering and separating rare earth, RE minerals, the method (100) comprising steps of performing a geoelectric survey on a target area by assembling geoelectric survey electrodes in a dipole-dipole array configuration to identify presence of the RE minerals beneath the ground (102); conducting data analytics on geoelectric survey data to optimize identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals, wherein the data analytics includes generating a correlation matrix to visualize relationships between resistivity, chargeability, and RE minerals concentration (104); processing and analysing data obtained from the correlation matrix to facilitate decision-making for efficient extraction of RE minerals (106); injecting a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into an ore body containing RE minerals to form a pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals for further processing (108); applying a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals by adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels, based on corresponding solubility characteristics (110); enhancing the recovery process by inducing a low-frequency magnetic field, thereby enhancing migration of RE minerals ions in the pregnant solution, forming distinct layers for selective RE minerals extraction, wherein the RE minerals ions are separated based on magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties associated thereof (112); and converting separated RE minerals into oxide forms by exposing thereof to high temperatures to achieve a stable thermodynamic equilibrium, and prepare thereof for further downstream applications (114).

[0016] Another aspect of the present invention provides that performing a geoelectric survey on a target area by assembling geoelectric survey electrodes in a dipole-dipole array (102), further comprises method steps of (200), the method steps (200) comprising performing a geoelectrical survey on a target area by arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes in an optimal configuration based on geological characteristics of the target area, wherein the placement is determined using GPS-based altitude and position measurements to ensure precise alignment and coverage of the study area (202); ensuring contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductivesolution (204); injecting current into the subsurface of the ground through the geoelectric survey electrodes by transmitting a controlled electrical current generated by a power source, wherein the current generates electromagnetic waves that interact with materials of the subsurface, including ion-adsorption clays having the rare earth elements (206); capturing and analysing electromagnetic wave responses resulting from current injection to identify at least one anomaly zone enriched with the rare earth elements in an ion-adsorption clay layer, wherein the anomaly zone is characterized based on the resistivity and the chargeability unique to composition and polarization properties associated thereof (208); and recording and processing geoelectric survey data to generate resistivity and chargeability profiles of the subsurface, wherein the geoelectric survey data is subjected to inversion modelling using a smoothness-constrained algorithm to minimize discrepancies between measured and modelled values, thereby enabling creation of detailed 2D or 3D subsurface models that correlate with geological data of the target area (210).

[0017] Another aspect of the present invention provides that ensuring proper contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and the ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution (204), further comprises employing at least one of ammonium sulphate or brine solution.

[0018] Another aspect of the present invention provides that performing a geoelectrical survey on a target area by arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes in an optimal configuration based on geological characteristics of the target area (202), further comprises method steps of (300): arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes using the dipole-dipole array configuration, wherein the geoelectric survey electrode spacing is done along a survey line that is selected based on resistivity contrast obtained from the subsurface (302); selecting an appropriate electrode spacing based on the depth of the RE mineral deposit and the surrounding materials, to enhance sensitivity of resistivity measurements (304); utilizing graphene / graphite nanomaterials at geoelectric survey electrode interface to enhance current flow and interaction between the injected current and the RE minerals deposits present in the target area (306); and using an electromagnetic transmitter to facilitate injection of current through the electrodes, with the interaction of the current and graphene / graphite nanomaterials improving the delineation of RE mineral zones by activating their surface charges (308).

[0019] Another aspect of the present invention provides that ensuring contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution (204), further comprises method steps of (400), the method steps (400) comprising evaluatingcontact resistance of each geoelectric survey electrode (402); applying the conducting solution to electrode surface to improve electrode-ground contact, when a high contact resistance is detected (404); and dynamically adjusting positions of the geoelectric survey electrodes based on real-time contact resistance measurements to ensure consistent current flow (406).

[0020] Another aspect of the present invention provides that injecting current into the subsurface of the ground through the geoelectric survey electrodes by transmitting a controlled electrical current generated by a power source (206), further comprises method steps of (500), the method steps (500) comprising placing an electromagnetic transmitter at the geoelectric survey electrode to inject the controlled current into the subsurface, allowing for interaction between the current and the ion-adsorption clay, IAC layers and the RE minerals deposits (502); and enhancing interaction of the injected current with the subsurface by utilizing graphene / graphite nanomaterials, which facilitate activation of surface charges in the RE minerals deposits, thereby improving resistivity measurements (504).

[0021] Another aspect of the present invention provides that capturing and analysing electromagnetic wave responses resulting from current injection to identify at least one anomaly zone enriched with the rare earth elements in an ion-adsorption clay layer, wherein the anomaly zone is characterized based on the resistivity and the chargeability unique to composition and polarization properties associated thereof (210), further comprises method steps of (600), the method steps (600) comprising analysing the electromagnetic waves travelling through underground layers using simulation technology, for visualizing interaction between the injected current and the IAC layers, thereby identifying the at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals (602); and measuring resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface by recording voltage differences and decay curves using time-domain induced polarization techniques (604).

[0022] Another aspect of the present invention provides that measuring resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface by recording voltage differences and decay curves using time-domain induced polarization techniques (208), further comprises method steps (700), the method steps (700) comprising measuring apparent resistivity as a weighted average based on the voltage difference, AV and current intensity, I using an electrical resistivity meter, with measurements configured for generating resistivity profiles of the target area (702); and calculating chargeability using the time-domain induced polarization techniques, wherein the voltage decay after current injection is recorded and the chargeability coefficient is derived from the time constant associated with the voltage decay (704).Another aspect of the present invention provides that conducting data analytics on geoelectric survey data to optimize identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with rare earth elements (104), further comprises method steps of (800), the method steps (800) comprising generating a correlation matrix to visualize multivariable relationships among a plurality of geological parameters to identify the at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals, wherein the plurality of geological parameters comprises resistivity, chargeability, and RE minerals concentration (802); performing optimization analysis to determine quantitative correlations between the RE minerals concentration, leaching efficiency, and geological features for enabling data-driven prioritization of a specific zone from the at least one anomaly zone, wherein the associated geological features comprise buried depth, ore grade, and pay dirt thickness (804); applying clustering algorithms to group geological data based on similar patterns of resistivity and chargeability, isolating regions that favourable RE minerals distribution (806); utilizing predictive modelling techniques to forecast spatial distribution of the RE minerals concentrations based on the geological features (808); optimizing resource allocation by correlating the geological parameters and geological features based on the correlation matrix (810); and providing tailored insights for midstream processes to ensure optimized recovery rates from the IAC layers (812).

[0023] Another aspect of the present invention provides that injecting a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into an ore body containing RE minerals to form a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing (108), further comprises method steps of (900), the method steps (900) comprising injecting a leaching agent comprising at controlled molarities and pH conditions into the ore body containing rare earth, RE minerals, wherein the leaching agent is selected from at least one of ammonium salts, hydrochloric acid, HCI, and sulphuric acid, H2SO4, to dissolve the RE minerals (902); conducting a hydrogeological evaluation to determine precise leachate flow paths, thereby ensuring that the leaching agent permeates through the ore body while preventing contamination of surrounding groundwater systems (904); utilizing a network of high-density polyethylene, HDPE injection wells to distribute the leaching agent into the ore body (906); positioning a leaching agent distribution tank at a high elevation to optimize distribution of the leaching agent, and placing a collection tank at a low elevation to facilitate collection of leachate solution (908); employing a tunnel collection system comprising primary, secondary, and main tunnel perforated tubes to maximize collection of the leachate solution (910); transporting the leachate solution containing dissolved RE minerals from the ore body to a collection tank for further processing (912); utilizing ammonium sulphate as a lixiviant to selectively desorb and substitute the RE minerals from the ore body, wherein the ammonium ions displace RE minerals ions and formsoluble RE minerals sulphates, producing a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing (914).

[0024] Another aspect of the present invention provides that applying a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals by adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels, based on corresponding solubility characteristics (110), further comprises method steps of (1000), the method steps (1000) comprising adjusting the pH of the pregnant solution in stages to selectively precipitate individual RE minerals at different stages based on corresponding solubility (1002); introducing precipitation agents, including sodium hydroxide, NaOH, sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, or ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, to adjust the pH and form insoluble RE minerals salts, wherein a first precipitation stage occurs at a pH level greater than 10 to precipitate higher density heavier RE minerals, a second precipitation stage occurs at a pH level of 7 to 10 to precipitate lower density of heavier RE minerals, a third precipitation stage occurs at a pH level of 3 to 7 to precipitate higher density of lighter RE minerals, and a fourth precipitation stage occurs at a pH level less than 3 to precipitate lower density lighter RE minerals (1004); controlling solubility product constant, Ksp, and the pH of the RE minerals ions to optimize precipitation of the RE minerals salts based on specific chemical properties and ionic sizes (1006); and isolating precipitates of each REE salt for further processing, wherein heavier RE minerals are precipitated first and lighter RE minerals are precipitated at higher pH levels, facilitating selective recovery of individual RE minerals (1008).

