Sorption device

Abstract

The present invention relates to a system comprising: a vacuum chamber; and a sorption device configured to connect to the vacuum chamber, the sorption device comprising: a sorption medium; a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin, wherein the cooling element is in thermal communication with the sorption medium; at least one conduit comprising an opening, the opening configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum chamber; and a valve configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein: when the valve is in the first position, the opening is closed; and, when the valve is in the second position, the opening is open.

Description

[0001] System

[0002] Technical Field

[0003] The present invention is concerned with sorption devices. Specifically, the present invention is concerned with sorption devices that may be used to maintain a vacuum in cryogenic applications, for example maintaining a vacuum within a hydrogen fuel tank of an aircraft.

[0004] Sorption devices aid in maintaining a vacuum in an environment by absorbing gas molecules from the environment. During use, the sorption medium may become partially or fully saturated and may become less effective at absorbing gas molecules.

[0005] There are improvements that can be made in the field of sorption devices.Summary of the Invention

[0006] Aspects of the invention are set out in the accompanying claims.

[0007] In accordance with embodiments described herein, there is provided a system comprising a vacuum chamber and a sorption device configured to connect to the vacuum chamber, the sorption device comprising: a sorption medium; a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin, wherein the cooling element is in thermal communication with the sorption medium; at least one conduit comprising an opening, the opening configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum chamber; and a valve configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein: when the valve is in the first position, the opening is closed, and when the valve is in the second position, the opening is open.

[0008] During use of the sorption device, the sorption medium may become partially or fully saturated and may become less effective at absorbing gas molecules. Therefore, the sorption medium may be regenerated or replaced. Regeneration of the sorption medium may refer to heating the sorption medium to high temperatures to desorb the absorbed gases. Replacing the sorption medium may refer to exchanging the sorption medium fora new, unsaturated sorption medium.

[0009] Regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium may disrupt the internal operating conditions of the vacuum chamber. For example, heating the sorption medium to high temperatures during regeneration may result in an increase in the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber connected to the sorption device. During replacement, the vacuum chamber may be in fluid communication with an external environment outside of the vacuum chamber. This may increase or decrease the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber.

[0010] When the vacuum chamber is used to provide insulation to a system (for example, in a cryogenic tank), the disruption of the internal operating conditions of the vacuum chamber may reduce the effectiveness of the vacuum chamber as an insulator. Therefore, regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium may also disrupt the operating conditions of the wider system, as the vacuum chamber’s ability to insulate the system may be reduced.

[0011] Following regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium, energy may be required to bring the temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber back to its normal or optimal operating pressure and / or temperature. If the system comprising the vacuum chamber is also affected, then energy may also be required to bring the temperature and / or pressure of thesystem back to its normal or optimal operating conditions. This results in thermal cycling of the system, leading to early onset of fatigue related failures and a reduction in the life of the structure.

[0012] The system described herein advantageously allows the sorption medium to be replaced or regenerated without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber. In examples, the sorption medium may be replaced or regenerated without bringing the vacuum chamber up to ambient temperature and / or without affecting the internal pressure of vacuum chamber. In examples where the vacuum chamber is providing insulation to a system, this, in turn, allows the sorption medium to be replaced or regenerated without significantly affecting the operating conditions of the system.

[0013] Specifically, when the valve is in the first position, a level of isolation between the vacuum chamber and the sorption medium is achieved. The level of isolation may be a level of physical and / or thermal isolation. This allows the replacement or regeneration of the sorption medium to have a reduced effect on the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber.

[0014] When the level of isolation is a level of thermal isolation, the level of thermal isolation provided by the valve may be a partial thermal isolation, such that a reduced amount of thermal energy is transferred between the sorption medium and the vacuum chamber. The level of thermal isolation provided by the valve may alternatively be a maximum level of thermal isolation, such that a minimal amount of thermal energy is transferred between the sorption medium and the vacuum chamber. When the valve provides a maximum level of thermal isolation, the effect of regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium on the internal temperature of the vacuum chamber is minimised.

[0015] When the level of isolation is a level of physical isolation, the level of physical isolation provided by the valve may be a partial physical isolation, such that fluid communication between the sorption medium and the vacuum chamber is reduced. The level of physical isolation provided by the valve may alternatively be a maximum level of physical isolation, such that there is minimal fluid communication between the sorption medium and the vacuum chamber. When the valve provides a maximum level of physical isolation, the effect of regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium on the internal pressure and / or temperature of the vacuum chamber is minimised.The maximum level of thermal and / or physical isolation that can be provided by the valve may differ depending on the configuration of the system, and can be determined in advance through experimentation.

[0016] By reducing the fluid and / or thermal communication between the sorption medium and the vacuum chamber, less energy is required to restore the normal or optimal operating conditions of the vacuum chamber (and / or the wider system) following regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium. Therefore, the arrangements disclosed herein advantageously reduce thermal cycling of the system. This, in turn, advantageously reduces early onset fatigue of components.

[0017] The arrangements disclosed herein are also energy efficient, as a reduced amount of thermal energy (if any) is required to bring the vacuum chamber back to its optional operating temperature following regeneration or replacement. The arrangements disclosed herein are also time efficient, as a reduced amount of vacuum pumping (if any) may be required to bring the vacuum chamber back to its optional operating conditions following regeneration or replacement.

[0018] This is particularly advantageous for sub 30 Kelvin applications, where there is a significant difference between the normal or optimal operating temperature of the vacuum chamber (and / or the wider system) and the temperature required for regeneration. This results in a significant amount of energy being required to bring the vacuum chamber (and / or the wider system) back to its normal or optimal operating temperature following regeneration. The same applies when the sorption medium is replaced, as there is a significant difference between the normal or optimal operating temperature of the vacuum chamber and ambient temperature. Therefore, a significant amount of energy may be required to bring the vacuum chamber back to its normal or optimal operating temperature following replacement of the sorption medium.

[0019] In addition, due to the low temperatures, effective insulation is particularly important for sub 30 Kelvin applications. Therefore, the arrangement disclosed herein is particularly advantageous for sub 30 Kelvin applications, as regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium has a reduced effect on the internal operating conditions of the vacuum chamber. This allows the vacuum chamber to provide effective insulation, even when the sorption medium is regenerated or replaced.Furthermore, component parts used in sub 30 Kelvin applications are prone to fatigue. Therefore, increasing the lifetime of components by reducing the need for thermal cycling is particularly advantageous in sub 30 Kelvin applications.

[0020] In examples, the valve is a first valve arranged towards a first end of the sorption device; the opening is a first opening arranged towards the first end of the sorption device; the sorption device further comprising: a heating element configured to provide thermal energy to the sorption medium; a vacuum pump arranged towards a second end of the sorption device; a second valve arranged towards the second end of the sorption device; wherein the at least one conduit comprises a second opening arranged towards the second end of the sorption device, the second opening configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum pump; and wherein the second valve is configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein: when the second valve is in the first position, the second opening is closed; and when the second valve is in the second position, the second opening is open.

[0021] In such an arrangement, the sorption medium can be regenerated in-situ without significantly affecting the internal temperature of the vacuum chamber. Specifically, the sorption medium can be regenerated when it is attached to the vacuum chamber in use, without significantly affecting the internal temperature of the vacuum chamber. Advantageously, the same sorption medium is regenerated, therefore there is no requirement for replacement materials and less waste.

[0022] In examples, the sorption medium is arranged within a housing, sorption device further comprising: a piercing device configured to pierce the housing. The piercing device may puncture, cut, or otherwise break the housing such that the sorption medium is in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber when the valve is in the second position. Other devices that puncture, cut, or otherwise break the housing are also compatible with the arrangements disclosed herein.

[0023] In such arrangement, the sorption medium can be replaced without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber. Specifically, when the valve is in the first position the opening is closed, the thermal communication between the vacuum chamber and the external environment is reduced. Replacing the sorption medium with a new sorption medium is a straightforward and effective method of maintaining effective operation of the system, as further components necessary for regeneration are not required.In examples, the piercing device is squib activated. This arrangement is advantageous as is it is straightforward in design and manufacture and does not require interaction from the user. However, other mechanisms for activating the piercing device, such as manual activation, are also compatible with the arrangements disclosed herein.

