Sensors for detecting total organic carbon and related systems and related methods

Abstract

A water purification system for providing dialysis therapy can include a sensor assembly including an electrochemical sensor including a sensor body defining a chamber and a plurality of electrodes. The sensor body has an inlet and an outlet in fluid communication with the chamber. The inlet is configured to receive a water from a filtration unit. The outlet is configured to discharge the water to a drain. At least a portion of the plurality of electrodes is located in the chamber. The plurality of electrodes can include a first electrode. The first electrode includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant. When the water flows through the chamber and when a potential is applied to the first electrode sufficient to partially oxidize an organic compound present in the water, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the water.

Description

Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCTSENSORS FOR DETECTING TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND RELATED METHODSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U. S. Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 748,763, filed January 23, 2025, and titled “SENSORS FOR DETECTING TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND RELATED METHODS”, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to sensors for detecting total organic carbon (TOC), and related systems and related methods.BACKGROUND

[0003] Dialysis systems can be used to treat patients with kidney disorders. Dialysis treatments are used for patients with insufficient renal function. Two examples of dialysis treatments include hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.SUMMARY

[0004] In some embodiments, a sensor assembly includes an electrochemical sensor. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor includes a sensor body defining a chamber. In some embodiments, the sensor body has an Inlet and an outlet in fluid communication with the chamber. In some embodiments, the inlet is configured to receive a water from a filtration unit. In some embodiments, the outlet is configured to discharge the water to a drain. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor includes a plurality of electrodes. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the plurality of electrodes is located in the chamber. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes includes a first electrode. In some embodiments, the first electrode includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, when the water flows through the chamber of the sensor body andAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT when a potential is applied to the first electrode sufficient to partially oxidize an organic compound present in the water, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the water.

[0005] In some embodiments, the sensor assembly further includes a temperature sensor.In some embodiments, the temperature sensor is configured to measure a temperature of the water in the chamber.

[0006] In some embodiments, the sensor body defines a single chamber.

[0007] In some embodiments, the sensor body does not include a vapor permeable membrane.

[0008] In some embodiments, the fluid inlet is located at a first end of the sensor body. In some embodiments, the fluid outlet is located at a second end of the sensor body. In some embodiments, the second end is opposite the first end. In some embodiments, the first electrode is located at a first side of the sensor body. In some embodiments, the first side extends between the first end and the second end of the sensor body.

[0009] In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes further includes a second electrode. In some embodiments, the second electrode is connected to a second side of the sensor body. In some embodiments, the second side is opposite the sensor body from the first side. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the water based on the potential applied to the first electrode completing an electrical circuit with the second electrode. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes further includes a third electrode. In some embodiments, the third electrode is connected to a third end of the sensor body. In some embodiments, the third end extends between the first end and the second end and between the first side and the second side. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the water based on a reference measurement of the third electrode.

[0010] In some embodiments, the sensor body further defines a first receptacle located on the first side. In some embodiments, the first electrode is coupled to the sensor body at the first receptacle. In some embodiments, the sensor body further definesAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT a second receptacle located on the second side. In some embodiments, the second receptacle is coupled to the sensor body at the second receptacle.

[0011] In some embodiments, the sensor body further includes a connector port. In some embodiments, the connector port is located at a third end of the sensor body. In some embodiments, an inner surface of the connector port includes threads. In some embodiments, the threads of the connector port are configured to engage threads of a connector. In some embodiments, the third electrode extends through an inner channel of the connector.

[0012] In some embodiments, the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0013] In some embodiments, the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0014] In some embodiments, the conductive dopant includes boron.

[0015] In some embodiments, the first electrode includes a film including the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the film of the first electrode has a thickness of 10 nm to 1 μm.

[0016] In some embodiments, a dialysis system includes a water purification system. In some embodiments, the water purification system is fluidly connectable to a water source. In some embodiments, the water purification system is configured to produce a water for use in a dialysis fluid. In some embodiments, the dialysis system includes a sensor assembly. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly includes an electrochemical sensor that is fluidly connectable to the water purification system. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor is configured to receive the water from the water purification system. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor includes a plurality of electrodes. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes includes a first electrode including a film. In some embodiments, the film includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, when the water is present in the electrochemical sensor and when a potential is applied sufficient to partially oxidize an organic compound present in the water. In some embodiments, theAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT electrochemical sensor is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the water.

[0017] In some embodiments, the sensor assembly does not include an oxidizing agent (strong acid, salts, etc.).

[0018] In some embodiments, the film of the first electrode has a thickness of 10 nm to 1 μm.

[0019] In some embodiments, the film is dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.1 cm2to 2 cm2.

[0020] In some embodiments, the film includes a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm·cm to 15 ohm·cm.

[0021] In some embodiments, the film includes 1 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 5 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3.

[0022] In some embodiments, the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0023] In some embodiments, the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0024] In some embodiments, the conductive dopant includes boron.

[0025] In some embodiments, the first electrode further includes a substrate. In some embodiments, the substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. In some embodiments, the film is located on at least one of the first surface, the second surface, or any combination thereof.

[0026] In some embodiments, the substrate includes at least one of a silicon, a titanium, or any combination thereof.

[0027] In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes further includes a second electrode.

[0028] In some embodiments, the second electrode includes a film including a diamond material and a conductive dopant.

[0029] In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes further includes a third electrode.

[0030] In some embodiments, a method includes supplying, from a water purification system of a dialysis system, a water including an organic carbon, to an electrochemical sensor of a sensor assembly. In some embodiments, theAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT electrochemical sensor includes a plurality of electrodes. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes includes a first electrode including a film. In some embodiments, the film includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the method includes applying a potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water. In some embodiments, the method includes measuring, using the sensor assembly, a current between the plurality of electrodes to determine a total organic carbon content of the water.

[0031] In some embodiments, the applying includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0 V to 2.2 V.

[0032] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor is configured to produce a linear response of current in a presence of 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the organic carbon.

[0033] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor is configured to produce a linear response of current in a presence of 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the organic carbon.

[0034] In some embodiments, the total organic carbon content of the water is determined within a duration of 10 minutes or less.

[0035] In some embodiments, the method does not include adding an oxidizing agent to the water including the organic carbon.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] Some embodiments of the disclosure are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the embodiments shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the disclosure. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced.

[0037] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of the sensor assembly of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0039] FIG. 3 illustrates a front perspective view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates a rear perspective view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0041] FIG. 5 illustrates a top view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0042] FIG. 6 illustrates a bottom view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0043] FIG. 7 illustrates a sectional side view of an example sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0044] FIG. 8 illustrates a front sectional view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0045] FIG. 9 illustrates a rear sectional view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0046] FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic diagram of an electrode of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0047] FIG. 11 illustrates an exploded view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0048] FIG. 12 illustrates a top sectional view of the sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.

[0049] FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram of an example system for providing dialysis therapy, according to some embodiments.

[0050] FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram of an example portion of the system of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments.

[0051] FIG. 15 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for measuring a concentration of organic carbon in fluid using a sensor assembly, according to some embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0052] Automated dialysis systems can provide a dialysis fluid for patient treatment purposes. The system can include one or more sensors to measure a parameter(s) of the dialysis fluid at one or more stages of the system’s operation. For example,Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT a purification system or sub-system can include one or more electrochemical sensors to measure a total amount of organic carbon in the fluid (e.g., water) being utilized to prepare the dialysis fluid.

[0053] Various electrochemical sensors are provided herein. The electrochemical sensors are capable of detecting and / or measuring a level of total organic carbon (TOC) in a variety of fluids, such as, for example and without limitation, aqueous fluids, among others. The electrochemical sensors can, for example, measure low levels of total organic carbon (TOC) in the fluid. The electrochemical sensors can be configured to detect and / or measure 1500 ppb or less of TOC in, for example and without limitation, a dialysis fluid. The electrochemical sensors can exhibit quick response times, with reliable measurements, without any interference from evolving oxygen. Accordingly, the electrochemical sensors can exhibit chemical and electrical stability in oxidative environments. The electrochemical sensors can also provide flexibility with respect to sensor geometry, providing greater flexibility and customization for various applications. These and other advantages of the electrochemical sensors and related systems and methods will be apparent from the details provided in this disclosure.

[0054] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. The sensory assembly 100 can be configured to measure a total organic carbon (TOC) level of a fluid such as, for example and without limitation, a dialysis fluid. The sensor assembly 100 can be utilized in dialysis applications, including, for example and without limitation, at least one of a peritoneal dialysis, a hemodialysis, a hemofiltration, a hemodiafiltration, or any combination thereof, and the like. The electrochemical sensors provided herein can be included in the sensor assembly 100.

[0055] As shown in FIG. 1, the sensor assembly 100 can include a sensor body 102 and electrodes 104. The sensor body 102 can define a chamber in fluid communication with an inlet and an outlet. The sensor assembly 100 can be configured to receive a fluid for measurement in the chamber of the sensor body 102 from the inlet. The fluid can exit the chamber through the outlet. The fluid can thereby flow throughAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT the sensor body 102 from the inlet to the outlet and the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure a parameter of the fluid using the electrodes 104.

[0056] The electrodes 104 can be arranged on respective sides of the sensor body 102.The electrodes 104 can be in contact with the fluid flowing through the sensor body 102 to measure a parameter of the fluid, as will be further described herein. In this regard, the respective sides of the sensor body 102 can be formed to include corresponding windows for receiving the electrodes 104 therethrough and so the electrodes 104 can contact the fluid in the sensor body 102. The windows can be dimensioned and / or sized to ensure at least partial oxidation of organic carbon by the electrodes 104 during detection to improve accuracy and / or measurement of TOC levels within the fluid.

