Low-power reference signal-based beam prediction
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-13
Smart Images

Figure CN2025076144_13082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LOW-POWER REFERENCE SIGNAL-BASED BEAM PREDICTIONINTRODUCTIONField of the Disclosure
[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for beam management. Description of Related Art
[0002] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0003] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0004] Certain aspects provide a method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) . The method includes obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources; obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources; and sending an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0005] Certain aspects provide a method for wireless communications by a network entity. The method includes sending signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources; sending the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources; and obtaining an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0006] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks. An apparatus may comprise one or more memories; and one or more processors configured to cause the apparatus to perform any portion of any method described herein. In some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software.
[0007] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0008] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0009] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0010] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0011] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities and a user equipment (UE) .
[0012] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0013] FIG. 5 illustrates example operations for radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment and beam management.
[0014] FIG. 6 depicts example beam management procedures.
[0015] FIG. 7 depicts an example artificial intelligence (AI) architecture that may be used for AI-enhanced wireless communications.
[0016] FIG. 8 illustrates example beam prediction by a UE.
[0017] FIG. 9 depicts a graph of an example measurement value in relation to certain accuracy ranges.
[0018] FIG. 10 depicts an example scheme in which example parameter (s) associated with certain reference signals are consistent and / or compatible with each other.
[0019] FIG. 11 depicts a process flow for signaling in relation to low-power reference signal-based beam predictions.
[0020] FIG. 12 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0021] FIG. 13 depicts another method for wireless communications.
[0022] FIG. 14 depicts aspects of an example communications device.
[0023] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for low-power reference signal-based beam prediction. The term “beam” may be used in the present disclosure in various contexts. Beam may be used to mean a set of gains and / or phases (e.g., precoding weights or co-phasing weights) applied to antenna elements in (or associated with) a wireless communication device for transmission or reception. The term “beam” may also refer to an antenna or radiation pattern of a signal transmitted while applying the gains and / or phases to the antenna elements. Other references to beam may include one or more properties or parameters associated with the antenna (or radiation) pattern, such as an angle of arrival (AoA) , an angle of departure (AoD) , a gain, a phase, a directivity, a beam width, a beam direction (with respect to a plane of reference) in terms of azimuth and / or elevation, a peak-to-side-lobe ratio, and / or an antenna (or precoding) port associated with the antenna (radiation) pattern. The term “beam” may also refer to an associated number and / or configuration of antenna elements (e.g., a uniform linear array, a uniform rectangular array, or other uniform array) .
[0025] Certain wireless communication systems (e.g., a 5G New Radio (NR) system or any future system) may implement various power saving techniques, such as discontinuous reception (DRX) . Under DRX, a user equipment (UE) may periodically wake up from a low power state to monitor for certain signaling (such as downlink control information) from a network node (e.g., a base station or disaggregated entity thereof) . In certain cases, a UE may be equipped with a main radio (e.g., a transceiver) and a low power, low-complexity receiver, which may be referred to as a wake-up receiver (WUR) . During a DRX cycle, the UE may monitor for a wake-up signal, using the WUR, to determine whether to wake-up the main radio, which may remain turned off or in a sleep state unless turned on via the wake-up signal. The WUR may be used to monitor for the wake-up signal with ultra-low power consumption, whereas the main radio may be used for data transmission and / or reception operations that use higher power consumption compared to the WUR. In some examples, the main radio may be referred to as a main receiver. Furthermore, the WUR may be part of a transceiver capable of at least reception of radio frequency (RF) signals.
[0026] In certain cases, the wake-up signal may be based on a waveform that enables the WUR to be a low power, low complexity receiver. Such a wake-up signal may be referred to as a low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS) . As an example, the wake-up signal may be modulated using an on-off keying (OOK) scheme or frequency shift keying (FSK) scheme instead of a higher-order modulation scheme, such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or the like, which may be used for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) .