[0025] Another aspect of the present invention provides that enhancing the recovery process by utilizing a solenoid to induce a low-frequency magnetic field, thereby enhancing migration of REE ions in the pregnant solution, forming distinct layers for selective RE minerals extraction, wherein the RE minerals ions are separated based on magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties associated therewith (112), further comprises method steps of (1100), the method steps (1100) comprising applying a solenoid to generate an ultra-low-frequency magnetic field, creating a quasi-static magnetic gradient within the pregnant solution (1102); controlling migration of the RE minerals ions in the pregnant solution based on the magnetic susceptibility and the ionic density, where heavier RE minerals are directed to lower layers, while lighter RE minerals migrate upwards (1104); facilitating formation of distinct layers of the RE minerals ions, with the heavier RE minerals precipitating earlier and forming crystalline, well-defined phases with fewer impurities, enhancing purity in the final precipitate (1106); increasing precipitation efficiency of heavier RE minerals enhancing magnetic properties thereof, through spin-orbit coupling (1108); and enabling earlier precipitation of heavier RE minerals at a higherpurity by inducing magnetic interactions that minimize co-precipitation with lighter RE minerals or associated impurities, thereby improving the selectivity of the precipitation process (1110). The present invention consists of features and a combination of parts hereinafter fully described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it being understood that various changes in the details may be made without departing from the scope of the invention or sacrificing any of the advantages of the present invention.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

[0026] To further clarify various aspects of some embodiments of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by references to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the accompanying drawings in which:

[0027] Figure 1a illustrates a block diagram of a system (100a) for recovering and separating rare earth, RE minerals from an ore body, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 1b illustrates a block diagram of the geoelectric survey unit (102a), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 1c illustrates a block diagram of a leaching agent injection unit (108), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 1d illustrates a schematic diagram of current flowing through the current electrodes, A and B, that results in a potential difference in potential electrodes, M and N, in accordance with an embodiment;

[0031] Figure 1e illustrates a table describing the electrode spacing based on the configuration of electrodes used, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method (100) for recovering and separating rare earth, RE minerals, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method (200) for performing a geoelectric survey on a target area by assembling geoelectric survey electrodes in a dipole-dipole array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method (300) for performing a geoelectrical survey on a target area by arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes in an optimal configuration based on geological characteristics of the target area, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method (400) for ensuring contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method (500) for injecting current into the subsurface of the ground through the geoelectric survey electrodes by transmitting a controlled electrical current generated by a power source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 5a illustrates a schematic representation of placement and configuration of geoelectric survey electrodes across a sloped survey site, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method (600) for capturing and analysing electromagnetic wave responses resulting from current injection to identify at least one anomaly zone enriched with the rare earth, RE elements in an ion-adsorption clay, IAC layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method (700) for measuring resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface by recording voltage differences and decay curves using time-domain induced polarization techniques, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method (800) for conducting data analytics on geoelectric survey data to optimize the identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with rare earth elements, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 8a illustrates a schematic diagram of a heatmap matrix, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method (900) for injecting a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into an ore body containing rare earth, RE minerals to form a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method (1000) for applying a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution enriched with rare earth minerals by adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels based on corresponding solubility characteristics, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;Figure 10a illustrates a schematic diagram of a selective precipitation process for rare earth elements, REE, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method (1100) for enhancing the recovery process by utilizing a solenoid to induce a low-frequency magnetic field, thereby enhancing the migration of rare earth element, REE ions in the pregnant solution and forming distinct layers for selective RE minerals extraction based on magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0044] Figure 11a illustrates a schematic representation related to effectiveness of an ultra-low-frequency magnetic field in organizing and separating rare earth mineral ions, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0045] The present invention relates to a system and method for recovering and separating rare earth minerals. In particular, the present invention relates to system and method for recovering rare earth minerals using a multi-stage process utilizing geoelectric surveys, data analytics, leaching agents, selective precipitation, magnetic field induction, and thermal processing to efficiently recover RE minerals from natural deposits.

[0046] Hereinafter, this specification will describe the present invention according to the preferred embodiments. It is to be understood that limiting the description to the preferred embodiments of the invention is merely to facilitate discussion of the present invention and it is envisioned without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

[0047] The present invention discloses a system and method for the efficient recovery of rare earth minerals, RE minerals from ore deposits or ore bodies, addressing several limitations of conventional techniques. The present invention utilizes advanced magnon-photon interactions within ion-adsorption clays, lACs under the influence of direct current, DC or low-frequency alternating current, AC. This interaction induces perturbation of ions within magnetic rare earth ores, significantly enhancing the recovery factor of RE minerals. By incorporating nanomaterials such as graphene or graphite, the system further optimizes the interaction of electrical charges, resulting in increased efficiency in extracting rare earth elements from natural deposits.

[0048] A key aspect of the invention is the integration of data analytics and machine learning to facilitate accurate decision-making throughout the recovery process. A correlation matrix such as heatmap correlation matrix, is developed using real-world data, including rare earth ore, REO concentrations, leaching rates, and average REO grades. This analytical tool visualizes critical relationships between variables, enabling operators to identify optimal conditions for efficient RE minerals extraction. By leveraging these insights, the present invention refines leaching strategies, optimizes resource management, and improves overall recovery yields. This data-driven approach also addresses the complexity of the midstream separation processes, significantly enhancing their efficiency and predictability.

[0049] The disclosed invention further resolves issues related to selective leaching and separation by employing advanced chemical and physical methods. During the leaching process, acids are used to dissolve RE minerals, forming soluble compounds such as RE2(SC>4) or RE2(COs), depending on the chemical agents utilized. A midstream separation process then uses solvent extraction to differentiate between light rare earth minerals, LRE minerals and heavy rare earth elements, HRE minerals. Organic solvents, such as tributyl phosphate or di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid selectively extract RE minerals into separate organic phases. Subsequent treatment with aqueous solutions enables precise back-extraction and selective precipitation of HRE and LRE minerals. The present invention capitalizes on the differing solubility product constants, Ksp of these elements, influenced by their ionic radii and electrostatic interactions, to achieve efficient separation.

[0050] In a further embodiment, the present invention introduces a high-flux density method for refining RE minerals, utilizing magnetic fields to exploit the distinct magnetic susceptibilities of LRE and HRE minerals. This technique, coupled with variations in ionic radii, enables precise differentiation and separation of RE minerals within the periodic table's F block. The refined materials are then subjected to thermal processing, such as sintering or calcining, to convert the RE minerals into their oxide forms, including La2O3. This final step ensures the stability and purity of the extracted materials, preparing them for downstream applications such as electronics manufacturing. Additionally, the system employs data analytics to continuously monitor and optimize mineral recovery rates, enhancing the sustainability and economic viability of the entire process.

[0051] Reference is made to Figure 1a where there is illustrated a block diagram of a system (100a) for recovering and separating RE minerals, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0052] The system (100) is configured to enhance the efficiency of RE minerals recovery from ore bodies by integrating advanced geoelectric survey methods, data analytics, and chemical and physical processes. Each component of the system is configured to perform a specific role, ensuring precise identification, extraction, and processing of RE minerals into usable forms for downstream applications.

[0053] The system (100) comprises a geoelectric survey unit (102a) equipped with geoelectric survey electrodes arranged in a dipole-dipole array configuration. This arrangement facilitates a geoelectric survey over the target area to detect the presence of RE minerals beneath the surface. By measuring resistivity and chargeability of subsurface materials, the geoelectric survey unit (102a) identifies zones enriched with RE minerals, marking them as potential extraction sites. The precision of the survey allows for minimal environmental disturbance while maximizing resource targeting.

[0054] Coupled with the geoelectric survey unit (102a) is the data analytics unit (104a), which processes the geoelectric survey data. This unit (102a) uses advanced computational techniques to optimize the identification of anomaly zones with a high concentration of RE minerals. It further generates a correlation matrix to visualize critical relationships betweenvariables such as resistivity, chargeability, and RE mineral concentration. This data-driven visualization helps operators make informed decisions, improving both the accuracy and efficiency of subsequent extraction processes.

[0055] The decision-making unit (106a) communicates with the data analytics unit (104a) to process and analyse data derived from the correlation matrix. This unit (106a) provides actionable insights to guide the extraction process, including determining optimal parameters for leaching and separation. By leveraging machine learning and data-driven algorithms, the decisionmaking unit (106a) ensures efficient resource utilization and reduces process variability. To extract RE minerals from the ore body, the system (100a) includes a leaching agent injection unit (108a). This unit (108a) injects a tailored leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into the target ore body. The interaction of the leaching agent with the ore forms a pregnant solution enriched with dissolved RE minerals. The controlled parameters ensure selective dissolution of RE minerals while minimizing the dissolution of impurities, optimizing recovery efficiency.

[0056] The system also features a precipitation unit (110a) that applies a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution. By adjusting pH in stages, this unit facilitates the precipitation of RE minerals as insoluble salts based on their solubility characteristics. For instance, heavy RE minerals, HREEs with lower solubility constants precipitate at higher pH values, while light RE minerals, LREEs remain in solution until further pH adjustments. This staged precipitation process enhances separation efficiency and purity.

[0057] A magnetic field induction unit (112a) is operably coupled to the leaching agent injection unit (108a). This unit generates a low-frequency magnetic field to enhance the migration of RE mineral ions within the pregnant solution. The magnetic field causes ions with distinct magnetic susceptibilities to form separate layers, facilitating their selective extraction. This step leverages the magnetic and solubility properties of RE minerals to improve separation precision.

[0058] Once the RE minerals are separated, they are directed to the thermal processing unit (114a). This unit exposes the minerals to high temperatures to convert them into their oxide forms, such as La2O3. The thermal processing achieves stable thermodynamic equilibrium, ensuring the purity and stability of the extracted RE minerals. These oxides are then prepared for downstream applications, including electronics and catalysis.