[0024] In examples, the sorption medium is activated charcoal or zeolite. Such arrangements are advantageous as they provide superior sorption properties in comparison to other sorption materials.

[0025] In examples, the sorption device further comprises an indicator element that indicates whether the sorption medium requires replacing or regenerating. An indicator element is any device or material that provides an indication that the sorption medium has passed a certain predetermined level of saturation and may be replaced or regenerated in order to function more effectively. In other words, the indicator element acts as a gauge that can be read by a user, which advantageously allows determination as to whether the sorption medium is working effectively.

[0026] In examples, the indicator element is visible when the sorption device is in use. Additionally or alternatively, the indicator element may comprise cobalt chloride and / or an iron-based oxygen absorber. This advantageously provides a straightforward but effective indication that the sorption medium may be regenerated or replaced. In examples, the indicator element may be visible in use through a transparent viewing aperture or window within the sorption device. Additionally or alternatively, the cobalt chloride or the iron-based absorber may be embedded within the sorption material, distributed throughout the sorption material, or placed at predetermined points within or proximate to the sorption material. Cobalt chloride turns from blue to pink as it becomes saturated with moisture, and iron-based oxygen absorbers turn brown, or turn from black to grey as it becomes saturated with oxygen. Other indicator elements that change colour as they become saturated may alternatively be used.

[0027] In examples, the indicator element is a counter that indicates that the sorption medium requires replacing or regenerating after a predetermined amount of time has passed. The predetermined amount of time may be a period of time in which the sorption medium will reach a certain level of saturation (the saturation period). The saturation period may be established in advance through testing. This advantageously provides a straightforward but effective indication that the sorption medium has reached a certain level of saturation, and may be replaced or regenerated in order to function effectively.In examples, the cooling element is a cryocooler. The cooling element may be a sub 30 Kelvin cryocooler. For example, the cooling element may be a sub 30 Kelvin cryocooler cold head, or a sub 30 Kelvin Pulse tube cryocooler. The cooling element being a cryocooler advantageously provides improved control over the cooling of the sorption medium, such that the sorption medium can be precisely cooled to a desired temperature. A desired temperature may be the optimal temperature (or a sufficiently optimal temperature region) for effective sorption.

[0028] In examples, the at least one conduit is arranged within the sorption medium. This results in a greater surface area of the conduit being in contact with the sorption medium. This advantageously provides a larger surface area available for the sorption of gases, and a larger surface area for the evacuation of gases during regeneration.

[0029] In examples, the at least one conduit is arranged through a central portion of the sorption medium. This results in the sorption medium being evenly distributed around the conduit. This, in turn, improves sorption and evacuation of gases during regeneration as a large amount of the sorption medium is in close proximity to the conduit. The at least one conduit may be a singular conduit, or may be a plurality of conduits. The central portion may be the centre of the sorption medium, or may be a portion somewhat proximate to the centre of the sorption medium.

[0030] In examples, the sorption medium comprises one or more channels in fluid communication with the at least one conduit. In examples, the one or more channels may be connected to the conduit and may penetrate the sorption medium. The channels may partially penetrate the sorption medium, or may run through the full depth of the sorption material. The one or more channels may be a singular channel, or may be a plurality of channels. The presence of the channels advantageously increases the surface area of the sorption medium. This provides a larger surface area available for the sorption of gases, and a larger surface area for the evacuation of gases during regeneration.

[0031] In examples, the sorption medium is mounted on a thermally conductive element connected to the cooling element. In examples, the thermally conductive element may be a rod, although other shapes are also compatible with the arrangements disclosed herein. In examples, the thermally conductive element may be a cuboid, a plate, a grid or a mesh, or may be in the form of a plurality of rods or separate elements. The thermally conductive element may be made from a material with high thermal conductivity, such as copper, aluminium, iron, steel or other metals. Mounting the sorption medium on the thermally conductive elementadvantageously provides effective heat transfer from the sorption medium to the cooling element during sorption. Mounting the sorption medium on the thermally conductive element also advantageously provides effective heat transfer from a heating element to the sorption medium during regeneration.

[0032] In examples, the thermally conductive element is arranged through a central portion of the sorption medium. In this arrangement, the sorption medium is evenly distributed around the thermally conductive element. This improves the transfer of heat from the sorption medium to the cooling element during sorption. This also improves the transfer of heat from a heating element to the sorption medium during regeneration. The central portion may be the centre of the sorption medium, or may be a portion somewhat proximate to the centre of the sorption medium.

[0033] In examples, the thermally conductive element is perforated, and the at least one conduit is arranged within the thermally conductive element. In such an arrangement, both the conduit and the thermally conductive element are arranged through a central portion of the sorption medium. This advantageously provides improved heat transfer to and from the sorption medium. This also provides improved sorption and evacuation of gases from the sorption medium.

[0034] In examples, the thermally conductive element is connected to one or more thermal supports, and a thermal conductivity of the one or more thermal supports is lower than a thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive element. The one or more thermal supports may be any kind of component that supports or is connected to the thermally conductive element. In examples, the thermal supports may be arranged to hold the thermally conducive element in place within the sorption device. The one or more thermal supports may be made of a material that has a lower thermal conductivity than the material from which the thermally conductive element is made. For example, the thermal supports may be made from an insulating material. The thermal supports may advantageously prevent or restrict the transfer of heat from the thermally conductive element to the surrounding components, and vice versa. This may, for example, prevent the cold temperatures provided by the cooling element from affecting the performance of surrounding components (for example, the valves).

[0035] In examples, each of the sorption medium and the at least one conduit have an annular cross section and may optionally be arranged concentrically. The annular shape advantageously increases the surface area of the sorption medium in contact with the conduit for improved sorption of gases. This also provides improved evacuation of gases during regeneration. Theconduit and the sorption medium being arranged concentrically advantageously results in the sorption medium being evenly distributed around the conduit. This advantageously improves sorption and evacuation of gases during regeneration as a large amount of the sorption medium is in close proximity to the conduit.

[0036] In examples, the vacuum pump is connected to the second end of the sorption device via a Vacuum Coupling Radius, VCR, fitting. This type of fitting advantageously provides a leak-tight seal and ensures that the vacuum is maintained. Other types of fittings are also compatible with the arrangements disclosed herein.

[0037] In accordance with embodiments described herein, there is provided a method of regenerating a sorption device, the method comprising: configuring a first valve of the sorption device in a first position to close a first opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device, wherein the first valve and the first opening are arranged towards a first end of the sorption device, and the first opening is configured to provide fluid communication to an external environment; configuring a second valve of the sorption device in a second position to open a second opening of the conduit arranged within the sorption device, wherein the second valve and the second opening are arranged towards a second end of the sorption device; providing, by a heating element, thermal energy to a sorption medium arranged within the sorption device; extracting, by a vacuum pump and via the second opening, one or more gases from the sorption device; extracting, via a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin, thermal energy from the sorption medium.

[0038] In such an arrangement, the sorption medium is regenerated in-situ without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber. Specifically, the sorption medium can be regenerated when it is attached to the vacuum chamber in use, without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber. Advantageously, the same sorption medium is regenerated, therefore there is no requirement for replacement materials and less waste.

[0039] In examples, thermal energy is provided, by the heating element, to the sorption medium to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature greater than 100 °C. In other examples, thermal energy may be provided, by the heating element, to the sorption medium to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature greater than 200 °C, greater than 300 °C, or higher. Additionally or alternatively, thermal energy may be provided, by the heating element, to the sorption medium to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature no greater than 200 °C, no greater than 300 °C, or nogreater than 400 °C. These temperatures may provide the optimal temperature ranges for regeneration of the sorption medium. In examples, the thermal energy may be provided, by the heating element, to the sorption medium to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature between 100 °C and 200 °C, which provides the optimum temperature range for regeneration of activated charcoal. Alternatively, the thermal energy may be provided, by the heating element, to the sorption medium to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature between 200 °C and 400 °C, which provides the optimum temperature range for regeneration of zeolite.