[0057] When, as the fluid flows through the sensor body 102, a potential is applied to at least one of the electrodes 104, the applied potential is sufficient to at least partially oxidize organic carbon present in the fluid, such that a total organic carbon content of the fluid can be detected and / or measured by the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 is connectable to a dialysis system such as, for example and without limitation, system 200 in FIG. 12. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 is connectable to a sub-system of the system 200 such as, for example and without limitation, treatment system 208 in FIG. 13.

[0058] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 provides one or more improvements over conventional TOC detectors. Conventional TOC detectors have sizes that are incompatible with performing direct in-line TOC measurements of fluids at low levels of concentration in a machine. Moreover, the usage of chemical reagents that are typically present in the fluids being measured can be corrosive to the sensors (i.e., electrodes) without providing complex and expensive laboratory apparatuses.

[0059] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be formed of chemically inert materials as the fluid flowing through the sensor body 102 can be corrosive and can result in damage after long term exposure to such fluid. In some embodiments, the electrodes 104 can be formed of chemically inert material(s) dueAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT to the corrosive nature of the fluid which can result in damage after long term exposure to such fluid.

[0060] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to perform simultaneous oxidation and detection of organic carbon in the fluid, to provide measurements in less time than conventional detectors. The sensor assembly 100 can be configured to detect organic carbon present in the fluid and measure (e.g., quantify) an amount of total organic carbon present in the fluid. The sensor assembly 100 can be configured to perform at least one of oxidation, measurement, detection, or any combination thereof, in real time.

[0061] The sensor assembly 100 can utilize at least one of the electrodes 104 to apply the electrical potential to the fluid flowing through the sensor assembly 100 so as to perform direct in-line TOC measurement at low levels of 1500 ppb or less without necessitating complex and expensive laboratory apparatuses. The sensor assembly 100 disclosed herein can ease the manufacturing requirements, improve biocompatibility with other systems, and / or improve reliability and accuracy of the TOC detection, relative to conventional sensor assemblies and conventional electrochemical sensors.

[0062] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 does not include an oxidizing agent (strong acid, salts, etc.). That is, the sensor assembly 100 does not include an oxidizing agent to interfere with the oxygen evolution of the fluid, in some embodiments. Accordingly, the sensor assembly 100 does not include an oxidizing agent that is utilized to promote break down of the organic carbon (e.g., organic compound) in the fluid that is measured by the sensor assembly 100.

[0063] It is to be appreciated that the measurement of TOC with this method are feasible also for other applications that require to detect organic carbon in the concentration range studied. The sensor assembly 100 described herein can provide a measurement value of the total organic carbon level in the fluid In the sensor assembly 100 in minute(s) rather than hour(s). In addition, the sensor assembly 100 can include a miniaturized form factor compared to conventional TOC detectors that utilizes electrodes 104 and an electrochemical method to enable organics oxidation with no interference of oxygen evolution during measurement.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT In this regard, the sensor assembly 100 utilizes at least one boron doped diamond electrode that provides one or more benefits including chemical inertness, chemical and electrical stability in oxidant environments, high anti-corrosion behavior, high conductive properties, enables different sensor and chamber geometries, and simplifies manufacturing of the sensor assembly. Moreover, the sensor assembly 100 reduces the amount of waste water from the fluid that is utilized for measurement.

[0064] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of the sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments.

[0065] As shown in FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be an electrochemical sensor including a sensor body 102 and electrodes 104. The sensor body 102 has a first end 106 and a second end 108 opposite the first end 106 relative the sensor body 102. The sensor body 102 can define a chamber 110, an inlet 112, an outlet 114, and one or more windows 116. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can further include a controller 160 for sending and receiving electrical current signals to the electrodes 104 and to calculate the parameters of the fluid in the chamber 110.

[0066] The inlet 112 is located at the first end 106 of the sensor body 102. The outlet 114 is located at the second end 108 of the sensor body 102. The inlet 112 and the outlet 114 can be in fluid communication with the chamber 110 at their respective ends. The one or more windows 116 are arranged on respective sides of the sensor body 102 other than the side at the first end 106 and the side at the second end 108 of the sensor body 102. Each of the one or more windows 116 form receptacles for receiving a corresponding one of the electrodes 104. One or more of the electrodes 104 are installed in a corresponding one of the one or more windows 116.

[0067] The sensor assembly 100 is configured to receive a fluid in the chamber 110 of sensor body 102 to measure the parameter(s) of the fluid using the electrodes 104. In this regard, the fluid flows through chamber 110 from the inlet 112 to the outlet 114. That is, the fluid enters the chamber 110 through inlet 112 and the fluid exits the chamber 110 through outlet 114, and the sensor assembly 100 detects andAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT measures the parameter(s) of the fluid including the TOC of the fluid using the electrodes 104.

[0068] The sensor body 102 includes the chamber 110. The chamber 110 is defined by at least one sidewall of the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the chamber 110 does not comprise a membrane, such as, for example and without limitation, at least one of a vapor permeable membrane, a gas permeable membrane, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the chamber 110 comprises a single chamber (e.g., without any partitions or other structural members located within the chamber 110).

[0069] The sensor body 102 includes inlet 112. The inlet 112 is located at the first end 106 of the sensor body 102 and is in fluid communication with the chamber 110. The inlet 112 is in fluid connection with a fluid source. For example, in some embodiments, the inlet 112 is in fluid connection with a filter 222 of treatment system 208 to measure the parameters of the fluid from the filter 222. For example, the inlet 112 is in fluid connection with another sub-system of system 200 to measure the parameters of the fluid from the other sub-system. In this regard, the inlet 112 can be in fluid connection with the other component with a fluid conduit, tubing, channel, or the like.

[0070] The sensor body 102 includes outlet 114. The outlet 114 is located at the second end 108 of the sensor body 102 and is in fluid communication with the chamber 110. The outlet 114 is in fluid connection with another portion of the system 200 (e.g., another portion of a sub-system or another sub-system), and the fluid in the chamber 110 is configured to be discharged to the other portion. For example, in some embodiments, the outlet 114 can be in fluid connection to distribution system 210, and the distribution system 210 can direct the fluid that flows through the chamber 110 to the drain 214 after measurement. For example, in some embodiments, the outlet 114 can be in fluid connection to distribution system 210, and the distribution system 210 can direct the fluid that flows through the chamber 110 to the other downstream sub-systems of sensor assembly 100 to produce the dialysis fluid.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0071] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 includes electrodes 104. The electrodes 104 includes a first electrode 104a and a second electrode 104b. The electrodes 104 further includes a third electrode 104c. The first electrode 104a and the second electrode 104b are arranged at opposite sides of the chamber 110 relative to each other. The third electrode 104c is arranged on another side of the sensor body 102 from the sides including the first electrode 104a and the second electrode 104b, as will be further described herein.

[0072] The first electrode 104a is a working electrode and an electrical potential can be applied using the first electrode 104a sufficient to at least partially oxidize organic carbon present in the fluid in the chamber 110. The second electrode 104b is a counter electrode configured to complete an electrical circuit for the electrical potential applied using the first electrode 104a, and the second electrode 104b can measure the applied potential such that the total organic carbon content of the fluid can be detected and / or measured by the sensor assembly 100. The third electrode 104c is a reference electrode. The third electrode 104c can be configured to provide a reference measurement so as to enable the sensor assembly 100 to measure the TOC content of the fluid in the chamber 110.

[0073] According to some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can be made of one or more chemically inert materials that can provide the first electrode 104a with chemical stability and electrical stability in oxidant environments. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a is constructed of a material that provides the sensor assembly 100 with anti-corrosive properties from the fluid flowing through the sensor assembly 100. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a is constructed of a material that provides the sensor assembly 100 with electrical stability to improve performance of the sensor assembly 100 when, under an applied potential, the first electrode 104a causes oxidization of the organic carbon in the fluid for the TOC measurement. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant.

[0074] The first electrode 104a can include a material that, under an applied potential, causes at least a portion of organic carbon in the fluid to be partially oxidized. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a comprises a film on a substrate. TheAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT substrate can be constructed of a semiconductive material or a conductive material. The film can include a diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, for example, the conductive dopant comprises boron, such that the first electrode comprises a boron-doped diamond electrode. It will be appreciated that the first electrode 104a can be constructed of other materials, without departing from the scope of this disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the first electrode 104a includes at least one of gold, platinum (Pt), graphite, stainless steel, copper (Cu), silver (Ag), alloys, or any combination thereof.

[0075] According to some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can also be made of the one or more certain materials having the certain desirable properties similar to the first electrode 104a. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can be made of the one or more chemically inert materials that can provide the second electrode 104b with chemical stability and electrical stability in oxidant environments. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can include the one or more certain materials to provide the second electrode 104b with anticorrosive properties from the fluid flowing through the sensor assembly 100. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can be made of one or more materials including a diamond material and a conductive dopant.