[0059] The system (100) integrates advanced geoelectric surveys, data analytics, selective leaching, precipitation, and thermal processing to create an efficient and sustainable method forrecovering RE minerals. By combining innovative techniques with precise decision-making tools, the system overcomes the limitations of conventional RE minerals recovery methods, offering a scalable solution for industrial applications.

[0060] In describing further on Figure 1a, reference is made to Figure 1b where there is illustrated a block diagram of the geoelectric survey unit (102a), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0061] The geoelectric survey unit (102a) plays a critical role in identifying subsurface zones enriched with rare earth (RE) minerals by employing advanced geophysical and signal processing techniques. The geoelectric survey unit (102a) is configured to optimize the detection process, enabling precise mapping of RE mineral deposits and minimizing inaccuracies commonly associated with conventional survey methods.

[0062] The geoelectric survey unit (102a) comprises a plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) arranged in a dipole-dipole array configuration, which includes current electrodes and potential electrodes. The current electrodes are configured to inject a subsurface electric current, while the potential electrodes measure the resulting potential difference. This configuration enables the identification of RE minerals by analysing variations in resistivity and chargeability associated with subsurface materials. The spatial arrangement of the dipoledipole array enhances the depth of penetration and resolution of the survey.

[0063] An electromagnetic transmitter (102ab) is operably connected to the current electrodes and is configured to inject electric current into the ground. The electromagnetic transmitter interacts with charges activated by RE minerals in the subsurface, thereby facilitating their detection. The transmitter's ability to create controlled electric fields ensures that the survey data accurately reflects the presence and distribution of RE minerals.

[0064] The geoelectric survey unit (102a) further includes at least one Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG sensor (102ac). This sensor is coupled to the geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) and is configured to be placed underground through boreholes. In an instance, the FBG sensor (102ac) measures strain or temperature variations in the soil, providing supplementary data that enhances the accuracy of the survey. This additional data allows for better correlation between geoelectric measurements and subsurface conditions.

[0065] A resistivity meter (102ad) is operable at each of the geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) along the survey lines. This resistivity meter (102ad) performs geoelectric profiling to measure apparent resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface materials. The readings from the resistivity meter are utilized to identify and map RE mineral concentrations in the subsurface.By employing advanced profiling techniques, the resistivity meter ensures precise differentiation between RE mineral-rich zones and surrounding materials.

[0066] The geoelectric survey unit (102a) further includes a signal processing unit (102ae). This unit (102a) is configured to filter and amplify signals received from the geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa). Additionally, the signal processing unit (102ae) processes data obtained from the FBG sensor (102ac) and the resistivity meter (102ad) to generate geophysical resistivity measurements. These measurements are then used to model the subsurface distribution of RE minerals with high accuracy.

[0067] Furthermore, at least one GPS-based compass (102af) is integrated into the geoelectric survey unit (102a) to assist in the precise placement and alignment of the geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa). Accurate placement of the electrodes ensures reliable resistivity and chargeability measurements, which are critical for effective identification and mapping of RE minerals.

[0068] The geoelectric survey unit (102a) incorporates graphene or graphite nanomaterials (102ag), which are integrated with the geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa). These nanomaterials enhance the activation of charges in RE minerals, improving the interaction between the injected current and the subsurface materials. This enhancement allows for better delineation of RE mineral-rich zones, significantly increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the survey process.

[0069] The geoelectric survey unit (102a), as illustrated in Figure 1 b, integrates advanced components and methodologies to ensure precise identification of RE mineral deposits. By combining the dipole-dipole array configuration, electromagnetic transmitters, FBG sensors, resistivity meters, signal processing units, GPS-based alignment, and nanomaterials, the present invention addresses limitations in conventional geoelectric survey methods. This integration enhances the resolution, accuracy, and reliability of the survey, enabling efficient resource exploration and recovery.

[0070] In describing further on Figure 1b, reference is made to Figure 1d where there is illustrated a schematic diagram of current flowing through the current electrodes, A and B, that results in a potential difference in potential electrodes, M and N, in accordance with an embodiment. As illustrated, the geoelectric electrode arrays may be defined as various arrangements of electrodes used to perform geophysical resistivity measurements. Such arrangements enable geo-imaging surveys to identify subsurface minerals, including rare earth minerals. It will be appreciated that the use of graphene / graphite nanomaterials during the survey activates thecharges of RE minerals, which interact with the transmitted current, and the resulting potential difference is measured, as illustrated. This resistivity contrast indicates the activation of charges and delineation of the RE minerals from the high resistive values of the surrounding clay.

[0071] In an instance, resistivity contrast refers to the difference in electrical resistivity between different subsurface materials, which is indicative of their composition, structure, and properties. Herein, the resistivity contrast signifies the activation of charges and allows for the delineation of rare earth, RE minerals from the high resistive values of the surrounding clay. This contrast arises due to variations in the conductivity of RE minerals and the surrounding geological materials, enabling accurate identification and mapping of RE mineral deposits during geophysical resistivity measurements.

[0072] In a specific instance of the present invention, as part of exploration and prospecting for RE minerals, and when a geoelectrical survey is conducted.

[0073] The survey design incorporates the dipole-dipole array system, and an electromagnetic, EM transmitter is utilized to ensure that charge interactions enhance the prospecting process. In this configuration, the current flowing through electrodes A and B results in a potential difference reading at electrodes M and N. Notably, the largest spacing between two electrodes during the survey is selected to optimize the survey, based on predefined values.

[0074] In an instance, the predefined values may be selected from the values provided in Figure 1e. In an embodiment, the apparent resistivity, which is affected by the subsurface material at varying depths, is measured using a resistivity meter. In an embodiment, the resistivity meter is selected from electrical Imaging System POLARES32.

[0075] Further, during the survey, a number of electrodes are chosen based on the requirements. For example, a configuration of 32 electrodes is implemented, with a spacing of 5 meters per electrode along Lines A and B. An EM transmitter is positioned linearly along the survey line, while a fiber Bragg grating, FBG sensor is placed underground through a borehole. The resistivity meter operates at the current electrodes for geoelectric profiling.

[0076] The dipole-dipole electrode configuration array system is applied to the survey lines in the survey zone. This array provides strong lateral sensitivity to the electrical characteristics of subsurface materials at various depth levels. Electrodes A and B serve as current electrodes to apply subsurface electric current, while electrodes M and N serve as potential electrodes to measure the potential difference generated. The distance between AB and MN remains equalin this array, and the dipole centers are moved along the survey line, allowing different depth levels to be examined. The spacing and configuration of electrodes may be adjusted according to geological conditions.

[0077] In an instance, the dipole-dipole arrangement uses identical spacing between the MN and AB electrodes while displacing the centers of both dipoles along the survey line. The depth of exploration increases with the distance between the centers of AB and MN, corresponding to the intersection of 45° angles from their centers. This arrangement allows for the measurement of potential differences at various theoretical depths.

[0078] The present invention utilizes graphene / graphite nanomaterials to enhance the interaction of surface charges with the electric field generated by the current. These nanomaterials induce excitation of electrons in the RE ions. During current injection, electromagnetic waves traveling through subsurface soil layers interact with the ion-adsorption clay, IAC layer, allowing accurate measurement of the RE response in the IAC. The traveling current waves interact with the RE ions, and their response is visualized through simulation technology.

[0079] The application of the EM transmitter and subsequent electrodes MN results in several advantages, namely enhanced clarity during the prospecting process, and improved recovery factors for RE minerals.

[0080] In measuring apparent resistivity and chargeability, the resistivity values are calculated based on three factors: the current intensity, I injected into the ground, the potential difference measured between specific electrodes, and a geometric factor that is specific to the arrangement of the electrodes. The resistivity measurement process helps determine subsurface characteristics and identify materials based on their electrical properties.

[0081] When current is injected into the ground, negative and positive ions within the material cluster at opposite ends. Once the current is terminated, these ions gradually return to their original positions. This movement causes a voltage drop, a phenomenon referred to as membrane polarization. The induced polarization, IP measurement in the time domain involves recording this voltage decay after the current has been switched off. The ability of a subsurface layer, such as an ion-adsorption clay layer, to retain accumulated charges after the termination of the current is defined as chargeability.

[0082] To ensure the geophysical survey is optimized, the placement of electrodes is evaluated using a GPS-based compass, which measures the altitude and position of each electrode. Prior to taking measurements, the contact resistance of each electrode is checked. If high resistance values are observed, an ammonium sulphate solution may be applied to improve contactbetween the electrodes and the surrounding medium. By utilizing an Electrical Imaging System, such as POLARES32, the ratio between voltage and current is measured under sinusoidal conditions for both module and phase. This enables the simultaneous acquisition of resistivity and IP data, providing detailed insights into the subsurface properties.

[0083] After collecting data about the subsurface resistivity, the next step is to analyse it. Data inversion is a process where the collected data is compared to calculated data to see if they match. The goal is to minimize any differences between the two sets of data. To do this, a data smoothing model based on Artificial Intelligence, is employed. Said data smoothing model applies a method that smooths out the data to create more accurate models of resistivity that better represent what is actually in the ground.

[0084] Once these models are created, they are used to make “pseudo-sections,” which are basically visual representations of the data. These pseudo-sections help identify areas, i.e., anomalies of interest beneath the surface, such as spots that might have valuable resources. The properties of these anomaly zones, like their size and depth, can then be determined.