[0027] In certain cases, the WUR may be used for other power saving operations, such as time-frequency synchronization and / or radio resource management (RRM) . As an example, when a UE is in a low power state (e.g., idle mode or a DRX) , the UE may monitor a low-power synchronization signal (LP-SS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) , using the WUR, for time-frequency synchronization with a network node. In certain cases, the UE may monitor (e.g., measure) the LP-SSs or SSB associated with a serving cell and / or a neighbor cell for RRM. As an example, the UE may monitor the LP-SS or SSB, using the WUR, to detect radio link failure with a serving cell and / or to detect a candidate cell for handover. Thus, as used herein, LP signaling (including, for example, a LP-WUS, LP-SS, and / or LP reference signal (LP-RS) ) may refer to the signaling that enables reduced power consumption at or by a WUR of the UE relative to the power consumption of the UE’s main radio, for example, as further described herein with respect to FIG. 8. As used herein, non-LP signaling (e.g., a non-LP reference signal) may refer to signaling in which the WUR of a UE is incapable of receiving or successfully decoding the signaling, for example, due to certain parameters associated with the signaling, such as the modulation scheme, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, total number of subcarriers, and / or the like. As an example, non-LP signaling may include a non-LP reference signal (non-LP-RS) including a channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) , demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , and / or the like.
[0028] Certain wireless communication systems (e.g., a 5G NR system and / or any future system) may use beamforming for directional signal transmission and / or reception to facilitate efficient and reliable wireless communications. As an example, beamforming may apply various amplitude weighting and / or phase shift patterns across multiple antennas to focus transmission or reception of wireless signals in a particular spatial direction (e.g., azimuth and / or elevation) and / or beamwidth generally defining a beam. In particular, efficient and reliable communications may be achieved through various beam management techniques such as beamforming, beam selection (e.g., the process of selecting a beam to use for wireless communications) , beam failure detection procedure (s) (e.g., the process of detecting when communications via a beam do not meet a quality or reliability specification, such as a particular data error rate) , beam failure recovery procedure (s) (e.g., the process of selecting an alternative beam when beam failure is detected for a particular beam used for communications) , or the like. Such beam management techniques are critical to achieving the high data rates, low latency, and / or high reliability that various generations of wireless technologies promise to deliver.
[0029] In certain cases, beam management may be enabled through certain artificial intelligence (AI) -based beam predictions, such as spectral beam predictions, temporal beam predictions, and / or spatial beam predictions, for example, as further described herein with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8. As used herein, AI-based beam prediction may refer to beam prediction (s) derived from one or more AI models and / or one or more machine learning (ML) models. As an example, a UE may use a ML model to form certain beam predictions for a set of A-beams (such as temporal and / or spatial beam predictions) based on measurement results of a set of B-beams. The set of A-beams may be referred to as “Set-A beams, ” and the set of B-beams may be referred to as “Set-B beams. ” For example, the UE may monitor reference signals associated with the Set-B beams, such as synchronization signalling (e.g., SSB transmissions) , CSI-RSs, DMRSs, or the like. Then, the UE may provide measurements of the reference signals associated with the Set-B beams to the ML model; and the UE may obtain predictions associated with the Set-Abeams from the ML model based on the measurements of the reference signals associated with the Set-B beams.
[0030] Technical problems for AI-based beam predictions may include, for example, effective usage of LP reference signals (LP-RSs) for AI-based beam predictions. In certain cases, measurements of LP-RSs (such as a LP-SS and / or LP-CSI-RS) may be used in association with the AI-based beam predictions. For example, measurement of LP-RSs may be used in ML model training, inference, and / or performance monitoring (e.g., evaluation of the prediction accuracy associated with the ML model) associated with one or more ML models, for example, as further described herein with respect to FIGS. 7 and 8.
[0031] In certain cases, the LP-RSs may occupy a non-trivial amount of communication resources. For example, as a LP-RS may use an OOK modulation scheme, the LP-RS may occupy a contiguous set of frequency resources due to the time-domain modulation of OOK. Certain CSI-RSs (e.g., the CSI-RS specified for 5G NR systems) may be rate matched across frequency resources in a symbol. For example, a certain number of frequency resources may be occupied by a CSI-RS in a symbol, and any remaining frequency resources in the same symbol may be used for other communications. In some cases, a LP-RS may occupy more frequency resources than the overall frequency resources occupied by certain non-LP-RSs (such as the CSI-RS specified for 5G NR systems) . Transmission of a LP-RS (e.g., an OOK-based LP-RS) may affect the channel usage of a wireless communication system. In certain cases, a network node may transmit LP-RSs with less frequency than non-LP-RSs. For example, in order to reduce the channel usage of the LP-RS, a network node may dynamically switch between transmitting a CSI-RSs and a LP-RSs, for example, during training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring associated with an ML model. However, in certain wireless communication systems, it may not be established how to indicate the scheduling associated with communication of a LP-RS in association with AI-based beam predictions.