[0076] The third electrode 104c can include a material such that the third electrode 104c has a stable and known potential as a reference electrode. The third electrode 104c can include at least one of a silver (Ag), a silver chloride (Ag / AgCI), a calomel (Hg / Hg2Cl2), an iridium / Iridum oxide (Ir / IrO₂), a mercury / mercury oxide (Hg / HgO), a mercury / mercurous sulfate (Hg / Hg2SO4), a copper / copper(II) sulfate (Cu / CuSO₄), or any combination thereof. It is to be appreciated by those having ordinary skill that the third electrode 104c is not limited to Ag, Ag / AgCl, Hg / Hg₂Cl₂, Ir / IrO₂, Hg / HgO, Hg / Hg₂SO₄, and Cu / CuSO₄, and the third electrode 104c can include one or more other materials to enable the sensor assembly to perform the TOC measurement in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0077] According to some embodiments, the third electrode 104c can include a layer applied to a surface of the third electrode 104c. In some embodiments, the layer can include at least one of Ag, Ag / AgCl, Hg / Hg₂Cl₂, Ir / IrO₂, Hg / HgO, Hg / Hg₂SO₄,Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT and Cu / CuSO4, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the layer can be an electroplated layer applied to a surface of the third electrode 104c.

[0078] The third electrode 104c can include one or more other materials such that the third electrode 104c does not interfere with the reaction at the first electrode 104a. For example, the third electrode 104c is functional as a reference electrode. In some embodiments, the third electrode 104c can include at least one of gold, platinum, carbon, or any combination thereof. It is to be appreciated by those having ordinary skill that the third electrode 104c is not limited to gold, platinum, and carbon, and the third electrode 104c can include one or more other materials to enable the sensor assembly to perform the TOC measurement in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0079] The sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure an organic carbon content of the fluid in the chamber 110 using the electrodes 104. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure a total organic carbon content of the fluid. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water, or any range or subrange therebetween. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1400 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1300 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1200 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1100 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 0.1 ppb to 900 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 0.1 ppb to 800 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured toAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT measure between 0.1 ppb to 700 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 0.1 ppb to 600 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 0.1 ppb to 500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0080] In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 100 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 200 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 300 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 400 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 500 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 600 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 700 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 800 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 900 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 1000 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 1100 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measureAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT between 1200 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 1300 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can be configured to measure between 1400 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0081] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can include controller 160. The controller 160 can include one or more electrical components forming a measurement circuitry for measuring the organic carbon present in the fluid, and the controller 160 can be in electrical communicable connection with the electrodes 104 using the one or more electrical components.

[0082] The controller 160 can include a potentiostat (not shown), according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the potentiostat can be in electrical communicable connection with the electrodes 104. In some embodiments, the potentiostat can include the electrodes 104. In some embodiments, the potentiostat can apply a voltage to at least one of the plurality of electrodes to create an electrical bias potential sufficient to oxidize an organic carbon present in the fluid in the sensor assembly 100. In some embodiments, the electrical current at the electrodes 104 can be measured by the controller 160 (or the potentiostat) to monitor the concentration-induced current change in the fluid in the sensor assembly 100 to determine the organic carbon concentration.

[0083] In some embodiments, the controller 160 can be configured to measure the electric current signals from the electrodes 104. The controller 160 can be configured to quantify a total organic concentration of the fluid in the chamber 110 of sensor assembly 100 based on the measured electric current signals from the electrodes 104. For example, the controller 160 can determine a quantity of the organic carbon present in the fluid in the sensor assembly 100 based on measuring the electrical current signal of the first electrode 104a. In some embodiments, the controller 160 can measure the electrical current between the first electrode 104a and the third electrode 104c to determine the concentration of the organic carbon present in the fluid. In some embodiments, the controller 160 can control the voltage applied to the second electrode 104b to control the potential between theAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT first electrode 104a and the second electrode 104b, and the controller 160 can monitor the electrical current at the second electrode 104b so as to monitor the potential at the first electrode 104a without impacting the current flow through the sensor assembly 100. In this regard, the controller 160 can utilize the first electrode 104a to apply the electrical potential to oxidize the organic carbon in the fluid, the controller 160 can utilize the second electrode 104b to maintain a stable potential across the fluid, and the controller 160 can utilize the third electrode 104c to carry the current for measurement.

[0084] According to some embodiments, the sensor body 102 does not include a vapor permeable membrane (e.g., gas permeable membrane) for measuring organic carbon directly. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 of sensor assembly 100 is configured to correlate the total organic carbon present in the fluid of the chamber 110 of sensor body 102 based on an electrical current applied to the fluid by one of the electrodes 104.

[0085] FIG. 3 illustrates a front perspective view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. FIG. 4 illustrates a rear perspective view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. FIG. 5 Illustrates a top view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates a bottom view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. Unless specifically referenced, FIGS. 3-6 will be described collectively.

[0086] In sensor assembly 100, the sensor body 102 Includes a first end 106, a second end 108, a first side 118, and a second side 120. The first end 106 is opposite the sensor body 102 from the second end 108. The first side 118 and the second side 120 extend between the first end 106 and the second end 108. The first side 118 is opposite the sensor body 102 from the second side 120. In addition, the first side 118 and the second side 120 extend between a third end 122 and a fourth end 124.

[0087] The sensor assembly 100 includes a connector port 130 and connector 134. In some embodiments, the sensor body 102 defines the connector port 130. In some embodiments, the connector port 130 is located at the third end 122 of the sensorAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT body 102. The connector 134 is configured to connect to the sensor body 102 at the connector port 130.

[0088] FIG. 7 illustrates a sectional side view of an example sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. FIG. 8 illustrates a front sectional view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. FIG. 9 illustrates a rear sectional view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments. Unless specifically referenced, FIGS. 7-9 will be described collectively.

[0089] The sensor assembly 100 includes electrodes 104. In some embodiments, the electrodes 104 includes a first electrode 104a, a second electrode 104b, a third electrode 104c, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrodes 104 includes a first electrode 104a. In some embodiments, the electrodes 104 includes a first electrode 104a and a second electrode 104b. In some embodiments, the electrodes 104 includes first electrode 104a, second electrode 104b, and third electrode 104c. In some embodiments, one or more of the electrodes 104 includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a includes the diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b include the diamond material and a conductive dopant.

[0090] The sensor body 102 defines a first receptacle 126 located on the first side 118 of sensor assembly 100. The sensor assembly 100 is configured to receive the first electrode 104a at the first receptacle 126. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can be coupled to the first side 118 of the sensor body 102 at the first receptacle 126. In some embodiments, the one or more windows 116 can include a first window 116a located in the first receptacle 126 so that the first electrode 104a can be arranged in the first receptacle 126 and contact the fluid in the chamber 110 through the first window 116a. The first electrode 104a includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can be a working electrode.

[0091] The sensor body 102 defines a second receptacle 128 located on the second side 120 of sensor assembly 100. The sensor assembly 100 is configured to receive the second electrode 104b at the second receptacle 128. In some embodiments,Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT the second electrode 104b can be coupled to the second side 120 of the sensor body 102 at the second receptacle 128. In some embodiments, the one or more windows 116 can include a second window 116b located in the second receptacle 128 so that the second electrode 104b can be arranged in the second receptacle 128 and contact the fluid in the chamber 110 through the second window 116b. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can include the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can be a counter electrode.

[0092] When the fluid (e.g., water) flows through the chamber 110 of the sensor body 102 and when a potential is applied to the first electrode 104a sufficient to partially oxidize an organic carbon present in the fluid, the sensor assembly 100 is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the fluid. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a is in direct contact with the fluid in the chamber 110 of the sensor body 102 through the first window 116a and the second electrode 104b is in direct contact with the fluid in the chamber 110 of the sensor body 102 through the second window 116b to allow for the potential to be directly applied to the fluid. The organic carbon present in the fluid allows for the transfer of electrons and charges across the fluid in the chamber 110 and between the first electrode 104a and the second electrode 104b. When the electrical potential is applied to the first electrode 104a, the second electrode 104b can provide a current path for the electrons to flow from the first electrode 104a to the second electrode 104b and for the sensor assembly 100 to measure the total organic carbon content of the fluid. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the fluid in the chamber 110.

[0093] According to some embodiments, the first window 116a and the second window 116b can include different dimensions from each other. In some embodiments, the first window 116a can include a first size and the second window 116b can include a second size. In some embodiments, the second size of the second window 116b can be greater in size than the first size of the first window 116a. In some embodiments, the second size of the second window 116b can be greater in sizeAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT than the first size of the first window 116a for the potential applied to the first electrode 104a to flow to the second electrode 104b for the sensor assembly 100 to measure the total organic carbon content of the fluid.

[0094] The sensor body 102 defines connector port 130. The connector port 130 includes a channel 132 in fluid communication with the chamber 110. The sensor assembly 100 further includes a connector 134. The connector 134 is configured to connect to the sensor body 102 at the connector port 130. The connector 134 can include a channel 138 extending through the connector port 130.

[0095] According to some embodiments, the connector port 130 can include threads 136 formed on at least a portion of a surface of the channel 132 and the connector 134 can include corresponding threads 140 formed on at least a portion of an outer circumferential surface of connector 134. In this regard, the connector 134 is connectable to connector port 130 by engaging the threads 136 of the connector port 130 with the threads 140 of the connector 134.

[0096] According to some embodiments, the electrodes 104 includes a third electrode 104c. The third electrode 104c can be coupled to the third end 122 of the sensor body 102 at the connector port 130. In some embodiments, the connector 134 can couple the third electrode 104c to the sensor body 102 at the connector port 130. In some embodiments, the third electrode 104c can be positioned in the channel 138 of the connector 134, and the third electrode 104c can be coupled to the sensor body 102 by coupling the connector 134 to the connector port 130.