[0085] Finally, the information gained from this inversion process is used to improve the process of extracting materials from the ground. In particular, it helps optimize in-situ leaching techniques, a method of extracting minerals or other resources directly from the ground. This entire process is further enhanced using artificial intelligence to optimize the data and make the extraction process more efficient.

[0086] It will be appreciated that Al-driven optimization is crucial in refining data models generated from inversion techniques. The Al system evaluates the resistivity and chargeability readings from the Electrical Imaging System, processing this data to improve the accuracy of the resulting models. By doing so, it ensures that the resistivity models align closely with actual subsurface conditions, helping identify areas with high mineral concentrations. Additionally, Al assists in simulating various extraction techniques, such as in-situ leaching, ISL, to determine the most efficient methods for mineral recovery, minimizing environmental impact and resource waste.

[0087] Furthermore, the Al system continuously adapts and improves based on new data input, enabling real-time decision-making. As the survey progresses and new measurements are taken, the Al analyzes the data immediately, providing recommendations for adjustments to the survey design or extraction process. This dynamic approach ensures that the geoelectrical survey and extraction methods remain optimized throughout the entire process, leading to higher efficiency, improved mineral recovery rates, and reduced operational costs.In describing further on Figure 1a, reference is made to Figure 1c where there is illustrated a block diagram of a leaching agent injection unit (108), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0088] The leaching agent injection unit (108) is an integral component of the system (100) for recovering rare earth, RE minerals. This unit (108) facilitates the dissolution of RE minerals from the ore body through controlled leaching processes, ensuring efficient extraction while mitigating environmental impact.

[0089] The leaching agent injection unit (108) comprises a leaching agent reservoir (108aa), configured to store a leaching agent selected from ammonium salts, hydrochloric acid, HCI, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4. The leaching agent is injected into the ore body at controlled molarities and pH conditions to effectively dissolve RE minerals. This process forms a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals, which is subsequently processed for their recovery. The reservoir ensures the availability of leaching agents with consistent composition and concentration for the injection process.

[0090] The leaching agent injection unit (108) further includes a hydrogeological evaluation module (108ab). This module is configured to determine the flow paths of the leaching agent within the ore body, ensuring effective permeability while preventing contamination of surrounding groundwater systems. The module uses hydrogeological data to optimize the injection strategy and maintain environmental safety.

[0091] A network of high-density polyethylene, HDPE injection wells (108ac) is incorporated into the leaching agent injection unit (108). These wells are strategically positioned to distribute the leaching agent at optimal locations based on hydrogeological evaluations. The use of HDPE ensures chemical resistance and structural integrity, enabling consistent delivery of the leaching agent into the ore body.

[0092] The leaching agent injection unit (108a) further includes a leaching agent distribution tank (108ad) positioned at a high elevation to optimize injection pressure and uniform distribution of the leaching agent throughout the ore body. Additionally, a collection tank (108ae), positioned at a lower elevation than the distribution tank, is designed for collecting the leachate solution. The leachate solution, enriched with RE minerals, is directed to the collection tank for further processing. This arrangement leverages gravity to facilitate the flow of solutions, improving the efficiency of the extraction process.The leaching agent injection unit (108) also includes a tunnel collection system (108af). This system comprises primary, secondary, and main tunnel perforated tubes, which are configured to maximize the collection of leachate solutions from the ore body. The tunnel system ensures comprehensive recovery of dissolved RE minerals, minimizing losses during the leaching process.

[0093] A pump unit (108ag) is operably coupled to the collection tank (108ae). The pump unit (108ag) includes a pump that is configured to transport the leachate solution containing dissolved RE minerals from the ore body to the collection tank. The pump unit is configured to handle high-viscosity solutions, ensuring uninterrupted operation and efficient transfer of enriched solutions for subsequent processing.

[0094] The leaching agent injection unit (108) further includes a lixiviant unit (108ah), which is operably coupled to the collection tank (108ae). The lixiviant unit utilizes ammonium sulfate as a lixiviant to selectively desorb and substitute RE minerals from the ore body. In this process, ammonium ions displace RE mineral ions, forming soluble RE mineral sulfates within the pregnant solution. This selective substitution improves the purity of RE minerals in the solution, enabling efficient downstream recovery.

[0095] As illustrated in Figure 1c, the leaching agent injection unit (108) integrates advanced components and techniques to facilitate the recovery of RE minerals. By incorporating a leaching agent reservoir, hydrogeological evaluation, HDPE injection wells, distribution and collection tanks, a tunnel collection system, a pump unit, and a lixiviant unit, the present invention ensures precise, efficient, and environmentally responsible extraction of RE minerals. This integrated approach addresses challenges in leaching processes, such as uneven distribution, environmental contamination, and inefficient recovery, thereby optimizing resource extraction.

[0096] Reference is made to Figure 1 , where there is illustrated a method (100) for recovering and separating rare earth, RE minerals, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (100) comprises performing a geoelectric survey on a target area by assembling geoelectric survey electrodes in a dipole-dipole array configuration to identify the presence of RE minerals beneath the ground, at step (102). The geoelectric survey data is then subjected to data analytics to optimize the identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with RE minerals, including generating a correlation matrix to visualize relationships between resistivity, chargeability, and RE mineral concentration, at step (104). Based on the correlation matrix, data is processed and analysed to facilitate decision-making for the efficient extraction of RE minerals, at step (106). Subsequently, a leaching agent is injected into theore body containing RE minerals at controlled concentrations and pH values, resulting in the formation of a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing, at step (108). The method proceeds with applying a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution by adjusting the pH in stages, enabling the RE minerals to precipitate as insoluble salts at different pH levels based on their solubility characteristics, at step (110). To enhance recovery, a low-frequency magnetic field is induced to promote the migration of RE mineral ions in the pregnant solution, forming distinct layers for selective extraction, wherein the ions are separated based on their magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties, at step (112). Finally, the separated RE minerals are converted into oxide forms by exposing them to high temperatures to achieve a stable thermodynamic equilibrium, thereby preparing them for downstream applications, at step (114).

[0097] In describing further on Figure 1 , reference is made to Figure 2, where there is illustrated a method (200) for performing a geoelectric survey on a target area by assembling geoelectric survey electrodes in a dipole-dipole array, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (200) initiates at step (202) that comprises performing a geoelectrical survey on a target area by arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes in an optimal configuration based on geological characteristics of the target area, wherein the placement is determined using GPS-based altitude and position measurements to ensure precise alignment and coverage of the study area. Further, the method (200) comprises ensuring contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution, at step (204). Furthermore, the method (200) comprises injecting current into the subsurface of the ground through the geoelectric survey electrodes by transmitting a controlled electrical current generated by a power source, wherein the current generates electromagnetic waves that interact with materials of the subsurface, including ion-adsorption clays having the rare earth elements, at step (206). Thereafter, at step (208), the method (200) comprises capturing and analysing electromagnetic wave responses resulting from current injection to identify at least one anomaly zone enriched with the rare earth elements in an ionadsorption clay layer, wherein the anomaly zone is characterized based on the resistivity and the chargeability unique to composition and polarization properties associated thereof. Subsequently, the method (200) comprises recording and processing geoelectric survey data to generate resistivity and chargeability profiles of the subsurface, wherein the geoelectric survey data is subjected to inversion modelling using a smoothness-constrained algorithm to minimize discrepancies between measured and modelled values, thereby enabling creation of detailed 2D or 3D subsurface models that correlate with geological data of the target area, at step (210).In an embodiment, the method (200) of ensuring proper contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and the ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution (204), further comprises employing at least one of ammonium sulphate or brine solution. In describing further on Figure 2, reference is made to Figure 3 where there is illustrated a method (300) for performing a geoelectrical survey on a target area by arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes in an optimal configuration based on geological characteristics of the target area, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (300) comprises arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes using the dipole-dipole array configuration, wherein the geoelectric survey electrode spacing is done along a survey line that is selected based on resistivity contrast obtained from the subsurface, at step (302). The method (300) further comprises selecting an appropriate electrode spacing based on the depth of the RE mineral deposit and the surrounding materials, to enhance sensitivity of resistivity measurements, at step (304). Furthermore, the method (300) comprises utilizing graphene / graphite nanomaterials at geoelectric survey electrode interface to enhance current flow and interaction between the injected current and the RE minerals deposits present in the target area, at step (306). Thereafter, at step (308), the method (300) comprises using an electromagnetic transmitter to facilitate injection of current through the electrodes, with the interaction of the current and graphene / graphite nanomaterials improving the delineation of RE mineral zones by activating their surface charges.

[0098] In describing further on Figure 2, reference is made to Figure 4 where there is illustrated a method (400) for ensuring contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (400) comprises evaluating contact resistance of each geoelectric survey electrode, at step (402). Further, the method (400) comprises applying the conducting solution to electrode surface to improve electrode-ground contact, when a high contact resistance is detected, at step (404). Finally, at step (406), the method comprises dynamically adjusting positions of the geoelectric survey electrodes based on real-time contact resistance measurements to ensure consistent current flow (406).

[0099] In describing further on Figure 2, reference is made to Figure 5, where there is illustrated a method (500) for injecting current into the subsurface of the ground through the geoelectric survey electrodes by transmitting a controlled electrical current generated by a power source, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (500) begins at step (502), which comprises placing an electromagnetic transmitter at the geoelectric survey electrode to inject the controlled current into the subsurface, allowing for interaction between the current and the ion-adsorption clay, IAC layers and the rare earth, RE minerals deposits.Further, at step (504), the method (500) comprises enhancing the interaction of the injected current with the subsurface by utilizing graphene / graphite nanomaterials, which facilitate the activation of surface charges in the RE minerals deposits, thereby improving resistivity measurements.

