System for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator training

Abstract

Embodiments of the invention provide for a system of training a user in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED). According to an embodiment, a system for training a user in CPR and AED is provided. The system may include a manikin, a CPR simulation device, an AED simulation device, an at least one computer processor, and an interactive interface or a plurality of visual indicators. The manikin may include a head unit, a neck unit, and a compressible chest unit. The CPR simulation device may include at least a second sensor that may be embedded in the manikin and may be selected from the first group consisting of a depth sensor, a force sensor, a pressure sensor, and an air flow and / or air pressure sensor. The AED simulation device may include at least one AED electrode pad placement sensor. The at least one computer processor may be configured to cause the visual indicators on the manikin to be selectively and sequentially illuminated to guide the user in sequentially preparing the manikin prior to a performance AED, receive the chest unit preparation progress data in real-time, conduct a first comparison of the received chest unit preparation progress data against at least one pre-set chest condition data, and generate a first feedback based on the first comparison. The at least one computer processor is further configured to receive at least one data in real-time selected from the second group the CPR compression rate data, the hand placement data, and the oral respiration volume data, conduct a second comparison of the received at least one data selected from the second group against at least one pre-set range or value, and generate a second feedback based on the second comparison. The at least one computer processor is yet further configured to receive the AED electrode pad placement data in real-time, conduct a third comparison of the received AED electrode pad placement data against a pre-set AED electrode pad placement, and generate a third feedback based on the third comparison. The interactive interface is configured to display a visual simulation of the chest unit, receive a virtual chest preparation progress data, and communicate with the at least computer processor. The plurality of visual indicators are arranged corresponding to a plurality of portions of the manikin, and the first plurality of sensors are arranged proximate to the plurality of visual indicators and are configured to detect a chest unit preparation progress data prior to the performance AED.

Description

SYSTEM FOR CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION AND AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR TRAININGTechnical Field

[0001] The present invention generally relates to a first aid training system, and more particularly, a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) training system which substantially reduces or eliminates human intervention in delivery and assessment of training.Background

[0002] In conditions as critical as sudden cardiac arrest, timely and effective first aid interventions, such as CPR and AED, are crucial and can significantly improve survival rates. Accurate and proper execution of these techniques requires systematic training and thorough assessment.

[0003] Conventionally, CPR and AED training system has depended on basic manikins that often necessitate human intervention for guidance during training and for analysis during assessment. This dependence on human guidance not only diminishes the efficiency of the system but also increases labor demands. Furthermore, this reliance impedes the wider adoption of basic manikin-based CPR and AED training system, which is essential for enhancing emergency response capabilities of the general public.

[0004] Consequently, there is a need for a CPR and AED training and assessment system that may minimize the reliance on human intervention for guidance during training and for analysis during assessment procedures.Summary of Invention

[0005] Embodiments of the invention provide for a system, which is designed for training a user in performing CPR and AED.

[0006] According to an embodiment, a system for training a user in CPR and AED is provided.The system may include a manikin, a CPR simulation device, an AED simulation device, and an at least one computer processor. The manikin may include a head unit, a neck unit, and a compressible chest unit. The neck unit may interconnect the chest unit to the headunit. The head unit may be tiltable in at least two directions, and the chest unit may be compressible. The CPR simulation device may include at least a second sensor that may be embedded in the manikin and may be selected from the first group consisting of a depth sensor, a force sensor, a pressure sensor, and an air flow and / or air pressure sensor The second sensor may include the depth sensor which may extend from a top surface to a bottom surface of the chest unit and may be configured to measure a CPR compression depth data in real-time. The force sensor may be attached to the top surface of the chest unit and may be configured to measure CPR compression rate data in real-time. The pressure sensor may be attached to the top surface of the manikin and may be configured to detect hand placement data in real-time. The air flow and / or air pressure sensor may be arranged within the head unit and may be configured to measure oral respiration volume data in real-time during CPR ventilation. The AED simulation device may include at least one AED electrode pad placement sensor which may be attached to the top surface of the chest unit, and which are configured to detect AED electrode pad placement data in real-time. The at least one computer processor may be configured to cause the visual indicators to be selectively and sequentially illuminated to guide the user in sequentially preparing the manikin prior to a performance AED, receive the chest unit preparation progress data in real-time, conduct a first comparison of the received chest unit preparation progress data against at least one pre-set chest condition data, and generate a first feedback based on the first comparison. The at least one computer processor is further configured to receive at least one data in real-time selected from the second group the CPR compression rate data, the hand placement data, and the oral respiration volume data, conduct a second comparison of the received at least one data selected from the second group against at least one pre-set range or value, and generate a second feedback based on the second comparison. The at least one computer processor is yet further configured to receive the AED electrode pad placement data in real-time, conduct a third comparison of the received AED electrode pad placement data against a pre-set AED electrode pad placement, and generate a third feedback based on the third comparison. The interactive interface may be configured to communicate with the at least computer processor, and the plurality of visual indicators may be arranged corresponding to a plurality of portions of the manikin. A first pluralityof sensors may be arranged proximate to the plurality of visual indicators and configured to detect a chest unit preparation progress data prior to the performance AED.Brief Description of Drawings

[0007] In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the following description, various embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which:

[0008] FIG. 1 A is a schematic diagram illustrating a system for training a user in CPR and AED, according to various embodiments

[0009] FIG. IB is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary front and side views of a portable design of the system of FIG.1A, according to various embodiments.

[0010] FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram illustrating an open status of the portable design of FIG. IB, according to various embodiments.

[0011] FIG. ID is a schematic diagram illustrating an open and close status of the portable design of FIG.1C without casing, according to various embodiments.

[0012] FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating sensors incorporated in the CPR simulation device of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments.

[0013] FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating sensors incorporated in the AED simulation device of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments.

[0014] FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram illustrating a chest unit preparation of the system FIG. 1 A, according to various embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 3 A is a flow chart illustrating working steps of a computer processor of the system of FIG. 1 A, which interacts with one or more sensors and processes the data, according to various embodiments.

[0016] FIG.3B is a flow chart illustrating working steps of a computer processor of the system of FIG.1A, which interacts with one or more sensors and processes the data, according to various embodiments.

[0017] FIG.3C is a flow chart illustrating working steps of a computer processor of the system of F1G.1A, which interacts with one or more sensors and processes the data, according to various embodiments.

[0018] FIG 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary manikin of the system of FIG. 1 A, according to various embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 5A is a flow chart illustrating a feedback or alert generation process for the first CPR depth compression performed by the computer processor of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 5B is a flow chart illustrating a feedback or alert triggering process for an oral respiration detection performed by the computer processor of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments

[0021] FIG. 5C is a flow chart illustrating a feedback or alert triggering process for a CPR compression rate detection performed by the computer processor of the system of FIG. 1 A, according to various embodiments.Detailed Description

[0022] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings that show, by way of illustration, specific details and embodiments in which the invention may be practiced These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized, and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. The various embodiments are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as some embodiments can be combined with one or more other embodiments to form new embodiments.

[0023] Embodiments described in the context of one of the systems are analogously valid for the other systems.

[0024] Features that are described in the context of an embodiment may correspondingly be applicable to the same or similar features in the other embodiments. Features that are described in the context of an embodiment may correspondingly be applicable to the other embodiments, even if not explicitly described in these other embodiments. Furthermore, additions and / or combinations and / or alternatives as described for a feature in the contextof an embodiment may correspondingly be applicable to the same or similar feature in the other embodiments.