[0032] In certain cases, a wireless communication device (such as a UE and / or network node) may not support the usage of a LP-RS in association with AI-based beam predictions, such as training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring. However, in certain wireless communication systems, it may not be established how to indicate whether the wireless communication device (such as a UE and / or network node) supports usage of a LP-RS in association with AI-based beam predictions. Thus, measurements of LP-RSs may affect the performance associated with certain ML models, for example, in terms of inference accuracy and / or performance monitoring decisions. As an example, suppose only CSI-RSs are used for training data collection for the Set-A beams and the Set-B beams. Then, to reduce UE power consumption, LP-RSs are used for inference, for example, to predict measurements associated with the Set-A beams based on measurements associated with the Set-B beams. Accordingly, the training data set used for ML model training and the input prompts used for inference may be mismatched, which may impact the accuracy of the AI-based beam predictions. Similar outcomes may be encountered when different reference signals (e.g., LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs) are used for inference and performance monitoring (e.g., a non-LP-RS for inference and a LP-RS for performance monitoring, or vice versa) , which may impact performance monitoring decisions in association with a ML model (such as ML model reconfiguration, ML model training, ML model switching, and / or the like) .
[0033] In certain cases, a wireless communication device may support the mixed usage of a LP-RS and non-LP-RS for ML model training, inference, and performance monitoring associated with an ML model. For example, the UE may support obtaining measurements of a LP-RS and a CSI-RS associated with the Set-B beams for inference to generate beam predictions associated with the Set-A beams, which may be associated with another LP-RS and / or CSI-RS. In certain cases, a wireless communication device may assume that there is consistency between a LP-RS and non-LP-RS, such that a LP-RS can be used in place of a non-LP-RS or vice versa for ML model training, inference, and / or performance monitoring. However, certain wireless communication systems (e.g., 5G NR systems) may not specify how to indicate whether there is consistency between certain parameter (s) associated with LP-RS and non-LP-RS, such as spatial, temporal, and / or spectral parameters to enable mixed usage of different reference signals, such as LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs, in association with AI-based beam predictions. For example, the LP-RS may not be transmitted with the same periodicity as the non-LP-RS to enable temporal beam predictions, such as a future predicted radio link failure. Thus, the wireless communication device may be unware of when an LP-RS and non-LP-RS are not expected to be interchangeable for ML model training, inference, and / or performance monitoring. Accordingly, measurements of LP-RSs may affect the performance associated with certain ML models, for example, in terms of reliable ML model training, inference accuracy, and / or performance monitoring decisions.
[0034] Aspects described herein may overcome the aforementioned technical problem (s) , for example, by providing certain scheme (s) that enable LP-RS-based beam prediction, for example, in terms of communication of device capabilities, reference signal scheduling (e.g., LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS) , and / or indicating whether there is consistency or compatibility between LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs for mixed usage of LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs in association with AI-based beam predictions. In association with training data collection, a network node and a UE may negotiate, exchange, and / or communicate certain parameters associated with LP-RS-based beam predictions. As used herein, LP-RS-based beam prediction may refer to measurement of LP-RS (s) used in ML model training, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring associated with AI-based beam predictions. The network node may send, to a UE, an indication of whether, when, and / or how LP-RSs can be transmitted for measurements of the Set-A beams (e.g., the prediction target (s) of inference operations) and / or the Set-B beams (e.g., the resource (s) measured for inference operations) in connection with training data collection. In certain cases, the UE may send, to the network node, an indication of whether, when, and / or how LP-RSs can be transmitted for measurements of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams in connection with training data collection. As an example, the UE may send, to the network node, capability information that indicates the UE is capable of obtaining LP-RS measurements in association with AI-based beam predictions, and then the network node may send, to the UE, an indication to obtain measurements of LP-RSs associated with the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams, based on the capability information associated with the UE. Additional or alternative negotiations and / or exchanges may be performed between the UE and the network node for inference and / or performance monitoring.