[0100] In describing further on Figure 2, reference is made to Figure 5a, where there is illustrated a schematic representation of the placement and configuration of geoelectric survey electrodes across a sloped survey site, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The configuration includes a series of electrodes strategically positioned along the slope to maximize subsurface interaction and measurement accuracy. The electrodes are uniformly distributed at predetermined intervals to ensure optimal current flow and minimize potential gradients caused by uneven ground surface or variable resistivity conditions.

[0101] The illustration further depicts the arrangement of the electrodes in a staggered manner along the slope. This arrangement enhances the spatial resolution of resistivity measurements and ensures that the subsurface data accurately reflects variations in the geological structure. As shown in the inset, a zoomed-in view highlights the electrode placement with detailed measurements, emphasizing their contact with the sloped ground and the implementation of conductive solutions for reducing contact resistance.

[0102] Additionally, the accompanying graph provides a correlation between the electrode spacing, resistivity values, and the detected presence of subsurface features such as ion-adsorption clays and rare earth mineral deposits. The curves in the graph demonstrate variations in resistivity along the slope, with each curve corresponding to a specific electrode line. The red curve, for example, illustrates a significant anomaly indicating the presence of RE minerals, which correlates with increased resistivity due to ion adsorption. This analytical representation provides valuable insights into subsurface mineral distribution and the efficiency of the current injection process.

[0103] Moreover, the lower portion of the figure displays a cross-sectional view of the electrode alignment. The cross-sectional view outlines the downward slope of the survey site and highlights how the slope's geometry influences the current distribution and resistivity measurements. The sectional view further underscores the need for dynamic electrode positioning, as discussed in previous figures, to accommodate changes in ground topology and contact resistance.

[0104] The integration of electrodes, conductive solutions, and nanomaterial enhancements collectively supports the identification of RE deposits with precision, thereby advancing the geoelectric survey's capability in mineral exploration applications. This embodimentdemonstrates the adaptability of the system to varying geological conditions, ensuring accurate data acquisition and efficient resource identification.

[0105] In describing further on Figure 2, reference is made to Figure 6, where there is illustrated a method (600) for capturing and analysing electromagnetic wave responses resulting from current injection to identify at least one anomaly zone enriched with the rare earth, RE elements in an ion-adsorption clay, IAC layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (600) initiates at step (602), which comprises analysing the electromagnetic waves traveling through underground layers using simulation technology, for visualizing the interaction between the injected current and the IAC layers, thereby identifying the at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals. Further, at step (604), the method (600) comprises measuring the resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface by recording voltage differences and decay curves using time-domain induced polarization techniques.

[0106] In describing further on Figure 2, reference is made to Figure 7, where there is illustrated a method (700) for measuring resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface by recording voltage differences and decay curves using time-domain induced polarization techniques, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (700) initiates at step (702), which comprises measuring apparent resistivity as a weighted average based on the voltage difference, AV and current intensity, I using an electrical resistivity meter, with the measurements configured for generating resistivity profiles of the target area. Further, at step (704), the method (700) comprises calculating chargeability using time-domain induced polarization techniques, wherein the voltage decay after current injection is recorded and the chargeability coefficient is derived from the time constant associated with the voltage decay. In describing further on Figure 1 , reference is made to Figure 8, where there is illustrated a method (800) for conducting data analytics on geoelectric survey data to optimize the identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with rare earth elements, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (800) initiates at step (802), which comprises generating a correlation matrix to visualize multivariable relationships among a plurality of geological parameters to identify the at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals, wherein the plurality of geological parameters comprises resistivity, chargeability, and RE minerals concentration. Subsequently, at step (804), the method (800) comprises performing optimization analysis to determine quantitative correlations between the RE minerals concentration, leaching efficiency, and geological features, thereby enabling data-driven prioritization of a specific zone from the at least one anomaly zone, wherein the associated geological features comprise buried depth, ore grade, and pay dirt thickness.Further, at step (806), the method (800) comprises applying clustering algorithms to group geological data based on similar patterns of resistivity and chargeability, thereby isolating regions that exhibit favourable RE minerals distribution. Thereafter, at step (808), the method (800) comprises utilizing predictive modelling techniques to forecast the spatial distribution of the RE minerals concentrations based on the geological features. Furthermore, at step (810), the method (800) comprises optimizing resource allocation by correlating the geological parameters and geological features based on the correlation matrix. Finally, at step (812), the method (800) comprises providing tailored insights for midstream processes to ensure optimized recovery rates from the ion-adsorption clay, IAC layers.

[0107] In an embodiment, the correlation matrix is selected from a group comprising at least one of, but not limited to, heatmap matrix, decision tree, regression method, research surface method, and so forth. Preferably, in an instance, a heat map matrix is selected as a correlation matrix. In describing further on Figure 8, reference is made to Figure 8a where there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a heatmap matrix, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0108] The heatmap matrix is employed as a powerful data analytics tool for identifying zones enriched with rare earth elements, REEs or rare earth minerals, RE minerals. Specifically, it enables the visualization and quantification of multivariable relationships among geological parameters that influence the spatial distribution and concentration of RE minerals.

[0109] The heatmap matrix operates on the principle of correlation coefficients, which are numerical values ranging from -1 to +1. These coefficients measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. A correlation coefficient of +1 signifies a perfect positive correlation, where an increase in one variable corresponds directly to an increase in the other. Conversely, a coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that an increase in one variable results in a decrease in the other. A correlation coefficient near 0 implies little to no relationship between the variables.

[0110] In this embodiment, the heatmap matrix is used to analyse correlations between various geological parameters, such as total depth, depth of overburden, thickness of pay dirt, grade of fully enriched depth, and grade of pay dirt. These parameters are critical in identifying anomaly zones enriched with RE minerals. The color-coded representation of the heatmap matrix simplifies the interpretation of these relationships: darker red shades represent stronger positive correlations, i.e., values closer to +1 , darker blue shades indicate stronger negative correlations, i.e., values closer to -1 , and lighter shades correspond to weaker correlations.In an instance, a strong positive correlation, i.e., coefficient: 0.90 suggests that zones with greater total depths are often associated with thicker overburden layers. Further, a strong correlation, i.e., coefficient: 0.81 reveals that thicker pay dirt layers are likely to have higher grades of fully enriched RE minerals. In another instance, a negligible correlation of -0.05 indicates that these two parameters are largely independent of each other. In yet another instance, a moderate positive correlation, i.e., coefficient: 0.57 highlights their interdependence in influencing RE mineral recovery.

[0111] By analysing these relationships, the heatmap matrix enables geoscientists and researchers to prioritize regions with favourable geological conditions for REE exploration. For instance, zones with thicker pay dirt and higher grades of RE minerals can be flagged as high-priority targets for further investigation.

[0112] The heatmap matrix is utilized in the method (800) for optimizing anomaly zone identification. At step (802), it is used to generate a correlation matrix that visualizes the relationships among resistivity, chargeability, and RE mineral concentration. This information feeds into subsequent steps of optimization analysis (step 804), clustering (step 806), and predictive modelling (step 808), ultimately enabling data-driven decision-making for REE exploration. Moreover, step (810) leverages these correlations to optimize resource allocation, while step (812) provides actionable insights for midstream processes to maximize recovery rates from ion-adsorption clay (IAC) layers.

[0113] In describing further on Figure 1 , reference is made to Figure 9, where there is illustrated a method (900) for injecting a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into an ore body containing rare earth, RE minerals to form a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The method (900) begins at step (902), which comprises injecting a leaching agent at controlled molarities and pH conditions into the ore body containing RE minerals, wherein the leaching agent is selected from at least one of ammonium salts, hydrochloric acid, HCI, and sulphuric acid, H2SO4to dissolve the RE minerals. Further, at step (904), the method (900) comprises conducting a hydrogeological evaluation to determine precise leachate flow paths, thereby ensuring that the leaching agent permeates through the ore body while preventing contamination of surrounding groundwater systems. Subsequently, at step (906), the method (900) involves utilizing a network of high-density polyethylene, HDPE injection wells to distribute the leaching agent into the ore body.

[0114] Thereafter, at step (908), the method (900) comprises positioning a leaching agent distribution tank at a high elevation to optimize the distribution of the leaching agent and placing acollection tank at a low elevation to facilitate the collection of leachate solution. Furthermore, at step (910), the method (900) employs a tunnel collection system comprising primary, secondary, and main tunnel perforated tubes to maximize the collection of the leachate solution. At step (912), the method (900) includes transporting the leachate solution containing dissolved RE minerals from the ore body to a collection tank for further processing. Finally, at step (914), the method (900) utilizes ammonium sulphate as a lixiviant to selectively desorb and substitute the RE minerals from the ore body, wherein the ammonium ions displace RE minerals ions and form soluble RE mineral sulphates, producing a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing.

[0115] In an instance, to achieve efficient leaching while minimizing environmental impact, the lixiviant is injected under optimized conditions. The molar concentrations of the reagents are maintained between 1M to 10M, and the pH is controlled at values typically less than 7. These conditions maximize the dissolution rates of RE minerals while ensuring minimal disruption to the surrounding environment. Ammonium sulfate demonstrates excellent selectivity in desorbing and substituting RE minerals from IAC matrices. During the leaching process, positively charged ammonium ions, NH4+displace the RE ions, RE3+adsorbed on the clay substrate. The displaced RE ions combine with sulfate ions, SO42-, forming soluble RE sulfates, as rare earth sulfates, in the pregnant solution.