[0097] The third electrode 104c is configured to extend through the channel 132 of the connector port 130 so that at least a portion of the third electrode 104c contacts the fluid in the chamber 110, and the sensor assembly 100 measures the parameter of the fluid using the third electrode 104c. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the third electrode 104c can extend into the chamber 110 and contact the fluid in the chamber 110, and the third electrode 104c provides the reference voltage for measuring the total organic carbon in the fluid in the chamber 110. In some embodiments, the channel 132 can have a uniform diameter. In some embodiments, the channel 132 can have a varying diameter so as to be able to accommodate a diameter of the third electrode 104c and a diameter of theAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT connector 134. In some embodiments, the channel 132 can have a first diameter corresponding to a diameter of the connector 134 and the third electrode 104c, and the channel 132 can have a second diameter corresponding to a diameter of the third electrode 104c.

[0098] The third electrode 104c is configured to extend through the channel 138 of the connector 134 so that at least a portion of the third electrode 104c contacts the fluid in the chamber 110, and the sensor assembly 100 measures the parameter of the fluid using the third electrode 104c. For example, the third electrode 104c can extend through the channel 138 of connector 134 and at least a portion of the channel 132 of connector port 130. In some embodiments, the diameter of the channel 138 can correspond to a diameter of the third electrode 104c. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the outer diameter of the connector 134 can correspond to a diameter of the channel 132 so that the connector 134 is connectable to the connector port 130.

[0099] The third electrode 104c can be utilized as a stable voltage source that applies a reference voltage to the fluid in the chamber 110 of the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the fluid based on a reference measurement of the third electrode 104c. In some embodiments, the difference between the electrical potential between the third electrode 104c and the first electrode 104a (and the second electrode 104b) represents the electrical potential of the electrochemical reaction taking place at the first electrode 104a and the fluid in the chamber 110 of the sensor body 102. That is, the controller 160 can be in electrical connection with the first electrode 104a and the second electrode 104b to measure the electrical signals produced from the first electrode 104a, and the controller 160 can be configured to measure the voltage / potential difference between the first electrode 104a and the third electrode 104c.

[0100] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can further include a temperature sensor 150 to measure a temperature of the fluid in the chamber 110 of sensor body 102. The sensor body 102 can further define a channel 152 that extends through a side of the sensor body 102. The temperature sensor 150 canAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT be positioned in the channel 132 so that at least a portion of the temperature sensor 150 is in contact with the fluid in the chamber 110 to measure the fluid’s temperature. It is to be appreciated that the position of the channel 152 and the temperature sensor 150 in the sensor assembly 100 is not intended to be limiting. In some embodiments, the channel 152 and the temperature sensor 150 can be located at the second side 120 of the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the channel 152 and the temperature sensor 150 can be located at the first side 118 of the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the channel 152 and the temperature sensor 150 can be located at the side of the sensor body 102 at the first end 106. In some embodiments, the channel 152 and the temperature sensor 150 can be located at the at the side of the sensor body 102 at the second end 108. In some embodiments, the channel 152 and the temperature sensor 150 can be located at the side of the sensor body 102 at the third end 122. In some embodiments, the channel 152 and the temperature sensor 150 can be located at the side of the sensor body 102 at the fourth end 124.

[0101] FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of at least one of the electrodes 104, according to some embodiments.

[0102] The sensor assembly 100 includes electrodes 104. According to some embodiments, at least one of the electrodes 104 can include a diamond material and a conductive dopant. The conductive dopant includes boron.

[0103] According to some embodiments, the electrodes 104 includes a substrate 154 and a film 156. The film 156 is disposed on an outer surface of the substrate 154. In some embodiments, the film 156 includes the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 includes at least one of gold, platinum (Pt), graphite, stainless steel, copper (Cu), silver (Ag), alloys, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 includes at least one of a silicon, a titanium, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can include the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can include the diamond material and the conductive dopant.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0104] According to some embodiments, the substrate 154 can have one or more surfaces, In some embodiments, the substrate 154 can include a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 can include a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and a third surface extending between the first surface and the second surface. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be located on at least one of the first surface, the second surface, the third surface, or any combination thereof.

[0105] According to some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 10 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 25 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 50 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 100 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 200 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 300 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 400 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 500 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 600 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 700 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 800 nm to 1 μm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can have a thickness of 900 nm to 1 μm.

[0106] According to some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.1 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.2 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.3 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.4 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.5 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.6 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.7 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.8 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments,Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.9 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 1 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 1.2 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 1.4 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 1.6 cm2to 2 cm2. In some embodiments, the film 156 can be dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 1.8 cm2to 2 cm2.

[0107] According to some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm·cm to 15 ohm·cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 10 ohm cm to 15 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 11 ohm cm to 15 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 12 ohm cm to 15 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 13 ohm cm to 15 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 14 ohm cm to 15 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm cm to 14 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm cm to 13 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm cm to 12 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm cm to 11 ohm cm. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm cm to 10 ohm cm.

[0108] According to some embodiments, the film 156 can include 1 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 5 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3. InAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT some embodiments, the film 156 can include 2 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 5 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include 3 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 5 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include 4 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 5 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include 1 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 4 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include 1 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 3 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3. In some embodiments, the film 156 can include 1 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 2 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3.

[0109] According to some embodiments, the electrodes 104 can include the first electrode 104a. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can include the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can include the substrate 154 and the film 156 disposed on an outer surface of the substrate 154, and the film 156 can include the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 of the first electrode 104a can have one or more surfaces. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 of the first electrode 104a can include a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 of the first electrode 104a can include a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and a third surface extending between the first surface and the second surface. In some embodiments, the film 156 of the first electrode 104a can be located on at least one of the first surface, the second surface, the third surface, or any combination thereof.

[0110] According to some embodiments, the electrodes 104 can include the second electrode 104b. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can include the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can include the substrate 154 and the film 156 disposed on an outer surface of the substrate 154, and the film 156 can include the diamond material and the conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 ofAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT the second electrode 104b can have one or more surfaces. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 of the second electrode 104b can include a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. In some embodiments, the substrate 154 of the second electrode 104b can include a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and a third surface extending between the first surface and the second surface. In some embodiments, the film 156 of the second electrode 104b can be located on at least one of the first surface, the second surface, the third surface, or any combination thereof.

[0111] FIG. 11 illustrates an exploded view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments.

[0112] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 includes a mounting member 162. The mounting member 162 has a body 164 defining a receptacle 166, a window 168, a first wing member 170 and a second wing member 172. The window 168 is formed at the receptacle 166. The first wing member 170 is formed at one side of the receptacle 166. The second wing member 172 is formed at an opposite side of the receptacle 166 from the first wing member 170. The mounting member 162 can further include an aperture 174 extending through first wing member 170 and an aperture 176 extending through the second wing member 172.

[0113] The sensor body 102 further includes one or more fastener holes 180. The one or more fastener holes 180 are located on the first side 118 of the sensor body 102 adjacent the first receptacle 126. The one or more fastener holes 180 are configured to receive fasteners when coupling the mounting member 162 to the sensor body 102. In this regard, the mounting member 162 can be positioned in the first receptacle 126 at the first side 118 of the sensor body 102. The first electrode 104a can then be positioned in the receptacle 166 of the mounting member 162 so that the first electrode 104a extends through window 168 and through first window 116a into the chamber 110.

[0114] With the mounting member 162 positioned in the first receptacle 126, the mounting member 162 can be coupled to the sensor body 102. To couple the mounting member 162 to the sensor body 102, a fastener can be inserted through aperture 174 of the first wing member 170 and into a corresponding fastener hole 180 ofAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT the sensor body 102 and a fastener can be inserted through the aperture 176 of the second wing member 172 and into a corresponding fastener hole 180 of the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the mounting member 162 can be coupled to the sensor body 102 by inserting a fastener through the aperture 174 and corresponding fastener hole 180 of sensor body 102 and a fastener through the aperture 176 and corresponding fastener hole 180 of sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can be coupled to the sensor body 102 by inserting a fastener through a corresponding aperture in the first electrode 104a and through the aperture 174 and corresponding fastener hole 180 of sensor body 102 and inserting a fastener through a corresponding aperture in the first electrode 104a and through the aperture 176 and corresponding fastener hole 180 of sensor body 102.

[0115] According to some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 can further include a collar 182. The collar 182 can be located in the first receptacle 126 between the sensor body 102 and the mounting member 162. In some embodiments, the collar 182 can be configured to space the mounting member 162 and the first electrode 104a from the surface of the sensor body 102 at the first receptacle 126. In some embodiments, the collar 182 can be configured to seal a space between the mounting member 162 and the sensor body 102 at the first receptacle 126 to prevent fluid from leaking out from the chamber 110 of the sensor body 102. 202

[0116] FIG. 12 illustrates a top sectional view of the sensor assembly 100, according to some embodiments.

[0117] Referring to FIG. 12, in sensor assembly 100, the sensor body 102 includes fastener holes 180 and fastener holes 184. The fastener holes 180 are located at the first side 118 of the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, one of the electrodes 104 can be coupled to the sensor body 102 by installing a fastener through the corresponding electrode and into each of the fastener holes 180. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a can be coupled to the sensor body 102 by inserting fasteners through a corresponding aperture of the first electrode 104a and into each of the corresponding fastener holes 180. In some embodiments, the first electrode 104a and the mounting member 162 can be coupled to theAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT sensor body 102 by inserting fasteners through a corresponding aperture of the first electrode 104a, a corresponding aperture of the mounting member 162 (i.e., aperture 174 and aperture 176), and into each of the corresponding fastener holes 180.