[0025] In the context of various embodiments, the articles “a”, “an” and “the” as used with regard to a feature or element include a reference to one or more of the features or elements.

[0026] In the context of various embodiments, the term “substantially” may include “exactly” and a reasonable variance.

[0027] In the context of various embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” as applied to a numeric value encompasses the exact value and a reasonable variance.

[0028] As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0029] Tn the context of various embodiments, the phrases “adapted to”, “configured to”, “attached to”, and “arranged to” may be used interchangeably.

[0030] In the context of various embodiments, the term “real-time” may include “substantially real-time”.

[0031] Various embodiments may provide a system for training a user in CPR and AED. For example, the system may feature a portable design and may integrate both CPR and AED training capabilities. Importantly, the system may operate independently during both the training phases, thereby eliminating the need for human guidance or analysis.

[0032] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating a system 100 for training a user in CPR and AED, according to various embodiments. As seen in Figure 1 A, the system 100 for training a user in CPR and AED may include a manikin 102, a CPR simulation device 104, an AED simulation device 106, and at least one computer processor 108. The system 100 may include an interactive interface 150 or a plurality of visual indicators 116. The interactive 150 may be configured to display a visual simulation of the chest unit, receive a virtual chest preparation progress data, and communicate with the at least computer processor The plurality of visual indicators may be arranged corresponding to a plurality of portions of the manikin. A first plurality of sensors 118 may be arranged proximate to the plurality of visual indicators 116 and configured to detect a physical chest unit preparation progress data 224 prior to the performance AED. The system 100 may also optionally include a time recording device 122, and contactless payment device 124.

[0033] Referring to FIG. 1A, the manikin 102 may include a head unit 110, a neck unit 112, and a chest unit 114. The neck unit 112 interconnects the chest unit 114 to the head unit 110. The head unit 110 is tiltable in at least two directions. The chest unit 114 of the manikin 102 is compressible The detailed components and their respective functions of the manikin 102 are illustrated in FIG.4 and FIG.4B. In some examples, the neck unit is optional.

[0034] As shown in FIG. 1A, the system 100 may further include an interactive interface 150 or a plurality of visual indicators 116. The interactive interface 150 and the plurality of visual indicators 116 may be alternatively included in the system 100. The interactive interface may be configured to display a visual simulation of the chest unit (226, FIG. 2C), receive a virtual chest preparation progress data, and communicate with the at least computer processor. The plurality of visual indicators 116 may be arranged corresponding to a plurality of portions of the manikin 102. The first plurality of sensors 118 may be arranged proximate to the plurality of visual indicators 116 and configured to detect a chest unit preparation progress data prior to the performance AED.

[0035] The plurality of visual indicators 116 may be arranged corresponding to a plurality of portions of the manikin 102. These visual indicators 116 may be selectively and sequentially illuminated and unilluminated (turn off or not lit up) to guide a user through the necessary steps for preparing the chest unit 114 of manikin 102 prior to AED performance. In one example, the visual indicators 116 may include Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) or other illumination devices. Each of the plurality of visual indicators 116 may correspond to a specific portion of the manikin 102. The visual indicators 116 may be placed at various place on / in the manikin 102 and guide the user to check and prepare the specific locations of the manikin 102, particularly on the surfaces of chest unit 114. In one example, the visual indicators 116 may be arranged on the top surface (114, FIG.4) of the chest unit 114 of the manikin 102. In another example, the visual indicators 116 may be embedded within the surface or beneath the top surface (114, FIG.4) of the chest unit 114 of the manikin 102 when the top surface (114, FIG.4) of the manikin is transparent.

[0036] Under the guidance of the plurality of visual indicators 116, actions such as shirt removal, medical patch removal, hair removal, and clearing wet surfaces may be visually represented on the manikin 102 through the activation and deactivation of the plurality of visual indicators 116, such as LED lights. Advantageously, the plurality of LED lights 104may provide a clear visual representation of one or more actions required to prepare the chest prior to performing CPR and AED.

[0037] Returning to FIG.1A, the first plurality of sensors 118 may be arranged proximate to the plurality of visual indicators 116 and maybe configured to detect chest unit preparation progress data (224, FIG. 2C) prior to the performance of AED procedures. The chest preparation data (224, FIG. 2C) may relate to actions of removal of clothingjewelry, sweat, medical patch, and / or hair from the chest unit 114. In one example, the chest preparation data (224, FIG. 2C) may include data of location, timing, sequence, completeness of the actions of removal of clothing, jewelry, sweat, medical patch, and / or hair from the chest unit 114. In another example, the first plurality of sensors (118, FIG. 2C) may include halleffect sensors, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, and / or proximity sensors.

[0038] Alternatively, a virtual chest preparation progress data may be collected by virtual simulation of the chest unit 226 on the interactive interface 150 of the system 100. The user may simulate the preparation of the chest by dragging and clicking on the animation or indicia displayed on the interactive interface 150. In one example, the interactive interface 150 is a tablet. The tablet may send commands or instructions to the at least computer processor 108 to indicate various elements such as the location of the medical patch, pacemaker, wet surface, chain, etc. Advantageously, the interactive interface 150 may allow users to actively participate in the chest preparation process, enhancing their understanding and retention of the procedure.

[0039] Particularly, the interactive interface 150 may include components such as screen, camera, and a speaker, and a processor. The interactive interface 150 may work in conjunction with the visual simulation of the chest unit (226, FIG. 2C), enabling the user to interact with the chest preparation process. The interactive interface 150 may communicate and exchange information with the at least computer processor 108 wirelessly. In one example, wireless communication is achieved using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology.

[0040] In one example, the system 100 may include both the interactive interface 150 and the first plurality of visual indicators 116. The interactive interface 150 may be configured to display the visual simulation of the chest unit (226, FIG. 2C), receive the virtual chest preparation progress data (224’, FIG. 2C), and communicate with the at least computer processor 108. The plurality of visual indicators 116 may be arranged corresponding to theplurality of portions of the manikin 102. The first plurality of sensors 118 may be arranged proximate to the plurality of visual indicators 116 and may be configured to detect the chest unit preparation progress data 224 prior to the performance AED. Hence, a user may prepare the chest unit by a combination of both ways.

[0041] A pulse generator 1 6 may be optionally attached to the neck unit 112. In one example, the pulse generator 126 may be placed at the left and right sides of the neck unit 112. In another example, the pulse generator 126 may include tactile vibration actuator. The interactive interface 150 of the system 100 may be configured to communicate with the at least one computer processor (108, FIG.1A), and may be configured to receive input from the user such as a user-ascertained pulse rate.

[0042] Referring to FIGI A, the at least one computer processor 108 may be communicably coupled to various electrical components, visual indicators 116, and a first plurality of sensors 118 of manikin 102 and other sensors described in the present disclosure, CPR simulation device 104, and AED simulation device 106, the interactive interface 150, the time recording device 122, the shoulder knock sensor, and the contactless payment device 124, for operating the components, receive, and processing the data collected from the sensors. The at least one computer processor 108 may also be communicably coupled to a pulse generator 126 and a pump 414 which will be described later The at least one computer processor 108 may also be communicably coupled to a memory storage device (not shown) which is configured to store various received data and computer-executable instructions for performing various steps as described in the present disclosure.

