Terminal, radio communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises a receiving unit that receives information about a first time resource for a first waveform including a cyclic prefix (CP) for sensing and a second time resource for a second waveform not including the CP for sensing, and a control unit that controls the sensing using the first waveform and the second waveform on the basis of the information, wherein at least one of a first parameter of the first time resource and a second parameter of the second time resource is different from a third parameter of a third time resource for communication.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

[0001] This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems.

[0002] In the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified with the aim of achieving even higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Literature 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified with the aim of further increasing the capacity and sophistication of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (for example, 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] Various sensing methods are being considered for future wireless communication systems. For example, a terminal (user terminal, User Equipment (UE)) / base station (e.g., gNB) could transmit sensing resources to the base station / UE via the target.

[0006] However, the method for determining the resources needed for sensing remains unclear. If these are not adequately considered, it could lead to a decrease in sensing accuracy and communication quality.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can appropriately determine resources for sensing.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives information of a first time resource for a first waveform including a cyclic prefix (CP) for sensing and a second time resource for a second waveform not including the CP for sensing, and a control unit that controls the sensing using the first and second waveforms based on the information, wherein at least one of the first parameter of the first time resource and the second parameter of the second time resource is different from the third parameter of the third time resource for communication.

[0009] According to one aspect of this disclosure, resources for sensing can be appropriately determined.

[0010] Figures 1A and 1B show an example of a monostatic sensing scenario in a BS or UE. Figures 2A and 2B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BSs or between UEs. Figures 3A and 3B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between a BS and a UE. Figure 4 shows an example of an NR positioning architecture. Figure 5 shows an example of a location service sequence. Figure 6 shows an example of the relationship between OFDM symbol duration, neurology, and CP length. Figures 7A and 7B show an example of the relationship between symbols, slots, and subframes. Figure 8 shows an example of sensing coverage. Figure 9 shows an example of a sensing slot structure according to Embodiment C1-1-1. Figure 10 shows an example of a CP length for sensing according to Example 1 of Embodiment C1-1-1. Figure 11 shows an example of a sensing slot structure according to Embodiment C1-1-2. Figure 12 shows an example of a CP length for sensing according to Embodiment C1-1-2. Figure 13 shows an example of the structure of the sensing slot according to option C1 of embodiment C1-2-1. Figure 14 shows an example of the CP length for sensing according to option C1 of embodiment C1-2-1. Figure 15 shows an example of the structure of the sensing slot according to embodiment C1-3-1. Figure 16 shows an example of the CP length for sensing according to embodiment C1-3-1. Figure 17 shows an example of the structure of the ISAC slot according to option E1 of embodiment C2-1-1. Figure 18 shows an example of the CP length for ISAC according to option E1 of embodiment C2-1-1. Figure 19 shows an example of the structure of the ISAC slot according to option 1-1 of embodiment C2-1-2. Figure 20 shows an example of the CP length for ISAC according to option 1-1 of embodiment C2-1-2. Figure 21 shows an example of the structure of the ISAC frame according to option A of embodiment C2-1-3. Figure 22 shows an example of the structure of the ISAC frame according to option C1 of embodiment C2-2-1. Figure 23 shows an example of the structure of an ISAC frame according to option D1 of embodiment C2-2-1. Figure 24 shows an example of the structure of an ISAC frame according to option E1 of embodiment C2-2-2. Figure 25 is a diagram showing an example of the schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment.Figure 26 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. Figure 27 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 28 shows an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 29 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment.

[0011] The motivation for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is to achieve high sensing performance and novel / enhanced services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and potential requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address multiple different target industries / applications are being considered, and some use cases may include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, cameras).

[0012] For example, Use Case 1 is sensing for traffic management in tourist areas. For example, Use Case 2 is intruder detection in a smart home environment.

[0013] ISAC (Information-Assisted Communication) is being considered, specifically sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To realize these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) operating radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are being considered. In addition, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC, such as higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing, are being considered.

[0014] In ISAC, challenges include unified waveforms that simultaneously satisfy the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously achieves communication (e.g., transmitted signals, received signals), sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmitted signals, reflected signals), and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI, which extracts sensing information from channel information of communication (e.g., UL transmitted signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals) using an AI / DL network.

[0015] Based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bands, three types of radar and communication systems are considered. These three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). The following discussion will focus on ISAC systems, where hardware and bands are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0016] (Wireless Sensing) Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is a key means of enabling the prospect of 6G cyber-physical systems (CPS). ISAC can be realized by 5G-advanced(A) and 6G, with the development of higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing reference signals (RS) is a key technology for realizing wireless sensing.

[0017] Use cases for ISAC include the metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing, and crowd estimation. HAPS can be an aircraft at an altitude of around 20 km and can be used in non-terrestrial networks (NTN).

[0018] HAPS sensing enables ultra-remote distance sensing using echo signals, based on the support of communication functions. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the intensity of the echo signal, extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) sensing or sensing sequence is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal under given transmit power.

[0019] (Sensing Modes / Methods) Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BS and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and that radar receives echoes from the sensing target, and bistatic / multistatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive echoes from the sensing target.

[0020] An independent system uses separate hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications. The separate hardware may be installed in the same location or in separate locations.

[0021] A joint system uses the same hardware for radar and communications, but with separate frequency bands.

[0022] A unified system uses the same hardware and the same frequency band for radar and communications.

[0023] Sensing in the ISAC system can be achieved by one of the following sensing methods: ◆ Monostatic sensing: Monostatic sensing using the idea of ​​monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one BS or one UE and performs sensing using echo signals. In this sensing method, there is no coordination between BS-BS, UE-UE, or BS-UE. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, terahertz imaging. ◆ Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing: Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing using bistatic radar / multistatic radar. This sensing method requires two or more BS or two or more UE and performs sensing using reflected signals. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, positioning. ◆ UE-assisted sensing: UE-assisted sensing (sensing aided by UE) using the idea of ​​NR positioning. This sensing method requires a BS and UE and performs sensing using communication (UL / DL) signals. The existing 5G NR framework operates within this sensing method. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, breath monitoring.

[0024] [Monostatic Sensing] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monostatic sensing (Figure 1A) and UE monostatic sensing (Figure 1B).

[0025] A scenario suitable for monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◆ The sensing target is located near the sensing BS / UE and requires a high or moderate SNR for the echo signal. ◆ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0026] The capability requirements for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◆ High capability is required for full duplex in BS or UE.

[0027] Monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◆ Higher accuracy due to the absence of quantization. ◆ Accuracy is related to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the echo signal. ◆ Low latency.

[0028] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 (BS1-to-BS2, BS1-BS2) (Figure 2A), bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-to-BS, UE-BS) (Figure 2B), bistatic sensing from BS to UE (BS-to-UE, BS-UE) (Figure 3A), and bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2 (UE1-to-UE2, UE1-UE2) (Figure 3B).

[0029] A suitable scenario for bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 has the following characteristics: ◆ Close synchronization and coordination between BSs are required, and scheduling coordination between multiple BSs is necessary. ◆ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0030] The capability requirements for bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 have the following characteristics: ◆ Because it is half-duplex, it can be implemented even with low capability. ◆ High capability is required for synchronization between BSs.

[0031] The performance of bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 has the following characteristics: ◆ Accuracy is high because quantization is not used. ◆ Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal. ◆ Latency is moderate.

[0032] Scenarios suitable for bistatic sensing from UE to BS, bistatic sensing from BS to UE, and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◆ It is necessary that there is a communication UE around the target.

[0033] The capability requirements for bistatic sensing from UE to BS have the following characteristics: ◆ It can be achieved even with low capability due to being half-duplex. ◆ High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0034] The capability requirements for bistatic sensing from BS to UE and from UE1 to UE2 have the following characteristics: ◆ It can be implemented even with low capability due to being half-duplex. ◆ The UE requires sufficient computing resources and high accuracy in detecting reflected signals. ◆ High accuracy in UE positioning is required.

[0035] The performance of bistatic sensing from UE to BS, bistatic sensing from BS to UE, and UE-UE bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◆Accuracy is moderate due to quantization of the feedback value. ◆Accuracy is related to the placed resource and UE position. ◆Latency is long.

[0036] In the embodiments described later, the following scenarios and assumptions may be used: ◆ In the ISAC scenario, communication and sensing functions are required. ◆ For low complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half-duplex) may be assumed instead of full-duplex in BS and UE.

[0037] In a TDD-based ISAC system, it is preferable that the sensing signal and the reflection / echo signal are transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing including monostatic BS sensing and bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in DL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in UL time resources. For example, in UE-based sensing including monostatic UE sensing and bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in UL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in DL time resources. In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, it is preferable that DL time resources are used for sensing. In bistatic sensing from UE to DL, it is preferable that UL time resources are used for sensing.

[0038] In this disclosure, the sensing mode, sensing method, sensing type, and sensing use case may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0039] (CSI quantization and compression at Sub-7GHz) CSI quantization and compression are being considered at Sub-7GHz.

[0040] <Truncated channel impulse response (TCIR)> The UE performs only a simple IFFT for the CSI report and feeds back several time-domain samples. The UE may also use multipath (channel impulse response, CIR) from the reflecting object for the CSI report. However, the signal obtained by the simple IFFT may differ from the actual multipath, which may prevent the identification of the target reflecting object. As the TCIR, the first portion (several) of the CIR measurements (corresponding to the range of interest) may be reported.

[0041] <Partial CSI> A partial CSI refers to a CSI that includes either amplitude or phase. For example, there are use cases that use only amplitude and use cases that use only phase, but use cases that use both amplitude and phase simultaneously are limited. Therefore, using a partial CSI can reduce processing load and communication overhead. Amplitude information may be used, for example, for detecting the presence or absence of people, counting people, estimating humidity, or detecting gestures. Phase information may be used for motion detection, fall detection, etc. A full CSI may refer to a CSI that includes both amplitude and phase.

[0042] <Truncated power-delay profile (TPDP)> As a TPDP, the first part (a few) of the power-delay profile (PDP) measurements (corresponding to the target range) may be reported.

[0043] <Feedback in Wireless LANs> In wireless LANs, other feedback types such as full CSI, TCIR, partial CSI, truncated power delay profile (TPDP), and frequency domain differential quantization are being considered.

[0044] In the 60 GHz band, Range-Doppler-Angular maps (RDA maps) (e.g., 2D / 3D / 4D maps) and feedback of target-related parameters (signal processing by the receiver) are being considered.

[0045] (UE positioning using AI technology) Fingerprinting localization, which estimates the position of wireless devices by utilizing the propagation characteristics of wireless signals, is widely used in both Line of Site (LOS) and Non-Line of Site (NLOS) scenarios.

[0046] In this disclosure, LOS may mean that the UE and the base station are in a line of sight to each other (or there are no obstructions), and NLOS may mean that the UE and the base station are not in a line of sight to each other (or there are obstructions).

[0047] In fingerprint localization, the location of a UE is estimated based on a database / AI model using fingerprints from multiple transmission paths (multipath) of the UE.

[0048] Multipath information may also include, for example, information regarding the angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD) of signals in the optimal / candidate transmission path.

[0049] In this disclosure, AoA information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of arrival and the zenith angles of arrival. Similarly, AoD information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of departure and the zenith angles of departure.

[0050] 3GPP Rel. 16 NR supports the following positioning technologies: ◆ Positioning based on DL / UL Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA), ◆ Positioning based on angle (DL AoD / UL AoA), ◆ Positioning based on Multi-Round Trip Time (RTT), ◆ Positioning based on Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID).

[0051] In DL / UL TDOA-based positioning, consider a case where, for example, multiple base stations (TRP#0-#2) are positioned around a UE. In this positioning method, the UE's position is estimated (measured) using the measured Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD). For example, the RSTD (T) for two specific base stations (TRP#i, #j (i,j are integers)) ｉ -T ｊ ) has a value (k ｉ，ｊConnecting the points that take the shape of the hyperbola H ｉ，ｊ This can be drawn. The intersection of multiple such hyperbolas (in this example, H ０，１、 H １，２、 H ２，０ The intersection of the two points may be estimated as the position of the UE. In addition, the position of the UE may be estimated using the RSRP of the reference signal.

[0052] In positioning methods based on DL AoD / UL AoA, the position of the UE is estimated using DL AoD measurements (e.g., θ or φ) or UL AoA measurements (e.g., θ or φ). Alternatively, the position of the UE may be estimated using RSRP.

[0053] In a multi-RTT-based positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated using multiple RTTs calculated from the Tx / Rx time difference of a reference signal (and additionally RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). For example, geometric circles based on RTTs can be drawn around each base station. The intersection of these multiple circles may be estimated as the location of the UE.

[0054] E-CID-based positioning: In this positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated based on the geometric position of the serving cell / neighbor cell and additional measurement results (Tx-Rx time difference, RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0055] The positioning in DL (DL TDOA, DL AoD) described above may be performed on the UE side or the LMF side. For example, in UE-based positioning, the UE may calculate its own position based on various measurement results from the UE and assistance information from the LMF. Alternatively, in UE-assisted positioning, the UE may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position. The assistance information may be information to assist in the estimation of the UE's position.

[0056] The positioning in the above-mentioned UL (UL TDOA, UL AoA) may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the base station may report the various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the position of the UE.

[0057] The positioning in DL and UL (Multi-RTT, E-CID) described above may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the UE / base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0058] Furthermore, 3GPP Rel. 17 proposes a positioning method using assistance information to further improve positioning accuracy. Assistance information may be transmitted between the UE, base station, and LMF as measurement information for DL / UL-TDOA, DL-AoD / UL-AoA, multi-RTT, and E-CID as described above.

[0059] Assistance information may include information on at least one of the following: ◆Timing Error Group (TEG), ◆RSRPP (Path-Specific RSRP), ◆Expected angle, ◆Adjacent beam information, ◆TRP antenna / beam information, ◆LOS / NLOS indicator, ◆Additional path report.

[0060] TEG may indicate one or more PRS (Positioning Reference Signal) resources whose transmission / reception timing errors (Rx / Tx timing errors) are within a certain margin.

[0061] RSRPP may represent the measurement result of RSRP in the first pass.

[0062] In UL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may indicate the expected UL-AoA / ZoA. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the base station. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning from UL TDOA, UL AoA, and multi-RTT.