[0035] Certain techniques for LP-RS-based beam prediction described herein may provide various beneficial technical effects and / or advantages. The techniques for LP-RS-based beam prediction may enable improved wireless communications performance, such as reduced power consumption at a UE, improved channel usage, efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like. The reduced power consumption at a UE may be attributable to the usage of LP-RSs in association with AI-based beam predictions, for example, due to power savings that may be achieved in using a WUR to obtain measurements of the LP-RSs. The reduced power consumption may be applied during training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring.
[0036] Additional or alternative advantages (e.g., efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like) may be attributable to the AI-based beam predictions being able to provide reliable and / or accurate prediction (s) of channel properties and / or characteristics, which may be used to detect or predict beam failure, radio link failure, a handover scenario, and / or the like. Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0037] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, and / or other generations of wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0038] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0039] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 may include terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects (also referred to herein as non-terrestrial network entities) . A non-terrestrial network entity may include satellite 140, which may be an example of an aerial or space-borne platform. In some examples, satellite 140 may include one or more network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs. For example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a regenerative architecture (also referred to as a non-transparent architecture) , and a gNB implemented at satellite 140 may implement higher-layer network functions. As another example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a transparent architecture, and may perform a physical or other lower-layer repeater function for UEs and a network entity (such as a gateway associated with the satellite 140) .
[0040] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 or a 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links. In some aspects, a core network, such as a 6G core, may implement a converged service-based architecture. In a converged service-based architecture, functions traditionally split between a core network (such as 5GC network 190) and a radio access network (RAN) (such as BS 102) may be implemented at a single network entity. For example, a mobility network entity may perform both core network functions and RAN functions related to mobility of UEs 104 attached to the wireless communications network 100. “Network entity” can refer to a BS 102, a network entity of EPC 160 or 5GC network 190, or a network entity of a converged service-based architecture.
[0041] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104. UE 104 may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a Global Positioning System device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player, a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an always on (AON) device, an edge processing device, a data center, or another similar device. A UE 104 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0042] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. A communications link 120 between a BS 102 and a UE 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. A communications link 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0043] A BS 102 may include a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB) , a next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmission reception point (TRP) , a radio unit (RU) , a distributed unit (DU) , or the like. A given BS 102 may provide communications coverage for a coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap another coverage area 110 (e.g., a small cell provided by a BS 102′) may have a coverage area 110′that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS 102 may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering a relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a home) , or another type of cell.
[0044] The term “cell” may refer to a portion, partition, or segment of wireless communication coverage served by a network entity within a wireless communications network 100. A cell may have geographic characteristics, such as a geographic coverage area, as well as radio frequency characteristics, such as time and / or frequency resources dedicated to the cell. For example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by multiple cells employing different frequency resources (e.g., bandwidth parts) and / or different time resources. As another example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by a single cell. In some contexts (e.g., a carrier aggregation scenario and / or multi-connectivity scenario) , the terms “cell” or “serving cell” may refer to or correspond to a specific carrier frequency (e.g., a component carrier) used for wireless communications, and a “cell group” may refer to or correspond to multiple carriers used for wireless communications. As examples, in a carrier aggregation scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple (serving) cells in the same cell group, and in a multi-connectivity (e.g., dual connectivity) scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple cell groups.
[0045] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more DUs, one or more RUs, a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. A base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. Implementing a base station in this fashion may provide efficiency gains by enabling cloud-based implementation of certain (e.g., non-time-sensitive) higher-layer functions while physical-layer or other lower-layer functions can be implemented at or in proximity to a geographic coverage area of a corresponding cell. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as having a disaggregated RAN architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated RAN architecture.
[0046] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or 6G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or the 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., an X2 or XN interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0047] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24,250 MHz –71,000 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . In some cases, FR2 may be further defined in terms of sub-ranges, such as a first sub-range FR2-1 including 24,250 MHz –52,600 MHz and a second sub-range FR2-2 including 52,600 MHz –71,000 MHz. A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0048] A communications links 120 may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and / or other bandwidths) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0049] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., base station 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming (indicated by reference number 182) with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182′. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182″. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182″. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182′. BS 180 and UE 104 may perform beam training to determine suitable receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0050] Wireless communications network 100 may include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0051] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. In some examples, D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) . D2D communications link 158 may be implemented using a variety of technologies, such as a radio access technology (e.g., 5G, ProSe sidelink) , a WiFi technology, a Bluetooth technology, or the like.