[0043] Specifically, the at least one computer processor 108 may be configured to cause the visual indicators 116 to be selectively and sequentially illuminated to guide the user in sequentially preparing the manikin 102 prior to a performance of AED procedures.

[0044] The at least one computer processor 108 may also be communicably coupled to the sensors in the manikin 102, the CPR simulation device 104, and the AED simulation device 106. The at least one computer processor 108 may be configured to receiving respective data from the respective sensors, conducting respective comparisons based on the data received, and generating respective feedback based on the comparisons conducted. The at least one computer processor 108 may also present the feedback via the interactive interface 150.

[0045]

[0046] Additionally, the at least one computer processor 108 may further optionally communicate to a time recording device 122, and a contactless payment device 124 for receiving and processing the data collected and present the feedback. Detailed working steps of the computer processor 108 are discussed with reference to FIG 3 A and FIG. 3B Tn one example, the system 100 may be embodied in a portable design, such as a luggage design, suitable for travelling demonstrations and / or to carry-on for airplanes. FIG. IB shows a front view 140 and a side view 142 of a portable design of the system 100. The dimensions of the portable designs may vary according to the requirements. For instance, a mediumsized portable design as depicted in FIG. IB may have a height about 67cm, a width about 45cm, and a depth about 29cm. A compact-sized portable design of FIG. IB may have a height about 63cm, a width about 38cm, a depth about 21 cm A cabin-sized portable design of FIG. IB may have a height about 49cm, a width about 32cm, and a depth about 18cm.

[0047] FIG.1C is a schematic diagram illustrating the open status of the portable design of FIG.IB. In one example, the portable luggage design as shown in FIG. IB may include a top cover 151 of a casing 159, a bottom cover 153 of the casing 159, a handle 155, and wheels. Such the design may also include an interactive interface 150, AED interface (157, FIG.1C), an AED pads compartment to store AED pads and cables 152, a shaver compartment 154, a wiping cloth compartment 156, and a contactless payment device 158 within the inner side of the top cover 151of the luggage-shaped design of the system 100 as shown in FIG. 1C.

[0048]

[0049] The AED interface (157, FIG. 1C) may simulate the operation of various models of real- life AED devices. In one example, the AED interface (157, FIG. 1C) may be embodied using fully digital interface. In another example, the AED interface (157, FIG. 1C) may be embodied with a mix of digital and physical button interface to mimic real contours and workings of AED devices currently commercially available.

[0050] For the AED pads compartment 152, as shown in FIG. 1 C, it may store AED electrode pads and cables of the AED simulation device 106. Real AED electrode pads that deliver actual current or dummy AED electrode pads embedded with magnets may be used for teaching purposes to train users in the correct placement of AED electrode pads. The shaver compartment 154 may store the tools for shaving simulated chest hair on the chest unit 114of the manikin 102 for chest preparation prior to the AED treatment. The wiping cloth compartment 156 may store the wiping cloth for removing the simulated sweat on the surfaces of manikin 102 as part of the chest preparation process prior to the AED treatment.

[0051] The contactless payment device 158 may be integrated within the interactive interface 150 or an independent device from the interactive interface 150 embedded in the system 100. In one example, the contactless payment device is a physical Point-of-Sale (POS) terminal.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 1C, the inner side of the bottom cover 153 of the casing 159 of the luggage-shaped design of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. It exemplarily includes a pull-up handle 155, wheels, manikin 102, and at least one computer processor (108, FIG. 1A) (concealed under the bottom cover 153 of the casing 159 and not visible in FIG. 1 C) The pull-up handle 155 and wheels may facilitate ease of transportation, allowing system 100 to be pulled with one hand. The manikin 102 may enable user to physically interact while learning the sequential AED and CPR techniques. As discussed in relation to FIG. 1A, the head unit 110 of the manikin 102 is designed for training in mouth-to- mouth CPR and measuring pulse patterns on the neck unit 112. The chest unit 114 of the manikin 102 is used for training in chest compressions, AED setup, and other critical lifesaving procedures. The bottom cover 153 of the casing 159 may also encase a rechargeable battery and power management system. Additionally, the bottom cover 153 of the casing 159 of the luggage-shaped design of the system 100 may include aesthetic covers 115 to conceal cables and electronics. These aesthetic covers 115 made of plastic and / or foam, help securely align and protect cables, such as charging, programming, and data cables, and electronics that connect the manikin 102 to the interactive interface 150 and power source.

[0053] FIG. ID is a schematic diagram illustrating both an open and closed statuses of the portable design of FIG. 1 B without the luggage casing 159, featuring a custom hinge 106, according to various embodiments.

[0054] FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating sensors of a CPR simulation device of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. The CPR simulation device 104 may be configured to replicate real-life CPR scenarios and provide feedback on the user’s performance according to CPR guidelines. Referring to FIG. 2A, the CPR simulation device 104 may include at least a second sensor embedded in the manikin (102, FIG.1A)and may be selected from the first group consisting of a depth sensor 202, a force sensor 204, a pressure sensor 206, and an air flow and / or air pressure sensor 208. Among the second sensors, the depth sensor 202 may extend through a depth of the chest unit, e.g., from a top surface (411 , FTG. 4) to a bottom surface (410, FIG. 4) of the chest unit (114, FIG. 4) and may be configured to measure CPR compression depth data 210 in real-time. The force sensor 204 may be attached to the top surface (411, FIG. 4) of the chest unit 114 and may be configured to measure CPR compression rate data 212 in real-time. Specifically, when the force detected by force sensor 204 exceeds a preset threshold, it may register one press. Conversely, when the detected force falls below this threshold, it may register one depression. Together, one press and one depression constitute a complete CPR compression. The at least one computer processor (108, FIG. 1 A) may then count the number of CPR compression within a certain time period to calculate the CPR compression rate data 212. In one example, force sensor 204 could be replaced with a distance sensor or a tactile pressure sensor.

[0055] The pressure sensor 206 may be attached to the top surface (411, FIG. 4) of the manikin 102 and may be configured to detect hand placement data 214 in real-time. The air flow and / or air pressure sensor 208 may be arranged within the head unit (110, FIG. 4) and configured to measure oral respiration volume data 216 in real-time during CPR ventilation.

[0056] The air flow and / or air pressure sensor 208 may be arranged within manikin 102 and may be configured to measure oral respiration volume data 216 in real-time during CPR ventilation, allowing for accurate monitoring the oral respiration volume of the manikin 102. In one example, the air flow and / or air pressure sensor 208 may be positioned within the chest unit 114. In another example, the air flow and / or air pressure sensor 208 may be positioned in the head unit 102, preferably in the mouth opening (408, FIG. 4). In traditional CPR and AED training, since breaths are given mouth-to-mouth and the user's vision is focused on the manikin's chest, it is difficult for users to determine the accuracy of their breaths with the traditional CPR and AED manikin. Thus, for traditional CPR and AED training, the feedback typically comes from an instructor during the session or from reviewing results after practice, requiring adjustments and repeated attempts to improve. Advantageously, the air flow and / or air pressure sensor 208 may detect breath volume and duration instantly. Hence, the use of the air flow and / or air pressure sensor 208 as describedherein enables the system to provide real-time guidance on proper breathing techniques. This not only reduces the user’s practice time and effort but also may eliminate the need for an instructor, offering immediate, efficient coaching that would otherwise be unavailable.