[0063] In DL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may include information regarding the expected DL-AoA / ZoA or DL-AoD / ZoD. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning method from DL TDOA, DL AoA, and multi-RTT. This improves the accuracy of angle-based UE positioning and enables optimization of Rx beamforming of the UE or base station.

[0064] Furthermore, assistance information regarding the predicted angle may include not only the values ​​of AoA / ZoA / AoD / ZoD themselves as described above, but also information indicating the uncertainty range of these values.

[0065] As additional beam information, adjacent beam information may include a subset of DL-PRS resources for prioritizing DL-AoD reports (Option 1), or information regarding the boresight direction of each DL-PRS resource (Option 2). This allows for optimization of UE's Rx beam sweeping and DL-AoD measurements.

[0066] Additionally, the assistance information may include PRS beam pattern information as extra beam information. This PRS beam pattern information may include information on the relative power between DL-PRS resources for each angle for each TRP.

[0067] The LOS / NLOS indicator may display information regarding Line of Site (LOS) and Non-Line of Site (NLOS).

[0068] Furthermore, in order to improve the positioning delay of the UE, pre-set measurement gaps (MG), MG activation via lower layers, MG-less position, PRS Rx / Tx in RRC_INACTIVE state, or on-demand PRS may be set for the UE (or used by the UE).

[0069] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, it is agreed that UEs should measure and report the RSRP of adjacent beams in order to improve the accuracy of UE position estimation. For example, in the UE-assisted DL-AoD positioning method, the LMF may indicate that at least one of the following options 1-2 is included in the assistance information.

[0070] Option 1: A subset of PRS resources for the purpose of prioritizing DL-AOD reporting. This subset may be set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities. The UE may include the PRS measurements required for a subset of PRS in the additional measurements for DL-AoD if the PRS measurements required for the relevant PRS are reported. The required PRS measurements may be DL PRS RSRP / path PRS RSRP. The UE may report PRS measurements only for a subset of PRS resources. The subset related to a PRS resource may reside in the same / different PRS resource set as the PRS resource in question. Option 2: Information regarding boresight direction set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities.

[0071] In 3GPP Rel. 16 NR, it is agreed that the expected RSTD and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, in Rel. 17, it is agreed that the expected angle and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE in order to reduce errors and complexities in AoA / AoD measurements.

[0072] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, the introduction of a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) is being considered for positioning. The PRU is being discussed as a reference device with a known location to mitigate transmission and reception timing errors of UE / gNB. The PRU may also be interpreted as UE / gNB / TRP (transmission reception point) / TP (transmission point).

[0073] For example, the PRU may support at least one of the following: - Measuring DL PRS and reporting the relevant measurement (e.g., RSTD / Transmit / Receive Time Difference / RSRP) to the LMF; - Transmitting SRS and enabling the TRP to measure and report the relevant measurement (e.g., Relative Time of Arrival: RTOA / Transmit / Receive Time Difference, AOA) to the LMF; - Operation, measurement, various parameters (enhancement of transmit / receive timing delay, AoD and AOA, and parameters related to measurement calibration); - Reporting the position coordinate information of the reference device to the LMF if the LMF does not have position coordinate information; - The reference device whose position is known is a UE / gNB; - Accuracy that allows the position of the reference device to be known.

[0074] There are two use cases for positioning using AI models: ◆ Direct AI / ML positioning, and ◆ AI / ML assisted positioning.

[0075] Direct AI / ML positioning outputs, for example, UE positioning (UE location). AI / ML assisted positioning outputs, for example, intermediate features. These intermediate features may be input back into the AI / ML model.

[0076] As an example of the AI / ML-assisted positioning output described above, at least one of the following may be included: ◆ Identification of LOS / NLOS (probability of LOS / NLOS), ◆ ToA (time of arrival of PRS / SRS), ◆ Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) time difference, ◆ AoA / AoD, ◆ Number of waves, Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) phase difference (phase measurement of Rel. 18), ◆ DL RSTD / UL TDOA, ◆ DL-PRS / UL-SRS, RSRPs / RSRPPPs, ◆ Likelihood of the above values ​​(e.g., probability of ToA).

[0077] Positioning in Rel. 18 introduces sidelink positioning based on the Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP). For example, SL-RTT, SL-AoA, SL-TDOA, and SL-TOA are introduced. For example, the sidelink reference signal used for position calculation is called SL-PRS. At least one of the following may be used as a measurement based on SL-PRS: SL PRS-RSRP, SL PRS-RSRPP, SL RTOA, SL AoA, sidelink receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference, SL RSTD, SL PRS-RSSI, SL PRS-channel occupancy ratio (CR), and SL PRS-channel busy ratio (CBR). Furthermore, as a measurement related to the carrier phase positioning method, at least one of UL / DL reference signal carrier phase (RSCP) and DL reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) may be used.

[0078] (Location Services: 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS) / Architecture Model and Concepts / Functional description of LCS per network function) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. ◆5G Core Network: 5GC, 5GCN ◆5G System: 5GS ◆[Radio] Access Network: [R]AN ◆Next Generation-Radio Access Network: NG-RAN ◆Access and Mobility Management Function: AMF ◆Location Management Function: LMF ◆Non-3GPP InterWorking Function: N3IWF ◆Mobile Originated Location Request: MO-LR ◆Mobile Terminated Location Request: MT-LR ◆Network Induced Location Request: NI-LR ◆Gateway Mobile Location Center: GMLC ◆Network Exposure Function: NEF ◆Public Land Mobile Network: PLMN ◆Trusted Non-3GPP Access Network: TNAN ◆Internet Protocol: IP ◆IP Multimedia Subsystem: IMS ◆Unified Data Management: UDM ◆Unified Data Repository: UDR ◆Quality of Service: QoS

[0079] The 5G system architecture includes the following service-based interfaces: ◆ Namf: A service-based interface presented by AMF. ◆ Nnef: A service-based interface presented by NEF.

[0080] The 5GS LCS architecture includes the following service-based interfaces for Location Services: ◆ Nlmf: A service-based interface presented by LMF. ◆ Ngmlc: A service-based interface presented by GMLC.

[0081] The 5G system architecture includes the following reference points: ◆N1: Reference point between UE and AMF. ◆N2: Reference point between (R)AN and AMF.

[0082] An NG-RAN node is either a gNB or an ng-eNB. A gNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the NR for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface. An ng-eNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the E-UTRA for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface.

[0083] The gNB may provide measurement information for the target UE and transmit this information to the LMF. To support NR RAT-dependent positioning, the gNB may perform radio signal measurements for the target UE and provide measurement results for position estimation.

[0084] The ng-eNB may provide measurement results for position estimation, provide measurement information for the target UE, and transmit these measurements to the LMF. The ng-eNB performs its measurements upon request (on-demand or periodic) from the LMF. The ng-eNB may provide multiple TPs. The ng-eNB may broadcast assistance data information received from the LMF within a positioning system information message.

[0085] The UE may perform measurements with DL signals from the NG-RAN and other sources such as the E-UTRAN, different GNSS and TBS systems, WLAN access points, Bluetooth® beacons, and the UE's barometric pressure and motion sensors. The measurements performed are determined by the selected positioning method. The UE may include, for example, an independent positioning function (e.g., global positioning systems (GPS)) that allows it to report its location independently of the NG-RAN transmission. A UE with an independent positioning function may utilize assistance information obtained from the network.

[0086] The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) is responsible for managing the positioning of target UEs for all types of location requests. The AMF can access the GMLC and NEF via the Namf interface, the RAN via the N2 reference point, and the UEs via the N1 reference point. Functions performed by the AMF to support location services include: ◆ The AMF initiates NI-LR location requests for UEs making IMS emergency calls or to determine the geographical area of ​​UEs making NE satellite access for PLMN selection verification. ◆ The AMF receives and manages location requests from the GMLC for 5GC-MT-LR and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic location events, triggered location events, and location events available to UEs. ◆ The AMF receives and manages location requests from UEs for 5GC-MO-LR. ◆ The AMF receives and manages event disclosure requests for location information from the NEF. ◆ The AMF selects the LMF. ◆ The AMF receives updated privacy requirements from the UE and forwards them to the UDR via the UDM. ◆ The AMF supports the cancellation of periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◆ The AMF supports the change of the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◆ If assistance data is broadcast by 5GS in an encrypted format, the AMF receives the encryption key from the LMF and forwards it to the appropriately subscribed UE using mobility management procedures. ◆ The AMF stores the UE positioning capability received from the LMF and sends that UE positioning capability to the LMF along with the received location requests.

[0087] The Location Management Function (LMF) manages the support for different location services to a target UE, including UE positioning and the delivery of assistance data to the UE. The LMF may interact with a serving gNB or serving eNB to obtain location measurements for the UE, including UL measurements taken by the NG-RAN and DL measurements taken by the UE and provided to the NG-RAN as part of other functions such as handover.

[0088] The LMF manages the full standby coordination and scheduling of resources required for the location of a UE registering with or accessing 5GCN. It may also calculate or verify estimates of the final location and any speed, and estimate the accuracy achieved. The LMF receives location requests for target UEs from the serving AMF using the Nlmf interface. The LMF interacts with UEs for the exchange of location information applicable to UE-assisted and UE-based positioning methods, and communicates with NG-RAN, N3IWF, or TNAN to obtain location information.

[0089] Additional functions that may be performed by the LMF to support location services include: ◆ The LMF supports requests for single locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◆ The LMF supports requests for periodic or triggered locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◆ The LMF determines the type and number of positioning methods and procedures based on the UE, PLMN capability, QoS, UE connectivity state per access type, LCS client type, coordination type, optional, service type, and instructions requiring reliable UE location information. ◆ The LMF directly reports UE location estimates to the GMLC for periodic or triggered locations of the target UE. ◆ The LMF supports cancellation of periodic or triggered locations for the target UE. ◆ The LMF supports the delivery of broadcast assistance data via the NG-RAN in encrypted or unencrypted format, and the transfer of encryption keys to authorized UEs via the AMF. ◆ The LMF supports changes to the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports to target UEs. ◆ The LMF supports the receipt of stored UE positioning capabilities from the AMF and the provision of updated UE positioning capabilities to the AMF. ◆ The LMF maps UE locations to geographic areas where the PLMN is permitted or not permitted to operate based on requests from the AMF. ◆ The LMF supports the determination of UE locations in scheduled location times. ◆ The LMF determines whether to use the user plane or the control plane for positioning.◆ The LMF supports handling of 5GC-MT-LR, 5GC-NI-LR, 5GC-MO-LR, and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic or triggered locations across the user plane connection between the UE and the LMF.

[0090] (NR Positioning Architecture: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / NG-RAN UE Positioning Architecture) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure.

[0091] Figure 4 shows an example of an architecture in 5GS (NR positioning architecture) applicable to positioning UEs using NR or E-UTRA access. In the case of a split gNB architecture as in this example, the gNB-DU may include TRP functionality, and the TRP functionality may support functionality for TP, RP, or both TP and RP. A gNB-DU including TRP functionality does not need to provide cell services. The NG-RAN includes ng-eNB and gNB.

[0092] The AMF receives a request from another entity (e.g., GLMC or UE) for some location service associated with a particular target UE, or the AMF itself decides to initiate some location service on behalf of a particular target UE (e.g., in response to an IMS emergency call from that UE). The AMF then sends the location service request to the LMF. The LMF processes the location service request, which may include at least one of the following: the transfer of assistance data to the target UE to assist in UE-based / UE-assisted positioning, and the positioning of the target UE. The LMF then returns the results of the location service (e.g., a location estimate for the UE) to the AMF.

[0093] The NR-Uu interface (a wireless interface between UE and UTRA) that connects the UE to the gNB wirelessly is used as one of several transport links for the NR positioning protocol for target UEs that use NR access to the NG-RAN.

[0094] The LTE-Uu interface (wireless interface), which connects the UE to the ng-eNB wirelessly, is used as one of several transport links for the LTE positioning protocol for target UEs that use LTE access to the NG-RAN.

[0095] The NG-C interfaces between gNB and AMF, and between ng-eNB and AMF, are transparent (unaware) to all UE positioning-related procedures. The NG-C interfaces are involved in these procedures only as a transport link for NR positioning protocols.

[0096] The NL1 interface between the LMF and AMF is transparent to all UE, gNB, and ng-eNB related to the positioning procedure. The NL1 interface is used only as a transport link between LPP and NRPPPa.

[0097] As shown in Figure 5, the overall sequence of events applicable to the UE, NG-RAN, and LMF in location services follows several steps: ◆1a. Some entity within the 5GC (e.g., GMLC) requests some location service (e.g., positioning) for a target UE from the serving AMF. ◆1b. Or, the serving AMF for the target UE determines that some location service is needed (e.g., to locate the UE for an emergency call). ◆1c. Or, the UE requests some location service from the serving AMF at the NAS level. ◆2. The AMF forwards the location service request to the LMF. ◆3a. The LMF initiates a location procedure using the serving ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, and if possible, adjacent ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, to obtain location measurements or assistance data. ◆3b. In addition to or instead of step 3a, the LMF initiates a location procedure with the UE (for example, to obtain a location estimate or location measurement, or to transfer assistance data to the UE). ◆4. The LMF provides a location service response to its AMF, including any necessary results (for example, the results include an indication of success or failure, and the UE's location estimate if requested and obtained). ◆5a. If step 1a was performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the 5GC entity in step 1a, including any necessary results (for example, the UE's location estimate). ◆5b. If step 1b was performed, the AMF uses the location service response received in step 4 to assist the service that triggered it in step 1b (for example, it may provide the GMLC with a location estimate associated with an emergency call). ◆5c. If step 1c is performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the UE, including any necessary results (e.g., the UE's location estimate).