[0040] In accordance with embodiments described herein, there is provided a method of replacing a first sorption medium of a sorption device, the method comprising: configuring a valve of the sorption device in a first position to close an opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device, wherein the opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device is configured to provide fluid communication to an external environment; replacing a first housing comprising the first sorption medium with a second housing comprising a second sorption medium, wherein the second sorption medium is in thermal communication with a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin; configuring the valve of the sorption device in a second position to open the opening of the conduit arranged within the sorption device; opening, by a piercing device, the second housing.

[0041] In such an arrangement, the sorption medium can be replaced without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber. Specifically, when the valve is in the first position the opening is closed, the thermal communication between the vacuum chamber and the external environment is reduced. Replacing the sorption medium with a new sorption medium is a straightforward and effective method of maintaining effective operation of the system, as further components necessary for regeneration are not required.

[0042] In accordance with embodiments described herein, there is provided a sorption device configured to connect to a vacuum chamber, the sorption device comprising: a sorption medium; a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin, wherein the cooling element is in thermal communication with the sorption medium; at least one conduit comprising an opening, the opening configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum chamber; and a valve configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein: when in the valve is in the first position, the opening is closed; and when the valve is in the second position, the opening is open.In accordance with embodiments described herein, there is provided an aircraft comprising the system or the device described herein. In examples, the system described herein further comprises a fuel tank, wherein the fuel tank comprises the vacuum chamber.

[0043] In examples, the fuel tank is a cryogen fuel tank for an aircraft. As discussed above, the system described herein is particularly advantageous for maintaining a vacuum in sub 30 Kelvin applications. In examples, the invention described herein may advantageously be used to maintain a vacuum in liquid hydrogen fuel tanks, for example those used in aircraft.

[0044] In examples, the system or device described herein may also be embedded on a cryostat or any vessel containing a vacuum. The cryostat or vessel may be installed on an aircraft to provide vacuum insulation to cryogenic components.

[0045] In examples, the heating element is configured to provide thermal energy to the sorption medium when the first valve is in the first position, and / or is configured to not provide thermal energy to the sorption medium when the first valve is in the second position. The heating element can advantageously be configured in an on state when regeneration is required, and configured in an off state when regeneration is not required. Energy used by the heating element is therefore reduced, as the heating element is configured to provide thermal energy only when required.Brief of the

[0046] One or more embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the following figures in which:

[0047] Figure 1A shows a schematic view of a system according to examples of the present disclosure;

[0048] Figure 1B shows a schematic view of a system according to examples of the present disclosure;

[0049] Figure 2A shows a schematic view of a system according to examples of the present disclosure;

[0050] Figure 2B shows a schematic view of a system according to examples of the present disclosure;

[0051] Figure 3A shows a schematic view of a system according to examples of the present disclosure;

[0052] Figure 3B shows a schematic view of a system according to examples of the present disclosure;

[0053] Figure 4 shows a schematic view of a system according to examples of the present disclosure; Figure 5 shows a schematic view of a sorption device according to examples of the present disclosure;

[0054] Figure 6 shows a flow chart of a method of regenerating a sorption device according to examples.

[0055] Figure 7 shows a flow chart of a method of replacing a first sorption medium of a sorption device according to examples.

[0056] Any reference to prior art documents in this specification is not to be considered an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field. As used in this specification, the words “comprises”, “comprising”, and similar words, are not to be interpreted in an exclusive or exhaustive sense. In other words, they are intended to mean “including, but not limited to”. The invention is further described with reference to the following examples. It will be appreciated that the invention as claimed is not intended to be limited in any way by these examples. It will also be recognised that the invention covers not only individual embodiments but also combination of the embodiments described herein.

[0057] The various embodiments described herein are presented only to assist in understanding and teaching the claimed features. These embodiments are provided as a representative sample of embodiments only, and are not exhaustive and / or exclusive. It is to be understood that advantages, embodiments, examples, functions, features, structures, and / or other aspectsdescribed herein are not to be considered limitations on the scope of the invention as defined by the claims or limitations on equivalents to the claims, and that other embodiments may be utilised and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. Various embodiments of the invention may suitably comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of, appropriate combinations of the disclosed elements, components, features, parts, steps, means, etc, other than those specifically described herein. In addition, this disclosure may include other inventions not presently claimed, but which may be claimed in future.Detailed Description

[0058] The present method and system allows for a sorption device to be regenerated or replaced without bringing a related vacuum chamber up to ambient temperature and / or without affecting the internal pressure of vacuum chamber. Specifically, the present method and system provides a sorption device that can be substantially physically and / or substantially thermally isolated from the vacuum chamber during regeneration and replacement, reducing the effect of the regeneration or replacement process on the temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber. This reduces the need for thermal cycling of the vacuum chamber and surrounding components, which improves the lifetime and durability of the components.

[0059] The present method and system are particularly advantageous in cryogenic applications, where there is a significant temperature difference between the inside of the vacuum chamber and the surrounding environment. The present method and system are particularly advantageous in sub 30 Kelvin applications.

[0060] Referring to Figure 1A, there is shown a schematic view of a system 100 according to examples of the present disclosure. The system 100 comprises a vacuum chamber 110 and a sorption device 120 configured to connect to the vacuum chamber 110. The sorption device 120 comprises a sorption medium 130. The sorption device 120 comprises a cooling element 140 configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin. The cooling element 140 is in thermal communication with the sorption medium 130. The sorption device 120 comprises at least one conduit 150 comprising an opening 160. The opening 160 is configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum chamber 110. The sorption device 120 comprises a valve 170 configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position. When the valve 170 is in the first position (as shown in Figure 1A), the opening 160 is closed. When the valve 170 is in the second position (as shown in Figure 1B), the opening 160 is open.

[0061] In examples, the vacuum chamber 110 may be any vessel or component which contains a vacuum. The sorption device 120 may connect to the vacuum chamber 110 via any suitable connection.

[0062] The sorption medium 130 may be a material that absorbs gas molecules from an environment. In examples, the sorption medium 130 may be activated charcoal or zeolite. Activated charcoal and zeolite provide superior sorption properties in comparison to other sorption mediums. Other suitable sorption mediums may be used. Examples of suitable sorption mediums include palladium (for example palladium pellets, palladium nanoparticles or palladium powder),palladium silver alloys, or non-evaporative getter alloys (for example Zirconium-vanadium-iron alloys).

[0063] The cooling element 140 is in thermal communication with the sorption medium 130. Thermal communication between one or more entities means that heat energy can be exchanged between the one or more entities. The cooling element 140 may be configured to extract thermal energy from the sorption medium 130 via conduction, convection and / or radiation. The cooling element 140 may therefore provide effective or optimal operating conditions for the sorption medium 130. The effective or optimal operating temperature for the sorption medium may be below 30 Kelvin. In examples, the cooling element 140 may be a cryocooler. The at least one conduit 150 provides fluid communication between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110 via opening 160. The at least one conduit 150 may be a single conduit, or may be a plurality of conduits.

[0064] In examples, the at least one conduit 150 is arranged within the sorption medium (as shown in Figure 1A). Additionally or alternatively, the at least one conduit 150 may be arranged adjacent to and in contact with the sorption medium 130. The at least one conduit 150 may be arranged in any suitable arrangement that provides fluid communication between the at least one conduit 150 and the sorption medium 130.

[0065] In examples, the at least one conduit 150 may be arranged through a central portion of the sorption medium 130 (as shown in Figure 1A). A central portion refers to the region of the sorption medium 130 somewhat proximate to the centre of the sorption medium 130.

[0066] In the example shown in Figure 1A, the length of the at least one conduit 150 extends across the whole length of the sorption medium 130. In other examples, the at least one conduit 150 may extend through a majority portion of the sorption medium 130, or may extend partially into or through the sorption medium 130.