[0052] EPC 160 may include various functional components, such as a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is a control node that processes signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0053] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166. Serving gateway 166 is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0054] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0055] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, such as an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0056] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and the 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0057] IP packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197. UPF 195 may provide UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0058] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a core network entity, or a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0059] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more CUs 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 or other CUs 210 via a backhaul link (such as backhaul link 134) , or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links (such as communication link 120) . In some implementations, a UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0060] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or a processor or controller providing instructions to the interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as a RF transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium.
[0061] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230 for network control and signaling.
[0062] The DU 230 may be or correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0063] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0064] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more DUs 230 and / or one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0065] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0066] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0067] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities 300 and 302 and a UE 304.
[0068] FIG. 3 includes a first network entity 300 and a second network entity 302. In some examples, first network entity 300 may be an example of a CU 210 or a DU 230. In some examples, second network entity 302 may be an example of a DU 230 or an RU 240. First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may communicate with one another via a communications link, such as a midhaul link. In some examples, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be implemented at a same BS (e.g., BS 102) . For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be co-located. In some other examples, first network entity 300 may be implemented separately from second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a function (e.g., one or more processes) running on a server, such as in a cloud (e.g., a public or private cloud) . As another example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a virtual computing instance (e.g., virtual machine, container, etc. ) or as a physical server.
[0069] First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 each include a processing system 306, illustrated as “processing system 306a” at first network entity 300 and “processing system 306b” at second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , system-in-packages (SiPs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 306. A processing system 306 includes one or more processors 308 (illustrated as “processor (s) 308a” and “processor (s) 308b” ) and one or more memories 310 (illustrated as “memory (ies) 310a” and “memory (ies) 310b” ) coupled to the one or more processors 308. The one or more processors 308 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0070] In some aspects, the processing system 306 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 306 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0071] The one or more memories 310 may include one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . The one or more memories 310 may store data and program code for first network entity 300 and / or second network entity 302.
[0072] As further shown, second network entity 302 includes one or more transceivers 312 (illustrated as “transceiver (s) 312” ) . The one or more transceivers 312 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as UE 304. The one or more transceivers 312 may include one or more radio frequency (RF) components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RF front-end (RFFE) ) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 312 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 314.
[0073] The one or more antennas 314 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 314 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0074] UE 304 may be an example of UE 104. As shown, UE 304 includes a processing system 316. For example, UE 304 may include one or more chips, SoCs, SiPs, chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 316. A processing system 316 includes one or more processors 318, and one or more memories 320 coupled to the one or more processors 318. Further, UE 304 includes one or more antennas 322, one or more transceivers 324, and / or other components that enable wireless transmission and reception of data.
[0075] The one or more processors 318 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as CPUs, GPUs, NPUs (also referred to as neural network processors or DLPs) and / or DSPs) , processing blocks, ASICs, PLDs (such as FPGAs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. In some aspects, the processing system 316 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 316 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0076] As shown, in some examples, the one or more processors 318 may include one or more modems 326, one or more application processors (APs) 328, one or more AI processors 330, a combination thereof, and / or another form of processor.
[0077] The one or more modems 326 may include a digital signal processor that converts information into a waveform for analog signal transmission (e.g., via modulation) and / or converts the waveform of a received signal into information (e.g., via demodulation) . The one or more modems 326 may process information or waveforms in connection with signal transmission or reception. For example, the one or more modems 326 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0078] The one or more APs 328 may perform processing relating to an operating system and / or a higher layer application of the UE 304. For example, the one or more APs 328 may provide a higher-level operating system (HLOS) , software, audio or video processing, graphics processing, or the like. In some examples, the one or more APs 328 may be a data source (e.g., for transmissions) or a data sink (e.g., for receptions) .
[0079] The one or more transceivers 324 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as other UEs 304 or second network entity 302. The one or more transceivers 324 may include one or more RF components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RFFE) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 324 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 322.
[0080] The one or more antennas 322 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 322 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0081] For an example downlink transmission by second network entity 302, the processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may receive data and / or control information. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0082] The processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The processing system 306 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0083] The processing system 306 (e.g., a TX MIMO processor) may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to one or more modulators of the processing system 306. The one or more modulators may process one or more respective output symbol streams to obtain an output sample stream. The one or more transceivers 312 may process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Second network entity 302 may transmit the downlink signal via the one or more antennas 314.