[0098] (NR Positioning Protocol: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Signalling protocols and interfaces) In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: ◆Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method): E-CID ◆Observed Time Difference Of Arrival: OTDOA ◆Multi-Round Trip Time: Multi-RTT ◆Uplink Angle of Arrival: UL-AoA ◆Azimuth-Angle of Arrival: A-AoA ◆Zenith-Angle of Arrival: Z-AoA ◆Uplink Time Difference of Arrival: UL-TDOA ◆Downlink Time Difference of Arrival: DL-TDOA ◆Downlink Angle-of-Departure: DL-AoD ◆wireless local area network: WLAN ◆terrestrial beacon system: TBS ◆Metropolitan Beacon System: MBS ◆Positioning Reference Signal: PRS ◆UserPlane Location Protocol: ULP

[0099] The NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) transmits information between NG-RAN nodes and LMFs. It is used to support the following positioning functions: ◆ E-CID for E-UTRA, where measured values ​​are transferred from ng-eNB to LMF. ◆ Data collection from ng-eNB or gNB to support OTDOA for E-UTRA. ◆ Acquisition of cell IDs and cell portion (portion) IDs from gNBs to support NR cell ID positioning methods. ◆ Exchange of information between LMFs and NG-RAN nodes for the purpose of broadcasting assistance data. ◆ NR E-CID, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆ NR Multi-RTT, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆ NR UL-AoA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆NR UL-TDOA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆Data acquisition from gNB for support of DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, Multi-RTT, UL-TDOA, and UL-AoA. ◆Transfer of measurement pre-configuration information, allowing LMF to request the NG-RAN node to pre-configure and activate / deactivate the measurement gap / PRS processing window.

[0100] The LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) is terminated between the target device (UE in the control plane case, or SET in the user plane case) and the positioning server (LMF in the control plane case, or SLP in the user plane case).

[0101] The LPP protocol aims to enable the positioning of NR and LTE using multiple different positioning methods, while separating the details of any specific positioning method from the details of the underlying transport.

[0102] An LPP procedure involves request / response pairing of multiple messages or one or more "unaccepted" messages. Each procedure has a single objective (e.g., transfer of assistance data, exchange of LPP-related capabilities, or positioning of a target device according to some QoS and one or more positioning method specifications). Multiple procedures can be used in series or parallel to achieve more complex objectives (e.g., positioning of a target device with respect to the transfer of assistance data and the exchange of LPP-related capabilities). Multiple procedures further allow for attempting more than one positioning simultaneously (e.g., to obtain a coarse location estimate using low latency and a more accurate location estimate using high latency).

[0103] (Standard UE Positioning Methods: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Main concepts and requirements / Standard UE Positioning Methods) The standard UE positioning methods supported for NG-RAN access are as follows: ◆ NW-assisted GNSS method ◆ LTE signal-based OTDOA positioning ◆ LTE signal-based extended cell ID method (E-CID) ◆ WLAN positioning ◆ Bluetooth® positioning ◆ TBS positioning ◆ Sensor-based positioning: ―◆ Barometric pressure sensor ―◆ Motion sensor ◆ NR signal-based NR extended cell ID method (NR E-CID) ◆ NR signal-based multi-RTT ◆ NR signal-based DL-AoD ◆ NR signal-based DL-TDOA ◆ NR signal-based UL-TDOA ◆ Based on the NR signal, UL-AoA includes A-AoA and Z-AoA.

[0104] OTDOA includes TBS positioning based on PRS. Existing specifications only support OTDOA based on LTE signals. If the UE is served by gNB, the E-CID includes the cell ID for the NR method. The E-CID is an extended cell ID based on LTE signals. Existing specifications only support TBS positioning based on MBS signals.

[0105] Hybrid positioning using multiple methods from a list of multiple positioning methods is supported. Standalone mode (i.e., autonomous without network assistance) using one or more methods from the list of multiple positioning methods is also supported.

[0106] These multiple positioning methods may be supported for at least one of the following: a UE-based version, a UE-assisted / LMF-based version, and an NG-RAN node-assisted version.

[0107] (Setting up sensing resources in the time domain) In the Service and System Aspects 1 (SA1), which examines new and expanded services, functions, and capabilities from a service and system perspective, scenarios / use cases, KPIs, and requirements for wireless sensing are considered.

[0108] In the study of lower layers in wireless access networks (radio access network 1, RAN1), channel modeling for ISAC is being considered.

[0109] Sensing resource configuration in the time domain can take the following various granularities / types: ◆Type 0: Sensing resource configuration at any granularity (e.g., symbol level, slot level, subframe level, or frame level). Consideration / modification of measurement resource configuration for sensing is required. For example, sensing RS bursts are being considered. ◆Type 1: Frame / subframe level sensing resource configuration. Consideration / modification of cyclic prefix (CP) / neurology design and frame structure is required. ◆Type 2: Slot level sensing resource configuration. Consideration / modification of slot configuration (e.g., UL-DL transmission pattern design) is required. ◆Type 3: Symbol level sensing resource configuration. Consideration / modification of RS paradigm and slot configuration (e.g., slot format configuration) in the time domain is required. For example, sensing Tx-Rx pairs are being considered.

[0110] (NR Frame Structure and Cyclic Prefix (CP) Length) In NR, the following wireless frames, subframes, and slots are defined: ◆ Wireless frames are fixed at 10 ms. ◆ Subframes are fixed at 1 ms. ◆ Slots are defined as 14 or 12 OFDM symbols.

[0111] In NR, the following neurology and CP length are defined: ◆ Neurology (SCS setting) μ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The duration of the SCS and symbol / slot changes with the neurology. ◆ CP length (extended CP is supported only for 60kHz SCS). There are 14 symbols per slot for normal CP. There are 12 symbols per slot for extended CP.

[0112] Figure 6 shows an example of the relationship between the OFDM symbol duration, the numerology, and the CP length. The CP length is defined as follows. - For μ = 0 of the normal CP, the CP length is (5.2 μs, 4.7 μs). - For μ = 1 of the normal CP, the CP length is (2.86 μs, 2.3 μs). - For μ = 2 of the normal CP, the CP length is (1.69 μs, 1.2 μs). - For μ = 3 of the normal CP, the CP length is (1.1 μs, 0.59 μs). - For μ = 4 of the normal CP, the CP length is (0.81 μs, 0.29 μs). - For μ = 5 of the normal CP, the CP length is (0.67 μs, 0.15 μs). - For μ = 6 of the normal CP, the CP length is (0.59 μs, 0.07 μs). - For μ = 2 of the extended CP, the CP length is 4.2 μs.

[0113] Here, in the CP length (T1, T2) for the normal CP, T1 is the CP length in the OFDM symbol having an index l that is a multiple of 7 {0, 7,...} within the subframe, and T2 is the CP length in the remaining OFDM symbols.

[0114] For μ and CP for the DL or UL BWP, they are obtained from the upper layer parameters subcarrierSpacing and cyclicPrefix, respectively.

[0115] For the OFDM symbol l ∈ {0, 1,..., N slot subframe, μN symb slot - 1} with duration T symb,l μ =(N u μ +N CP,l μ )T c the following are defined. N u μ = 2048κ・2 -μ For the extended CP, N CP,l μ = 512κ・2 -μ For the normal CP with l = 0 or l = 7・2 μ N CP,l μ = 144κ・2-μ +16κ, normally l≠0 or l≠7·2 for CP μ In contrast, N CP,l μ = 144κ・2 -μ Unit T c = 1 / (Δf max ・N f ). Here, Δf max =480kHz, N f = 4096, constant κ = T s / T c =64. Here, T s = 1 / (Δf ref ・N f,ref ), Δf ref =15kHz, N f,ref =2048.

[0116] In FR1, μ=0 to 2. In FR2-1, μ=2 to 4. μ=4 is used only for SS / PBCH. In FR2-2, μ=3 to 6.

[0117] In this disclosure, duration and length may be interpreted as interchangeable. symb,l μ [OFDM] Symbol length, may be read as any other. In this disclosure, N u μ T c The OFDM data length and FFT length for each OFDM symbol may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, N CP,l μ T c "CP length" and "CP length" can be read interchangeably.

[0118] DL, UL, or sidelink transmissions are T f =(Δf max N f / 100)・T c Each frame is grouped into a frame with a duration of 10ms, and each frame is T sf =(Δf max N f / 1000)・T c It consists of 10 subframes with a duration of 1 ms. The number of consecutive OFDM symbols in each subframe is N.symb subframe, μ=N symb slot N slot This is a subframe, μ. Each frame is divided into two half-frames of the same size, each consisting of 5 subframes. Half-frame 0 consists of subframes 0 through 4, and half-frame 1 consists of subframes 5 through 9.

[0119] For an SCS setting μ, multiple slots are arranged in ascending order n within the subframe. s μ ∈{0,...,N slot The subframes are numbered as {subframe,μ-1}, and within each frame, they are arranged in ascending order n s,f μ ∈{0,...,N slot frame,μ It is numbered as -1}. Within the slot there are multiple consecutive OFDM symbols, and these multiple OFDM symbols depend on the CP, as given by the table in Figure 7A for the normal CP and the table in Figure 7B for the extended CP. Slot n in the subframe s μ The start of OFDM symbol n within the same subframe s μ N symb slot It can be timed to coincide with the start of the event.

[0120] (Issue) In OFDM-based waveforms, CP (Critical Point) is required to mitigate serious inter-symbol interference.

[0121] In sensing, both the transmit link and the echo / reflection link are included, so the maximum sensing coverage range supported by the NR's CP is only half of the communication. The link may refer to at least one of the UL, DL, and sidelinks. Several observations can be obtained from the NR, as follows: ◆Observation 1: The sensing coverage range supported by the NR's normal CP is from 10.5m to 780m. ◆Observation 2: The sensing coverage range supported by the NR's extended CP is from 39m to 2500m.

[0122] Figure 8 shows the CP length T of NR. cp [μs] and the sensing coverage R based on it s Table SC shows an example of [m]. Here, μ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, R s =c*T cp / 2, and c = 3 * 10 8 [m / s] represents the speed of light.

[0123] In a typical use case for ISAC for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) services, the sensing coverage range is assumed to be from 500m to 1000m. The following considerations should be made for sensing coverage: ◆ For ISAC's long-range sensing services, the definition of extended CP based on NR (as in the cases of μ=0, 1, and 2 in Table SC) should be able to satisfy the long-range sensing requirements, and extended CP should be supported in FR1. ◆ To accommodate ISAC's long-range sensing services, a longer CP should be designed in FR2-1, as in the cases of μ=2, 3, and 4 in Table SC. ◆ If the OFDM-based waveform cannot satisfy the long-range sensing requirements in FR2-2, as in the cases of μ=5 and 6 in Table SC, other CP-free (CP-less) waveforms, such as chirp-based waveforms, should be considered.

[0124] However, how to design a frame structure to support at least one of the following—longer CPs for OFDM-based waveforms and CP-free waveforms—has not been sufficiently considered. Insufficient consideration of this could lead to a decrease in resource utilization efficiency and sensing performance.

[0125] Therefore, the inventors conceived of a frame structure / CP for sensing / ISAC.

[0126] The embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Each wireless communication method according to the embodiments may be applied individually or in combination.

[0127] (Various substitutions) In this disclosure, words enclosed in parentheses () may indicate an explanation of the preceding word (e.g., an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, or supplementary explanation. Also, in this disclosure, words enclosed in square brackets [] may be interpreted as part of the overall meaning of the text, or they may be interpreted as being excluded (ignored). Note that parentheses () and square brackets [] may be used for purposes / meanings other than those described above.

[0128] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0129] In this disclosure, terms such as notice, activate, deactivate, indicate (or specify), select, configure, update, and determine may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and capable of operating may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0130] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-layer parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control elements (MAC Control Elements (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0131] In this disclosure, the upper layer signaling may be any or a combination thereof, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, and other messages (e.g., messages from the core network, such as positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages).

[0132] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may include, for example, MAC Control Elements (MAC CEs) and MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Broadcast information may include, for example, Master Information Blocks (MIBs), System Information Blocks (SIBs), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSIs), and Other System Information (OSIs).

[0133] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI).

[0134] In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: ◆FDM: frequency division multiplexing ◆TDM: time division multiplexing ◆CDM: code division multiplexing ◆SDM: space division multiplexing ◆SFN: single frequency network

[0135] In this disclosure, reflection, echo, and scattering may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0136] In this disclosure, the terms "wireless communication method," "sensing method," and "measurement method" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0137] In this disclosure, NW, gNB / CN ([extended] LMF / SF / AMF) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0138] In this disclosure, "sensing mode" and "sensing method" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "use case," "sensing use case," "service," "sensing service," "sensing service type," and "sensing type" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "type," "report type," "CSI measurement report type," "measurement type," "CSI measurement type," "CSI type," "map type," "sensing CSI map type," "reported quantity," and "reported parameter" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0139] In this disclosure, measurement, detection, estimation, calculation, processing, transformation, Fourier transform, DFT, FFT, and correlation operation may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0140] In this disclosure, ISAC, communications, and sensing [both / integrated] may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0141] In this disclosure, the terms sensing protocol, LPP, NRPPa, and protocol based on LPP / NRPPa may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0142] In this disclosure, "communication and sensing" and "ISAC" may be interpreted interchangeably. For example, "slot setting / slot format / pattern for communication and sensing" and "slot setting / slot format / pattern for ISAC" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0143] In this disclosure, the [Communication / Sensing] symbol and the [Communication / Sensing] OFDM symbol may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable.

[0144] (Wireless Communication Method) In this disclosure, a sensing transmitter may be a TRP or UE that transmits sensing signals used in the operation of a sensing service. The sensing transmitter may be in the same location / device as the TRP or UE acting as a sensing receiver, or in a different location / device. In this disclosure, sensing transmitter, transmitter, sensing station, wireless communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interchangeable.

[0145] In this disclosure, a sensing receiver may be a TRP or UE that receives sensing signals used in the operation of a sensing service. The sensing receiver may be located in the same location / device as the TRP or UE, or in a different location / device. In this disclosure, sensing receiver, receiver, sensing station, radio communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interchangeable.

[0146] In this disclosure, TRP may be network equipment that transmits / receives sensing signals, such as a BS, BS antenna, etc. In this disclosure, gNB and BS may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, TRP, BS, IAB node, mobile IAD node, repeater, access point (AP), reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), drone, gNB, eNB, BS for 6G, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0147] In this disclosure, the sensing target, the target may be a target whose properties in the environment need to be detected by deriving them from the sensing signal.

[0148] In this disclosure, the background environment and environment may be backgrounds (clutter / environmental objects) that are not sensing targets.

[0149] In this disclosure, monostatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located within the same TRP / UE.

[0150] In this disclosure, bistatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located in different TRP / UEs.

[0151] In this disclosure, multistatic sensing may be a sensing method in which a sensing target has multiple sensing devices, each including at least one of a plurality of sensing transmitters and a plurality of sensing receivers.

[0152] In this disclosure, the sensing signal may be a transmission that can be used for sensing purposes on a wireless communication interface.