[0116] In an example, the chemical reaction is provided below:

[0117] RE (Kaolite) + (NH4) SO4-► RE (SO4) + Kaolite (NH4) In describing further on Figure 1 , reference is made to Figure 10, where there is illustrated a method (1000) for applying a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution enriched with rare earth minerals by adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels based on corresponding solubility characteristics, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. To achieve precise selective precipitation, the method (1000) incorporates real-time monitoring and control systems for pH, ionic strength, and temperature. These parameters are dynamically adjusted based on solubility constants, Ksp for individual rare earth minerals to optimize precipitation efficiency. The system employs pH sensors and titration modules to maintain pH ranges with minimal deviation during each precipitation stage. For example, buffer solutions may be introduced to stabilize pH fluctuations caused by exothermic or endothermic reactions during precipitation. Notably, the rare earth minerals are broadly categorized into light rare earth minerals and heavy rare earth minerals based on their atomic numbers and chemical properties. Light rare earth minerals, including lanthanum through europium, have larger ionic radii, are moreabundant in nature, and are generally easier to extract due to their higher solubility in leachate solutions. In contrast, heavy rare earth minerals, comprising gadolinium through lutetium and often including yttrium due to its similar properties, have smaller ionic radii, are less abundant, and tend to form stronger ionic bonds, making their extraction more challenging.

[0118] The method (1000) begins at step (1002), which comprises adjusting the pH of the pregnant solution in stages to selectively precipitate individual RE minerals at different stages based on their corresponding solubility.

[0119] At step (1004), the method (1000) involves introducing precipitation agents, including sodium hydroxide, NaOH, sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, or ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, to adjust the pH and form insoluble RE minerals salts. The process includes a first precipitation stage at a pH level greater than 10 to precipitate higher density, heavier RE minerals; a second precipitation stage at a pH level of 7 to 10 to precipitate lower density, heavier RE minerals; a third precipitation stage at a pH level of 3 to 7 to precipitate higher density, lighter RE minerals; and a fourth precipitation stage at a pH level less than 3 to precipitate lower density, lighter RE minerals.

[0120] Further, at step (1006), the method (1000) comprises controlling the solubility product constant, Ksp and the pH of the RE mineral ions to optimize the precipitation of RE mineral salts based on their specific chemical properties and ionic sizes. Finally, at step (1008), the method (1000) includes isolating precipitates of each RE mineral salt for further processing, wherein heavier RE minerals are precipitated first, and lighter RE minerals are precipitated at higher pH levels, thereby facilitating the selective recovery of individual RE minerals.

[0121] In describing further on Figure 10, reference is made to Figure 10a, where there is illustrated a schematic diagram and description of a selective precipitation process for rare earth elements, REE, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The selective precipitation process is applied to the pregnant leach solution enriched with rare earth minerals, wherein the precipitation behaviour is governed by the relationship between the solubility product constant, Ksp and the ionic radii of the rare earth elements. Herein, the rare earth elements are categorized into light rare earth elements, LREE, or light rare earth minerals and heavy rare earth elements, HREE, or heavy rare earth minerals, based on their atomic numbers and chemical properties.

[0122] As shown in Figure 10a, the solubility product constant is defined as the equilibrium constant of a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution. Rare earth elements with higher Ksp values exhibit higher solubility and precipitate at later stages of the process. Conversely, rare earth elements with lower Ksp values exhibit lower solubility and precipitate earlier. Thisrelationship enables the selective precipitation of individual rare earth elements based on their chemical properties and ionic radii.

[0123] The light rare earth elements include lanthanum, La, cerium, Ce, praseodymium, Pr, neodymium, Nd, promethium, Pm, samarium, Sm, and europium, Eu. These elements are characterized by larger ionic radii and higher Ksp values. As a result, LREE precipitate at higher concentrations of carbonate ions, CO32-, typically occurring at higher pH levels. Due to their higher solubility, these elements precipitate during the later stages of the selective precipitation process.

[0124] The heavy rare earth elements, HREE include gadolinium, Gd, terbium, Tb, dysprosium, Dy, holmium, Ho, erbium, Er, thulium, Tm, ytterbium, Yb, and lutetium, Lu. HREE are characterized by smaller ionic radii and lower Ksp values, resulting in precipitation at lower concentrations of carbonate ions (CO32-) and lower pH levels. These elements form stronger ionic bonds, making their extraction more challenging. Accordingly, HREE precipitate earlier in the process, enabling their separation from LREE.

[0125] The process, as illustrated, comprises multiple stages of pH adjustment to achieve selective precipitation. At high concentrations of CO32-(high pH levels), light rare earth elements with higher Ksp values are precipitated. At lower concentrations of CO32-(low pH levels), heavy rare earth elements with lower Ksp values are precipitated. This staged approach allows for the efficient separation of rare earth elements based on their specific solubility characteristics. In another instance, the selective precipitation process is further enhanced by the real-time monitoring and control of pH, ionic strength, and temperature, which are dynamically adjusted to optimize precipitation efficiency. Precipitation agents, including sodium hydroxide, NaOH, sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, or ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, may be introduced at different stages to achieve precise pH control. The system employs advanced sensors and titration modules to minimize pH deviations during each stage, ensuring the effective isolation of individual rare earth elements.

[0126] In a specific example, the method (1000) considers the ionic radii of light and heavy rare earth minerals and their tendency to form stable complexes with carbonate or hydroxide ions. For example, heavy RE minerals like dysprosium, Dy3+and terbium, Tb3+exhibit smaller ionic radii and stronger complexation tendencies, which are exploited to facilitate their selective precipitation at lower pH ranges. Conversely, larger ionic radii of light RE minerals like lanthanum, La3+and cerium, Ce3+require higher pH levels for effective precipitation.The introduction of precipitation agents is optimized using automated dosing systems, ensuring uniform distribution throughout the pregnant solution. Agitation and mixing mechanisms are employed to enhance the reaction kinetics and prevent localized precipitation, which could reduce recovery efficiency.

[0127] In a specific instance, when a pregnant solution containing La3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+ions, then during the first stage, sodium carbonate, Na2CO3is added to achieve a pH of approximately 6.5, selectively precipitating La2(CO3)3due to its higher solubility compared to Nd and Dy carbonates. In the second stage, the pH is raised to 8.5, facilitating the precipitation of Nd2(CO3)3while maintaining Dy ions in solution. Finally, at a pH of 9.5, Dy2(CO3)3precipitates, completing the sequence. This staged approach ensures high-purity recovery of individual RE minerals.

[0128] The present invention facilitates the selective recovery of rare earth elements by precipitating heavy rare earth elements at earlier stages and light rare earth elements at later stages. This method optimizes the purity and yield of recovered rare earth elements, enabling their utilization in various industrial applications, including electronics, renewable energy systems, and advanced materials manufacturing.

[0129] In describing further on Figure 1 , reference is made to Figure 11 , where there is illustrated a method (1100) for enhancing the recovery process of rare earth minerals using a solenoid to generate an ultra-low-frequency magnetic field, i.e., ~0.0001 Hz, close to DC. This field creates a quasi-static magnetic gradient in the pregnant solution, which induces controlled migration of RE minerals ions based on their magnetic susceptibility, ionic density, and spin-orbit coupling properties. The method (1100) begins at step (1102), which comprises applying a solenoid to generate the low-frequency magnetic field, producing a magnetic gradient that organizes the motion of RE minerals ions in the solution. This gradient causes heavier RE mineral ions, such as lutetium, to be directed toward the lower layers of the solution due to their stronger magnetic properties, while lighter RE mineral ions, such as lanthanum, migrate to the upper layers.

[0130] At step (1104), the method (1100) involves controlling the migration of RE mineral ions in the pregnant solution. This control is achieved by taking advantage of the different magnetic susceptibilities and ionic densities of the RE mineral ions. Heavier RE minerals, such as Lu and Yb, which have smaller ionic radii and stronger magnetic moments, are guided into deeper layers of the solution. Lighter RE minerals, such as La and Ce, with larger ionic radii and weaker magnetic properties, tend to migrate upwards. This controlled migration facilitates theseparation of RE minerals into distinct layers, enabling selective extraction while minimizing the use of harsh chemicals.

[0131] Further, at step (1106), the method (1100) facilitates the formation of distinct layers of RE mineral ions, where heavier RE minerals precipitate first and form crystalline, well-defined phases with fewer impurities. This occurs because heavier RE minerals exhibit stronger spinorbit coupling, a property arising from their smaller ionic radii and higher atomic numbers. This coupling strengthens the interaction between their unpaired 4f electrons and surrounding ligands, promoting the formation of stable crystalline structures. These structures are less likely to incorporate impurities, resulting in higher purity of the heavier RE minerals precipitates. For example, Lu forms highly ordered precipitates with minimal co-precipitation of lighter RE minerals.