[0067] The valve 170 may be any suitable valve which can be configured to prevent or reduce fluid communication between two entities in one position and allow fluid communication in another position. In examples, the valve 170 may be a gate valve. Fluid communication between one or more entities means that fluids (such as gases or liquids) can be exchanged between the one or more entities.In examples, the valve 170 may be made of a thermally insulating material. This may advantageously reduce the level of thermal communication between the entities either side of the valve when the valve is in a closed position.

[0068] When the valve 170 is in the first positon (as shown in Figure 1A), opening 160 is closed, and fluid communication between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110 via the opening 160 is reduced or prevented. In examples, when the valve 170 is in the first positon, the sorption medium 130 is not in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 110.

[0069] In Figure 1A, the sorption device 120 is directly connected to the vacuum chamber 110, and the valve 170 is directly between the vacuum chamber 110 and the other features of the sorption device 120. The valve 170, the other features of the sorption device 120 and vacuum chamber 110 can be connected in any suitable arrangement that allows the valve 170 to achieve its function. Specifically, valve 170 reduces or prevents fluid communication between the vacuum chamber 110 and the sorption medium 130 via the opening 160 when the valve is configured in a first position, and allows fluid communication between the vacuum chamber 110 and the sorption medium 130 via the opening 160 when the valve is configured in a second position.

[0070] During use, the sorption medium 130 of the system 100 of Figure 1A may become partially or fully saturated and may no longer be working effectively. For example, over time the sorption medium may have become less effective at absorbing gas molecules from the vacuum chamber 110. In Figure 1A, the valve 170 is configured in the first position, and fluid communication between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110 via the opening 160 and the conduit 150 is reduced or prevented. Therefore, the sorption medium 130 can be regenerated or replaced without significantly affecting the internal environment of the vacuum chamber 110.

[0071] Specifically, when the valve 170 is in the first position, the valve 170 causes a level of physical isolation between the vacuum chamber 110 and the sorption medium 130. Physical isolation is when there is little or no fluid communication between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110. In examples, the level of physical isolation provided by the valve 170 may be partial physical isolation, such that there is a reduced amount of fluid communication between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110. In other examples, the level of physical isolation provided by the valve 170 may alternatively be a maximum level of physical isolation, such that there is a minimal amount of fluid communication between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110. When the valve provides a maximumlevel of physical isolation, the effect of regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium 130 on the internal pressure and / or temperature of the vacuum chamber 110 is minimised.

[0072] The valve 170 may additionally or alternatively cause a level of thermal isolation between the vacuum chamber 110 and the sorption medium 130. Thermal isolation is when little or no thermal energy is transferred between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110. In examples, the level of thermal isolation provided by the valve 170 may be partial thermal isolation, such that a reduced amount of thermal energy is transferred between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110. In other examples, the level of thermal isolation provided by the valve 170 may alternatively be a maximum level of thermal isolation, such that a minimal amount of thermal energy is transferred between the sorption medium 130 and the vacuum chamber 110. When the valve provides a maximum level of thermal isolation, the effect of regeneration or replacement of the sorption medium 130 on the internal temperature of the vacuum chamber 110 is minimised.

[0073] Referring to Figure 1B, there is shown a schematic view of a system 100' according to examples of the present disclosure.

[0074] The example in Figure 1B has the same features as Figure 1A. For example, sorption medium 130' of Figure 1B has the same function as the sorption medium 130 of Figure 1A. All such features may not be discussed in detail herein. Such features include vacuum chamber 110', sorption device 120', sorption medium 130', cooling element 140', conduit 150', opening 160' and valve 170'.

[0075] The system 100 shown in Figure 1B is schematic and is used to provide an understanding of parts of the present disclosure. In Figure 1B, the valve 170' is shown in the second position, where the opening 160' is in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 110'. Gas molecules present in the vacuum chamber 110' may enter the at least one conduit 150' of the sorption device 120' through the opening 160'. The gas molecules are then absorbed from the at least one conduit 150' by the sorption medium 130'. Therefore, when the valve 170' is in the second position, the sorption medium 130' maintains the vacuum within the vacuum chamber 110' by absorbing molecules from the vacuum chamber 110'.

[0076] Referring to Figure 2A, there is shown a schematic view of a system 200 according to examples of the present disclosure.The example in Figure 2A has many of the same features (or similar features) as Figure 1A, the reference numerals of which are increased by 100 in Figure 2A. For example, sorption medium 230 of Figure 2A has a similar or the same function as the sorption medium 130 of Figure 1A. All such features may not be discussed in detail herein. Such features include vacuum chamber 210, sorption device 220, sorption medium 230, cooling element 240, conduit 250, opening 260 and valve 270.

[0077] The system 200 shown in Figure 2A shows an example system for regenerating the sorption device 220. In the system 200, the sorption medium 230 may be regenerated in-situ. In the examples described herein, in-situ refers to regenerating the sorption medium 230 while the sorption device 220 is connected to the vacuum chamber 210. This is advantageous as it allows the same sorption medium 230 to be re-used.

[0078] In the example shown in Figure 2A, the sorption device 220 has a first end 221 and a second end 222. The at least one conduit 250 of the sorption device 220 has a first opening 260 arranged towards the first end 221 of the sorption device 220 and a second opening 261 arranged towards the second end 222 of the sorption device 220. The second opening 261 may be configured to provide fluid communication to a vacuum pump 290.

[0079] In examples, the first opening 260 may be arranged at the first end 221 of the sorption device 220, or proximate to the first end 221 of the sorption device 220. In examples, the second opening 261 may be arranged at the second end 222 of the sorption device 220, or proximate to the second end 222 of the sorption device 220.

[0080] In examples, the first end 221 of the sorption device 220 may be the end or portion of the sorption device 220 that is connected to the vacuum chamber 210.

[0081] The sorption device 220 further comprises a heating element 280 configured to provide thermal energy to the sorption medium 230. The heating element 280 may provide thermal energy to the sorption medium 230 via conduction, convection and / or radiation. The heating element 280 may be in thermal communication with the sorption medium 230.

[0082] The thermal energy provided by the heating element 280 causes gases absorbed by the sorption medium 230 during normal use (for example, when the sorption medium 230 is being used to maintain a vacuum) to be released from the sorption medium 230. The thermal energy provided by the heating element 290 may cause a saturated or partially saturated sorptionmedium 230 to become partially or fully unsaturated. The partially or fully unsaturated sorption medium 230 can then be used again to absorb gases from within a vacuum environment.

[0083] Different sorption mediums may require heating to different temperatures in order to release the absorbed gases. In examples, the heating element 280 may provide thermal energy to the sorption medium 230 to heat the sorption medium 230 to a temperature greater than 100 °C. In examples, the heating element 280 may provide thermal energy to the sorption medium 230 to heat the sorption medium 230 to a temperature greater than 200 °C, greater than 300 °C, or higher. In examples, the heating element 280 may provide thermal energy to the sorption medium 230 to heat the sorption medium 230 to a temperature no greater than 200 °C, no greater than 300 °C, or no greater than 400 °C.

[0084] The temperature provided by the heating element 280 may provide the optimal temperature ranges for regeneration of the sorption medium 230. The temperature provided by the heating element 280 may therefore depend on the type of sorption medium 230. In examples where the sorption medium 230 comprises activated charcoal, the heating element 280 may be configured to increase the temperature of the sorption medium 230 to a temperature between 100 °C and 200 °C, which provides a highly suitable temperature range for the regeneration of activated charcoal. Alternatively, in examples where the sorption medium 230 comprises zeolite, the heating element 280 may be configured to increase the temperature of the sorption medium 230 to a temperature between 200 °C and 400 °C, which provides the optimum temperature range for the regeneration of zeolite.

[0085] The sorption device 220 may further comprise a vacuum pump 290 arranged towards the second end 222 of the sorption device 220. In examples, the vacuum pump 290 is at or proximate to the second end 222 of the sorption device 220.