[0057] FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating sensors of an AED simulation device of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2B, the AED simulation device 106 may include an AED electrode pad placement sensor 218 which may be attached to the top surface (411, FIG. 4) of the chest unit 114, and which may be configured to detect an AED electrode pad placement data 220 in real-time. Additionally, the pacemaker sensor 219 may be configured to detect both the existence and positioning data of the pacemaker 221.

[0058] The pacemaker sensor 222 may be configured to detect an existence and a positioning of a pacemaker. The at least computer processor 108 may be configured to prompt the user if the placement of the AED electrode pad is within a preset distance from the positioning of the pacemaker. The use of a pacemaker sensor 222, in cooperation with the computer processor 108, may prevent AED pads from being placed too close to a pacemaker, a common oversight in conventional AED training. Pacemakers, which prevent the heart from beating too slowly, are common in the aging population, making it essential for AED users to adapt their pad placement techniques.

[0059] FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram illustrating a chest unit preparation of the system of FIG.1A, according to various embodiments. Referring to FIG. 2C, a first plurality of sensors 118 may be arranged on the top surface (411, FIG. 4) and proximate to the visual indicators 116, and configured to detect the chest preparation progress data 224. The compressible chest unit 114 may simulate the response of a human chest to compressions, providing realistic feedback regarding the compression depth data and the compression rate data in real-time during training. As previously discussed, the chest unit process in the system 100 may be conducted on the chest unit 114 with the first plurality of sensors 118 or may be conducted on an interactive interface 150 via the visual stimulation of the chest unit 226 to generate virtual chest unit preparation progress data 224’.

[0060] FIG. 3A is a flow chart illustrating a series of working steps conducted by a computer processor 108 in the system 100 of FIG. 1 A, according to various embodiments. Referringto FIG. 3 A, the computer processor 108 may be communicably coupled to the manikin 102, specifically the first plurality of sensors 118, and the second sensor of the CPR simulation device 104 and the AED simulation device 106.

[0061] The computer processor 108 may be configured to: at 302, cause the visual indicators to be selectively and sequentially illuminated to guide the user in sequentially preparing the manikin prior to a performance of AED procedures; at 304, receive the chest unit preparation progress data in real-time; at 306, conduct a first comparison of the received the chest unit preparation progress data against at least one pre-set chest condition data; at 308, and generate a first feedback based on the first comparison. In one example, the preset chest condition data may include information about sequence, duration, timing of actions of removal clothes, jewelry, hair, and clothes from the chest unit 114. The first comparison may indicate whether the chest preparation process is accurate or inaccurate.

[0062] The computer processor 108 may further be configured to: at 310, receive at least one data in real-time selected from the second group consisting of the CPR compression rate data 212, the hand placement data (214, FIG. 2A), and the oral respiration volume data (216, FIG. 2A); at 12, conduct a second comparison of the received at least one data selected from the second group against at least one pre-set range or value; and at 314, generate a second feedback based on the second comparison. The second feedback may indicate whether the CPR compression rate and hand placement by the user are accurate or inaccurate, and whether the oral respiration volume is sufficient or insufficient.

[0063] The computer processor 108 may further be configured to: at 316, receive the AED electrode pad placement data in real-time; at 312, conduct a third comparison of the received AED electrode pad placement data against a pre-set AED electrode pad placement; and at 314, generate a third feedback based on the third comparison. The third feedback may indicate whether the placement of the AED electrode pad by the user is accurate or inaccurate.

[0064] FIG. 3B is a flow chart illustrating a series of working steps conducted by a computer processor 108 in the system 100 of FIG. 1 A, according to various embodiments. Referring to FIG. 3B, the computer processor 108 may further be configured to: at 322, receive a pacemaker position data in real-time, at 324; conduct a fourth comparison of the received pacemaker position data against a pre-set distance between the position of AED electrodepads and the positioning of the pacemaker; at 326, generate a fourth feedback if the placement of the AED electrode pad is detected as within the preset distance. The fourth feedback may indicate whether the distance between the AED electrode pad placed by the user and the pacemaker is within unallowed distance (too near hence AED procedure should not proceed) or within allowed distance (sufficiently spaced apart hence AED procedure may proceed).

[0065] The computer processor 108 may be configured to: at 328, receive user-ascertained pulse rate in real-time; at 330, conduct a fifth comparison of the user-ascertained pulse rate against the pulse pattern generated by the pulse generator; and at 332, generate a fifth feedback based on the fifth comparison. The fifth feedback may indicate accurate or inaccurate user ascertained pulse rate.

[0066] The computer processor 108 may be configured to: at 334, receive a shoulder tapping data in real-time; at 336, conduct a sixth comparison of the shoulder tapping data in real-time against a pre-set shoulder tapping data; and at 338, generate a sixth feedback based on the sixth comparison. The sixth feedback may indicate proper shoulder tapping action or improper shoulder tapping action. The vibration sensor may be placed beneath the surface of the shoulder of a manikin 102 for detecting shoulder tapping and various shaking motion for user to practice checking patient’s consciousness Tn one example, the vibration sensor may be a piezoelectric sensor. The vibration sensor may be sensitive to mechanical stress and may convert any impact or vibration into an electrical charge. When a user taps on the shoulder of the manikin 102, the mechanical pressure from the tap is converted by the at least shoulder knock sensor into an electrical signal. The vibration sensor may generate voltage from mechanical stress makes it ideal for detecting and measuring the force and frequency of taps of the user.

[0067] FTG. 3C is a flow chart illustrating a series of working steps conducted by a computer processor 108 in the system 100 of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. The computer processor 108 may be configured to: at 340, receive a recorded duration for completing each action during the user’s operation of CPR and AED; at 342, conduct a seventh comparison of the recorded duration against a pre-set value; at 344, and to generate a seventh alert / feedback to the user the time based on the seventh comparison. The seventhfeedback may indicate whether the recorded duration of each action in the performance of CPR and AED procedures may be proper or improper.

[0068] Accordingly, the computer processor 108 may be configured to: at 346, receive a user- ascertained breathing rate in real-time; at 348, conduct a ninth comparison of the user ascertained breathing rate against a breathing rate pattern generated by the pump; at 350, generate a ninth feedback based on the ninth comparison. The breathing pattern may be simulated by the pressure air bag (418, FIG. 4 A) to inflate / deflate chest to simulate breathing. Breathing simulation using a pump (414, FIG. 4) connected to a chest air bag (418, FIG. 4A) to simulate normal and abnormal breathing patterns, including intermittent breathing, fast / slow breathing, no breathing, as indication of blocked air-passage to alert the user. The ninth feedback may indicate accurate or inaccurate user-ascertained breathing pattern.

[0069] FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary manikin of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. In FIG. 4A, the manikin 102 may include a head unit 110, which may include sensors and actuators to automatedly gauge how the CPR mouth-to-mouth is delivered by user. The head unit 110 of the manikin 102 include a bottom cover 402, a top cover with tillable hinge 404, a mouth part 408, and a nose part 406. The bottom cover 402 of the manikin 102 may function to hold the sensors, cables, and other necessary components. The top cover 404 of the manikin 102 may tiltable connect with the bottom surface 402 of the manikin 102. In one example, the connection may be achieved by hinge. The tiltable top cover 404 may allow a user to practice tilting the head up to open the air passage of the manikin 102 before delivering mouth-to-mouth into the plastic bag that is within the mouth opening of the manikin resuscitation. In one example, the head unit 102 may tilt downwards (away from the chest unit 114) and rotate left and / or right (in opposite directions about a direction or axis through the head unit 102 and chest unit 114). In another example, the head unit 102 may be designed to be movably yet securely coupled to the chest unit 114, allowing for realistic movement of the head in possibly all directions during training scenarios.