[0132] At step (1108), the method (1100) enhances the precipitation efficiency of heavier RE mineral ions by further amplifying their magnetic properties through spin-orbit coupling. This magnetic enhancement causes heavier RE mineral ions to interact more effectively with the induced magnetic field, increasing their likelihood of precipitating earlier in the process. This step is particularly significant for heavier RE minerals because their enhanced magnetic interactions reduce the possibility of co-precipitation with lighter RE minerals or unwanted impurities. Finally, at step (1110), the method (1100) enables the earlier precipitation of heavier RE minerals at a higher purity by utilizing the induced magnetic field to align their ions into ordered layers. This process minimizes interference from lighter RE minerals and impurities, ensuring that the heavier RE minerals precipitate selectively and at higher purity. Additionally, the process takes advantage of the lower solubility product constants of heavier RE minerals in alkaline solutions, promoting their precipitation even at relatively lower concentrations of hydroxide or carbonate ions. This breakthrough approach not only enhances the efficiency and selectivity of RE minerals recovery but also reduces energy consumption and reliance on environmentally harmful chemicals, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution for RE minerals separation.

[0133] In describing further on Figure 11, reference is made to Figure 11a, which provides a schematic representation related to effectiveness of an ultra- low-frequency magnetic field in organizing and separating rare earth mineral ions, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0134] The solenoid produces a near-DC frequency magnetic field of approximately in range of 0.0001 to 0.0002 Hz. Preferably, the 0.0001 Hz, is applied for creating a quasi-static magnetic gradientthat influences the migration and stratification of RE mineral ions within the solution based on their magnetic susceptibilities, ionic densities, and spin-orbit coupling properties.

[0135] The leftmost section of Figure 11a illustrates a vertical stack of layers, labelled x1 , x2, x3, and so forth, which represents the broader structure of the solution. In an instance, the magnetic separation is depicted for the layers x6, x7, and x8 under the influence of the applied magnetic field.

[0136] The solenoid generates the magnetic field that induces the motion of RE mineral ions within these layers. This magnetic field is of sufficient strength and frequency to align the ions according to their magnetic and physical properties without disrupting the overall integrity of the solution.

[0137] Within the x6, x7, and x8 region, the magnetic field organizes the ions into different trajectories based on their properties. The arrows in the figure represent the motion of ions of varying magnetic susceptibilities and densities. Specifically, the green arrows correspond to lighter RE ions, such as lanthanum which have larger ionic radii, lower densities, and weaker magnetic moments. These ions exhibit reduced interactions with the magnetic field and are directed towards the upper layer, i.e., x8. The purple arrows represent medium-weight RE ions, such as neodymium or samarium, which possess intermediate magnetic properties. These ions tend to settle in the middle layer, i.e., x7. The orange arrows signify heavier RE ions, such as lutetium or ytterbium, which exhibit stronger magnetic moments, higher densities, and significant spin-orbit coupling. These ions are drawn to the lower layer x6, due to their strong interaction with the applied magnetic field.

[0138] The ions are stratified into distinct layers, with green arrows concentrated at the top, purple arrows in the middle, and orange arrows at the bottom. This clear separation into layers reflects the effectiveness of the magnetic field in organizing the ions according to their properties, thereby facilitating selective extraction.

[0139] The schematic of Figure 11a demonstrates how the induced magnetic gradient leverages the inherent magnetic susceptibilities and densities of RE mineral ions to achieve stratification. Heavier RE ions, which have stronger magnetic interactions and smaller ionic radii, are naturally guided into lower layers, where they form more stable, crystalline phases. Conversely, lighter RE ions, with weaker magnetic interactions and larger ionic radii, are displaced upwards. This mechanism enables efficient separation of RE minerals into distinct layers, minimizing cross-contamination and allowing selective recovery of specific RE elements.Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated step or element or integer or group of steps or elements or integers, but not the exclusion of any other step or element or integer or group of steps, elements or integers. Thus, in the context of this specification, the term “comprising” is used in an inclusive sense and thus should be understood as meaning “including principally, but not necessarily solely”.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A system (100a) for recovering and separating rare earth, RE minerals from an ore body, the system (100) comprising:a geoelectric survey unit (102a) configured to perform a geoelectric survey on a target area, the geoelectric survey unit comprises geoelectric survey electrodes arranged in a dipole-dipole array configuration to identify presence of the RE minerals beneath the ground;a data analytics unit (104a) operably coupled to the geoelectric survey unit (102a) in communication with the geoelectric survey unit (102a), the data analytics module (104a) is configured to:process geoelectric survey data and optimize identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals; andgenerate a correlation matrix to visualize relationships between resistivity, chargeability, and RE minerals concentration;a decision-making unit (106a) in communication with the data analytics unit (104a), the decision-making unit (106a) is configured to process and analyse data obtained from the correlation matrix to facilitate efficient extraction of the RE minerals;a leaching agent injection unit (108a) configured to inject a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into the ore body containing RE minerals, thereby forming a pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals for further processing; a precipitation unit (110a) operably coupled to the leaching agent injection unit (108a), configured to apply a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution, the precipitation unit (110a) is capable of adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels, based on corresponding solubility characteristics;a magnetic field induction unit (112a) operably coupled to the leaching agent injection unit (108a), configured to induce a low-frequency magnetic field, wherein the low- frequency magnetic field enhances migration of RE minerals ions in the pregnant solution, forming distinct layers for selective RE minerals extraction, with the RE minerals ions separated based on magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties; and a thermal processing unit (114a) for receiving separated RE minerals, the thermal processing unit (114a) is configured to convert the separated RE minerals into oxide forms by exposing the separated RE mineral to high temperatures to achieve a stable thermodynamic equilibrium and prepare thereof for further downstream applications.

2. The system (100) according to Claim 1, wherein the geoelectric survey unit (102a) further comprises:a plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) arranged in a dipole-dipole array configuration to identify presence of RE minerals beneath the ground, wherein the dipoledipole configuration includes current electrodes and potential electrodes, with the current electrodes for applying a subsurface electric current and the potential electrodes for measuring the resulting potential difference;an electromagnetic transmitter (102ab) configured to inject current into the ground through the current electrodes to facilitate detection of RE minerals by interacting with charges activated by the RE minerals in the subsurface;at least one Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG sensor (102ac) coupled to the plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa), configured to be placed underground through a borehole and measure strain or temperature variations in soil, providing additional data to enhance the accuracy of the survey;a resistivity meter (102ad) configured to be operable at each of the geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) in survey lines to perform geoelectric profiling and measure apparent resistivity and chargeability, with the readings used to identify and map subsurface RE minerals concentrations;a signal processing unit (102ae) to filter and amplify signals from the electrodes, and to process data from the FBG sensor (102ac) and resistivity meter (102ad) to generate geophysical resistivity measurements that are used to model subsurface RE minerals distribution;at least one GPS-based compass (102af) to assist in precise placement and alignment of the plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa), ensuring accurate survey results for resistivity and chargeability measurements; andgraphene / graphite nanomaterials (102ag) integrated with the plurality of geoelectric survey electrodes (102aa) to enhance activation of charges in RE minerals, thereby improving interaction between the injected current and the RE minerals, enabling better delineation of RE minerals rich zones.

3. The system (100) according to Claim 1, wherein the leaching agent injection unit (108) further comprises:a leaching agent reservoir (108aa) configured to store a leaching agent selected from ammonium salts, hydrochloric acid, HCI, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4, the leaching agent is injected into the ore body at controlled molarities and pH conditions to dissolve rare earth, RE minerals from the ore body, forming a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing;a hydrogeological evaluation module (108ab) configured to determine leaching agent flow paths and ensure that the leaching agent permeates the ore body while preventing contamination of surrounding groundwater systems;a network of high-density polyethylene injection wells (108ac) configured to distribute the leaching agent into the ore body at optimal locations based on the hydrogeological evaluation;a leaching agent distribution tank (108ad) positioned at a high elevation to optimize the injection pressure and distribution of the leaching agent throughout the ore body; a collection tank (108ae) positioned at a low elevation than the leaching agent distribution tank, for collection of the leachate solution, enriched with RE minerals, for further processing;a tunnel collection system (108af) coupled to the leaching agent distribution tank (108ad), comprising primary, secondary, and main tunnel perforated tubes configured to maximize collection of the leachate solution from the ore body;a pump unit (108ag) operably coupled to the collection tank (108ae), configured to transport the leachate solution containing dissolved RE minerals from the ore body to the collection tank; anda lixiviant unit (108ah) operably coupled to the collection tank (108ae), configured to utilize ammonium sulphate as a lixiviant to selectively desorb and substitute RE minerals from the ore body, wherein ammonium ions displace RE minerals ions, forming soluble RE minerals sulphates in the pregnant solution.

4. A method (100) for recovering and separating rare earth, RE minerals, the method (100) comprising steps of:performing a geoelectric survey on a target area by assembling geoelectric survey electrodes in a dipole-dipole array configuration to identify presence of the RE minerals beneath the ground (102);conducting data analytics on geoelectric survey data to optimize identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals, wherein the data analytics includes generating a correlation matrix to visualize relationships between resistivity, chargeability, and RE minerals concentration (104);processing and analysing data obtained from the correlation matrix to facilitate decisionmaking for efficient extraction of RE minerals (106);injecting a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into an ore body containing RE minerals to form a pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals for further processing (108);applying a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals by adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels, based on corresponding solubility characteristics (110);enhancing the recovery process by inducing a low-frequency magnetic field, thereby enhancing migration of RE minerals ions in the pregnant solution, forming distinct layers for selective RE minerals extraction, wherein the RE minerals ions are separated based on magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties associated thereof (112); and converting separated RE minerals into oxide forms by exposing thereof to high temperatures to achieve a stable thermodynamic equilibrium, and prepare thereof for further downstream applications (114).