[0086] The vacuum pump 290 is configured to extract the gases released from the sorption medium 230 as a result of the sorption medium 230 receiving thermal energy from the heating element 280. In examples, the vacuum pump is a turbo molecular vacuum pump. Any suitable vacuum pump that extracts gases released from the sorption medium 230 is compatible with the arrangements disclosed herein.

[0087] The heating element 280 may be detachably connected to the sorption device 220. In examples, when the sorption device 220 is in use (for example when the sorption device is being used to maintain a vacuum), the heating element 280 is not connected to the sorption device 220. In examples, the heating element 280 may be connected to the sorption device220 when the sorption medium 230 becomes partially or fully saturated and may be regenerated.

[0088] In examples, the heating element 280 is configured in an off state when the sorption device 220 is in use. For example, the heating element 280 may be configured to not provide thermal energy to the sorption medium 230 when the first valve 270 is in the second position (when the sorption device is being used to maintain a vacuum). The heating element 280 may be configured to provide thermal energy to the sorption medium 230 when the first valve 270 is in the first position (when the sorption medium 230 becomes partially or fully saturated and may be regenerated).

[0089] The vacuum pump 290 may be detachably connected to the sorption device 220. In examples, when the sorption device 220 is in use (for example when the sorption device 220 is being used to maintain a vacuum), the vacuum pump 290 is not connected to the sorption device 220. In examples, the vacuum pump 290 may be connected to the sorption device 220 when the sorption medium 230 becomes partially or fully saturated and may be regenerated in order to function effectively.

[0090] In examples, the vacuum pump 290 may be connected to the sorption device 220 via Vacuum Coupling Radius, VCR, fitting. Any suitable connection between the vacuum pump 290 and the sorption device 220 is compatible with the arrangements disclosed herein.

[0091] In the example shown in Figure 2A, the sorption device 220 has a first valve 270 arranged towards the first end 221 of the sorption device 220. The sorption device 220 comprises a second valve 271 arranged towards the second end 222 of the sorption device 220.

[0092] The second valve 271 is configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position. When the second valve 271 is in the first position, the second opening 261 is closed (as shown in Figure 2A). Therefore, when the second valve 271 is in the first position, fluid communication between the conduit 250 and the vacuum pump 290 via the second opening 261 is prevented or reduced. When the second valve 271 is in the second position, the second opening 261 is open (as shown in Figure 2B). Therefore, when the second valve 271 is in the second position, the conduit 250 is in fluid communication with the vacuum pump 290 via the second opening 261.

[0093] In examples, the first valve 270 may be arranged at the first end 221 of the sorption device 220, or proximate to the first end 221 of the sorption device 220. In examples, the secondvalve 271 may be arranged at the second end 222 of the sorption device 220, or proximate to the second end 222 of the sorption device 220.

[0094] The first valve 270, the sorption medium 230 and the vacuum chamber 210 may be connected in any suitable arrangement provided that the function of the first valve 270 is achieved. Specifically, the first valve 270 reduces fluid communication between the vacuum chamber 210 and the sorption medium 230 via the first opening 260 in a first position, and allows fluid communication between the vacuum chamber 210 and the sorption medium 230 via first opening 260 in a second position.

[0095] The second valve 271, sorption medium 230 and vacuum pump 290 may be arranged in any suitable arrangement provided that the function of the second valve 271 is achieved. Specifically, the second valve 271 reduces fluid communication between the vacuum pump 290 and the sorption medium 230 via the second opening 261 when the valve 271 is in a first position, and allows fluid communication between the vacuum pump 290 and the sorption medium via the second opening 261 when the valve 271 is in a second position.

[0096] In the example shown in Figure 2A, the first valve 270 is shown in the second position, where the first opening 260 is in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 210. Gas molecules present in the vacuum chamber 210 may enter the conduit 250 of the sorption device 220 through the first opening 260. The gas molecules are then absorbed from the conduit 250 by the sorption medium 230. Therefore, when the first valve 270 is in the second position, the sorption medium 230 maintains the vacuum within the vacuum chamber 210 by absorbing molecules from the vacuum chamber 210.

[0097] In the example shown in Figure 2A, the second valve 271 is in the first position, where the second opening 261 is closed. Therefore, fluid communication between the sorption medium 230 and the vacuum pump 290 via the second opening 261 is reduced or prevented. In Figure 2A, the sorption medium 230 is in use, and is working effectively to absorb gas molecules from the vacuum chamber 210.

[0098] Referring to Figure 2B, there is shown a schematic view of a system 200' according to examples of the present disclosure.

[0099] The example in Figure 2B has the same features as Figure 2A, the reference numerals of which include a '. For example, sorption medium 230' of Figure 2B has the same function as the sorption medium 230 of Figure 2A. All such features may not be discussed in detail herein.Such features include vacuum chamber 210', sorption device 220', the first end 22T, the second end 222', sorption medium 230', cooling element 240', conduit 250', the first opening 260', the second opening 26T, the first valve 270', the second valve 27T, the heating element 280' and the vacuum pump 290'.

[0100] In the example shown in Figure 2B, the sorption medium 230' has become partially or fully saturated, and is no longer working effectively. Therefore, the sorption medium 230' may be regenerated to release the absorbed gases so the sorption medium 230' can work effectively again. During regeneration, the first valve 270' is configured in the first position, where the first opening 260' is closed and fluid communication between the sorption medium 230' and the vacuum chamber 210' via the first opening 260' is prevented or reduced.

[0101] In the example shown in Figure 2B, the second valve 27T is configured in the second position, where the second opening 26T is open. Thermal energy is provided to the sorption medium 230' by the heating element 280', which causes absorbed gases to be released from the sorption medium into the conduit 250'. The second opening 26T of the conduit 250' is in fluid communication with the vacuum pump 290'. The vacuum pump 290' extracts the gases released from the sorption medium 230' from the sorption device 220'.

[0102] In examples, the cooling element 240' is configured in an off state when the heating element 280' provides thermal energy to the sorption medium 230.

[0103] When the first valve 270' is configured in the first position and the second valve 27T is configured in the second position, the sorption medium 230' can be regenerated in-situ without significantly affecting the internal conditions of the vacuum chamber 210'.

[0104] Referring to Figure 3A, there is shown a schematic view of a system 300 according to examples of the present disclosure.

[0105] The example in Figure 3A has the same or similar features as Figure 1A, the reference numerals of which have been increased by 200. For example, sorption medium 330 of Figure 3A has the same or similar function as the sorption medium 130 of Figure 1 A. All such features may not be discussed in detail herein. Such features include vacuum chamber 310, sorption device 320, sorption medium 330, cooling element 340, conduit 350, opening 360 and valve 370.The system 300 shown in Figure 3A shows an example system for replacing the sorption medium 330. In the system 300, a saturated sorption medium 330 may be replaced by a new, unsaturated sorption medium 330' (as shown in Figure 3B).

[0106] In the example system shown in Figure 3A, a portion of the sorption device 320 including the sorption medium 330 may be removed and replaced. In other examples, only the sorption medium 330 is replaced.

[0107] In the system 300, the sorption medium 330 is arranged within a housing 331. The sorption device includes a piercing device 332 configured to pierce the housing 331. As shown in Figure 3A, the piercing device 332 may be arranged within the housing 331 and may be configured to puncture the housing 331 from the inside. The piercing device may be any device that can be configured to puncture, cut, or otherwise break the housing 331 such that the sorption medium 330 is in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 310 when the valve 370 is in the second position.

[0108] Before the housing 331 is pierced by the piercing device 332, the housing 331 encloses the sorption medium 330 so that the sorption medium 330 is not in fluid communication with the surrounding environment. The surrounding environment in this context refers to any environment outside of the housing 331. Housing 331 may prevent gas molecules from reaching the sorption medium 330, therefore preventing the sorption medium 330 from becoming particularly or fully saturated when not in use.

[0109] In examples, the piercing device 332 may be squib activated. Squib activation may refer to activating the piercing device 332 with the use of an explosive element. Other means of activating the piercing device 332 are compatible with the examples discussed herein. Activating the piercing device 332 may refer to causing the piercing device 332 to pierce the housing 331.