[0084] In order to receive the downlink transmission at UE 304 (or a sidelink transmission from another UE) , the one or more antennas 322 may receive the downlink signal and may provide received signals to the one or more transceivers 324. The one or more transceivers 324 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signals to obtain input samples. The one or more transceivers 324 and / or the processing system 316 may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0085] The processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, an RX MIMO detector) may obtain the received symbols, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, a receive processor) may process (e.g., de-interleave and decode) the detected symbols. The processing system 316 may provide decoded data for the UE 304 (e.g., to an AP 328) and / or decoded control information (e.g., to a controller / processor of the processing system 316) .
[0086] For an example uplink transmission or a sidelink transmission from UE 304, the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a transmit processor) may receive and process data and / or control information to obtain a set of symbols for transmission. The data may be for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , and may be received from a data source such as the AP 328. The control information may be for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , and may be received, for example, from a controller / processor of the processing system 316. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, the transmit processor) may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a demodulation reference signal, a phase tracking reference signal, or the like) . In some examples, the symbols and / or reference signals may be precoded by the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a TX MIMO processor) , further processed by the one or more transceivers 324 (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to second network entity 302.
[0087] At second network entity 302, the uplink signals from UE 304 may be received by the one or more antennas 314, conditioned by the one or more transceivers 312 (e.g., filtered, amplified, downconverted, and digitized) , detected (e.g., by the processing system 306b such as a modem and / or an RX MIMO detector) , and further processed by the processing system 306b (e.g., a modem and / or a receive processor) to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 304. The processing system 306b may provide the decoded data and the decoded control information (such as to a controller / processor of the processing system 306b, an AP, first network entity 300, or another entity) .
[0088] In various aspects, a wireless communication device, such as first network entity 300, second network entity 302, BS 102, UE 104, or UE 304 may be described as sending, transmitting, obtaining, or receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” or “sending” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from a processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “sending” or “transmitting” by a device may include sending (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) to a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “sending” or “transmitting” may include sending internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process to memory. “Receiving” or “obtaining” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from the processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “receiving” or “obtaining” by a device may include obtaining (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) from a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “receiving” or “obtaining” may include obtaining internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process from memory. As used herein, “communicating” by a device may include sending, obtaining, receiving, and / or transmitting a communication. “Communicating” can refer to communication with another device or internal communication of the device.
[0089] In various aspects, the processing system 306 or the processing system 316 may include one or more AI processors (such as AI processor 330 of the processing system 316) . An AI processor may perform AI processing. The AI processor may include AI accelerator hardware or circuitry such as one or more neural processing units (NPUs) , one or more neural network processors, one or more tensor processors, one or more deep learning processors, etc. As an example, the AI processor may perform AI-based beam management, AI-based channel state feedback (CSF) , AI-based antenna tuning, and / or AI-based positioning (e.g., non-line of sight positioning prediction) . In some cases, at the UE 104, the AI processor may process feedback generated by the UE 304 (e.g., CSF) using hardware accelerated AI inferences and / or AI training. In some cases, at the second network entity 302, the AI processor may decode compressed CSF from the UE 304, for example, using a hardware accelerated AI inference associated with the CSF. In certain cases, the AI processor may perform certain RAN-based functions including, for example, network planning, network performance management, energy-efficient network operations, etc.
[0090] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0091] FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0092] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. One or more subcarriers may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0093] In some examples, a wireless communications frame structure may be implemented using frequency division duplexing (FDD) . In FDD, some subcarriers may be configured for DL communication, and other subcarriers (which may overlap in time with the DL subcarriers) may be configured for UL communication. In some other examples, wireless communications frame structures may be implemented using time division duplexing (TDD) . In TDD, for a particular set of subcarriers, some subframes are configured for DL communication and other subframes are configured for UL communication.