5. The method (100) according to Claim 4, wherein performing a geoelectric survey on a target area by assembling geoelectric survey electrodes in a dipole-dipole array (102), further comprises method steps of (200), the method steps (200) comprising:performing a geoelectrical survey on a target area by arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes in an optimal configuration based on geological characteristics of the target area, wherein the placement is determined using GPS-based altitude and position measurements to ensure precise alignment and coverage of the study area (202); ensuring contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution (204);injecting current into the subsurface of the ground through the geoelectric survey electrodes by transmitting a controlled electrical current generated by a power source, wherein the current generates electromagnetic waves that interact with materials of the subsurface, including ion-adsorption clays having the rare earth elements (206); capturing and analysing electromagnetic wave responses resulting from current injection to identify at least one anomaly zone enriched with the rare earth elements in an ionadsorption clay layer, wherein the anomaly zone is characterized based on the resistivity and the chargeability unique to composition and polarization properties associated thereof (208); andrecording and processing geoelectric survey data to generate resistivity and chargeability profiles of the subsurface, wherein the geoelectric survey data is subjected to inversion modelling using a smoothness-constrained algorithm to minimize discrepancies between measured and modelled values, thereby enabling creation of detailed 2D or 3D subsurface models that correlate with geological data of the target area (210).

6. The method (100) according to Claim 5, wherein ensuring proper contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and the ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution (204), further comprises employing at least one of ammonium sulphate or brine solution.

7. The method (100) according to Claim 5, wherein performing a geoelectrical survey on a target area by arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes in an optimal configuration based on geological characteristics of the target area (202), further comprises method steps of (300):arranging the geoelectric survey electrodes using the dipole-dipole array configuration, wherein the geoelectric survey electrode spacing is done along a survey line that is selected based on resistivity contrast obtained from the subsurface (302); selecting an appropriate electrode spacing based on the depth of the RE mineral deposit and the surrounding materials, to enhance sensitivity of resistivity measurements (304); utilizing graphene / graphite nanomaterials at geoelectric survey electrode interface to enhance current flow and interaction between the injected current and the RE minerals deposits present in the target area (306); andusing an electromagnetic transmitter to facilitate injection of current through the electrodes, with the interaction of the current and graphene / graphite nanomaterials improving the delineation of RE mineral zones by activating their surface charges (308).

8. The method (100) according to Claim 5, wherein ensuring contact between the geoelectric survey electrodes and ground by minimizing contact resistance using a conductive solution (204), further comprises method steps of (400), the method steps (400) comprising:evaluating contact resistance of each geoelectric survey electrode (402);applying the conducting solution to electrode surface to improve electrode-ground contact, when a high contact resistance is detected (404); anddynamically adjusting positions of the geoelectric survey electrodes based on real-time contact resistance measurements to ensure consistent current flow (406).

9. The method (100) according to Claim 5, wherein injecting current into the subsurface of the ground through the geoelectric survey electrodes by transmitting a controlled electrical current generated by a power source (206), further comprises method steps of (500), the method steps (500) comprising:placing an electromagnetic transmitter at the geoelectric survey electrode to inject the controlled current into the subsurface, allowing for interaction between the current and the ion-adsorption clay, IAC layers and the RE minerals deposits (502); andenhancing interaction of the injected current with the subsurface by utilizing graphene / graphite nanomaterials, which facilitate activation of surface charges in the RE minerals deposits, thereby improving resistivity measurements (504).

10. The method (100) according to Claim 5, wherein capturing and analysing electromagnetic wave responses resulting from current injection to identify at least one anomaly zone enriched with the rare earth elements in an ion -adsorption clay layer, wherein the anomaly zone is characterized based on the resistivity and the chargeability unique to composition and polarization properties associated thereof (210), further comprises method steps of (600): analysing the electromagnetic waves travelling through underground layers using simulation technology, for visualizing interaction between the injected current and the IAC layers, thereby identifying the at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals (602); andmeasuring resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface by recording voltage differences and decay curves using time-domain induced polarization techniques (604).

11. The method (100) according to Claim 5, wherein measuring resistivity and chargeability of the subsurface by recording voltage differences and decay curves using time-domain induced polarization techniques (208), further comprises method steps (700), the method steps (700) comprising:measuring apparent resistivity as a weighted average based on the voltage difference, AV and current intensity, I using an electrical resistivity meter, with measurements configured for generating resistivity profiles of the target area (702); and calculating chargeability using the time-domain induced polarization techniques, wherein the voltage decay after current injection is recorded and the chargeability coefficient is derived from the time constant associated with the voltage decay (704).

12. The method (100) according to Claim 4, wherein conducting data analytics on geoelectric survey data to optimize identification of at least one anomaly zone enriched with rare earth elements (104), further comprises method steps of (800):generating a correlation matrix to visualize multivariable relationships among a plurality of geological parameters to identify the at least one anomaly zone enriched with the RE minerals, wherein the plurality of geological parameters comprises resistivity, chargeability, and RE minerals concentration (802);performing optimization analysis to determine quantitative correlations between the RE minerals concentration, leaching efficiency, and geological features for enabling data- driven prioritization of a specific zone from the at least one anomaly zone, wherein theassociated geological features comprise buried depth, ore grade, and pay dirt thickness (804);applying clustering algorithms to group geological data based on similar patterns of resistivity and chargeability, isolating regions that favourable RE minerals distribution (806);utilizing predictive modelling techniques to forecast spatial distribution of the RE minerals concentrations based on the geological features (808);optimizing resource allocation by correlating the geological parameters and geological features based on the correlation matrix (810); andproviding tailored insights for midstream processes to ensure optimized recovery rates from the I AC layers (812).

13. The method (100) according to claim 4, wherein injecting a leaching agent at controlled concentrations and pH values into an ore body containing RE minerals to form a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing (108), further comprises method steps of (900), the method steps (900) comprising:injecting a leaching agent comprising at controlled molarities and pH conditions into the ore body containing rare earth, RE minerals, wherein the leaching agent is selected from at least one of ammonium salts, hydrochloric acid, HCI, and sulphuric acid, H2SO4, to dissolve the RE minerals (902);conducting a hydrogeological evaluation to determine precise leachate flow paths, thereby ensuring that the leaching agent permeates through the ore body while preventing contamination of surrounding groundwater systems (904);utilizing a network of high-density polyethylene, HDPE injection wells to distribute the leaching agent into the ore body (906);positioning a leaching agent distribution tank at a high elevation to optimize distribution of the leaching agent, and placing a collection tank at a low elevation to facilitate collection of leachate solution (908);employing a tunnel collection system comprising primary, secondary, and main tunnel perforated tubes to maximize collection of the leachate solution (910); transporting the leachate solution containing dissolved RE minerals from the ore body to a collection tank for further processing (912);utilizing ammonium sulphate as a lixiviant to selectively desorb and substitute the RE minerals from the ore body, wherein the ammonium ions displace RE minerals ions and form soluble RE minerals sulphates, producing a pregnant solution enriched with RE minerals for further processing (914).

14. The method (100) according to claim 4, wherein applying a selective precipitation process to the pregnant solution enriched with the RE minerals by adjusting pH in stages, whereby the RE minerals are precipitated as insoluble salts at different pH levels, based on corresponding solubility characteristics (110), further comprises method steps of (1000):adjusting the pH of the pregnant solution in stages to selectively precipitate individual RE minerals at different stages based on corresponding solubility (1002); introducing precipitation agents, including sodium hydroxide, NaOH, sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, or ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3, to adjust the pH and form insoluble RE minerals salts, wherein a first precipitation stage occurs at a pH level greater than 10 to precipitate higher density heavier RE minerals, a second precipitation stage occurs at a pH level of 7 to 10 to precipitate lower density of heavier RE minerals, a third precipitation stage occurs at a pH level of 3 to 7 to precipitate higher density of lighter RE minerals, and a fourth precipitation stage occurs at a pH level less than 3 to precipitate lower density lighter RE minerals (1004);controlling solubility product constant, Ksp, and the pH of the RE minerals ions to optimize precipitation of the RE minerals salts based on specific chemical properties and ionic sizes (1006); andisolating precipitates of each REE salt for further processing, wherein heavier RE minerals are precipitated first and lighter RE minerals are precipitated at higher pH levels, facilitating selective recovery of individual RE minerals (1008).

15. The method (100) according to claim 4, wherein enhancing the recovery process by utilizing a solenoid to induce a low-frequency magnetic field, thereby enhancing migration of REE ions in the pregnant solution, forming distinct layers for selective RE minerals extraction, wherein the RE minerals ions are separated based on magnetic susceptibility and solubility properties associated therewith (112), further comprises method steps of (1100):applying a solenoid to generate an ultra-low-frequency magnetic field, creating a quasistatic magnetic gradient within the pregnant solution (1102);controlling migration of the RE minerals ions in the pregnant solution based on the magnetic susceptibility and the ionic density, where heavier RE minerals are directed to lower layers, while lighter RE minerals migrate upwards (1104);facilitating formation of distinct layers of the RE minerals ions, with the heavier RE minerals precipitating earlier and forming crystalline, well-defined phases with fewer impurities, enhancing purity in the final precipitate (1106);increasing precipitation efficiency of heavier RE minerals enhancing magnetic properties thereof, through spin-orbit coupling (1108); andenabling earlier precipitation of heavier RE minerals at a higher purity by inducing magnetic interactions that minimize co-precipitation with lighter RE minerals or associated impurities, thereby improving the selectivity of the precipitation process (1110).

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