[0118] The fastener holes 184 are located at the second side 120 of the sensor body 102.In some embodiments, another one of the electrodes 104 can be coupled to the sensor body 102 by installing a fastener through the corresponding electrode and into each of the fastener holes 184. In some embodiments, the second electrode 104b can be coupled to the sensor body 102 by inserting fasteners through a corresponding aperture of the second electrode 104b and into each of the corresponding fastener holes 184.

[0119] FIG. 13 illustrates a block diagram of an example system 200 for providing dialysis therapy, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the system 200 can be representative of a water purification system 202 for point of use dialysis fluid production to provide therapy to patients. In some embodiments, the water purification system 202 can be referred to as a preparator for preparing the dialysate fluid and providing the prepared dialysate fluid to other systems or to patients for therapy. In some embodiments, an outlet of the water purification system 202 can be fluidly connected to a cycler 216 to provide therapy to patients. Water purification systems are one example of a dialysis system. It is to be appreciated that the systems and methods described in this disclosure can be applied to other dialysis systems such as, but not limited to, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, or the like.

[0120] As shown in FIG. 13, in some embodiments, the water purification system 200 can include a water purification system 202 including one or more systems. The one or more systems of the water purification system 202 can include, but is not limited to, a pre-treatment system 204, a reverse osmosis system 206, a treatment system 208, and a distribution system 210. In some embodiments, the water purification system 202 can include a proportioning system 212. In some embodiments, the distribution system 210 can include a proportioning system 212. The system 200 can include one or more sensors for measuring parameters of the fluid in systemAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT 200 or in one or more of the sub-systems therein. The sensor can include, for example and without limitation, sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1. The system 200 can include a drain 214 for draining waste fluid out of the system 200. For example, the drain 214 can include a drain tank for collecting waste fluid for disposal. The system 200 can include a controller 240 in electronic communication with the water purification system 202 to send and receive communications relating to sensed parameters by the one or more sensors, control of valves to direct fluid flow through the water purification system 202, or the like.

[0121] The system 200 is fluidly connected to a water source 218. For example, the water source 218 can be a water tap or the like. The fluid received at the system 200 from the water source 218 can be treated using the pre-treatment system 204, reverse osmosis system 206, treatment system 208, distribution system 210, proportioning system 212, or any combination thereof.

[0122] The one or more systems (i.e., sub-systems) of system 200 are configured to provide water for injection (WFI) for use in the preparation of the dialysis fluid and in providing dialysis therapy to patients. In some embodiments, each of the one or more systems of the water purification system 202 can be in fluid communication with one or more of the other systems of the water purification system 202 to prepare the WFI.

[0123] According to some embodiments, the pre-treatment system 204 can be configured to reduce bacteria and sediment, filter coarse particles, reduce hardness, and remove heavy metals from the water received via the water source 218. The pretreatment system 204 can include one or more filters connected in series or in parallel. In some embodiments, the one or more filters can include activated carbon filters. In some embodiments, the one or more filters can include an ultraviolet (UV) lamp (not shown) to disinfect the water stream by killing bacteria in the water stream. In some embodiments, the one or more filters can reduce or eliminate a concentration of contaminants including, but not limited to, chlorine, chloramine, or compositions including chlorine in the water. In some embodiments, the one or more filters can serve to act in case of a failure by another one of the one or more filters. In some embodiments, the one or more filters can removeAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT endotoxins from the water, in some embodiments, the one or more filters can remove toxic substances such as pesticides from the water. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment system 204 can include one or more sensors including the sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1 to measure a concentration of the water from the pre-treatment system 204 or from each of the one or more filters of pre-treatment system 204.

[0124] According to some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system 206 can include a reverse osmosis membrane configured to direct water to pass through the membrane while effectively blocking, for example and without limitation, salts, contaminants, bacteria, and other certain particles. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis system 206 can include one or more sensors including, for example, sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1 located downstream of the membrane to detect a TOC concentration of the water.

[0125] According to some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include at least an electro-deionization module 220 and an ultrafilter 222 as shown in FIG. 14. In some embodiments, the electro-deionization module 220 is configured to remove metals such as, but not limited to, aluminum from water. In some embodiments, the deionization module 220 is configured to remove other particulates that may not have been filtered by the reverse osmosis system 206 upstream of the treatment system 208.

[0126] In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis membrane of the reverse osmosis system 206 and the electro-deionization module 220 of the treatment system 208 can generally be configured to control a concentration of ions in the water being filtered. In some embodiments, the reverse osmosis membrane and the electrodeionization module 220 can be configured to control a concentration of nitrates in the water being filtered. In some embodiments, if the concentration of ions in the water is higher than desired, the conductivity will also be higher than expected. In some embodiments, if the concentration of nitrates in the water is higher than desired, the conductivity will also be higher than expected. As a result, in some embodiments, readings from the sensor assembly 100 can be used to infer whether the reverse osmosis membrane is properly functioning and removingAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT nitrates as expected. In some embodiments, readings from the sensor assembly 100 can be used to infer whether the electro-deionization module 220 is properly functioning and removing nitrates as expected. If the conductivity is higher than a threshold value, the controller 240 can be configured to change a state of the valves in the reverse osmosis system 206 or treatment system 208 to drain the water from the water purification system 202 and prevent water from continuing through the treatment system 208.

[0127] In some embodiments, the distribution system 210 can fluidly connect one of the systems of the water purification system 202 to one or more other systems of the water purification system 202. For example, the distribution system 210 can fluidly connect to pre-treatment system 204, reverse osmosis system 206, treatment system 208, and proportioning system 212. For example, the distribution system 210 can fluidly connect the pre-treatment system 204 to reverse osmosis system 206. For example, the distribution system 210 can fluidly connect the reverse osmosis system 206 to the treatment system 208.

[0128] The distribution system 210 can include a distribution loop including a fluid reservoir 228 (FIG. 14). The distribution system 210 can include one or more outlets and one or more inlets fluidly connected to the distribution loop. In some embodiments, the distribution system 210 can receive water from the treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the controller 240, based on the measurements of the fluid’s parameters by the one or more sensors of treatment system 208, can control an operation of the distribution system 210 to direct the purified water from the treatment system 208 to the fluid reservoir 228. In some embodiments, the controller 240, based on the measurements of the fluid’s parameters by the one or more sensors of treatment system 208, can control an operation of the distribution system 210 to direct the purified water from the treatment system 208 to the drain 214. In some embodiments, the controller 240, based on the measurements of the fluid’s parameters by the one or more sensors of treatment system 208, can control an operation of the distribution system 210 to direct the purified water from the treatment system 208 to the cycler 216 or to the patient for therapy.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0129] In some embodiments, the distribution system 210 can include one or more pumps to direct the water through the water purification system 202. In some embodiments, the one or more pumps can be used to draw in the water from the water source 218. In some embodiments, the one or more pumps can be used to mix the dialysate fluid, in some embodiments, the one or more pumps can be used to provide the dialysate fluid to the other systems external to water purification system 202 or to the patient for therapy. In some embodiments, the one or more pumps can be configured to circulate the water within the distribution system 210 to prevent stagnation.

[0130] The distribution system 210 can include one or more outlets including an outlet configured to be fluidly connected to the cycler. In some embodiments, the distribution system 210 can include an outlet in fluid connection with the drain 214. The distribution system 210 can direct fluid from one or more of the systems of the water purification system 202 to the drain 214 as waste. In some embodiments, the distribution system 210 includes one or more inlets. The water purification system 202 can be connected to external systems, components, consumables, kits, etc., for preparing the dialysate fluid using the one or more inlets. For example, the water purification system 202 can be fluidly connected to other systems, containers, bags, cassettes, tanks, and the like, at the inlets. For example, the water purification system 202 can be fluidly connected to an ion concentrate source. For example, the water purification system 202 can be fluidly connected to an agent source (e.g., dextrose).

[0131] According to some embodiments, the system 200 can include a controller 240. The controller 240 is configured to be in electronic communication with the water purification system 202 to send and receive communications relating to sensed parameters, control of valves, or the like. The water purification system 202 can be fluidly connected to a cycler 216. The cycler 216 can be in electronic communication with the controller 240 to accomplish the necessary treatments for the patient. In some embodiments, another device in the water purification system 202 may prepare the fresh dialysis fluid using purified water output from the water purification system 202. For example, the water purification system 202 canAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT include a preparator for mixing the fresh dialysis fluid using purified water. The preparator can be in electronic communication with the controller 240 and the cycler 216 to accomplish the necessary treatments for the patient. In some embodiments, the preparator can be in electronic communication with the cycler 216 to accomplish the necessary treatments for the patient.

[0132] The controller 240 can be in wired or wireless communication with the water purification system 202. The controller 240 can include a memory 242 and at least one processor 244. It is to be appreciated that the controller 240 can include one or more additional features such as, but not limited to, a display with a user interface configured to receive user inputs, display outputs for the user, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a separate user input can also be included so the user can interact with the dialysis system 200.