[0153] In this disclosure, the header UE may be a UE that triggers / performs UE-to-UE (U2U) sensing based on a request from the NW / client UE.

[0154] In this disclosure, a client UE may be a UE that requests other UEs to perform sensing and report thereon.

[0155] In this disclosure, the anchor UE may be a UE that performs transmission / reception with the header UE in relation to sensing, based on a request from the header UE.

[0156] In this disclosure, TRP, NW, RAN, BS, gNB, [extended] LMF, SF, AMF, network node, core network (CN), and other UE (in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0157] In this disclosure, beam, SSB, CSI-RS, TRS, SRS, reference RS, and DL / UL / joint TCI state may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, L1-RSRQ, L3-RSRP, L3-SINR, L3-RSRQ, and filtered / extended L1 measurement may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0158] The BS node in this disclosure may control several TRP / sensing-only transmission points (STPs). The TRP / STPs may be RRHs or DL-PRS-only transmission points (TPs) as defined in NR positioning. The STPs may be TPs that transmit sensing signals only and are not associated with a cell. The sensing-only reception points (SRPs) may be reception points (RPs) that receive sensing signals only and are not associated with a cell.

[0159] In the case of a split BS architecture, the BS-DU may include a TRP function. The TRP function may support at least one of the STP and SRP functions.

[0160] A sensing symbol may be a symbol that carries only sensing signals. In this disclosure, the sensing [OFDM] symbol and sSymbol may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0161] A sensing slot may be a slot that carries only sensing signals. In this disclosure, sensing slot and sSlot may be interchangeable.

[0162] A sensing subframe may be a subframe that carries only sensing signals. In this disclosure, sensing subframe and sSubframe may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0163] A sensing frame may be a frame that carries only sensing signals. In this disclosure, sensing frame and sFrame may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0164] An ISAC symbol may be a symbol capable of carrying both sensing signals and communication signals. In this disclosure, ISAC[OFDM] symbol and isacSymbol may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0165] An ISAC slot may be a slot capable of carrying both sensing signals and communication signals. In this disclosure, ISAC slot and isacSlot may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0166] An ISAC subframe may be a subframe capable of carrying both sensing signals and communication signals. In this disclosure, ISAC subframe and isacSubframe may be interpreted as equivalent to each other.

[0167] An ISAC frame may be a frame capable of carrying both sensing signals and communication signals. In this disclosure, ISAC frame and isacFrame may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0168] In this disclosure, new CP, longer than existing regular CP / extended CP / communication CP, and further extended CP (longer than existing extended CP) may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0169] In this disclosure, Link [Direction], DL / UL / Flexible [Link] [for Sensing / ISAC], and Transmit / Echo [Link] [for Sensing / ISAC] may be interpreted as equivalent to each other.

[0170] In this disclosure, the [OFDM] symbol, the OFDM-based [waveform] symbol, the [CP-having] [sensing] symbol for an OFDM-based waveform, and the [CP-free] [sensing] symbol for a CP-free waveform may be interpreted as one another.

[0171] In this disclosure, the sensing waveform may be at least one of an OFDM-based waveform and a CP-free waveform.

[0172] In this disclosure, the terms hybrid waveform, OFDM-based waveform, and CP-free waveform [including waveform / switching] may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0173] In this disclosure, OFDM-based [sensing] waveform [for sensing], waveform including CP, OFDM-based [sensing] waveform [with additional extended CP], and OFDM [base] signal may be interpreted as one another. In this disclosure, the [sensing] [OFDM] symbol and OFDM-based [sensing] symbol of the OFDM-based waveform may be interpreted as one another.

[0174] In this disclosure, the terms CP-free waveform (signal) for sensing, CP-free waveform, CP-free chirp-based waveform (signal), and radar waveform (signal) may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, the sensing OFDM symbol for CP-free waveforms, the CP-free sensing symbol, and the chirp-based sensing symbol may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0175] In this disclosure, a time resource may mean at least one of one or more frames, one or more slots, one or more symbols, one or more data, and one or more CPs.

[0176] <Assumed Scenario for Embodiment Cx> In Embodiment Cx, at least one of the following multiple scenarios may be assumed.

[0177] ◆Scenario #1: Monostatic sensing of BS / UE (BS monostatic sensing or UE monostatic sensing)

[0178] In BS / UE monostatic sensing, the delay spread of the sensing channel is twice that of the communication channel, due to the inclusion of both the transmit link and the echo link. To reduce ISI due to the larger delay spread, a longer CP length or a CP-free waveform is preferred for sensing.

[0179] ◆Scenario #2: Bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 (BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing)

[0180] In BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing, considering that the distance between BS1 and BS2 can be quite large, the delay spread of the sensing channel becomes considerably large due to the inclusion of both the transmit link and the echo link. To reduce ISI due to a larger delay spread, a longer CP length or a CP-free waveform is preferred for sensing.

[0181] ◆Scenario #3: Bistatic sensing from BS to UE (BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing) / Bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-BS bistatic sensing) / Bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2 (UE1-UE2 bistatic sensing)

[0182] In these sensing methods, CP length may not be a limitation for OFDM-based waveform sensing, but considering the improved lower peak side-lobe ratio (PSLR) and lower integrated sidelobe ratio (ISLR) of [CP-free] chirp-based waveforms, better detection performance can be achieved with [CP-free] chirp-based waveforms. In these sensing methods, both OFDM-based and CP-free waveforms can be used.

[0183] <Embodiment C1> This embodiment relates to the design of a frame structure and CP for sensing.

[0184] According to this embodiment, an appropriate frame structure and CP for sensing can be defined / configured.

[0185] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following multiple embodiments C1-x.

[0186] <<Embodiment C1-1>> The definition of the data length for each OFDM symbol for sensing may be the same as (or maintained) as the communication symbol.

[0187] The definition of OFDM data length in NR may be reused, and the CP length for OFDM symbols may increase as the number of OFDM symbols in a single sensing slot decreases. That is, the data length per OFDM symbol is 2048κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0188] Embodiment C1-1 may be based on at least one of the following multiple embodiments C1-1-x.

[0189] <<<Embodiment C1-1-1>>> The number of OFDM symbols in one slot for sensing may be the same as (or maintained) the number of OFDM symbols in the communication slot.

[0190] The number of symbols in one sensing slot for an OFDM-based waveform with additional extended CP (OFDM-based waveform sensing symbol, OFDM-based sensing symbol) may be Y. The number of symbols in one sensing slot for a CP-free waveform (CP-free waveform sensing symbol, CP-free sensing symbol) may be 14-Y.

[0191] Within each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbol is X1・κ・2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The CP length for the remaining Y2=Y-Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbols is X2・κ・2 -μ ・T c This is also possible. X1 and X2 may be set / supported with the same value, or they may be set / supported with different values.

[0192] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: ◆Principle 1: To ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol, X1 ≤ 2048 and X2 ≤ 2048 may be satisfied. ◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is 14 * 2048κ * 2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)κ・2-μ =0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ It may be. That is, 14・2048+(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)=1966080 / κ=30720, X1・Y1+X2・Y2=2048 may be satisfied. ◆Principle 3: When X1=X2=X, all OFDM-based sensing symbols have the same CP length. X may be 2048 / Y. That is, when Y decreases, X increases.

[0193] Variation: The number of symbols 14 within one slot may be replaced by 12.

[0194] Example: Within one slot, there may be 7 symbols for the OFDM-based waveform and 7 symbols for the CP-free waveform. That is, Y may be 7. This example may be based on any of the following multiple examples x. ◆Example 1: The consecutive symbol setting symbols #0-#6 may be CP-free waveforms, and the symbols #7-#13 may be OFDM-based waveforms [with CP]. For the OFDM-based waveform, the longer CP length for symbol #7 may be 320κ・2 -μ ・T c and may be, and the CP length for the remaining 6 symbols may be 288κ・2 -μ ・T c That is, X1=320, X2=288 may be. ◆Example 2: The symbols with even indices (0, 2,...) [having a uniform distribution] may be CP-free waveforms, and the symbols with odd indices (1, 3,...) may be OFDM-based waveforms [with CP]. For the OFDM-based waveform, the longer CP length for symbol #1 may be 320κ・2 -μ ・T c and may be, and the CP length for the remaining 6 symbols may be 288κ・2 -μ ・T c That is, X1=320, X2=288 may be.

[0195] Figure 9 shows an example of the structure of a sensing slot according to Embodiment C1-1-1. In this example, the length of the sensing frame is 10 ms. Within one sensing frame, 10.2 μ There are sensing slots, and the length of each sensing slot is 2 -μ The time is ms. In this example, μ=0 and the length of the sensing slot is 1 ms. In this example, the sensing slot has 14 sensing symbols. In the example of continuous symbol setting within this example, the sensing slot contains 7 consecutive CP-free sensing symbols and 7 consecutive OFDM-based sensing symbols. In the example of uniform distribution of discontinuous symbol setting within this example, symbols with even indices (0, 2, ...) are CP-free sensing symbols, and symbols with odd indices (1, 3, ...) are OFDM-based sensing symbols.

[0196] Figure 10 shows an example of the CP length for sensing according to Example 1 of Embodiment C1-1-1. In this example, the data length of the sensing symbol is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0197] <<<Embodiment C1-1-2>>> The number of OFDM symbols in one slot for sensing may be different from the number of OFDM symbols in the communication slot.

[0198] The number of OFDM-based sensing symbols with additional extension CPs may be Y. The number of CP-free sensing symbols may be Z.

[0199] Within each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbol is X1・κ・2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The CP length for the remaining Y2=Y-Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbols is X2・κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0200] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: ◆ Principle 1: To ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol, Y+Z < 14, X1 ≤ 2048 and X2 ≤ 2048 may be satisfied. ◆ Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is (Y+Z) * 2048κ * 2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)κ・2 -μ = 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ This may also be the case. That is, (Y+Z)・2048+(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)=1966080 / κ=30720 may be satisfied. ◆Principle 3: When X1=X2=X, all OFDM-based sensing symbols have the same CP length. For a given Z, as Y decreases, X increases.

[0201] Variation: The number of symbols in one slot, 14, may be replaced with 12.

[0202] For example, Y=4, Z=8, X1=X2=1536. Within one slot, there may be 4 symbols for the OFDM base waveform and 8 symbols for the CP-free waveform. A longer CP length for OFDM base sensing symbols is 1536κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0203] Figure 11 shows an example of the structure of a sensing slot according to Embodiment C1-1-2. In this example, the length of the sensing frame is 10 ms. Within one sensing frame, 10.2 μ There are sensing slots, and the length of each sensing slot is 2 -μThe time is ms. In this example, μ=0 and the length of the sensing slot is 1 ms. In this example, the sensing slot has 12 sensing symbols. In example 1 of the continuous symbol setting in this example, symbols #0-#7 are chirp-based waveforms, and symbols #8-#11 are OFDM-based waveforms with CP. In example 2 of the uniform distribution of discontinuous symbol settings in this example, symbols #0, #1, #3, #4, #6, #7, #8, #9 are chirp-based waveforms, and the remaining symbols are OFDM-based waveforms with CP. In example 3 of the non-uniform distribution of discontinuous symbol settings in this example, symbols #0, #1, #3, #4, #6, #7, #10, #11 are chirp-based waveforms, and the remaining symbols are OFDM-based waveforms with CP.

[0204] Figure 12 shows an example of the CP length for sensing according to Embodiment C1-1-2. In this example, the data length of the sensing symbol is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0205] <<Embodiment C1-2>> The definition of the data length in the sensing symbol may be changed from the data length in the communication symbol.

[0206] Embodiment C1-2 may be based on at least one of the following multiple embodiments C1-2-x.

[0207] <<<Embodiment C1-2-1>>> The number of OFDM symbols in one slot for sensing may be the same as (or maintained) the number of OFDM symbols in the communication slot.

[0208] The number of OFDM-based sensing symbols in one sensing slot for an OFDM-based waveform with additional extended CP may be Y. The number of CP-free sensing symbols in one sensing slot for a CP-free waveform may be 14-Y.

[0209] Within each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbol is X1・κ・2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The CP length for the remaining Y2=Y-Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbols is X2・κ・2 -μ ・T c This is also possible. X1 and X2 may be set / supported with the same value, or they may be set / supported with different values.

[0210] Variation: The number of symbols in one slot, 14, may be replaced with 12.

[0211] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following multiple options Cx.

[0212] ◆Option C1 Only the definition of the data length for OFDM base symbols with additional extension CP may be changed from NR.

[0213] The definition of the data length for CP-free symbols may be the same as (or maintained) the definition of the data length for NR symbols. That is, the data length for CP-free symbols is 2048κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0214] The data length of an OFDM base symbol with an additional extension CP is N・κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be defined as follows.

[0215] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: —◆Principle 1: X1≦N and X2≦N may be satisfied to ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol. —◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is (14-Y)・2048κ・2 -μ +YNκ・2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)κ・2 -μ = 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μIt may also be the case that (N-2048)・Y+(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)=2048 is satisfied. —◆Principle 3: When X1=X2=X, all OFDM-based sensing symbols have the same CP length. It may also be (N+X-2048)Y=2048. That is, as Y decreases, X increases.

[0216] For example, N=1800, Y=7, X1=544, X2=540 may also be used. Within a single slot, there may be 7 symbols for OFDM base waveforms and 7 symbols for CP-free waveforms. The data length of an OFDM base symbol is 1800κ·2 -μ ・T c Even if this is the case, the data length (symbol length) of a CP-free symbol is 2048κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be the case that the longer CP length of the first OFDM base symbol is 544κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case, and the longer CP length of the remaining 6 OFDM base symbols is 540κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0217] Figure 13 shows an example of the structure of the sensing slot according to option C1 of embodiment C1-2-1. In this example, the length of the sensing frame is 10 ms. Within one sensing frame, 10.2 μ There are sensing slots, and the length of each sensing slot is 2 -μThe time is ms. In this example, μ=0 and the length of the sensing slot is 1 ms. In this example, the sensing slot has 14 sensing symbols. In Example 1 of this example, symbols #0-#6 are chirp-based waveforms, and symbols #7-#13 are OFDM-based waveforms with CP. In Example 2 of this example, which is uniformly distributed, symbols with even indices (0, 2, ...) may be CP-free waveforms, and symbols with odd indices (1, 3, ...) may be OFDM-based waveforms with CP. In Example 3 of this example, which is non-uniformly distributed, symbols #0-#3 and #7-#9 are chirp-based waveforms, and the remaining symbols are OFDM-based waveforms with CP.