[0110] In Figure 3A, the housing 331 is arranged around the sorption medium 330, the at least one conduit 350, and the piercing device 332. The piercing device 332 is arranged within the housing 331 and is configured to puncture the housing 331 from the inside. When activated, the piercing device 332 may be configured to move in the direction shown by arrow X in Figure 3A to pierce the housing 331. In other examples, the piecing device 332 may be external to the housing 331 , or may be in any arrangement that allows the piercing device 332 to pierce the housing 331 in use.In the example shown in Figure 3A, the valve 370 is in the first position, and the opening 360 is closed. Fluid communication between the sorption medium 330 and the vacuum chamber 310 via the conduit 350 is reduced or prevented. In the example shown in Figure 3A, the sorption medium 340 may have become partially or fully saturated, and may no longer be working effectively. As fluid communication between the sorption medium 330 and the vacuum chamber 310 is reduced or prevented by the valve 370, the sorption medium 330 can be removed from the sorption device 320 without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber 310.

[0111] In examples, the sorption device 320 may comprise an external casing 324 comprising a casing opening 323 through which the first sorption medium 330 can be accessed and replaced. In examples, the external casing 324 may comprise a door through with the sorption first medium 330 can be accessed and replaced. In examples, the door may comprise a seal which reduces or prevents fluid communication between the external environment surrounding the sorption device 320 and the components within the external casing 324.

[0112] In other examples, the housing 331 may directly connect to a portion of the sorption device 320 which includes the valve 370. During replacement of the first sorption medium 330, housing 331 may be disconnected from the portion of the sorption device that includes the valve 370 and replaced with a second sorption medium 330' arranged within a second housing 33T.

[0113] Referring to Figure 3B, there is shown a schematic view of a system 300' according to examples of the present disclosure.

[0114] The example in Figure 3B has the same or similar features as Figure 3A, the reference numerals of which include a '. For example, sorption medium 330' of Figure 3B has the same or similar function as the sorption medium 330 of Figure 3A. All such features may not be discussed in detail herein. Such features include vacuum chamber 310', sorption device 320', sorption medium 330', cooling element 340', conduit 350', opening 360' and valve 370'.

[0115] The system 300' shown in Figure 3B shows an example system for replacing the sorption medium 330. In the system 300', the saturated sorption medium 330 (shown in Figure 3A) has been replaced by a new, unsaturated sorption medium 330' (as shown in Figure 3B). As shown in Figure 3B, the housing 33T has been pierced by the piercing device 332'. The valve 370' is configured in the second position, and the opening 360' is open. The opening 360' is in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 310'. Gas molecules present in the vacuumchamber 310' enter the conduit 350' of the sorption device 320' through the opening 360'. The gas molecules are then absorbed from the conduit 350' by the sorption medium 330'. Therefore, when the valve 370' is in the second position, the sorption medium 330' maintains the vacuum within the vacuum chamber 310' by absorbing molecules from the vacuum chamber 310'.

[0116] Referring to Figure 4, there is shown a schematic view of a system 400 according to examples of the present disclosure.

[0117] The example in Figure 4 has many of the same features (or similar features) as Figure 3A, the reference numerals of which are increased by 100 in Figure 4. For example, sorption medium 430 of Figure 4 has a similar or the same function as the sorption medium 330 of Figure 3A. All such features may not be discussed in detail herein. Such features include vacuum chamber 410, sorption device 420, sorption medium 430, cooling element 440, conduit 450, opening 460 and valve 470.

[0118] As shown in Figure 4, the sorption device 420 may comprise an indicator element 433 that indicates whether the sorption medium 430 requires replacing or regenerating.

[0119] The indicator element 433 may provide a visual indication that the sorption medium 430 is becoming partially or fully saturated. For example, the indicator element 433 may change colour as the sorption medium 430 absorbs gas molecules.

[0120] The indicator element 433 may be distributed throughout the sorption medium 430. This provides an accurate indication of when all (or a major portion) of the sorption medium 430 is partially or fully saturated. Alternatively, the indicator element 433 may be arranged within a portion of the sorption medium 430, or arranged proximate to the sorption medium 433. In examples, the indicator element 443 may be a powder that is mixed with the sorption medium 430.

[0121] In examples, the indicator element 433 is visible when the sorption device 420 is in use. For example, the indicator element 433 may be visible through a viewing window 434 within the sorption device. Therefore, the sorption device 420 provides an indication that the sorption medium 430 may be replaced or regenerated which can be easily viewed when the sorption device 420 is in use.The indicator element 433 may comprise cobalt chloride. Additionally or alternatively, the indicator element 433 may comprise an iron-based oxygen absorber. The indicator element 433 may be any other suitable material that changes colour in the presence of gas molecules. In examples, the indicator element is a combination of materials. The indicator element 433 may be a combination of cobalt chloride and an iron-based oxygen absorber.

[0122] In examples, the indicator element 433 may be a counter that indicates that the sorption medium 430 requires replacing or regenerating after a predetermined amount of time has passed. The counter may be a clock. The counter may indicate that a predetermined amount of time has passed by providing a visual or audible indication (for example, the counter may sound an alarm or cause a warning light to be switched on).

[0123] In examples, the indicator element 433 may include a residual gas analyser (RGA). The RGA may provide a visual indication when a predetermined amount of a gas species within the vacuum chamber is reached. The predetermined amount may relate to a concentration or the like.

[0124] In examples, the indicator element 433 may provide a haptic or auditory indication that the sorption medium 430 is becoming partially or fully saturated and may be regenerated or replaced.

[0125] The predetermined time may be determined in advance through experiments. The predetermined time may refer to the amount of time in which the sorption medium 430 reaches a certain level of saturation. The level of saturation may be partial or full saturation. The predetermined time may depend on the type of sorption medium 430.

[0126] As shown in Figure 4, in examples the sorption medium may comprise one or more channels 435 in fluid communication with the at least one conduit 450. In examples, the one or more channels 435 may be connected to the at least one conduit 450 and / or may extend from the at least one conduit 450. The one or more channels 435 may penetrate or extend into the sorption medium 430. The channels 435 may partially extend into the sorption medium 430 (as shown in Figure 4), or may extend the full depth of the sorption material 430. The one or more channels 435 may be a singular channel, or may be a plurality of channels.

[0127] When the valve 470 is in the second position and the opening 460 is in fluid communication with the vacuum chamber 410, gas molecules present in the vacuum chamber 410 may enter the at least one conduit 450 of the sorption device 420 through the opening 460. The gasmolecules are then absorbed from the at least one conduit 450 by the sorption medium 430. The presence of one or more channels 435 advantageously increases the surface area of the sorption medium 430, providing a larger surface area available for the sorption of gases from the conduit 450. Therefore, the one or more channels 435 improve the efficiency of the sorption medium 430 at absorbing gas molecules, allowing the sorption device 420 to more effectively maintain the vacuum within the vacuum chamber 410.

[0128] The one or more channels 435 also increase the efficiency of the regeneration process, as the sorption medium 430 has a larger surface area for the evacuation of gases absorbed by the sorption medium 430.

[0129] As shown in Figure 4, in examples the sorption medium 430 may be mounted on a thermally conductive element 436 connected to the cooling element 440. The sorption medium 430 may be arranged around the conductive element 440, or arranged proximate to and in contact with the thermally conductive element 436. The thermally conductive element 436 may be connected to the cooling element 440 via any suitable connection that allows thermal energy to be transferred between the cooling element 440 and the conductive element 436.

[0130] The thermally conductive element 436 may conduct thermal energy from the sorption medium 430 to the cooling element 440. The thermally conductive element 436 may have a higher thermal conductivity than the thermal conductivity of the sorption medium 430. Therefore, heat energy within the sorption medium 430 can be more effectively transferred from the sorption medium 430 to the cooling element 440. An effective (or optimal) operating temperature of the sorption medium 430 can therefore be more easily provided and maintained during sorption. In examples where a heating element 280 is also present (as shown in the example of Figure 2A), the thermally conductive element 436 may also be connected to the heating element 280. In this example, the thermally conductive element 436 conducts thermal energy from the heating element 280 to the sorption medium 430. Heat energy from the heating element 280 can therefore be more effectively transferred from the heating element 280 to the sorption medium 430. Therefore, an effective (or optimal) operating temperature for regeneration of the sorption medium can be more easily provided and maintained during regeneration.