[0133] The system 200 can include one or more additional components including, but not limited to, valves, sensors, pumps, filters, and the like, fluidly disposed between the one or more systems of the water purification system 202. In some embodiments, the controller 240 can be in electronic communication with the one or more additional components to selectively operate the one or more additional components to prepare the dialysate fluid. For example, the water purification system 202 can include a pressure sensor for detecting a pressure of the fluid output by one of the sub-systems of the water purification system 202. For example, the water purification system 202 can include a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature of the fluid. For example, the water purification system 202 can include one or more valves for directing a flow of the fluid through the water purification system 202. For example, the water purification system 202 can include one or more valves for isolating one of the sub-systems due to the sensor assembly 100 detecting TOC in the fluid indicative of contamination of the fluid.

[0134] The system 200 can include one or more sensors for measuring parameters of the fluid in water purification system 202. The sensors can include, for example and without limitation, the sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1. The sensor assembly 100 is an electrochemical sensor configured to measure a TOC of the fluid flowing through the sensor body 102. The sensor assembly 100 can be fluidly connectableAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT to any one or more of the systems disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, the treatment system 208 includes one or more sensors including the sensor assembly 100. For example, in some embodiments, the pre-treatment system 204 includes one or more sensors including the sensor assembly 100. For example, in some embodiments, the pre-treatment system 204 includes one or more sensors including the sensor assembly 100. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 13, the water purification system 202 is shown including sensor assembly 100 located between the treatment system 208 and the distribution system 210. It is to be appreciated that the location of the sensor assembly 100 in the water purification system 202 of system 200 is not intended to be limiting and the sensor assembly 100 can be located in any of a plurality of locations of water purification system 202 including, for example, in pre-treatment system 204, reverse osmosis system 206, treatment system 208, distribution system 210, proportioning system 212, other portions of the system 200, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the water purification system 202 can include multiple of the sensor assembly 100 located in one or more systems.

[0135] The sensor assembly 100 is configured to receive the fluid from the connected system and the sensor assembly 100 applies an electrical potential to at least one of the electrodes 104 to at least partially oxidize an organic carbon present in the fluid flowing through the sensor assembly 100. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 is configured to detect a presence of organic carbon in a fluid, such as a water from the treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 is configured to measure an amount of organic carbon in a fluid (e.g., quantify TOC content, etc.). It is to be appreciated that the sensor assembly 100 is connectable to any of the one or more sub-systems of the system 200 to measure the corresponding parameters of the various fluids. In this regard, the sensor assembly 100 is not limited to being connected to the treatment system 208 but can be connected to any other one or more sub-systems of the system 200 or therebetween.

[0136] By using one or more sensors such as, for example, sensor assembly 100 installed directly on the fluid line, the system 200 is configured to parameters of the fluid.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT Sensor assembly 100 is configured to detect TOC in the fluid flowing through the sensor assembly 100 in a reliable manner with high accuracy. In addition, because the electrodes 104 of the sensor assembly 100 are in direct contact with the fluid that flows through the sensor body 102, the sensor assembly 100 can be utilized to detect low levels of TOC in the fluid.

[0137] It is to be appreciated that the system 200 and the sensor assembly 100 can each be dimensioned to detect and / or measure low levels of TOC (e.g., 1500 ppb or less) in accordance with the present disclosure. That is, the sensor assembly 100 can be dimensioned and / or have a geometry to allow for volume modification of the chamber as defined by the sensor body 102, and to allow the electrodes 104 to be arranged throughout the sensor body 102 to perform the TOC detection and / or measurement as detailed herein.

[0138] FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram of an example portion of the system 200 of FIG.13, according to some embodiments.

[0139] Referring to FIG. 14, the illustrated embodiment includes a treatment system 208.The treatment system 208 is configured to provide high purity water for WFI to the system 200. The treatment system 208 includes one or more filters for filtering the water. In some embodiments, the one or more filters includes electro-deionization module 220 and filter 222. The treatment system 208 can further include one or more sensors 226 for measuring parameters of the water in the treatment system 208. For example, as shown in FIG. 14, the one or more sensors 226 can include sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1 to measure a TOC of the fluid. For example, the one or more sensors 226 can include a pressure sensor to measure a pressure of the fluid. For example, the one or more sensors 226 can include a temperature sensor to measure a temperature of the sensor. For example, the one or more sensors 226 can include a flowrate sensor to measure a flowrate of the fluid. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include a first sensor 100a and a second sensor 100b for measuring the conductivity of the fluid. In some embodiments, although not shown in FIG. 4, it is to be appreciated that the treatment system 208 can further include one or more additional sensor assembly 100 in other locations of treatment system 208 between the components. TheAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT treatment system 208 can further include one or more valves 224 fluidly connected between the components, in some embodiments, the treatment system 208 includes valve 224a and valve 224b. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 further includes valve 224c and valve 224d.

[0140] The water purification system 202 is fluidly connected to a water source. For example, the water source can be a water tap or the like. The fluid received at the treatment system 208 from the water source can be treated using the system 200 including one or more sub-systems thereof including, but not limited to, water purification system 202, pre-treatment system 204, reverse osmosis system 206, treatment system 208, distribution system 210, proportioning system 212, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the water purification system 202 may prepare the fresh dialysis fluid using purified water output from the treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the distribution system 210 may be fluidly connected to the proportioning system 212 and can supply the purified water from the treatment system 208 to the proportioning system 212 for preparing the dialysate fluid.

[0141] The treatment system 208 can include an electro-deionization module 220. The deionization module 220 can remove dissolved minerals from the fluid and provides deionized water for treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the deionization module 220 can include ion exchange resins that deionizes the fluid by replacing the ions with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include one or more deionization modules 220 to provide the sensor assembly 100 with high purity water. In some embodiments, the electro-deionization module 220 can be configured to remove nitrates from the water. In some embodiments, the electro-deionization module 220 can be configured to remove metals such as, for example, aluminum from the water.

[0142] The treatment system 208 can include a filter 222. The filter 222 can include a semi-permeable membrane having membrane pores sized to allow water to pass therethrough and block larger particles from passing. The filter 222 can be effective in blocking particles including, but not limited to, rust, sediment, chlorine and compositions including chlorine, chloramine, benzene, and bacteria. The filter 222Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT can also be effective in blocking or at least partially blocking algae, chloride, copper, lead, mercury, certain chemicals, and other dissolved solids. In some embodiments, the filter 222 can be an ultrafilter. In some embodiments, the filter 222 can be located downstream of the electro-deionization module 220. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include a series of one or more of the filter 222. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include at least one of the filter 222 can be located downstream of the electro-deionization module 220. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include at least one of the filter 222 located upstream of the electro-deionization module 220. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include the sensor assembly 100 connected downstream of at least one of the plurality of filters to measure the parameter of the fluid.

[0143] The treatment system 208 includes at least one valve 224 to direct the fluid from one section of treatment system 208 to one or more other sections of treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the at least one valve 224 can be configured to start or stop the flow of fluid through the treatment system 208 as a result of the at least one valve 224 being opened or closed, respectively. In some embodiments, the at least one valve 224 can be configured to control a flow of fluid from one sub¬ system of system 200 to the treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the at least one valve 224 can be configured to control the flow of fluid from the treatment system 208 to another sub-system of system 200.

[0144] The at least one valve 224 can include, but is not limited to, solenoid valves, proportional valves, pneumatic valves, hydraulic valves, other types of valves, or any combination thereof, that can be controlled by, for example, a controller to direct the fluid through the treatment system 208. In an example, the valve can be a normally open 2-way solenoid valve. In an example, the valve can be a normally closed 2-way solenoid valve. In an example, the valve can be a 3-way solenoid valve. In some embodiments, valve 224 can be a three way solenoid valve. In some embodiments, valve 224 can be a 2-way solenoid valve. It is understood that the types of valves of treatment system 208 are not intended to be limiting and canAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT include solenoid valves, proportional valves, pneumatic valves, hydraulic valves, or any other type(s) of valves.

[0145] To provide the high purity water, the controller 240 can selectively control the operation of the valves 224 in treatment system 208 based on the measured parameters by the one or more sensors 226 to filter the water through the electro-deionization module 220 and the filter 222 and supply the water to the distribution system 210. The controller 240 can also selectively control the operation of the valves 224 in treatment system 208 based on the measured parameters by the one or more sensors 226 to flush the water in the treatment system 208 to the drain 214. For example, the operation of the valves 224 can be selectively controlled to flush air through the treatment system 208 to remove the fluid from the treatment system 208. It is to be understood that the arrangement of the one or more components of the treatment system 208 is not intended to be limiting and the treatment system 208 can include one or more other arrangements to provide system 200 with high purity fluid for WFI.

[0146] The treatment system 208 include sensors 226 for sensing various parameters of the fluid in the treatment system 208. The sensors 226 can include any of a plurality of sensors including, but not limited to, pressure sensors, conductivity sensors, temperature sensors, flow meters, other sensors, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors 226 can be a digital sensor. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors 226 can be an analog sensor. In some embodiments, each of the one or more sensors 226 can be a digital sensor or an analog sensor. In some embodiments, at least one of the sensors 226 can be, for example, the sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1.

[0147] According to some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include at least one sensor assembly 100 in fluid connection with the other components of the treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include a sensor assembly 100 fluidly connected downstream of filter 222. In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include a sensor assembly 100 fluidly connected downstream of electro-deionization module 220. When the sensor assembly 100 detects and / or measures a TOC content that exceeds a thresholdAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT value, for example, the controller 240 is configured to direct the fluid in the treatment system 208 to the drain 214 through distribution system 210. In some embodiments, when the sensor assembly 100 detects and / or measures a TOC content of the fluid in treatment system 208 that meets and / or does not exceed the threshold value, the system 200 is configured to proceed with its operation.