[0218] Figure 14 shows an example of the CP length for sensing according to option C1 of embodiment C1-2-1. In this example, the OFDM symbol length is 1800κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0219] ◆Option C2 Only the definition of data length for CP-free symbols may be changed from NR.

[0220] The definition of the data length of an OFDM base symbol may be the same as (or maintained) the definition of the data length of an NR. That is, the data length of an OFDM base symbol is 2048κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0221] The data length of a CP-free symbol is N・κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be defined as follows.

[0222] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: —◆Principle 1: X1≦N and X2≦N may be satisfied to ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol. —◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is (14-Y)・Nκ・2 -μ +Y・2048κ・2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)κ・2-μ = 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ It may also be the case that 14N + (2048-N)・Y + (X1・Y1 + X2・Y2) = 30720 is satisfied. —◆Principle 3: When X1 = X2 = X, all OFDM-based sensing symbols have the same CP length. It may also be (2048-N + X)Y + 14N = 30720. That is, for a given N, as Y decreases, X increases.

[0223] For example, N=1800, Y=7, X1=544, X2=540 may also be used. Within a single slot, there may be 7 symbols for OFDM base waveforms and 7 symbols for CP-free waveforms. The data length of an OFDM base symbol is 2400κ·2 -μ ・T c Even if this is the case, the data length (symbol length) of a CP-free symbol is 1800κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be the case that the longer CP length of the first OFDM base symbol is 544κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case, and the longer CP length of the remaining 6 OFDM base symbols is 540κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0224] ◆Option C3 The definition of the data length may be changed from NR for both CP-free symbols and OFDM-based symbols with additional extended CP.

[0225] The data length of an OFDM base symbol is N1・κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be defined as follows.

[0226] The data length of a CP-free symbol is N2・κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be defined as follows.

[0227] N1 and N2 may be set / supported with the same value, or they may be set / supported with different values.

[0228] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: —◆Principle 1: X1≦N and X2≦N may be satisfied to ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol. —◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is (14-Y)・N2・κ・2 -μ +Y・N1・κ・2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)κ・2 -μ = 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ It may also be the case that 14N2+(N1-N2)・Y+(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)=30720 is satisfied. —◆Principle 3: When X1=X2=X and N1=N2=N, all OFDM-based sensing symbols and CP-free symbols have the same CP length. That is, it may also be 14N+(2048-N+X)Y+14N=30720. In other words, for a given N, as Y decreases, X increases.

[0229] For example, N1=N2=1800, Y=7, X1=792, X2=788 may also be used. Within a single slot, there may be 7 symbols for OFDM base waveforms and 7 symbols for CP-free waveforms. The data length for both OFDM base symbols and CP-free symbols is 1800κ·2 -μ ・T c It may also be the case that the longer CP length of the first OFDM base symbol is 592κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case, and the longer CP lengths of the remaining six OFDM base symbols are 588κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0230] <<<Embodiment C1-2-2>>> The number of OFDM symbols in one slot for sensing may be different from the number of OFDM symbols in the communication slot.

[0231] The number of OFDM-based sensing symbols in one sensing slot for an OFDM-based waveform with additional extended CP may be Y. The number of CP-free sensing symbols in one sensing slot for a CP-free waveform may be Z.

[0232] Within each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbol is X1・κ・2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The CP length for the remaining Y2=Y-Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbols is X2・κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0233] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following multiple options Dx.

[0234] ◆Option D1 Only the definition of the data length for OFDM base symbols with additional extension CP may be changed from NR. For details of this option, option C1 of embodiment C1-2-1 may be applied by replacing the number of CP-free symbols "14-Y" with "Z".

[0235] ◆Option D2 Only the definition of the data length for CP-free symbols may be changed from NR. For details of this option, option C2 of embodiment C1-2-1 may be applied by replacing the number of CP-free symbols "14-Y" with "Z".

[0236] ◆Option D3 The definition of the data length for both OFDM base symbols with additional extension CP and CP-free symbols may be changed from NR. For details of this option, option C3 of embodiment C1-2-1 may be applied by replacing the number of CP-free symbols "14-Y" with "Z".

[0237] <<Embodiment C1-3>> The definition of the slot / subframe / frame length for sensing may be changed from the data length in the communication symbol.

[0238] The slot duration is calculated using a positive parameter α, where α * 2 -μ It may be updated as ms.

[0239] Embodiment C1-3 may be based on at least one of the following multiple embodiments C1-3-x.

[0240] <<<Embodiment C1-3-1>>> The definition of the frame length for sensing may be the same as (or maintained) the frame length in the communication system.

[0241] Regarding the details of this embodiment, Embodiments C1-1 and C2-2 have a slot length of "0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ " to "α・0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080α・2 -μ It may also be applied by replacing it with ".

[0242] Limitation: Number of slots per frame: 10 / α・2 μ This is an integer. Number of samples per slot: 1966080α・2 -μ It is an integer.

[0243] Example: Slot duration is 1.25・2 -μ The values ​​have been updated to ms, with N1=N2=2400, Y=10, and X1=X2=1200. The sensing frame length is 10ms, and the ISAC frame is 8.2 μ It includes sensing slots. The sensing slots contain 14 OFDM symbols (4 OFDM base symbols and 10 CP-free symbols). The data length in the OFDM base symbols and CP-free symbols is 2400κ·2 -μ ・T c This is also acceptable. The longer CP length in OFDM base symbols is 1200κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0244] Figure 15 shows an example of the structure of a sensing slot according to Embodiment C1-3-1. In this example, the sensing frame is 8.2 μ It has several sensing slots, and the length of each sensing slot is 1.25·2 -μ The time is ms. In this example, μ=0, the sensing frame has 8 sensing slots, and the length of the sensing slots is 1.25 ms. In this example, in example 1 of the continuous symbol setting, symbols #0-#9 are chirp-based waveforms, and the remaining symbols are OFDM-based waveforms with CP. In example 2 of the uniform distribution of discontinuous symbol setting, symbols #0, #1, #3, #4, #6, #7, #9, #10, #12, #13 are chirp-based waveforms, and the remaining symbols are OFDM-based waveforms with CP. In example 2 of the non-uniform distribution of discontinuous symbol setting, symbols #0, #1, #3, #4, #6-#9, #12, #13 are chirp-based waveforms, and the remaining symbols are OFDM-based waveforms with CP.

[0245] Figure 16 shows an example of the CP length for sensing according to Embodiment C1-3-1. In this example, the data length of the sensing symbol is 2400κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0246] <<<Embodiment C1-3-2>>> The definition of the frame length for sensing may be changed from the frame length in the communication system.

[0247] The sensing frame duration may be α・10ms.

[0248] Regarding the details of this embodiment, Embodiments C1-1 and C2-2 have a slot length of "0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ " to "α・0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080α・2 -μ It may also be applied by replacing it with ".

[0249] Limitation: Number of samples per slot: 1,966,080α・2 -μ It is an integer.

[0250] <<Variation of Embodiment C1>> The multiple sensing symbols set for each waveform in one sensing slot may be continuous or discontinuous.

[0251] For discontinuous sensing symbol settings, the sensing symbols for OFDM-based waveforms and CP-free waveforms may be distributed uniformly or non-uniformly within a single sensing slot.

[0252] Multiple symbols within a single sensing slot for OFDM-based sensing waveforms and CP-free sensing waveforms may be defined in the specification, or may be set / indicated by UE-specific or group-common parameters via upper-layer signaling, or by physical layer parameters, or by a [new] sensing protocol. The upper-layer signaling may be RRC IE / MAC CE. The physical layer parameters may be DCI or DCI for sensing. The [new] sensing protocol may be a protocol such as LPP / NRPPa.

[0253] <Embodiment C2> This embodiment relates to the frame structure and CP design of ISAC.

[0254] According to this embodiment, an appropriate frame structure and CP for ISAC can be defined / configured.

[0255] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following multiple embodiments C2-x.

[0256] <<Embodiment C2-1>> Embodiment C2-1 relates to the design of the ISAC slot and CP.

[0257] Embodiment C2-1 may be based on at least one of the following multiple embodiments C2-1-x.

[0258] <<<Embodiment C2-1-1>>> The definition of the sensing data length may be the same as (or maintained) the data length in the communication symbol.

[0259] The definition of OFDM data length in NR may be reused, and the CP length for OFDM-based sensing symbols may increase by reducing the number of OFDM-based sensing symbols in a single ISAC slot. That is, the OFDM data length is 2048κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0260] Within a single ISAC slot, the number of sensing symbols for OFDM-based waveforms with additional extended CP (OFDM-based sensing symbols) may be Y. The number of sensing symbols for CP-free waveforms (CP-free sensing symbols) may be Z. The number of communication symbols may be W.

[0261] Within each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed W1 communication symbol is L1・κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be the case that the CP length for the remaining W2=W-W1 communication symbols is L2・κ・2 -μ ・T c This is also possible. The same value may be set / supported for L1 and L2, or different values ​​may be set / supported.

[0262] Within each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbol is X1・κ・2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The CP length for the remaining Y2=Y-Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbols is X2・κ・2 -μ ・T c This is also possible. X1 and X2 may be set / supported with the same value, or they may be set / supported with different values.

[0263] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following multiple options Ex.

[0264] ◆Option E1 The number of OFDM symbols in one ISAC slot may be the same as (or maintained for) the number of OFDM symbols in the communication slot.

[0265] The total number of symbols in a single ISAC slot may be Y+Z+W=14.

[0266] Variation: The number of symbols in one slot, 14, may be replaced with 12.

[0267] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: —◆Principle 1: To ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol, X1 ≤ 2048 and X2 ≤ 2048 may be satisfied. —◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ It may also be (Y+Z+W)・2048κ・2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2)κ・2 -μ +(L1・W1+L2・W2)κ・2 -μ =1966080・2 -μ The condition may be met.

[0268] ◆Option E2 The number of OFDM symbols in one ISAC slot may be different from (or changed from) the number of OFDM symbols in the communication slots.

[0269] The total number of symbols in a single ISAC slot may be Y + Z + W = S.

[0270] For further details of this option, option E1 of embodiment C2-1-1 may be applied by replacing the total number of symbols in one ISAC slot, "Y+Z+W=14", with "Y+Z+W=S".

[0271] Figure 17 shows an example of the structure of an ISAC slot according to option E1 of embodiment C2-1-1. In this example, the length of the ISAC slot is equal to the length of the communication slot (14 communication symbols). In this example, Y=2, Z=5, X1=X2=512, and the ISAC slot contains 14 OFDM symbols (7 communication symbols and 7 sensing symbols). In this example, the data length of the communication symbols, chirp-based sensing symbols, and OFDM-based sensing symbols is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0272] In option E1-1 of the subslot (half-slot) alignment in this example, the ISAC slot contains, in order, seven consecutive communication symbols, five consecutive chirp-based sensing symbols, and two consecutive OFDM-based sensing symbols. The length of the seven sensing symbols (subslot) is equal to the length of the seven communication symbols (subslot) (subslot alignment). In the ISAC slot of option E1-2 in this example, the sensing symbols are uniformly arranged (uniform distribution). Within this ISAC slot, symbols #3, #5, #7, #9, and #11 are chirp-based sensing symbols, symbols #1 and #13 are OFDM-based sensing symbols, and the remaining symbols are communication symbols. In the ISAC slot of option E1-3 in this example, the sensing symbols are non-uniformly arranged (non-uniform distribution). Within this ISAC slot, symbols #2, #3, #5, #7, and #8 are chirp-based sensing symbols, symbols #12 and #13 are OFDM-based sensing symbols, and the remaining symbols are communication symbols.

[0273] Figure 18 shows an example of the CP length for ISAC according to option E1 of Embodiment C2-1-1. In this example, the OFDM symbol length is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T c That is the case.

[0274] <<<Embodiment C2-1-2>>> The definition of the sensing data length may be different (or may be changed) from the data length in the communication symbol.

[0275] In one ISAC slot, the number of sensing symbols (OFDM-based sensing symbols) for an OFDM-based waveform with additional extended CP may be Y. The number of sensing symbols (CP-free sensing symbols) for a CP-free waveform may be Z. The number of communication symbols may be W.

[0276] In each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed number of W1 communication symbols may be L1·κ·2 -μ ·T c It may be. The CP length for the remaining W2 = W - W1 communication symbols may be L2·κ·2 -μ ·T c It may be. For L1 and L2, the same value may be set / supported, or different values may be set / supported.

[0277] In each slot / subframe / frame, the CP length for a specific fixed number of Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbols may be X1·κ·2 -μ ·T c It may be. The CP length for the remaining Y2 = Y - Y1 OFDM-based sensing symbols may be X2·κ·2 -μ ·T c It may be. For X1 and X2, the same value may be set / supported, or different values may be set / supported.

[0278] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following multiple options x.

[0279] ◆ Option 1 The number of OFDM symbols in one ISAC slot may be the same as (or may be maintained as) the number of OFDM symbols in the communication symbol.

[0280] The total number of symbols in one ISAC slot may be Y + Z + W = 14.

[0281] Variation: The number of symbols in one slot, 14, may be replaced with 12.

[0282] This option may be based on at least one of the following options 1-x.

[0283] ◆Option 1-1 Only the definition of the data length for OFDM-based sensing symbols with additional extension CP may be changed.

[0284] The definition of data length for CP-free sensing symbols may be the same as (or maintained as) the data length for NR communication symbols. That is, the data length for CP-free sensing symbols is 2048κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0285] The definition of data length for OFDM-based sensing symbols with additional extension CP is Nκ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0286] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: —◆Principle 1: To ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol, X1≦N, X2≦N, L1≦2048, and L2≦2048 may be satisfied. —◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ It may also be (Z+W)・2048κ・2 -μ +YNκ・2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2))κ・2 -μ +(L1・W1+L2・W2)κ・2 -μ =1966080・2 -μ The condition may be met.