[0070] In one example, the skin part 411 of the body unit 114 of the manikin 102 are replaceable, and are made of thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU, and / or other similar soft plastic materials, to ensure softness and are designed for easy replacement to maintain hygiene.

[0071] In one example, the mouth part 408 and the nose part 406 of the head unit 110 of the manikin 102 are replaceable. In another example, both the mouth part 408 and the nose part 406 are made of, thermoplastic polyurethane, TPU and / or other similar soft plastic materials, to ensure softness and are designed for easy replacement to maintain hygiene The nose part 406 may include a pressure sensor arranged within a nose bridge to detect a nose pinching procedure. The mouth opening 408 of the head unit 110 may contain a pressure air bag (418, FIG. 4A) toward an air flow and / or air pressure sensor (208, FIG.2A). The air flow and / or air pressure sensor (208, FIG. 2A) may detect approximately the amount of air blown by the user through the mouth and subsequently may send signal to the chest-air-bag to inflate accordingly.

[0072] As shown in FIG. 4A, the neck unit 112 may contain pulse generators (126, FIG. 1 A) within the left and right sides of the neck unit 112 for simulating the pulse pattern, for user to practice locating the exact position of blood vein and identifying the pulse pattern. The pulse generator (126, FIG. 1 A) may be operated by the computer processor (108, FIG. 1 A). In one example, the pulse generator (126, FIG. 1 A) may include vibration actuator.

[0073] Referring to FIG. 4 A, in the chest unit 114, as shown in FIG. 4, some of the visual indicators (116, FIG. 1A) and some of a first plurality of sensors (118, FIG. 1A) may be arranged on the surface of the chest unit 114. Some of the visual indicators (116, FIG 1 A) may guide the user to sequentially prepare the chest for CPR by removing clothing, jewelry, sweat, medical patches, and / or hair from the chest unit 114. The chest unit 114 may also include a depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A), which may extend from a top surface 411 to a bottom surface 410 of the chest unit 114 may detect the CPR compression depth applied to the chest unit 114. The chest unit 114 may also include springs for providing resistance for the chest compression that is similar to ribs and human body density. The pressure sensor (206, FIG.2A) may be attached to the top surface 411 of the chest unit 114 and configured to measure CPR compression rate (frequency of compression) data in real-time. In one example, the depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A) and the pressure sensor (206, FIG. 2A) may include LIDAR, IR sensor, ultrasonic sensor, magnetic and / or mechanical sensor. Optionally, the chest unit may also include a time-recording device that may be configured to record a duration used for completing each action during the user’s usage of CPR and AED, such as each compression, wherein the at least one computer processor (108, FIG. 1A) may beconfigured to conduct a seventh comparison of the time recorded against a pre-set value and to generate a seventh feedback based on the seventh comparison.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 4A, the chest unit 114 may further include an air bag 418 and may be configured to cause the chest unit 114 to simulate different breathing movements. In one example, the air bag 418 may simulate normal and abnormal breathing for user to diagnose and react with appropriate procedure accordingly. A pump 414 may be coupled to the air bag 418, wherein the at least one computer processor 108 is configured to control the pump 414 to cause the air bag 418 to inflate and deflate the chest unit 114 according to a selected breathing movement pattern. The pump 414 may control air movement in and out of the air bag 418 and control the inflation and deflation rate and timing. The air bag 418 and the pump 414 are connected. In one example, they are connected by an air tube 417.

[0075] The first plurality of sensors (118, FIG, 1 A) comprise hall-effect sensors, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, and / or proximity sensors. The visual indicators (116, FIG. 1A) may be placed on the surface of the chest unit 114 to guide the user sequentially prepares the chest unit for performing AED. The various sensors may include some of the first plurality of sensors (118, FIG. 1A), depth sensors (202, FIG. 2 A), force sensors (204, FIG. 2 A), pressure sensors (206, FIG. 2A), air flow and / or air pressure sensors (208, FIG. 2A), and AED electrode pad placement sensors (208, FIG. 2 A). The chest unit 114 of the manikin 102 may contain a bottom surface 410, which may be made of foam and cover and protect electronic components.

[0076] The depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A) may extend from a top surface 411 to a bottom surface 410 of the chest unit 114 and may be configured to measure CPR compression depth data (210, FIG. 2A) in real-time. The depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A) may register how deeply the chest unit 114 may be compressed and convert these physical changes into electrical signals. These signals may then be fed to a relaxation detection module and processed by the computer processor 108 to provide real-time feedback to the user. In one example, the depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A) may be attached to the compressible surface of the chest unit 114 and may be LiDAR sensors, which may be configured to detect compression depth during CPR. Advantageously, the depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A) detects the depth of compression of the chest unit 114. Hence, the use of the depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A) as described herein enables the system to provide the user with high level of precision, speedand accuracy in reporting the compression depths. The first feedback on the user’s compressions performed on the chest unit 114 of manikin 102 may be provided in real- time, allowing immediate processing of the user’s performance. Customized coaching advice may be delivered instantaneously, enabling the user to make immediate corrections. In one example, the depth sensor (202, FIG. 2A) may include LIDAR, IR sensor, ultrasonic sensor, magnetic and / or mechanical sensor.

[0077] In CPR training, when a user fails to allow the chest to fully return to its starting (uncompressed or relaxed) position before initiating another compression, it can significantly reduce the effectiveness of the CPR, as complete chest recoil is necessary to allow the heart to refill with blood. Consequently, it is critical to monitor the depth of chest compression to ensure that the CPR compressions applied are effective The comparison between the depth of the initial CPR compression to the subsequent CPR compressions helps to determine if each CPR compression is consistent and meets the required depth standards set by CPR guidelines.

[0078] The force sensor (204, FIG. 2A) is attached to the top surface (411, FIG. 4) of the chest unit and configured to measure CPR compression rate data (202, FIG. 2A) in real-time. In particular, The force sensor (204, FIG. 2A) may detect the frequency of the compression applied to the chest unit 114 during the training. The force sensor (204, FIG. 2 A) may register how frequently the chest unit 114 may be compressed and convert these physical changes into electrical signals. These signals may then be fed and processed to the computer processor (108, FIG. 1A) to provide second feedback to the user. Similarly, in one example, the force sensors 204 may also be LiDAR, ToF (Time of Flight) or ^(infrared) distance sensors, which may be configured to detect compression rate during CPR. Advantageously, the depth sensor 202 and force sensor 204, which are LiDAR, ToF (Time of Flight) orIR (infra-red) distance sensors, may obtain data directly, more accurately, thus enabling the system to provide real-time values and feedback to the user. Typically, the LiDAR, ToF (Time of Flight) or IR (infra-red) distance sensors also feature a much longer lifespan with sustained accuracy.