[0148] In some embodiments, the treatment system 208 can include, for example, a first sensor 100a for measuring the parameters of the fluid at a first point in treatment system 208 and a second sensor 100b for measuring the parameters of the fluid at a second point in treatment system 208 downstream of the first sensor 100a. The first sensor 100a, for example, can be connected between filter 222 and a first outlet of the treatment system 208 to measure the TOC level of the fluid purified by the filter 222. The second sensor 100b, for example, can be connected between the sensor 226 and the outlet of the treatment system 208 to measure the TOC level of the fluid being output to the distribution system 210.

[0149] According to some embodiments, the electro-deionization module 220 can be configured to control a concentration of nitrates in the water being filtered. The second sensor 100b can be located downstream of the electro-deionization module 220 and configured to measure a conductivity of the fluid in treatment system 208. In some embodiments, if the conductivity as measured at the second sensor 100b is higher than a threshold value, it can be inferred that more nitrates are passing through the electro-deionization module 220 than desired. As a result, the controller 240 can be configured to open valve 224a and drain the water from the treatment system 208. The electro-deionization module 220 can be configured to remove metals such as, but not limited to, aluminum from the water. In some embodiments, if the conductivity as measured at the second sensor 100b is higher than a threshold value, it can be inferred that more metal content is passing through the electro-deionization module 220 than desired. As a result, the controller 240 can be configured to open valve 224a and drain the water from the treatment system 208.

[0150] According to some embodiments, the filter 222 is configured to remove particles from the water. The first sensor 100a can be located downstream of the filter 222Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT and configured to measure a conductivity of the fluid in treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the first sensor 100a can be located in a fluid line that is parallel to the fluid line including the second sensor 100b so that the first sensor 100a can thereby measure the conductivity of the fluid from the filter 222 independently from electro-deionization module 220. In some embodiments, if the conductivity as measured at the first sensor 100a is higher than a threshold value, it can be inferred that more particles are passing through the filter 222 than desired. As a result, the controller 240 can be configured to open valve 224c and drain the water from the treatment system 208.

[0151] The sensor 226 can include a pressure sensor, conductivity sensor, temperature sensor, flowrate sensor, and the like. The pressure sensor measures a pressure of the fluid in the treatment system 208. The conductivity sensor measures a conductivity of the fluid in the treatment system 208. The temperature sensor measures a temperature of the fluid in the treatment system 208. The flow meter sensor measures a flow rate of the fluid passing through the treatment system 208. In some embodiments, the sensor 226 can be a conductivity sensor utilized to measure a concentration of ions in the fluid prior to passing the fluid through the at least one filter 222. In some embodiments, the sensor 226 can be a pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor 226 can be a pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor 226 can be a pressure sensor connected between the module 220 and the filter 222. In some embodiments, the sensor 226 can be a pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor 226 can be a pressure sensor connected to an output of the filter 222.

[0152] With reference to FIGS. 13 and 14 collectively, in some embodiments, the water purification system 202 is configured to control ion removal from the water received from the water source 218. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly 100 (first sensor 100a, second sensor 100b, etc.) can be used to assess whether the filtration steps in pre-treatment system 204, reverse osmosis system 206, treatment system 208, and distribution system 210 are working properly. For example, the water purification system 202 can include a sensor assembly 100 located between the inlet and the pre-treatment system 204 to detect theAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT conductivity of the source water. For example, the water purification system 202 can include a sensor assembly 100 located between the reverse osmosis system 206 and treatment system 208 to detect the conductivity of the water from the reverse osmosis membrane. For example, the water purification system 202 can include a sensor assembly 100 located downstream of the electro-deionization module 220 to detect the conductivity of the purified water provided by treatment system 208. For example, the water purification system 202 can include a sensor assembly 100 located on the distribution loop that is being mixed with the one or more additives at, for example, the proportioning system 212 to produce the dialysate fluid. In this regard, conductivity of the water measured by these sensors along the water purification fluid path from the inlet to the outlet should trend downward. If any of the sensor assembly 100 located downstream of the sensor assembly 100 nearest the inlet detects the conductivity is not decreasing, this can indicate a problem in the sensor assembly 100 and that ions are not being properly removed from the water. Accordingly, the controller 240 can selectively operate the one or more valves, pumps, etc., to drain the water from the system 200. In some embodiments, the controller 240 can selectively operate the one or more values, pumps, etc., so as to prevent unnecessary usage of the respective component to prolong the life of the component and the system 200.

[0153] FIG. 15 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 300 for measuring a concentration of organic carbon in fluid using a sensor assembly, according to some embodiments. The method 300 can be performed using, for example, the sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1, according to some embodiments.

[0154] The method 300, at 302, includes supplying, from a water purification system of a dialysis system, a water including an organic carbon, to an electrochemical sensor of a sensor assembly. In some embodiments, the water purification system can be an embodiment of treatment system 208 of FIG. 14 and in system 200 in FIG. 13. In some embodiments, the sensor assembly can be an embodiment of sensor assembly 100 of FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor includes a plurality of electrodes. The plurality of electrodes can include a first electrode. In some embodiments, the first electrode can include a film. In someAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT embodiments, the film includes a diamond material and a conductive dopant. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor can be an embodiment of sensor assembly 100 in FIGS. 2 and 7. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes including the first electrode can be an embodiment of electrodes 104 including first electrode 104a in FIGS. 2 and 7.

[0155] The method 300, at 304, includes applying a potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water. In some embodiments, the water can be flowing through a chamber defined by a sensor body of the electrochemical sensor. The chamber of the sensor body can be an embodiment of chamber 110 and sensor body 102 of FIG.2. In some embodiments, the first electrode can be in direct contact with the water in the chamber to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water.

[0156] In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0 V to 2.0 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential In a range of 0 V to 1.8 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0 V to 1.6 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0 V to 1.4 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of >0.1 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of theAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0.1 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0.2 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0.4 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0.6 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 0.8 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl. In some embodiments, applying the potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water includes applying a constant potential in a range of 1.0 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl.

[0157] The method 300, at 306, includes measuring, using the sensor assembly, a current between the plurality of electrodes to determine a total organic carbon content of the water. In some embodiments, the current can be applied between the first electrode and a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes. The second electrode can be an embodiment of second electrode 104b in FIGS. 2 and 7. In some embodiments, the total organic carbon content of the water can be determined based on a third electrode. In some embodiments, the third electrode can be configured to provide a reference voltage to the water in the chamber 110 of the sensor body 102. In some embodiments, the total organic carbon content of the water can be determined based on the reference voltage provided by the third electrode. The third electrode can be an embodiment of third electrode 104c of FIGS. 2 and 7.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0158] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor is configured to produce a linear response of current in a presence of 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the organic carbon. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor is configured to produce a linear response of current in a presence of 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the organic carbon. In some embodiments, the total organic carbon content of the water is determined within a duration of 10 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the method does not include adding an oxidizing agent to the water including the organic carbon.

[0159] All prior patents and publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0160] Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrases "in one embodiment," “in an embodiment,” and "in some embodiments" as used herein do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment(s), though it may. Furthermore, the phrases "in another embodiment" and "in some other embodiments" as used herein do not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. All embodiments of the disclosure are intended to be combinable without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure.

[0161] As used herein, the term "based on" is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of "a," "an," and "the" include plural references. The meaning of "in" includes "in" and "on."

[0162] As used herein, the term “between” does not necessarily require being disposed directly next to other elements. Generally, this term means a configuration where something is sandwiched by two or more other things. At the same time, the term “between” can describe something that is directly next to two opposing things. Accordingly, in any one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein, a particular structural component being disposed between two other structural elements can be: disposed directly between both of the two other structural elements such that the particular structural component is in direct contact with both of the two other structural elements; disposed directly next to only one of the two other structuralAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT elements such that the particular structural component is in direct contact with only one of the two other structural elements; disposed indirectly next to only one of the two other structural elements such that the particular structural component is not in direct contact with only one of the two other structural elements, and there is another element which juxtaposes the particular structural component and the one of the two other structural elements; disposed indirectly between both of the two other structural elements such that the particular structural component is not in direct contact with both of the two other structural elements, and other features can be disposed therebetween; or any combination(s) thereof.[01631 ASPECTS

[0164] Various Aspects are described below. It is to be understood that any one or more of the features recited in the following Aspect(s) can be combined with any one or more other Aspect(s).

[0165] Aspect 1. A sensor assembly comprising: an electrochemical sensor, the electrochemical sensor comprising: a sensor body defining a chamber, wherein the sensor body has an inlet and an outlet in fluid communication with the chamber; wherein the inlet is configured to receive a water from a filtration unit; wherein the outlet is configured to discharge the water to a drain; and a plurality of electrodes, wherein at least a portion of the plurality of electrodes is located in the chamber; wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises: a first electrode, wherein the first electrode comprises a diamond material and a conductive dopant; wherein, when the water flows through the chamber of the sensor body and when a potential is applied to the first electrode sufficient to partially oxidize an organic compound present in the water, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the water.

[0166] Aspect 2. The sensor assembly according to aspect 1, further comprising: a temperature sensor, wherein the temperature sensor is configured to measure a temperature of the water in the chamber.

[0167] Aspect 3. The sensor assembly according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the sensor body defines a single chamber.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0168] Aspect 4. The sensor assembly according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the sensor body does not comprise a vapor permeable membrane.