[0287] Figure 19 shows an example of the structure of an ISAC slot according to option 1-1 of embodiment C2-1-2. In this example, the length of the ISAC slot is equal to the length of the communication slot (14 communication symbols). In this example, N=1800, Y=2, Z=5, X1=X2=760, and the ISAC slot contains 14 OFDM symbols (7 communication symbols and 7 sensing symbols). The data length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol is 1800κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The data length of the communication symbol and the chirp-based sensing symbol is 2400κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The longer CP length in OFDM-based sensing symbols is 760κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0288] In option 1-1-1 of this example, the ISAC slot contains, in order, seven consecutive communication symbols, five consecutive chirp-based sensing symbols, and two consecutive OFDM-based sensing symbols. The length of the seven sensing symbols (subslot) is equal to the length of the seven communication symbols (subslot) (subslot alignment). In the ISAC slot of option 1-1-2 of this example, the sensing symbols are uniformly arranged (uniform distribution). Within this ISAC slot, symbols #3, #5, #7, #9, and #11 are chirp-based sensing symbols, symbols #1 and #13 are OFDM-based sensing symbols, and the remaining symbols are communication symbols. In the ISAC slot of option 1-1-3 of this example, the sensing symbols are non-uniformly arranged (non-uniform distribution). Within this ISAC slot, symbols #2, #3, #5, #7, and #8 are chirp-based sensing symbols, symbols #12 and #13 are OFDM-based sensing symbols, and the remaining symbols are communication symbols.

[0289] Figure 20 shows an example of the CP length for ISAC according to option 1-1 of embodiment C2-1-2. In this example, the data length of the communication symbol and the chirp-based sensing symbol is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T c The data length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol is 1800κ·2 -μ ・T c That is the case.

[0290] ◆Option 1-2 Only the definition of the data length for CP free sensing symbols may be changed.

[0291] The definition of data length for OFDM-based sensing symbols with additional extension CP may be the same as (or maintained as) the data length for NR communication symbols. That is, the data length for OFDM-based sensing symbols is 2048κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0292] The definition of data length for CP-free sensing symbols is Nκ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0293] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: —◆Principle 1: To ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol, X1≦N, X2≦N, L1≦2048, and L2≦2048 may be satisfied. —◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ It may also be (W+Y)・2048κ・2 -μ +ZNκ・2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2))κ・2 -μ +(L1・W1+L2・W2)κ・2 -μ =1966080・2 -μ The condition may be met.

[0294] For example, N=1800, Y=2, Z=5, X1=X2=1132. The ISAC slot may contain 14 OFDM symbols (7 communication symbols, 2 OFDM-based sensing symbols, and 5 chirp-based sensing symbols). The data length of the chirp-based sensing symbols is 1800κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The data length of the communication symbol and OFDM-based sensing symbol is 2400κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The longer CP length in OFDM-based sensing symbols is 1132κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0295] ◆Option 1-3 Only the definition of the data length for both the CP-free sensing symbol and the OFDM base with additional extended CP may be changed.

[0296] The definition of the data length for OFDM-based sensing symbols with additional extension CP is N1・κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0297] The definition of data length for CP-free sensing symbols is N²・κ・2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0298] N1 and N2 may be set / supported with the same value, or they may be set / supported with different values.

[0299] The design of the CP length may be based on at least one of the following principles x: —◆Principle 1: To ensure that a longer CP length does not exceed the data length in a single OFDM symbol, X1≦N, X2≦N, L1≦2048, and L2≦2048 may be satisfied. —◆Principle 2: The number of samples per slot is 0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ It may also be (14-YZ)・2048κ・2 -μ +ZNκ・2-μ +YNκ・2 -μ +(X1・Y1+X2・Y2))κ・2 -μ +(L1・W1+L2・W2)κ・2 -μ =1966080・2 -μ The condition may be met.

[0300] For example, N=1800, Y=2, Z=5, X1=X2=1380. The ISAC slot may contain 14 OFDM symbols (7 communication symbols, 2 OFDM-based sensing symbols, and 5 chirp-based sensing symbols). The data length of the sensing symbols is 1800κ·2 -μ ・T c This is also acceptable. The data length of the communication symbol is 2400κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The longer CP length in OFDM-based sensing symbols is 1380κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0301] ◆Option 2 The number of OFDM symbols in a single ISAC slot may differ from (or be changed from) the number of OFDM symbols in the communication symbols.

[0302] The total number of symbols in a single ISAC slot may be Y + Z + W = S, where S may be different from at least one of 14 and 12.

[0303] This option may be based on at least one of the following multiple options 2-x.

[0304] ◆Option 2-1 Only the definition of the data length for OFDM-based sensing symbols with additional extension CP may be changed. For details of this option, option 1-1 of Embodiment C1-2-2 may be applied by replacing the total number of symbols in one ISAC slot, "Y+Z+W=14", with "Y+Z+W=S".

[0305] ◆ Option 2-2 Only the definition of the data length for the CP-free sensing symbol may be changed. Regarding the details of this option, Option 1-2 of Embodiment C1-2-2 may be applied by replacing the total number of symbols “Y + Z + W = 14” within one ISAC slot with “Y + Z + W = S”.

[0306] ◆ Option 2-3 The definitions of the data lengths for both the CP-free sensing symbol and the OFDM-based sensing symbol with additional extended CP may be changed. Regarding the details of this option, Option 1-3 of Embodiment C1-2-2 may be applied by replacing the total number of symbols “Y + Z + W = 14” within one ISAC slot with “Y + Z + W = S”.

[0307] <<< Embodiment C2-1-3 >>>The definition of the frame length for sensing may be the same as (or may be maintained as) the frame length in the communication system.

[0308] The slot duration may be updated as α·2 -μ ms using a positive parameter α.

[0309] The value of α may be defined in the specification or may be set by the NW.

[0310] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following Options A and Option B.

[0311] ◆ Option A The frame length for sensing may be the same as (or may be maintained as) the frame length in the communication system.

[0312] Regarding the details of this option, Embodiments C2-1-1 and Embodiment C2-1-2 may be applied by replacing the slot length (the number of samples per slot) “0.001·2 -μ / T c = 1966080·2 -μ ” with “0.001·2 -μ / T c = 1966080α·2 -μ ”.

[0313] Limitation: Number of slots per frame: 10 / α・2 μ This is an integer. Number of samples per slot: 1966080α・2 -μ It is an integer.

[0314] Figure 21 shows an example of the structure of the ISAC frame according to option A of embodiment C2-1-3. In this example, the ISAC frame is 8.2 μ It has ISAC slots, and the length of the ISAC slots is 1.25·2 -μ The time is ms. In this example, μ=0, the ISAC frame has 8 ISAC slots, and the length of the ISAC slots is 1.25 * 2 -μ The time is ms. In this example, N1=N2=2880, Y=2, Z=5, X1=X2=1440, and the ISAC slot contains 14 OFDM symbols (7 communication symbols, 2 OFDM-based sensing symbols, and 5 CP-free sensing symbols). The data length of the sensing symbols is 2280κ·2 -μ ・T c This is also acceptable. The data length of the communication symbol is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. The longer CP length in OFDM-based sensing symbols is 1440κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0315] In Example 1 of the continuous symbol configuration within this example, the ISAC slot contains, in order, seven consecutive communication symbols, five consecutive chirp-based sensing symbols, and two consecutive OFDM-based sensing symbols. In Example 2 of the uniform distribution of discontinuous symbol configuration within this example, the sensing symbols are uniformly distributed within the ISAC slot. Within this ISAC slot, symbols #3, #5, #7, #9, and #11 are chirp-based sensing symbols, symbols #1 and #13 are OFDM-based sensing symbols, and the remaining symbols are communication symbols. In Example 3 of the uniform distribution of discontinuous symbol configuration within this example, the sensing symbols are non-uniformly distributed within the ISAC slot. Within this ISAC slot, symbols #2, #3, #5, #7, and #8 are chirp-based sensing symbols, symbols #12 and #13 are OFDM-based sensing symbols, and the remaining symbols are communication symbols.

[0316] ◆Option B: The frame length for sensing may differ from (or be changed from) the frame length in the communication system.

[0317] The sensing frame duration may be updated to α・10ms.

[0318] Regarding the details of this option, Embodiments C2-1-1 and C2-1-2 have a slot length (number of samples per slot) of "0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080・2 -μ " to "0.001・2 -μ / T c =1966080α・2 -μ It may also be applied by replacing it with ".

[0319] Limitation: Number of samples per slot: 1,966,080α・2 -μ It is an integer.

[0320] <<Embodiment C2-2>> Embodiment C2-2 relates to the design of an ISAC frame.

[0321] Embodiment C2-2 may be based on at least one of the following multiple embodiments C2-2-x.

[0322] <<<Embodiment C2-1-1>>> The definition of the frame length for sensing may be the same as (or maintained) the frame length in the communication system.

[0323] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following options C and D.

[0324] ◆Option C: Multiple slots within an ISAC frame may have the same slot length.

[0325] Within a single ISAC slot, the sensing slot, the ISAC slot, and the digit slot may all have the same slot length.

[0326] This option may be based on at least one of the following multiple options Cx.

[0327] —◆Option C1 Multiple symbols may have the same OFDM data length.

[0328] Multiple symbols within a sensing / ISAC / communication slot within a single ISAC frame may have the same OFDM data length.

[0329] The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-1 and the ISAC slot design method in Embodiment C2-1-1 may also be applied to this option.

[0330] ―◆Option C2 Multiple symbols may have different OFDM data lengths.

[0331] Multiple symbols within a sensing / ISAC / communication slot within a single ISAC frame may have the same OFDM data length.

[0332] This option may be based on at least one of the following multiple cases x.

[0333] --◆Case 1: Within a single ISAC frame, the sensing slot and the ISAC slot may have the same length, and the length of the communication slot may differ from the length of the sensing slot and the ISAC slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-2 and the ISAC slot design method in Embodiment C2-1-2 may be applied to this option.

[0334] --◆Case 2: Within a single ISAC frame, the sensing slot and the communication slot may have the same length, or the length of the ISAC slot may differ from the length of the sensing slot and the communication slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-1 and the ISAC slot design method in Embodiment C2-1-2 may be applied to this option.

[0335] --◆Case 3: Within a single ISAC frame, ISAC slots and ISAC slots may have the same length, and the length of the sensing slot may differ from the length of the ISAC slots and ISAC slots. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-2 and the ISAC slot design method in Embodiment C2-1-1 may be applied to this option.

[0336] Figure 22 shows an example of the structure of an ISAC frame according to option C1 of embodiment C2-2-1. In this example, the ISAC frame has a length of 10 ms and 10.2 μ It includes 10 ISAC slots. The lengths of the communication slots, ISAC slots, and sensing slots within the ISAC frame are the same. In this example, μ=0, and the ISAC frame has 10 slots, each with a length of 1 ms.

[0337] In this example, each slot has 14 OFDM symbols. The communication slot has 14 communication symbols. The ISAC slot may have 7 communication symbols, 5 chirp-based sensing symbols, and 2 OFDM-based sensing symbols in that order. The sensing slot may have 10 chirp-based sensing symbols and 4 OFDM-based sensing symbols in that order. The CP length of the OFDM-based sensing symbols is 512κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0338] ◆Option D: Multiple slots within an ISAC frame may have different slot lengths.

[0339] Within a single ISAC slot, the sensing slot, the ISAC slot, and the digit slot may all have the same slot length.

[0340] This option may be based on at least one of the following multiple options Dx.

[0341] ―◆Option D1: Within a single ISAC frame, the sensing slot and the ISAC slot may have the same length, and the length of the communication slot may differ from the lengths of the sensing slot and the ISAC slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-3-1 and the ISAC slot design method in Option A of Embodiment C2-1-3 may be applied to this option.

[0342] ―◆Option D2: Within a single ISAC frame, the sensing slot and the communication slot may have the same length, or the length of the ISAC slot may differ from the length of the sensing slot and the communication slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-1 / Embodiment C1-2 and the ISAC slot design method in Option A of Embodiment C2-1-3 may be applied to this option.

[0343] ―◆Option D3: Within a single ISAC frame, the ISAC slot and the communication slot may have the same length, and the length of the sensing slot may differ from the length of the ISAC slot and the communication slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-3-1 and the ISAC slot design method in Embodiment C2-1-1 / Embodiment C2-1-2 may be applied to this option.

[0344] Figure 23 shows an example of the structure of an ISAC frame according to option D1 of embodiment C2-2-1. In this example, the ISAC frame has a length of 10 ms and 9.2 μ It includes ISAC slots. Within one ISAC frame in this example, the length of the communication slot is 2 -μ The time is ms, and the length of the sensing slot and ISAC slot is 1.25・2 -μ The time is ms. In this example, μ=0, the ISAC frame has 9 slots, the length of the communication slots is 1 ms, and the length of the sensing slots and ISAC slots is 1.25 ms.

[0345] In this example, each slot has 14 OFDM symbols. The communication slot has 14 communication symbols. The ISAC slot may have 7 consecutive communication symbols, 5 consecutive chirp-based sensing symbols, and 2 consecutive OFDM-based sensing symbols in that order. The sensing slot may have 10 consecutive chirp-based sensing symbols and 4 consecutive OFDM-based sensing symbols in that order. In the ISAC slot in this example, the data length (symbol length) of the chirp-based sensing symbols and the data length of the OFDM-based sensing symbols are 2880κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be the case that the CP length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol is 1440κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. In the sensing slot of this example, the data length (symbol length) of the chirp-based sensing symbol and the data length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol are 2400κ・2-μ ・T c It may be the case that the CP length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol is 1200κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0346] <<<Embodiment C2-1-2>>> The definition of the frame length for sensing may differ from (or be modified from) the frame length in the communication system.

[0347] This embodiment may also be based on the following option E.

[0348] ◆Option E: Multiple slots within an ISAC frame may have different slot lengths.

[0349] Within a single ISAC slot, at least one of the sensing slots, ISAC slots, and number slots may have a different slot length than the other types of slots.

[0350] This option may be based on at least one of the following options Ex.

[0351] ―◆Option E1: Within a single ISAC frame, the sensing slot and the ISAC slot may have the same length, and the length of the communication slot may differ from the length of the sensing slot and the ISAC slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-3-2 and the ISAC slot design method in Option B of Embodiment C2-1-3 may be applied to this option.

[0352] ―◆Option E2: Within a single ISAC frame, the sensing slot and the communication slot may have the same length, or the length of the ISAC slot may differ from the length of the sensing slot and the communication slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-1 / Embodiment C1-2 and the ISAC slot design method in Option B of Embodiment C2-1-3 may be applied to this option.