[0079] The pressure sensor (206, FIG. 2A) is attached to the top surface (411, FIG. 4) of the manikin 102 and configured to detect hand placement data (214, FIG. 2A) in real-time; The pressure sensor (206, FIG. 2A) In particular, on the top surface (411, FIG. 4) of thechest unit 114, an area where compressions should be performed in accordance with the CPR guidelines is pre-defined, and the pressure sensor (206, FIG.2A) may be positioned just outside the pre-defined area where compressions should be performed. If the pressure sensor (206, FIG. 2A) may detect the compression, it may indicate the wrong hand placement. Third feedback may be given to the user immediately. In one example, feedback may be offered through a speech recognition module in the system 100, which may guide the user on correcting hand positioning. Advantageously, the pressure sensor 206 may enable the system 100 to correctly detect, without human intervention, a wrong hand placement when a force is being applied at the wrong position.

[0080] The air flow and / or air pressure sensor (208, FIG. 2A) is arranged within the head unit and configured to measure oral respiration volume data (216, FIG. 2A) in real-time during CPR ventilation; More than one pressure sensors (206, FIG. 1 A) may be located within a certain area of the top surface of the chest unit 114, detecting the hand placement data (214, FIG.2A) in real-time.

[0081] The first feedback, the second feedback, and the third feedback are provided in real-time and / or post-performance, and the first feedback, the second feedback, and the third feedback may include alerts to improve user performance in chest preparation, CPR, and / or AED

[0082] In FIG 4A, the manikin 102 may feature a non-human like design. This design may aim to avoid the uncanny-valley effect that makes human-lookalike model to be horrifying, especially for people with PTSD due to but not limited to: 1) previous trauma from a major accidents experienced by self or closed ones; 2) phobias of human touch of any kinds; 3) fear of blood, fluids, etc.; and 4) germaphobia. In one example, the manikin 102 may be made of soft plastic, eschewing the typical human-like materials such as silicone and latex skins. Advantageously, using material such as soft plastic may address issues associated with conventional CPR manikins made from silicone and latex, which are not only difficult to clean but also susceptible to damage from regular use.

[0083] FIG. 5A is a flow chart illustrating a feedback or alert generation process for the first CPR depth compression performed by the computer processor of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. Referring to FIG. 5 A, the computer processor 108 may be configured to configured to receive an initial CPR compression depth data 527 and asubsequent CPR compression depth data 527’ in real-time, conduct an eighth comparison of the received initial CPR compression depth data 527 against the subsequent CPR compression depth data 527’, and generate an eighth feedback based on the eighth comparison. The eighth feedback may be provided on incomplete or complete relaxation of the chest unit 114 based on the eighth comparison. In particular, the force sensor (204, FIG. 2A) may measure the depth of the initial CPR compression 527 applied to the chest unit (114, FIG. 1A). This initial value of the CPR compression depth data 527 is then compared to the value of the subsequent CPR compression depth data 527 of the subsequent CPR compression. Immediate feedback from the eighth comparison may inform the user whether the chest fully recoils before the next CPR compression, allowing the user to adjust the timing between compressions without the need for human coaching Advantageously, the relaxation detection may provide user with real-time comparison, which is based on data more precise than estimates made through visual observations by a human trainer. The relaxation detection may also have the ability to generate alerts / feedback to the user for incomplete relaxation. When the computer processor 108 detects that the initial CPR compression depth data 527 is greater than subsequent value of the CPR compression depth data 527’ indicating that the chest did not fully recoil, it may trigger eight alert / feedback. This immediate feedback may correct user’s technique in realtime, emphasizing the importance of allowing full chest expansion between compressions to enhance blood circulation during performance of CPR procedures.

[0084] In CPR training, ensuring that administered breaths are effective and consistent with established guidelines is crucial because it ensures that oxygen is delivered to the lungs of a person, who has stopped breathing, at the right volume and rate. The precise administration of breaths is key to effective resuscitation, highlighting the importance of proper training and techniques.

[0085] FIG. 5B is a flow chart illustrating a feedback or alert triggering process for an oral respiration detection performed by the computer processor of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. Referring to FIG. 5B, the computer processor 108 may be configured to perform an oral respiration comparison, where the oral respiration volume data 532 is compared with a pre-set respiration value 534, and may generate a second alert / feedback on insufficient or sufficient breath based on the oral respiration comparison,eighth comparison. When the computer processor 108 detects that oral respiration volume data is greater or less than the pre-set respiration value, an alert of insufficient or sufficient breath may also be generated, respectively. In particular, if the measured oral respiration volume data 532 is less than the pre-set respiration value 534, the second alert / feedback on an insufficient amount of breath may be generated by computer processor 108. If the measured oral respiration volume data 532 is greater than the pre-set respiration value 534, second alert / feedback of an sufficient amount of breath may be generated. The computer processor 108 may provide direct and immediate feedback to the user based on the results of real-time compressions, prompting adjustments in technique by alerting to the inadequacy of the breath for effectively simulating resuscitation in a real-life scenario. Advantageously, the oral respiration detection may prevent the user from reinforcing incorrect techniques during the training and may consistently deliver adequate breaths that meet the required standards.

[0086] FIG. 5C is a flow chart illustrating a CPR compression rate detection implemented by the computer processor 108 of the system of FIG. 1A, according to various embodiments. Referring to FIG. IB and FIG. 5C, the computer processor 108 may be configured to perform a compression rate comparison where the compression rate data 528 may be configured to perform a compression rate comparison where the compression rate data 528 is compared with a pre-set compression rate value 530 and may generate an alert / feedback of insufficient or sufficient compression rate 528 based on the CPR compression rate comparison. When the computer processor 108detects that the compression rate data 528 is lower or higher than a pre-set compression rate value 530 (according to the guidelines), an alert of insufficient or sufficient compression rate may also be generated to the user immediately. In particular, the force sensor (204, FIG. 2A) may continuously monitor the compression rate 528 at which CPR compressions are administered. This alert may notify the user whether the compression rate may need to be increased or decreased, offering precise, actionable feedback that may help refine technique in real time. Advantageously, this analysis and feedback process operate independently of human coaching.

[0087] The AED simulation device (106, FIG. 1 A) may include a vibration generator and may be configured to alert the user of any user contact with the manikin 102 when the AED electrode pad delivers a simulated electrical shock. Specifically, vibration generator(s) maybe installed at multiple locations on manikin 102. The vibration generator(s) may activate a strong vibration upon receiving a command from controller 112 if the user remains in contact with manikin 102 while the AED electrode pad delivers a simulated shock. This feature may serve to simulate the effects of a shock on the patient, where a discharge of 150J to 360J spreads throughout the patient’s body, primarily targeting the heart but potentially causing involuntary body movements. Additionally, this feature may act as a physical reminder for the user to avoid contact with the patient during the shock delivery. Advantageously, the vibration generator(s) may facilitate this alert autonomously, eliminating the need for human intervention to warn the user to maintain distance during the shock process.

[0088] The vibration generator(s) may also include additional features such as detecting contact with the user or others during the shock delivery. It may then provide essential feedback to ensure the user maintains a safe distance during this process.

[0089] The generated electrical signals are then transmitted to the computer processor 108 within the manikin 102. The computer processor 108 may interpret the data to determine the nature of the interaction — whether it is a standard part of the procedure being practiced or an erroneous action. Based on the processed signals, the computer processor 108may provide feedback to the user. This feedback might be immediate and direct, such as a light indication or audio prompt, which is crucial for assessing a user’s technique in procedures like checking patient.