[0169] Aspect 5. The sensor assembly according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the sensor body comprises: a first end, a second end opposite the sensor body from the first end, a first side, and a second side opposite the sensor body from the first side, wherein the first side and the second side extend between the first end and the second end, and wherein the first electrode is connected to the first side of the sensor body.

[0170] Aspect 6. The sensor assembly according to aspect 5, wherein the plurality of electrodes further comprises: a second electrode, wherein the second electrode is connected to the second side of the sensor body, and wherein the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the water based on the potential applied to the first electrode completing an electrical circuit with the second electrode, and a third electrode, wherein the third electrode is connected to a third end of the sensor body, and the third end extends between the first end and the second end, and wherein the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the water based on a reference measurement of the third electrode.

[0171] Aspect 7. The sensor assembly according to aspects 5 or 6, wherein the sensor body further defining: a first receptacle located on the first side, wherein the first electrode is coupled to the sensor body at the first receptacle, and a second receptacle located on the second side, wherein the second receptacle is coupled to the sensor body at the second receptacle.

[0172] Aspect 8. The sensor assembly according to aspect 5, 6, or 7, wherein the sensor body further comprises: a connector port, wherein the connector port is located at a third end of the sensor body, wherein an inner surface of the connector port comprises threads, and wherein the threads of the connector port are configured to engage threads of a connector, and wherein the third electrode extends through an inner channel of the connector.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0173] Aspect 9. The sensor assembly according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0174] Aspect 10. The sensor assembly according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0175] Aspect 11. The sensor assembly according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the conductive dopant comprises boron.

[0176] Aspect 12. The sensor assembly according to any of the preceding aspects, wherein the first electrode comprises a film comprising the diamond material and the conductive dopant, wherein the film of the first electrode has a thickness of 10 nm to 1 μm.

[0177] Aspect 13. A dialysis system comprising: a water purification system, wherein the water purification system is fluidly connectable to a water source; wherein the water purification system is configured to produce a water for use in a dialysis fluid; and a sensor assembly, wherein the sensor assembly comprises an electrochemical sensor that is fluidly connectable to the water purification system, wherein the electrochemical sensor Is configured to receive the water from the water purification system, wherein the electrochemical sensor comprises: a plurality of electrodes; wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises: a first electrode comprising a film; wherein the film comprises a diamond material and a conductive dopant, wherein, when the water is present in the electrochemical sensor and when a potential is applied sufficient to partially oxidize an organic compound present in the water, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the water.

[0178] Aspect 14. The dialysis system according to aspect 13, wherein the sensor assembly does not comprise an oxidizing agent (strong acid, salts, etc.).

[0179] Aspect 15. The dialysis system according to aspects 13 or 14, wherein the film of the first electrode has a thickness of 10 nm to 1 μm.

[0180] Aspect 16. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, or 15, wherein the film is dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.1 cm2to 2 cm2.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT

[0181] Aspect 17. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, 15, or 16, wherein the film comprises a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm·cm to 15 ohm·cm.

[0182] Aspect 18. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, wherein the film comprises 1 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 5 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3.

[0183] Aspect 19. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18, wherein the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0184] Aspect 20. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, wherein the sensor assembly is configured to measure 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the total organic carbon content of the water.

[0185] Aspect 21. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, wherein the conductive dopant comprises boron.

[0186] Aspect 22. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21, wherein the first electrode further comprises: a substrate, wherein the substrate has a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; wherein the film is located on at least one of the first surface, the second surface, or any combination thereof.

[0187] Aspect 23. The dialysis system according to aspect 22, wherein the substrate comprises at least one of a silicon, a titanium, or any combination thereof.

[0188] Aspect 24. The dialysis system according to aspects 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23, wherein the plurality of electrodes further comprises a second electrode.

[0189] Aspect 25. The dialysis system according to aspect 24, wherein the second electrode comprises a film comprising a diamond material and a conductive dopant.

[0190] Aspect 26. The dialysis system according to aspects 24 or 15, wherein the plurality of electrodes further comprises a third electrode.

[0191] Aspect 27. A method comprising: supplying, from a water purification system of a dialysis system, a water comprising an organic carbon, to an electrochemical sensor of a sensor assembly, wherein the electrochemical sensor comprises: aAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT plurality of electrodes; wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises: a first electrode comprising a film; wherein the film comprises a diamond material and a conductive dopant; applying a potential to the first electrode of the electrochemical sensor sufficient to partially oxidize the organic carbon present in the water; and measuring, using the sensor assembly, a current between the plurality of electrodes to determine a total organic carbon content of the water.

[0192] Aspect 28. The method according to aspect 27, wherein the applying comprises applying a constant potential in a range of 0 V to 2.2 V vs Ag / AgCl.

[0193] Aspect 29. The method according to aspects 27 or 28, wherein the electrochemical sensor is configured to produce a linear response of current in a presence of 0.1 ppb to 1500 ppb of the organic carbon.

[0194] Aspect 30. The method according to aspects 27 or 28, wherein the electrochemical sensor is configured to produce a linear response of current in a presence of 0.1 ppb to 1000 ppb of the organic carbon.

[0195] Aspect 31. The method according to aspects 27, 28, 29, or 30, wherein the total organic carbon content of the water is determined within a duration of 5 minutes or less.

[0196] Aspect 32. The method according to aspects 27, 28, 29, 30, or 31, wherein the method does not comprise adding an oxidizing agent to the water comprising the organic carbon.

[0197] It is to be understood that changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of the construction materials employed and the shape, size, and arrangement of parts without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This Specification and the embodiments described are examples, with the true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the claims that follow.

Claims

Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A sensor assembly comprising:an electrochemical sensor, the electrochemical sensor comprising:a sensor body defining a chamber,wherein the sensor body has an inlet and an outlet in fluid communication with the chamber;wherein the inlet is configured to receive a water from a filtration unit; wherein the outlet is configured to discharge the water to a drain; and a plurality of electrodes,wherein at least a portion of the plurality of electrodes is located in the chamber;wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises:a first electrode,wherein the first electrode comprises a diamond material and a conductive dopant;wherein, when the water flows through the chamber of the sensor body and when a potential is applied to the first electrode sufficient to partially oxidize an organic compound present in the water, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the water.

2. The sensor assembly of claim 1, further comprising:a temperature sensor,wherein the temperature sensor is configured to measure a temperature of the water in the chamber.

3. The sensor assembly of claim 1, wherein the sensor body defines a single chamber.

4. The sensor assembly of claim 1, wherein the sensor body does not comprise a vapor permeable membrane.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT 5. The sensor assembly of claim 1, wherein the sensor body comprises:a first end,a second end opposite the sensor body from the first end,a first side, anda second side opposite the sensor body from the first side,wherein the first side and the second side extend between the first end and the second end, and wherein the first electrode is connected to the first side of the sensor body.

6. The sensor assembly of claim 5, wherein the plurality of electrodes further comprises:a second electrode,wherein the second electrode is connected to the second side of the sensor body, and wherein the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the water based on the potential applied to the first electrode completing an electrical circuit with the second electrode, anda third electrode,wherein the third electrode is connected to a third end of the sensor body, and the third end extends between the first end and the second end, and wherein the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure the total organic carbon content of the water based on a reference measurement of the third electrode.

7. The sensor assembly of claim 5, wherein the sensor body further defining:a first receptacle located on the first side,wherein the first electrode is coupled to the sensor body at the first receptacle, anda second receptacle located on the second side,wherein the second receptacle is coupled to the sensor body at the second receptacle.Attorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT 8. The sensor assembly of claim 5, wherein the sensor body further comprises: a connector port,wherein the connector port is located at a third end of the sensor body, wherein an inner surface of the connector port comprises threads, and wherein the threads of the connector port are configured to engage threads of a connector, and wherein a third electrode extends through an inner channel of the connector.

9. The sensor assembly of claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a film comprising the diamond material and the conductive dopant, wherein the film of the first electrode has a thickness of 10 nm to 1 μm.

10. A dialysis system comprising:a water purification system,wherein the water purification system is fluidly connectable to a water source;wherein the water purification system is configured to produce a water for use in a dialysis fluid; anda sensor assembly,wherein the sensor assembly comprises an electrochemical sensor that is fluidly connectable to the water purification system,wherein the electrochemical sensor is configured to receive the water from the water purification system,wherein the electrochemical sensor comprises:a plurality of electrodes;wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises:a first electrode comprising a film;wherein the film comprises a diamond material and a conductive dopant;wherein, when the water is present in the electrochemical sensor and when a potential is applied sufficient to partially oxidize an organicAttorney Docket No. 218079.024001Mozarc Ref. No. IDF00032 PCT compound present in the water, the electrochemical sensor is configured to measure 1500 ppb or less of a total organic carbon content of the water.

11. The dialysis system of claim 10, wherein the sensor assembly does not comprise an oxidizing agent.

12. The dialysis system of claim 10, wherein the film of the first electrode has a thickness of 10 nm to 1 μm.

13. The dialysis system of claim 10, wherein the film is dimensioned sufficient to have a contact surface area of 0.1 cm2to 2 cm2.

14. The dialysis system of claim 10, wherein the film comprises a sufficient amount of the conductive dopant to exhibit a resistivity of 9 ohm·cm to 15 ohm·cm.

15. The dialysis system of claim 10, wherein the film comprises 1 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3to 5 x 1020atoms of the conductive dopant per cm3.

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