[0353] ―◆Option E3: Within a single ISAC frame, the ISAC slot and the communication slot may have the same length, and the length of the sensing slot may differ from the length of the ISAC slot and the communication slot. The sensing slot design method in Embodiment C1-3-2 and the ISAC slot design method in Embodiment C2-1-1 / Embodiment C2-1-2 may be applied to this option.

[0354] Figure 24 shows an example of the structure of the ISAC frame according to option E1 of embodiment C2-2-2. In this example, the ISAC frame has a length of 11 ms and 10.2 μ It includes ISAC slots. Within one ISAC frame in this example, the length of the communication slot is 2 -μ The time is ms, and the length of the sensing slot and ISAC slot is 1.25・2 -μ The time is ms. In this example, μ=0, the ISAC frame has 10 slots, the length of the communication slot is 1 ms, and the length of the sensing slot and ISAC slot is 1.25 ms.

[0355] In this example, each slot has 14 OFDM symbols. The communication slot has 14 communication symbols. The ISAC slot may have 7 communication symbols, 5 chirp-based sensing symbols, and 2 OFDM-based sensing symbols in that order. The sensing slot may have 10 chirp-based sensing symbols and 4 OFDM-based sensing symbols in that order. In the ISAC slot in this example, the data length (symbol length) of the chirp-based sensing symbols and the data length of the OFDM-based sensing symbols are 2880κ・2 -μ ・T c It may also be the case that the CP length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol is 1440κ·2 -μ ・T c This may also be the case. In the sensing slot of this example, the data length (symbol length) of the chirp-based sensing symbol and the data length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol are 2400κ・2 -μ ・Tc It may be the case that the CP length of the OFDM-based sensing symbol is 1200κ·2 -μ ・T c That's fine.

[0356] <<Variation of Embodiment C2>> In this disclosure, the sensing [OFDM] symbol may be replaced with the ISAC [OFDM] symbol.

[0357] The sensing slots / ISAC slots within the ISAC frame may be replaced, under the same conditions, with sensing slots / ISAC slots for at least one of an OFDM-based waveform with additional extended CP and a CP-free waveform.

[0358] Multiple symbols within one ISAC slot for communication, an OFDM-based waveform with additional extended CP, and a CP-free waveform may be defined in the specification, or set / indicated by UE-specific or group-common parameters via upper-layer signaling, or by physical layer parameters, or by a [new] sensing protocol. The upper-layer signaling may be RRC IE / MAC CE. The physical layer parameters may be DCI, or DCI for sensing. The [new] sensing protocol may be a protocol such as LPP / NRPPa.

[0359] Multiple symbols within one ISAC slot for at least one of communication, sensing, and ISAC may be defined in the specification, or configured / indicated by UE-specific or group-common parameters via upper-layer signaling, or by physical layer parameters, or by a [new] sensing protocol. The upper-layer signaling may be RRC IE / MAC CE. The physical layer parameters may be DCI, or DCI for sensing. The [new] sensing protocol may be a protocol such as LPP / NRPPa.

[0360] <Supplement> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the embodiments described above, notification of any information from the Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS)) to the UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS at the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., DCI, PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0361] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0362] If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI. The specific field may be an existing DCI field or a new DCI field. The RNTI may be an existing RNTI or a new RNTI. The format of the DCI may be an existing DCI format or a new DCI format.

[0363] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0364] In the embodiments described above, the UE may receive information from the NW of at least one of the following QCL rules: ◆ QCL Type A ◆ QCL Type B ◆ QCL Type C ◆ QCL Type D

[0365] In the embodiments described above, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following RSs: ◆SSB ◆CSI-RS with / without repetition ◆TRS ◆DMRS for PDCCH / PDSCH

[0366] In the embodiments described above, information from the network may be set / instructed by the following methods: ◆ Common to multiple UEs, or individual to a UE ◆ Cell-specific, or common to multiple cells ◆ Per UE / Per CC / Per BWP / Per band / Per cell / Per cell group (CG)

[0367] <<Notification of Information from UE>> Notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the embodiments described above (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LPP messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., UCI, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0368] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0369] If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0370] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above-described embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0371] <<Regarding the application of each embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above may be applied (or used) if any or more of the following conditions are met: ◆ A higher-layer parameter indicating the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is set; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on the relevant higher-layer parameter; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is designated / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; ◆ A specific UE capability / specific BS capability indicating (or related to) the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is reported or supported; ◆ The application of the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0372] The above-mentioned specific UE capability may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ The capability of each embodiment; ◆ The capability of each option in each embodiment, or the capability of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ The capability of each choice in each embodiment, or the capability of a combination of multiple choices in each embodiment.

[0373] The above-mentioned specific BS capabilities may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ Capabilities of each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each choice in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple choices in each embodiment.

[0374] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), a capability per frequency (e.g., one or a combination thereof, such as cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), a capability per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), a capability per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or a capability per feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC).

[0375] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all duplexing schemes (common to all duplexing schemes regardless of the duplexing scheme), or it may be a capability specific to each duplexing scheme (for example, Time Division Duplex (TDD), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0376] If the above conditions are not met, UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0377] Information on whether one or more of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, or which of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, may be based on several of the following methods: ◆ The information is set by one or more higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is determined by one or more relevant higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is indicated by MAC CE / DCI. ◆ The information is determined based on one or more UE capabilities. ◆ The information is described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is based on conditions described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is determined by a combination of several of the above information. For example, the information is determined by the setting / indication of higher-layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI and reported by UE capabilities.

[0378] The above multiple embodiments / options / choices may be combined into a single embodiment / option / choice.

[0379] In the embodiments described above, the measured RS may be the QCL source RS in an active TCI state / indicated / unified TCI state.

[0380] <<Sensing / ISAC>> Information on whether one or more of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples are applied / used, or which of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples are applied / used, may be based on at least one of the following methods: ◆ In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, the information is set / indicated / determined by one or more higher layer parameters (e.g., SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE) / physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI). ◆ In bistatic sensing from UE to BS, the information is set / indicated / determined by one or more higher layer parameters (e.g., SIB / RRC IE / MAC CE) / physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), or determined by the UE and reported to the BS via higher layer parameters (e.g., RRC IE / MAC CE) / physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI). ◆In bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, the information is set / instructed / determined via the X2 / Xn / F1-AP interface between BS1 and BS2. ◆In all of the aforementioned sensing methods (BS monostatic sensing, UE monostatic sensing, bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, bistatic sensing from BS to UE, bistatic sensing from UE to BS, bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2), the information is set / instructed / determined from LMF / SF to BS via the [extended] NRPPa protocol or a new sensing protocol, or set / instructed / determined from LMF / SF to UE via the [extended] LPP protocol or a new sensing protocol, or set / instructed / determined from LMF / SF to UE via the [extended] SLPP protocol or a new sensing protocol. ◆The information is determined based on one or more UE capabilities. ◆The information is described / defined in the specification. ◆That information is based on conditions described / defined in the specifications. ◆That information is determined by a combination of several pieces of information mentioned above.

[0381] <<Notification of Information to Sensing Transmitter>> Notification of any information from the NW to the sensing transmitter (BS or UE) in the embodiments described above (in other words, reception of any information from the NW at the sensing transmitter) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), upper layer signaling (e.g., at least one of RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC message, LPP message, SLPP message, NRPPa message), specific signals / channels (e.g., DCI, PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof. In this disclosure, NW, gNB, and [extended] LMF / SF may be interpreted as each other.

[0382] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0383] If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI. The specific field may be an existing DCI field or a new DCI field. The RNTI may be an existing RNTI or a new RNTI. The format of the DCI may be an existing DCI format or a new DCI format.

[0384] Furthermore, the notification of arbitrary information from the NW to the sensing transmitter in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by UE or gNB or [extended] LMF / SF), or aperiodic (triggered by UE or gNB or [extended] LMF / SF).

[0385] <<Notification of Information from Sensing Transmitter>> Notification of any information from the sensing transmitter (BS or UE) to the NW in the above embodiments (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information to the NW by the sensing transmitter) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., at least one of RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC message, LPP message, SLPP message, NRPPa message), specific signals / channels (e.g., UCI, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0386] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0387] If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0388] Furthermore, the notification of arbitrary information from the sensing transmitter to the NW in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by UE or gNB or [extended] LMF / SF), or aperiodic (triggered by UE or gNB or [extended] LMF / SF).

[0389] (Notes) <Note 1> A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives information of a first time resource for a first waveform including a cyclic prefix (CP) for sensing, and a second time resource for a second waveform not including the CP for sensing; and a control unit that controls the sensing using the first and second waveforms based on the information, wherein at least one of the first parameter of the first time resource and the second parameter of the second time resource is different from the third parameter of the third time resource for communication. <Note 2> The terminal according to Note 1, wherein at least one of the first and second parameters is at least one of the length of a frame, the length of a subframe, the length of a slot, the length of a symbol, the length of data in the symbol, and the number of symbols in the slot. <Note 3> The terminal according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein at least one of a frame and a slot includes the first time resource, the second time resource, and the third time resource. <Note 4> The slot is a terminal as described in any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the slot includes a guard time between the second time resource and the third time resource. <Note A> A base station having: a transmitting unit that transmits information of a first time resource for a first waveform including a cyclic prefix (CP) for sensing, and a second time resource for a second waveform not including the CP for sensing; and a control unit that controls the sensing using the first and second waveforms based on the information, wherein at least one of the first parameter of the first time resource and the second parameter of the second time resource is different from the third parameter of the third time resource for communication. <Supplement> The terminal in Notes 1 to 4 may be a user terminal 20. The receiving / transmitting unit in Notes 1 to 4 may be a transmitting / receiving unit 220. The control unit in Notes 1 to 4 may be a control unit 210. The base station in Note A may be a base station 10. The receiving / transmitting unit in Note A may be a transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit in Appendix A may be the control unit 110.

[0390] The first symbol may be, for example, a sensing symbol. The information for determining the length of the first symbol for sensing may be, for example, frame / slot / symbol / data / CP / SCS information for communication / sensing / ISAC. The first CP may be, for example, the CP in the sensing symbol or an additional extension CP. The second symbol may be, for example, a communication symbol. The second CP may be, for example, the CP in the communication symbol or a normal CP / extension CP.

[0391] A waveform that does not contain CP for sensing may be, for example, a CP-free waveform. The first time resource may be, for example, a frame / slot / symbol / data. The information of the first time resource may be, for example, information indicating a frame / slot / symbol / data / SCS for sensing / ISAC. The first parameter may include, for example, at least one of the following for sensing / ISAC: the length of the frame, the length of the subframe, the length of the slot, the length of the symbol, the length of the data within the symbol, and the number of symbols in the slot. The second time resource may be, for example, a frame / slot / symbol / data for communication. The second parameter may include, for example, at least one of the following for communication: the length of the frame, the length of the subframe, the length of the slot, the length of the symbol, the length of the data within the symbol, and the number of symbols in the slot.

[0392] The first waveform, which includes CP for sensing, may be, for example, an OFDM-based waveform. The first time resource may be, for example, a frame / slot / symbol / data / CP for the OFDM-based waveform. The second waveform, which does not include CP for sensing, may be, for example, a CP-free waveform. The second time resource may be, for example, a frame / slot / symbol / data for the CP-free waveform. The information for the first and second time resources may indicate, for example, the frame / slot / symbol / data length / CP / SCS for the OFDM-based waveform / CP-free waveform. The third time resource may be, for example, a frame / slot / symbol / data / CP for communication. The third parameter may indicate, for example, the frame / slot / symbol / data length / CP / SCS for communication.

[0393] Multiple waveforms may include, for example, an OFDM-based waveform and a CP-free waveform. Subcarrier spacing and frame structure information may indicate, for example, at least one of the following: SCS settings, a communication CP, a sensing CP, and an ISAC CP.

[0394] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure, or a combination thereof.

[0395] Figure 25 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply called system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), etc., as specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0396] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), and the like.

[0397] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0398] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity where both MN and SN are NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0399] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) located within the macrocell C1 that form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. User terminals 20 may be located within at least one cell. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc., of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the configuration shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when base stations 11 and 12 are not distinguished, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0400] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called a supercell, for example) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called subcells, for example). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell whose physical range fluctuates quasi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0401] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of Carrier Aggregation (CA) using multiple Component Carriers (CC) and Dual Connectivity (DC).

[0402] Each CC may be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). A macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and a small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz. Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be in a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0403] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate in each CC using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

[0404] Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which is the upstream station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is the relay station, may be called an IAB node.

[0405] Base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include at least one of the following: Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0406] The core network 30 may include network functions (NF) such as User Plane Function (UPF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), Data Network (DN), Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may occur via the DN.

[0407] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0408] In the wireless communication system 1, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless access scheme may be used. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-OFDM), etc., may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0409] The wireless access method may also be called a waveform. In wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (for example, other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL wireless access methods.

[0410] In the wireless communication system 1, a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Broadcast Channel (PBCH), or a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may be used as the downlink channel, which is shared by each user terminal 20.

[0411] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink channel may include a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), or the like, all of which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0412] User data, higher-layer control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and higher-layer control information may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) may be transmitted via PBCH.

[0413] Lower-layer control information may be transmitted by PDCCH. The lower-layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0414] Furthermore, the DCI that schedules PDSCH may be called DL assignment, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH may be called UL grant, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH may be read as DL data, and PUSCH may be read as UL data.

[0415] PDCCH detection may utilize a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. A search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A single CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. A UE may monitor CORESETs associated with a given search space based on the search space configuration.

[0416] A single search space may correspond to one or more PDCCH candidates corresponding to aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. In this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," and "CORESET configuration" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0417] PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery acknowledgment information (for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with the cell.

[0418] In this disclosure, downlinks, uplinks, etc., may be expressed without the prefix "link." Also, the prefix "physical" may be omitted from the names of various channels.

[0419] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc., may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, the DL-RS may include a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc.

[0420] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS / PBCH block, SS Block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be called reference signals.

[0421] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) may include a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. The DMRS may also be called a user-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

[0422] (Base Station) Figure 26 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of the control unit 110, the transmitting / receiving unit 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

[0423] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0424] The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0425] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 120, transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of wireless resources, etc.

[0426] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0427] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122 and a measuring unit 123.