[0131] The thermally conductive element 436 may be a rod, although other shapes are also compatible with the arrangements disclosed herein. In examples, the thermally conductive element may be a cuboid, a plate, a grid or a mesh, or may be in the form of a plurality of rods or separate elements. The thermally conductive element 436 may be any suitable

[0132] 1arrangement that conducts thermal energy from the heating element 280, 280' to the sorption medium 430 and / or from the sorption medium 430 to the cooling element 440.

[0133] The thermally conductive element 436 may be made from a material with high thermal conductivity, such as copper, aluminium, iron, steel or other metals. Other materials with a thermal conductivity higher than the thermal conductivity of the sorption medium 430 are also suitable.

[0134] In examples, the thermally conductive element 436 is arranged through a central portion of the sorption medium 430. A central portion refers to the region of the sorption medium 430 proximate to its centre. In examples, the thermally conductive element 436 may be arranged through the centre of the sorption medium 430. Arranging the thermally conductive element 436 through a central portion of the sorption medium results in the sorption medium 430 being substantially evenly distributed around the thermally conductive element 436, which improves the transfer of heat between the sorption medium 430 and the thermally conductive element 436.

[0135] In the example shown in Figure 4, the length of the thermally conductive element 436 extends across the length of the sorption medium 430. In other examples, the thermally conductive element 436 may extend through a majority portion of the sorption medium 430, or may extend partially into the sorption medium 430.

[0136] In examples, the thermally conductive element 436 is perforated and the at least one conduit 450 is arranged within the thermally conductive element 436. For example, the conductive element 436 may be a hollow rod or tube. When the at least one conduit 450 is arranged within the thermally conductive element 436, the thermally conductive element 436 is perforated to allow fluid communication between the sorption medium 430 and the conduit 450. In this way, gases present in the vacuum chamber 410 that enter the conduit 450 via the opening 460 may be absorbed by the sorption medium 450 via the perforations.

[0137] In examples, each of the sorption medium 430 and the at least one conduit 450 may have an annular cross section and may be arranged concentrically. When a cross sectional view is taken along the length of the sorption device 420, the sorption medium 430 and the at least one conduit 450 may form broadly concentric circles.

[0138] In examples, the thermally conductive element 436 may be connected to one or more thermal supports 437. The one or more thermal supports 437 may be any kind of component thatsupports or is connected to the thermally conductive element 436. The thermal supports 437 may be arranged to hold the thermally conducive element 436 in place within the sorption device 420.

[0139] The thermal conductivity of the one or more thermal supports 437 may be lower than the thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive element 436. The one or more thermal supports 437 may be made from a thermally insulating material. The one or more thermal supports 437 advantageously prevent or restrict the transfer of heat between the thermally conductive element 436 and the surrounding components (for example, the valve 470). The one or more thermal supports 437 therefore prevent the cold temperatures provided by the cooling element 440 from affecting the performance of the valve 470 and other surrounding components. The damage to the surrounding components as a result of thermal cycling during regeneration is therefore also reduced.

[0140] In examples, the vacuum chamber 410 may comprise cryogenic material 411, such as liquid hydrogen. The sorption medium 430 may be in thermal communication with the cryogenic material 411 via a conduction link 412 arranged between the cryogenic material 411 and the sorption medium 430. This advantageously allows the sorption medium 430 to be maintained at a cryogenic temperature (for example, sub 30 Kelvin). This is particularly useful for sorption mediums that have effective or optimal operating conditions at cryogenic temperatures.

[0141] Any one of the indicator element 433, the viewing window 434, the one or more channels 435, the thermally conductive element 436, the one or more thermal supports 437, or any combination of these features, is compatible the any one of the examples discussed herein. For example, the indicator element 433, the viewing window 434, the one or more channels 435, the thermally conductive element 436, the one or more thermal supports 437, or any combination of these features, is compatible with each of systems 100, 200, 300 discussed herein.

[0142] Referring to Figure 5, there is shown a schematic view of a sorption device 520 according to examples of the present disclosure.

[0143] The example in Figure 5 has many of the same features (or similar features) as Figure 4, the reference numerals of which are increased by 100 in Figure 5. For example, sorption medium 530 of Figure 5 has a similar or the same function as the sorption medium 430 of Figure 4. All such features may not be discussed in detail herein. Such features include sorption device 520, sorption medium 530, cooling element 540, conduit 550, opening 560 and valve 570.Figure 5 schematically shows an example of a sorption device 520 which is configured to connect to a vacuum chamber (for example, the vacuum chamber 110, 210, 310, 410 discussed herein). The sorption device 520 is configured to connect to a vacuum chamber via any suitable coupling means.

[0144] The sorption device 520 may be arranged within a system as shown in Figures 1A, 1 B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B and 4.

[0145] In examples, the sorption device 520 may also be configured to connect to other components, entities, or vessels which contain a vacuum. For example, the sorption device 520 may be configured to connect to a cryostat. The cryostat or vessel may be installed on an aircraft to provide vacuum insulation to cryogenic components, although other applications are also compatible with the examples of the present disclosure.

[0146] The present system and device may advantageously be used within an aircraft, where preventing fatigue of components is particularly important. In examples, the vacuum chamber described herein may advantageously be a vacuum chamber of a fuel tank. In this example, the present system advantageously allows the sorption medium to be easily regenerated or replaced during flight without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber of the fuel tank, ensuring effective insulation of the aircraft fuel.

[0147] The fuel tank may advantageously be a cryogen fuel tank for an aircraft. In cryogen fuel tanks, the internal temperature of the fuel tank is significantly different to ambient temperature, therefore effective insulation is particularly important.

[0148] Referring now to Figure 6, there is shown a flow chart 600 of a method of regenerating a sorption device according to examples. The method 600 has five steps 601, 602, 603, 604, and 605.

[0149] In a first step 601 , a first valve of the sorption device is configured in a first position to close a first opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device. The first valve and the first opening are arranged towards a first end of the sorption device, and the first opening is configured to provide fluid communication to an external environment. An external environment in this context is any environment that is external to the sorption device. The external environment may be a vacuum chamber, or any other vessel or space from which gas molecules may be absorbed by the sorption device.In a second step 602, a second valve of the sorption device is configured in a second position to open a second opening of the conduit arranged within the sorption device. The second valve and the second opening are arranged towards a second end of the sorption device, and the second opening is configured to provide fluid communication to a vacuum pump.

[0150] In a third step 603, thermal energy is provided by a heating element to a sorption medium arranged within the sorption device.

[0151] In a fourth step 604, one or more gases are extracted from the sorption device by the vacuum pump and via the second opening.

[0152] In a fifth step 605, thermal energy is extracted from the sorption medium via a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin.

[0153] The method of regenerating a sorption device discussed herein advantageously allows the sorption medium to be regenerated without significantly affecting the conditions of the external environment from which gas molecules are absorbed by the sorption device. Where the external environment is a vacuum chamber, the method of regenerating a sorption device discussed herein advantageously allows the sorption medium to be regenerated without significantly affecting the internal operating conditions of the vacuum chamber.

[0154] The third step 603 may additionally comprise providing, by the heating element, thermal energy to the sorption medium to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature greater than 100°C. This may be an effective or optimum temperature for regeneration of the sorption medium.

[0155] The effective or optimum temperature for regeneration depends on the type of sorption medium. In examples, the third step 603 may comprise providing, by the heating element, thermal energy to the sorption medium to heat the sorption medium to a temperature greater than 200 °C, greater than 300 °C, or higher. In examples, the third step 503 may comprise providing, by the heating element, thermal energy to the sorption medium to heat the sorption medium to a temperature no greater than 200 °C, no greater than 300 °C, or no greater than 400 °C.