[0090] The system 100 may further include at least a language processor configured to recognize and analyze the user’s voice instructions during the user’s usage of CPR and AED and deliver the real-time guidance to the user in a form of audio prompts in adjusting their current performance. In particular, in the CPR training, the language processor may interpret the verbal commands from the users and may promptly respond with tailored audio prompts. These prompts may guide the user, offering adjustments and feedback on their performance. This dynamic exchange ensures that the user can refine their techniques immediately based on direct, spoken input, facilitating a more effective and interactive learning experience.

[0091] The language processor may be configured to recognize and analyze the user’s non-English voice instructions and deliver non-English audio prompts to the user. In one example, thelanguage processor may have the capacity to toggle between multiple languages, such as Chinese, French, Spanish, German, among others. Advantageously, the language processor may be beneficial in multicultural environments and within organizations serving diverse groups, offering a cost-effective alternative to employing human translators.

[0092] Current CPR training typically focuses on timing aspects, such as compression rate and duration. However, the timing measurement of other skills, such as how quickly help is summoned, the initiation of CPR from the scenario's onset, and the speed of applying AED pads, are equally important to ensure the all-rounded efficiency of the user. The timerecording device of system 100 may be configured to record a duration used for completing each action during the user’s usage of CPR and AED. In particular, the time-recording device may be configured to compare the time recorded with a pre-set value and to notify the user the time used for completing each action during the usage of CPR and AED. Advantageously, the time-recording device of the system 100 may expand the scope of timing measurements to encompass additional critical skills essential for comprehensive training. The time recording device of system 100 may measure, analyze, record, and report the timings of voice commands, chest preparation, the start of CPR or AED use, and any other necessary steps. The time recording device may evaluate these timings to determine skill competency. Tn practice sessions, if actions are too slow, the system may prompt the user to retry, repeating and recording the scenario. During assessments, delays in action lead to a "not-competent" rating, which is also recorded. All data related to practice and performance are thoroughly documented and uploaded to a cloud storage for detailed record-keeping.

[0093] The chest unit 114 may include at least one center spring encircled by a plurality of side springs, specifically designed to evenly distribute the pressure load applied to the center spring. For example, the center spring may be surrounded by four side springs, facilitating effective chest compressions. This five-spring configuration ensures an even distribution of pressure across the chest unit 114, reducing excessive strain on specific compression landmarks and minimizing the risk of damage due to incorrect landmark compressions. Additionally, this design enhances the durability of the chest plate and increases tolerance to forceful compressions, thereby preventing breakage and extending the springs’ lifespan. Such benefits lead to reduced maintenance costs and fewer recalibrations of the springs orcompression sensors. The design also improves the accuracy of chest compression readings, significantly enhancing training outcomes.

[0094] The CPR simulation device 108 and the AED simulation device 110 may be configured for interchangeable operation by either the user or the system. This configuration may enable the CPR simulation device 104 to be operated by the user while the AED simulation device 106 may be controlled by the system 100, or vice versa. In particular, The training system includes an optional 2-rescuer mode, designed to simulate multi-rescuer scenarios and emphasize teamwork during resuscitation, reflecting current practices. This mode allows for role switching between rescuers, particularly useful when the CPR provider becomes fatigued and the effectiveness of the CPR diminishes. In this mode, users can interact with the system in various configurations: the user as the CPR provider and the app as the AED provider, or vice versa with the app performing virtual CPR displayed on a tablet. An animated scenario within the app shows the virtual rescuer appearing tired and less effective, prompting the user to offer to take over CPR. This setup not only enhances training realism but also incorporates gamification features to increase engagement and interactivity. Advantageously, the training system offers significant advantages, including being a very inclusive component that covers often overlooked aspects in conventional training. It effectively engages learners by making the training more interactive and interesting. Additionally, it boasts unique features that are not available in other models, enhancing its appeal and effectiveness in training scenarios.

[0095] The AED simulation device (106, FIG. 1A) may further comprise a plurality of AED interfaces (150, FIG. ID) corresponding to different AED types. The plurality of AED interfaces (150, FIG. 1 A) may be interchangeably selectable to train the user on operations of different AED types. Most AED simulators use a single interface with one set of standard prompts, limiting variability and possibly preventing users from optimizing their learning or becoming overly familiar with the specific AED model they will use in real emergencies. In contrast, a multiple AED simulator mode allows the simulator to switch between different AED models available on the market. When a specific model is chosen for a training session, the interface and prompts from that model are used, closely mimicking — due to copyright restrictions, the actual AED interface ( 157, FIG. 1 C) and prompts without directly copying them. This approach not only fosters greater familiarity with various AEDinterfaces (157, FIG. 1C), prompts, and sequences but also allows for the inclusion of new models as they are released, enhancing training adaptability and effectiveness. Advantageously, the multi- ED simulator mode offers significant advantages, including substantial cost savings for training centers, as they no longer need to purchase multiple AED simulators. This mode simplifies logistics, deployment, and maintenance by consolidating various AED types into a single device. It allows users to train with the specific AED model they will use in real-life scenarios, making the training more relevant and engaging for learners. Additionally, this feature is unique and not found in other models, distinguishing it as an innovative training tool in the market.

[0096] Furthermore, the system 100 may be operated in multiple user mode. The at least one computer processor 108 may be configured to operate in a multiple user mode which allows the system 100 to provide the real-time data to each of the user operating the system 100. In one example, at least two of the users may operate the system 100 simultaneously.

[0097] The system 100 may also be configured to communicate with another system via data transfer. The second system may be configured to receive an process the data from the system which enables a synchronized operation between the two system. In one example, the data transfer is via blue tooth or internet.

[0098] The at least one computer processor (108, FIG. 1 A) may be configured to generate an evaluation report based on the first alert / feedback, the second alert / feedback, the third alert / feedback, the fourth alert / feedback, the fifth alert / feedback, the sixth alert / feedback, the seventh alert / feedback, the eighth alert / feedback, and the ninth alert / feedback. The interactive interface (150, FIG. 1 A) may also be configured to display the evaluation report.

[0099] The system 100 may further comprise a battery management system (BMS) and may be configured to enable 0V charging feature, wherein the BMS may be configured to provide continuous output to the system. Tn particular, the BMS features a lithium-ion battery pack arranged in a 3s2p configuration, which means three cells are connected in series and two cells in parallel, culminating in a total voltage of 12.6V. It is rated for a continuous output of 6A at 12V, ensuring it can reliably power a variety of applications that require a consistent energy source.

[0100] The BMS includes a 0V charging feature designed to maintain battery pack health during up to six months of non-use by keeping the battery within optimal voltage levels,even during extended periods of inactivity. Additionally, it features a balance charge capability that ensures even distribution of cell voltage across the battery pack, which prevents any individual cell from being overcharged or over-discharged, thereby enhancing overall battery performance. The design of the BMS adheres to international safety standards for lithium-ion battery management systems, ensuring compliance with these standards to produce a safer product and minimize the risks associated with lithium-ion batteries.