[0428] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0429] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also receive the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0430] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0431] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform processing on data and control information acquired from the control unit 110, for example, at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0432] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0433] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0434] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0435] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (receiving processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0436] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0437] The transmission path interface 140 may send and receive signals (backhaul signaling) with devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0438] In this disclosure, the transmitting and receiving units of the base station 10 may consist of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140.

[0439] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a Radio Unit (RU), a Distributed Unit (DU), and a Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level physical layer functions (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0440] In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In this disclosure, base station 10 may be interpreted as RU / DU / CU.

[0441] (User Terminal) Figure 27 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be provided.

[0442] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0443] The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0444] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 220.

[0445] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0446] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222 and a measuring unit 223.

[0447] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0448] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0449] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0450] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc., on data and control information acquired from the control unit 210 to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0451] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0452] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the transform precoding settings. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission process to transmit a channel (for example, PUSCH) using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform if transform precoding is enabled for that channel, or it may not perform DFT processing as the transmission process if transform precoding is not enabled for that channel.

[0453] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0454] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0455] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (receiving processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0456] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measuring unit 223) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measuring unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc., based on the received signal. The measuring unit 223 may also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0457] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources may be, for example, Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources may be at least one of the following: NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be called CSI-Interference Management (IM), and may be interpreted interchangeably with Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0458] In this disclosure, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 may be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 220 and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0459] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagram used in the description of the above embodiment shows functional units. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or it may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wired or wireless connections). A functional block may also be realized by combining the above one device or the above multiple devices with software.

[0460] Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, derivation, investigation, exploration, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating (mapping), and assigning. For example, a functional block (configuration part) that enables transmission may be called a transmitting unit or transmitter. In all cases, as mentioned above, the method of implementation is not particularly limited.

[0461] For example, a base station, user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that processes the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 28 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, communication device 1004, input device 1005, output device 1006, bus 1007, etc.

[0462] In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit are interchangeable. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may include one or more of the devices shown in the figure, or it may be configured without some of the devices.

[0463] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown in the diagram, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, the processing may be performed by one processor, or it may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or by other means. Note that the processor 1001 may be implemented using one or more chips.

[0464] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, which allows the processor 1001 to perform calculations and control communication via the communication device 1004, or control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

[0465] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer, for example, by running an operating system. The processor 1001 may be composed of a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic units, registers, etc. For example, at least a part of the control unit 110 (210) and the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) described above may be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0466] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes accordingly. The program used is one that causes the computer to execute at least a part of the operations described in the above embodiment. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and other functional blocks may be implemented similarly.

[0467] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, or main memory. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for carrying out a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0468] The storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a Compact Disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a Digital Use Disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. The storage 1003 may also be called an auxiliary storage device.

[0469] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting / receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network card, communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include, for example, a high-frequency switch, duplexer, filter, frequency synthesizer, etc., in order to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting / receiving antenna 130 (230), etc., may be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented with physically or logically separated transmitting unit 120a (220a) and receiving unit 120b (220b).

[0470] The input device 1005 is an input device that accepts input from an external source (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). The output device 1006 is an output device that outputs to an external source (e.g., a display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). The input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be configured as an integrated unit (e.g., a touch panel).

[0471] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or different buses may be configured for each device.

[0472] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of each functional block may be implemented using such hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0473] Furthermore, devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be implemented using the functional block / hardware configuration described above.

[0474] (Variations) Terms used in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol and signal (signal or signaling) may be used interchangeably. Also, a signal may be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS and may be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applicable standard. Also, a component carrier (CC) may be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0475] A wireless frame may consist of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) constituting a wireless frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may consist of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0476] Here, the neurology may be communication parameters applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The neurology may be, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, specific filtering processes performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processes performed by the transceiver in the time domain.

[0477] A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). Alternatively, a slot may be a time unit based on neurology.

[0478] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Minislots may also be called subslots. Minislots may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using minislots may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0479] Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols all represent units of time when transmitting a signal. Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols may each be referred to by different names. Furthermore, the units of time such as frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols in this disclosure may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0480] For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, and one slot or one mini-slot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe in existing LTE (1 ms), a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, mini-slot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0481] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, the base station schedules each user terminal to allocate wireless resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0482] TTI may be a transmission time unit for channel-encoded data packets (transport blocks), code blocks, code words, etc., or it may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., number of symbols) in which the transport block, code block, code word, etc. are mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0483] Furthermore, if one slot or one mini-slot is referred to as a TTI, then one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more mini-slots) may constitute the minimum time unit for scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (number of mini-slots) that constitute this minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0484] A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, mini slot, sub slot, slot, etc.

[0485] Furthermore, long TTIs (e.g., normal TTIs, subframes, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a time length exceeding 1 ms, and short TTIs (e.g., shortened TTIs, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a TTI length less than that of a long TTI but 1 ms or more.

[0486] A Resource Block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and in the frequency domain, it may contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be the same regardless of the neurology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be determined based on the neurology.

[0487] Furthermore, an RB may contain one or more symbols in the time domain and may have the length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc., may each consist of one or more resource blocks.

[0488] One or more RBs may also be called Physical RBs (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0489] Furthermore, a resource block may consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area comprising one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0490] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), also known as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) for a given neurology in a given carrier. These common RBs may be identified by an index of the RBs relative to a common reference point of the carrier. The PRBs may be defined and numbered within a given BWP.

[0491] A BWP may include UL BWP (BWP for UL) and DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured within a single carrier for a UE.

[0492] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE does not need to assume that it will transmit or receive a predetermined signal / channel outside of the active BWP. In this disclosure, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" may be read as "BWP".

[0493] The structures of wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a wireless frame, the number of slots per subframe or wireless frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, and the number of symbols, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length within the TTI can be varied in various ways.

[0494] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or corresponding other information. For example, wireless resources may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0495] The names used for parameters and other elements in this disclosure are not restrictive in any way. Furthermore, mathematical formulas and other elements using these parameters may differ from those expressly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name, and therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not restrictive in any way.

[0496] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of the various different techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0497] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output from upper layers to lower layers and from lower layers to upper layers, or to at least one of the two. Information, signals, etc., may also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0498] Input and output information and signals may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information and signals may be overwritten, updated, or appended to. Output information and signals may be deleted. Input information and signals may be transmitted to other devices.

[0499] Any information described in this disclosure (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) may be communicated from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE) that indicates / specifies (or relates to) the value of such any information, even if not specifically stated in the embodiments described above.

[0500] Information notification is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be carried out by other means. For example, information notification in this disclosure may be carried out by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0501] Physical layer signaling may also be called Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. RRC signaling may also be called RRC messages, for example, RRC Connection Setup messages, RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages, etc. MAC signaling may also be communicated using, for example, MAC Control Elements (CEs).

[0502] Furthermore, notification of the specified information (for example, notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may also be made implicitly (for example, by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0503] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a boolean value represented as true or false, or by a numerical comparison (for example, a comparison with a predetermined value).

[0504] Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, and so on, whether they are called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or by any other name.

[0505] Furthermore, software, instructions, information, etc., may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included in the definition of a transmission medium.

[0506] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably. “Network” may also mean the equipment included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0507] In this disclosure, terms such as “precoding,” “precoder,” “weight (precoding weight),” “quasi-co-location (QCL),” “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state),” “spatial relation,” “spatial domain filter,” “transmit power,” “phase rotation,” “antenna port,” “layer,” “number of layers,” “rank,” “resource,” “resource set,” “beam,” “beam width,” “beam angle,” “antenna,” “antenna element,” “panel,” “UE panel,” “transmitting entity,” and “receiving entity” may be used interchangeably.

[0508] In this disclosure, "antenna port" may be interpreted interchangeably with "antenna port for any signal / channel" (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, "resource" may be interpreted interchangeably with "resource for any signal / channel" (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). Resources may include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, a spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmit filter and a spatial domain receive filter.

[0509] The above group may include, for example, at least one of the following: a spatial relationship group, a code division multiplexing (CDM) group, a reference signal (RS) group, a control resource set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, or a panel group.

[0510] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), and RS may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0511] Furthermore, in this disclosure, TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0512] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0513] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0514] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information Identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive as "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)," "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0515] In this disclosure, terms such as “Base Station (BS),” “wireless base station,” “fixed station,” “NodeB,” “eNB (eNodeB),” “gNB (gNodeB),” “access point,” “Transmission Point (TP),” “Reception Point (RP),” “Transmission / Reception Point (TRP),” “panel,” “cell,” “sector,” “cell group,” “carrier,” and “component carrier” may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

[0516] A base station may house one or more (e.g., three) cells. If a base station houses multiple cells, the entire coverage area of ​​the base station may be divided into several smaller areas, each of which may also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms “cell” or “sector” refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and / or base station subsystems that provide communication services in that coverage.

[0517] In this disclosure, the transmission of information by a base station to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to perform a control / operation based on said information.

[0518] In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably.

[0519] A mobile station may also be called a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other appropriate term.

[0520] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0521] The term "mobile object" refers to any movable object, regardless of its speed, and naturally includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of such mobile objects include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and items carried on them. Furthermore, such mobile objects may be autonomously driven objects operating based on operational commands.

[0522] The mobile entity may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane), an unmanned mobile entity (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0523] Figure 29 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a rotation speed sensor 51, a pneumatic pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0524] The drive unit 41 consists of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or an engine-motor hybrid. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0525] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and communication ports (e.g., input / output (IO) ports) 63. Signals from various sensors 50-58 installed in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0526] Signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 for sensing motor current, rotational speed signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by rotational speed sensor 51, air pressure signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals acquired by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals acquired by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal depression amount signals acquired by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal depression amount signals acquired by brake pedal sensor 56, operation signals of shift lever 45 acquired by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals acquired by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0527] The information service unit 59 consists of various devices for providing (outputting) various types of information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, including a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via a communication module 60 or the like to provide various types of information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0528] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that perform output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED lamp, touch panel, etc.).

[0529] The driver assistance system unit 64 consists of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents or reduce the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driver assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0530] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle 40.

[0531] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it can send and receive various types of information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Alternatively, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0532] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on said signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., may also be called input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include the information based on the above input.

[0533] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit, which outputs information (for example, it outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

[0534] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, various sensors 50-58, etc., which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0535] Furthermore, the term "base station" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "user terminal." For example, the various aspects / embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Also, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be interpreted as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., may be interpreted as sidelink channel.

[0536] Similarly, the term "user terminal" in this disclosure may be replaced with "base station." In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the same functions as the user terminal 20 described above.

[0537] In this disclosure, operations performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (for example, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or a combination thereof.

[0538] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used individually, in combination, or switched between as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged in order, provided they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements using exemplary order and are not limited to the specific order presented.

[0539] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure is Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (where x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM®), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, systems utilizing Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth®, or other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based thereon may also be applied. Furthermore, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0540] In this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based solely on" and "based at least on."

[0541] Any reference to elements using the designations “first,” “second,” etc., as used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient way to distinguish between two or more elements. Accordingly, the references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in any way.

[0542] The term “determining” as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may be considered to mean judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, or inquiring (e.g., searching in tables, databases, or other data structures), ascertaining, etc.

[0543] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered as "judging (deciding)" things like receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory).

[0544] Furthermore, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of some action. In this disclosure, “judgment (decision)” may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable with the actions described above.

[0545] Furthermore, in this disclosure, “determine / determining” may be interpreted as “assume / assuming,” “expect / expecting,” or “consider / considering.” In addition, in this disclosure, “not expecting to do…” may be interpreted as “expecting not to do….”

[0546] In this disclosure, "expect" may be rephrased as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." may be expressed as a that clause, an infinitive, etc.) may be rephrased as "be expected ..." or "do (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Similarly, "does not expect ..." may be rephrased as "be not expected ..." or "do not (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be rephrased as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0547] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may mean the maximum transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0548] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are “connected” or “coupled” with each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” may be replaced with “access.”

[0549] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they can be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., and, in some non-exclusive and non-exclusive examples, electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency domain, microwave domain, and optical (both visible and invisible) domain.

[0550] In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combine" may be interpreted similarly to "different."

[0551] Where the terms “include,” “including,” and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, as is the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “or” as used in this disclosure is not intended to mean exclusive OR.

[0552] In this disclosure, if articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the fact that the noun following these articles is plural.

[0553] In this disclosure, "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than or equal to," "more than," and "equal to" may be interpreted interchangeably. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, by adding "i-th" (where i is any integer) to the expression (for example, "highest" may be interpreted interchangeably with "i-th highest").

[0554] In this disclosure, "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," and "associated with" may be interpreted as being interchangeable.

[0555] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during / while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as) / on A", "B after A", "B since A", and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Furthermore, A, B, etc., may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or regular sentences depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). Additionally, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted as "before / after the time offset when A occurs". The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols / slots) may be predetermined or determined by the UE based on notified information.

[0556] In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any unit of time (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0557] Although the invention described herein has been explained in detail above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention described herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The descriptions herein are illustrative and not intended to be restrictive in any way to the invention described herein.

[0558] This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2025-013822, filed on January 30, 2025. All of its contents are included herein.

Claims

1. A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives information on a first time resource for a first waveform including a cyclic prefix (CP) for sensing, and a second time resource for a second waveform not including the CP for sensing; and a control unit that controls the sensing using the first and second waveforms based on the information, wherein at least one of the first parameter of the first time resource and the second parameter of the second time resource is different from the third parameter of the third time resource for communication.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first parameter and the second parameter is at least one of the following: the length of a frame, the length of a subframe, the length of a slot, the length of a symbol, the length of data within the symbol, and the number of symbols within the slot.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein at least one frame and slot includes the first time resource, the second time resource, and the third time resource.

4. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the slot includes a guard time between the second time resource and the third time resource.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the steps of: receiving information for a first time resource for a first waveform including a cyclic prefix (CP) for sensing, and a second time resource for a second waveform not including the CP for sensing; and controlling the sensing using the first and second waveforms based on the information, wherein at least one of the first parameter of the first time resource and the second parameter of the second time resource is different from the third parameter of the third time resource for communication.

6. A base station comprising: a transmitting unit that transmits information of a first time resource for a first waveform including a cyclic prefix (CP) for sensing, and a second time resource for a second waveform not including the CP for sensing; and a control unit that controls the sensing using the first and second waveforms based on the information, wherein at least one of the first parameter of the first time resource and the second parameter of the second time resource is different from the third parameter of the third time resource for communication.

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