[0156] The temperature provided by the heating element in step 603 may provide the optimal temperature ranges for regeneration of the sorption medium. The temperature provided by theheating element may depend on the type of sorption medium. In examples, the third step 603 may comprise providing, by the heating element, thermal energy to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature between 100 °C and 200 °C, which provides the optimum temperature range for regeneration of activated charcoal.

[0157] Alternatively, the third step 603 may comprise providing, by the heating element, thermal energy to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature between 200 °C and 400 °C, which provides the optimum temperature range for regeneration of zeolite.

[0158] Referring now to Figure 7, there is shown a flow chart 700 of a method of replacing a first sorption medium of a sorption device according to examples. The method 700 has four steps 701, 702, 703, 704, and 705.

[0159] In a first step 701, a valve of the sorption device is configured in a first position to close an opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device. The opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device is configured to provide fluid communication to an external environment. An external environment in this context is any environment that is external to the sorption device. The external environment may be a vacuum chamber, or any other component or space from which gas molecules may be absorbed by the sorption device.

[0160] In a second step 702, a first housing comprising the first sorption medium is replaced with a second housing comprising a second sorption medium. The second sorption medium is in thermal communication with a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin.

[0161] In a third step 703, the valve of the sorption device is configured in a second position to open the opening of the conduit arranged within the sorption device.

[0162] In a fourth step 704, the second housing is opened by a piercing device.

[0163] The method of replacing a first sorption medium of sorption device discussed herein advantageously allows a first sorption medium to be replaced with a second sorption medium without significantly affecting the conditions of the external environment from which gas molecules are absorbed by the sorption device. The first sorption medium may require replacement as it has become partially or fully saturated and is no longer working effectively. The second sorption medium may be a new, unsaturated sorption medium.Where the external environment is a vacuum chamber, the method of replacing a sorption medium within a sorption device discussed herein advantageously allows a first sorption medium to be replaced with a second sorption medium without significantly affecting the internal operating conditions of the vacuum chamber.

[0164] The methods discussed herein are particularly advantageous for aircraft applications. In examples, the vacuum chamber described herein may advantageously be a vacuum chamber of a fuel tank. In this example, the present methods advantageously allow the sorption medium to be easily regenerated or replaced during flight without significantly affecting the internal temperature and / or pressure of the vacuum chamber of the fuel tank, ensuring effective insulation of the aircraft fuel.

[0165] In other examples, the sorption medium can advantageously be regenerated or replaced during an aircraft maintenance cycle.

[0166] The method discussed herein of regenerating a sorption device allows regeneration of the sorption medium in-situ, and advantageously recycles the same sorption medium. This is particularly advantageous for aircraft applications, as there is no requirement for replacement materials to be carried on board the aircraft, and less waste is produced.

[0167] The method discussed herein of replacing the sorption medium of a sorption device is also advantageous in aircraft applications, as it is straightforward and effective, and further components necessary for regeneration are not required.

[0168] The present invention may advantageously be embedded on a cryostat or any vessel containing a vacuum. The cryostat or vessel may be installed on an aircraft to provide vacuum insulation to cryogenic components. The present invention may advantageously be used in sub 30 Kelvin applications. In particular, the present invention is highly advantageous for maintaining a vacuum in cryogenic applications in aircraft. The presently disclosed system may be highly advantageous in aerospace applications, however may also be used in any application where a vacuum is present.

Claims

1. CLAIMS1. A system comprising:a vacuum chamber; anda sorption device configured to connect to the vacuum chamber, the sorption device comprising:a sorption medium;a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin, wherein the cooling element is in thermal communication with the sorption medium;at least one conduit comprising an opening, the opening configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum chamber; anda valve configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein:when the valve is in the first position, the opening is closed; and, when the valve is in the second position, the opening is open.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein:the valve is a first valve arranged towards a first end of the sorption device;the opening is a first opening arranged towards the first end of the sorption device; the sorption device further comprising:a heating element configured to provide thermal energy to the sorption medium; a vacuum pump arranged towards a second end of the sorption device; a second valve arranged towards the second end of the sorption device; wherein the at least one conduit comprises a second opening arranged towards the second end of the sorption device, the second opening configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum pump; andwherein the second valve is configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein:when the second valve is in the first position, the second opening is closed; andwhen the second valve is in the second position, the second opening is open.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the sorption medium is arranged within a housing, sorption device further comprising:a piercing device configured to pierce the housing.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the piercing device is squib activated.

5. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the sorption medium is activated charcoal or zeolite.

6. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the sorption device further comprises an indicator element that indicates whether the sorption medium requires replacing or regenerating.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the indicator element is visible when the sorption device is in use, and comprises cobalt chloride or an iron-based oxygen absorber.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the indicator element is a counter that indicates that the sorption medium requires replacing or regenerating after a predetermined amount of time has passed.

9. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one conduit is arranged within the sorption medium.

10. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the at least one conduit is arranged through a central portion of the sorption medium.

11. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the sorption medium comprises one or more channels in fluid communication with the at least one conduit.

12. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the sorption medium is mounted on a thermally conductive element connected to the cooling element.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the thermally conductive element is arranged through a central portion of the sorption medium.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the thermally conductive element is perforated and the at least one conduit is arranged within the thermally conductive element.

15. The system of any of claims 12 to 14, wherein the thermally conductive element is connected to one or more thermal supports, and a thermal conductivity of the one or more thermal supports is lower than a thermal conductivity of the thermally conductive element.

16. The system of any preceding claim, wherein each of the sorption medium and the at least one conduit have an annular cross section and are arranged concentrically.

17. The system of claim 2, wherein the vacuum pump is connected to the second end of the sorption device via a Vacuum Coupling Radius, VCR, fitting.

18. A method of regenerating a sorption device, the method comprising:configuring a first valve of the sorption device in a first position to close a first opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device, wherein the first valve and the first opening are arranged towards a first end of the sorption device, and the first opening is configured to provide fluid communication to an external environment;configuring a second valve of the sorption device in a second position to open a second opening of the conduit arranged within the sorption device, wherein the second valve and the second opening are arranged towards a second end of the sorption device, and the second opening is configured to provide fluid communication to a vacuum pump;providing, by a heating element, thermal energy to a sorption medium arranged within the sorption device;extracting, by the vacuum pump and via the second opening, one or more gases from the sorption device;extracting, via a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin, thermal energy from the sorption medium.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein thermal energy is provided, by the heating element, to the sorption medium to increase the temperature of the sorption medium to a temperature greater than 100 °C.

20. A method of replacing a first sorption medium of a sorption device, the method comprising:configuring a valve of the sorption device in a first position to close an opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device, wherein the opening of a conduit arranged within the sorption device is configured to provide fluid communication to an external environment;replacing a first housing comprising the first sorption medium with a second housing comprising a second sorption medium, wherein the second sorption medium is in thermal communication with a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin;configuring the valve of the sorption device in a second position to open the opening of the conduit arranged within the sorption device;opening, by a piercing device, the second housing.

21. A sorption device configured to connect to a vacuum chamber, the sorption device comprising:a sorption medium;a cooling element configured to provide a temperature of below 30 Kelvin, wherein the cooling element is in thermal communication with the sorption medium;at least one conduit comprising an opening, the opening configured to provide fluid communication to the vacuum chamber; anda valve configured to be moveable between a first position and a second position, wherein:when the valve is in the first position, the opening is closed; and when the valve is in the second position, the opening is open.

22. An aircraft comprising the system of any of claims 1-17 or the device of claim 21.

23. The system of any of claims 1-13 further comprising a fuel tank, wherein the fuel tank comprises the vacuum chamber.

24. The system of claim 23, wherein the fuel tank is a cryogen fuel tank for an aircraft.

25. The system of claim 2, wherein the heating element is configured to provide thermal energy to the sorption medium when the first valve is in the first position, and / or is configured to not provide thermal energy to the sorption medium when the first valve is in the second position.

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