[0101] The BMS offers several advantages, including enhanced safety through comprehensive protection features that prevent common issues like short circuits, overcharging, and over-discharging. These features, along with optimal charge and discharge management — including balance charging — help extend the battery's lifespan. Furthermore, adherence to international standards and the integration of advanced features significantly reduce the potential for errors and malfunctions, ensuring reliable and safe operation. The BMS may further be configured to balance charge of each battery cell, preventing the BMS from being overcharged or over discharged.[00102J The CPR simulation device 104 comprises a plurality of metal -oxide- semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) system, wherein the MOSFETs is configured to control a power supply to each LED of a plurality of LEDs 104 by on and off switching the LED. The MOSFET system may eliminate mechanical parts such as relays, enhancing reliability and durability by reducing the potential for wear and tear from moving components. Additionally, MOSFETs are known for their reliability in electronic switching applications, further bolstering the system’s robustness. They may operate with lower current requirements than relays, which contributes to better battery life and greater energy efficiency. Furthermore, MOSFETs enable faster switching speeds, resulting in quicker system response times and overall enhanced efficiency. Advantageously, the MOSFET system offers several key advantages over traditional mechanical relay systems. As solid-state devices, MOSFETs provide enhanced reliability due to their lack of mechanical components, which also reduces maintenance needs and contributes to longterm system stability. They operate with lower current, enhancing energy efficiency and extending battery life. Additionally, MOSFETs enable precise and fast switching, which iscrucial for accurately controlling LEDs in chest preparation simulations during CPR training.

[0103] While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims and therefore intended to be embraced.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A system of training a user in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED), the system comprising:a manikin comprising:a head unit which is tiltable in at least two directions:a chest unit which is compressible and coupled to the head unit; anda CPR simulation device comprising:at least a second sensor embedded in the manikin and selected from the first group consisting of a depth sensor, a force sensor, a pressure sensor, and an air flow and / or air pressure sensor;wherein the depth sensor extends from a top surface to a bottom surface of the chest unit and configured to measure CPR compression depth data in real-time;wherein the force sensor is attached to the top surface of the chest unit and configured to measure CPR compression rate data in real-time;wherein the pressure sensor is attached to the top surface of the manikin and configured to detect hand placement data in real-time;wherein the air flow and / or air pressure sensor is arranged within the head unit and configured to measure oral respiration volume data in real-time during CPR ventilation; an AED simulation device comprising:at least one AED electrode pad placement sensor attached to the top surface of the chest unit and configured to detect AED electrode pad placement data in real-time; and at least one computer processor which is configured to:cause the visual indicators to be selectively and sequentially illuminated to guide the user in sequentially preparing the manikin prior to a performance AED;receive the chest unit preparation progress data in real-time, conduct a first comparison of the received chest unit preparation progress data against at least one pre-set chest condition data, and generate a first feedback based on the first comparison;receive at least one data in real-time selected from the second group consisting of the CPR compression rate data, the hand placement data, and the oral respiration volumedata, conduct a second comparison of the received at least one data selected from the second group against at least one pre-set range or value, and generate a second feedback based on the second comparison; andreceive the AED electrode pad placement data in real-time, conduct a third comparison of the received AED electrode pad placement data against a pre-set AED electrode pad placement, and generate a third feedback based on the third comparison; and an interactive interface which is configured to display a visual simulation of the chest unit, receive a virtual chest preparation progress data, and communicate with the at least computer processor; or a plurality of visual indicators arranged corresponding to a plurality of portions of the manikin, wherein a first plurality of sensors arranged proximate to the plurality of visual indicators and configured to detect a chest unit preparation progress data prior to the performance AED.

2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the first feedback, the second feedback, and the third feedback are provided in real-time and / or post-performance, and wherein the first feedback, the second feedback, and the third feedback include alerts to improve user performance in chest preparation, CPR, and / or AED.

3. The system according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first plurality of sensors are configured to detect a removal of clothing, jewelry, sweat, medical patch, and / or hair from the chest unit, and wherein the first plurality of sensors comprise hall-effect sensors, capacitive sensors, resistive sensors, and / or proximity sensors.

4. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to automatically recognize and analyze the user’s voice instructions during the user’s usage of CPR and AED, and wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to deliver audio prompts to the user, based on the first, the second, the third feedbacks, in adjusting their current performance.

5. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the AED simulation device further comprises a pacemaker detector configured to detect a positioning of a pacemaker, wherein the at least computer processor is configured to generate a fourth real-time feedback if the placement of the AED electrode pad is detected as within a preset distance from the positioning of the pacemaker.

6. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the plurality of visual indicators comprise LEDs on the manikin.

7. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one depth sensor comprises LIDAR, IR sensor, ultrasonic sensor, magnetic and / or mechanical sensor.

8. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the manikin further comprises:an air bag which is located within the chest unit and configured to cause the chest unit to simulate breathing movements, anda pump coupled to the air bag, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to control the pump to cause the air bag to inflate and deflate the chest unit according to a selected breathing movement pattern.

9. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the manikin further comprises:a neck unit which interconnects a chest unit to the head unit and a pulse generator which is attached to the neck unit, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to operate the pulse generator to produce a pulse pattern;wherein the interactive interface receives a user-ascertained pulse rate, and wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to conduct a fifth comparison of the user- ascertained pulse rate against the pulse pattern generated by the pulse generator and generate a fifth feedback based on the fifth comparison.

10. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to alert the user of any contact with the manikin when the AED electrode pad delivers a simulated electrical shock.

11. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to receive an initial and a subsequent CPR compression depth data in real-time, conduct an eighth comparison of the received initial CPR compression depth data against the subsequent CPR compression depth data, and generate an eighth feedback based on the eighth comparison.

12. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to receive a user-ascertained breathing rate in real-time, conduct a ninth comparison of the user-ascertained breathing rate against a breathing rate pattern generated by the pump, and generate a ninth feedback based on the ninth comparison.

13. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to operate in a multiple user mode which allows the system to provide the realtime data to each of the users operating the system.

14. The system according to claim 13, wherein at least two of the users operate the system simultaneously.

15. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the system is configured to communicate with a second system via data transfer, and wherein the second system is configured to receive and process the data from the system which enables a synchronized operation between the two systems.

16. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 15, the system further comprises at least one shoulder knock sensor attached to a shoulder of the manikin for detecting a shoulder tapping data in real-time prior to the performance of CPR and AED, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to receive the shoulder tapping data in real-time, conduct a sixth comparison of the shoulder tapping data in real-time against a pre-set shoulder tapping data, and generate a sixth feedback based on the sixth comparison.

17. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising a time-recording device configured to record a duration used for completing each action during the user’s operation of CPR and AED, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to conduct a seventh comparison of the recorded duration against a pre-set value and to generate a seventh feedback based on the seventh comparison.

18. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the CPR simulation device and the AED simulation device are configured to be interchangeably operated by the user or the controller such that the CPR simulation device is operable by the user while the AED simulation device is operable by the controller, or vice versa.

19. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the AED simulation device further comprises a plurality of user interfaces corresponding to a plurality of different AED types, wherein the plurality of user interfaces are interchangeably selectable to train the user on operations of the plurality of different AED types.

20. The system according to any one claim of claims 1 to 19, wherein the surface of the manikin comprises soft plastic.

21. The system according to any one of clams 1 to 20, wherein the manikin is non -human like.

22. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 21, further comprising contactless payment device, and wherein the contactless payment device is configured to accept payment, and wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to process the payment received by the contactless payment device.

23. The system according to any of claims 12 to 22, wherein the at least one computer processor is configured to generate an evaluation report based on the first feedback, the second feedback, the third feedback, the fourth feedback, the fifth feedback, the sixth feedback, the seventhfeedback, the eighth feedback, and the ninth feedback, and wherein the interactive interface is configured to display the evaluation report.

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