[0094] In FIGs. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is implemented using TDD. “D” indicates DL time resources, “U” indicates UL time resources, and “X” indicates flexible time resources for use or later reconfiguration for either DL or UL communication. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 12 or 14 symbols, depending on the cyclic prefix (CP) type (e.g., 12 symbols per slot for an extended CP or 14 symbols per slot for a normal CP) . Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0095] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe (e.g., a slot duration in a subframe) is based on a numerology. A numerology may define a frequency domain subcarrier spacing and symbol duration, and may be configured for a given bandwidth part, carrier, cell, or network entity. In certain aspects, given a numerology μ, there are 2μ slots per subframe. Thus, numerologies (μ) 0 to 6 may allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 slots, respectively, per subframe. In some cases, an extended CP (e.g., 12 symbols per slot) may be used with a specific numerology, such as numerology μ = 2 allowing for 4 slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz. As an example, the numerology μ=0 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the numerology μ=6 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 960 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of a slot format having 14 symbols per slot (e.g., a normal CP) and a numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. In such a case, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0096] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB) ) that extends across, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . An RE may include a single subcarrier in the frequency domain and a single symbol in the time domain. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme including, for example, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
[0097] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (shown as “RS” ) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include a demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or a channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may additionally or alternatively include a beam measurement RS (BRS) , a beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or a phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0098] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0099] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0100] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0101] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (SSB) , and in some cases, referred to as a synchronization signal block (SSB) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0102] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as “R” for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0103] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI. Aspects Related to Quasi Co-location
[0104] In certain cases, certain transmissions (or antenna ports) may share certain radio channel characteristics, such as frequency dispersion (e.g., Doppler shift) or time dispersion (e.g., delay) , and in such cases, the transmissions (or antenna ports) may be considered to be quasi co-located. For example, a DMRS may be quasi co-located with an SSB and / or CSI-RS in terms of Doppler shift. The DMRS may experience the same Doppler shift as the SSB and / or CSI-RS. Quasi co-location (QCL) information may indicate certain radio channel characteristics (e.g., QCL assumption (s) or QCL relationships) that can be shared among communication resources and / or signals (e.g., a DMRS, SSB, CSI-RS, PDDCH, PDSCH, etc. ) . A QCL assumption or relationship associated with communication resources may mean that the signals, which are communicated in such resources, are expected to experience the same or similar channel conditions, and thus, communications via the resources may share certain radio channel characteristics, such as Doppler shift, delay, and / or beamforming. The QCL assumptions that can be associated with communication resources may take one or a combination of the following types: QCL-TypeA: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread} , QCL-TypeB: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread} , QCL-TypeC: {average delay, Doppler shift} , and QCL-TypeD: {Spatial Rx parameter} .
[0105] In general, the QCL assumption (s) associated with a communication resource may include a frequency dispersion assumption, a time dispersion assumption, and / or a spatial assumption. The frequency dispersion assumption may include Doppler shift and / or Doppler spread, and the time dispersion assumption may include average delay and / or delay spread.
[0106] A spatial assumption (e.g., spatial Rx parameters for QCL-TypeD) may be indicative of various spatial parameters for receive and / or transmit beamforming including, for example, angle of arrival (AoA) , AoA spread, dominant AoA, average AoA, Power Angular Spectrum (PAS) of AoA, angle of departure (AoD) , AoD spread, average AoD, PAS of AoD, transmit / receive channel correlation, transmit / receive beamforming, spatial channel correlation, etc. The spatial QCL assumptions may enable a UE to determine a spatial filter (analog, digital, or hybrid) for beamforming a receive beam (e.g., during beam management procedures) and / or a transmit beam. As an example, an SSB (or the SSB resource) being identified as a source reference signal for QCL-TypeD may indicate that the receive beamforming (e.g., AoA spread) used for receiving the SSB may also be used for receiving another transmission (e.g., a PDSCH transmission) . Aspects Related to Beam Management
[0107] FIG. 5 illustrates example operations 500 for radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment and beam management. In this example, at block 502, a UE may initially be in an RRC idle state (or an RRC inactivate state) . An RRC idle state refers to a state of a UE where the UE is switched on but does not have any established RRC connection (e.g., an assigned communication link) to the RAN. The RRC idle state allows the UE to reduce battery power consumption, for example, relative to an RRC connected state. For example, in the RRC idle state, the UE may periodically monitor for paging from the RAN. The UE may be in an RRC idle state when the UE does not have data to be transmitted or received. In an RRC connected state, the UE is connected to the RAN and radio resources are allocated to the UE. In some cases, the UE is actively communicating with the RAN when in the RRC connected state.
[0108] In order to perform data transfer and / or make / receive calls, the UE establishes a connection with the RAN using an initial access procedure, at block 504. For example, the UE establishes a connection to a particular serving cell of the RAN. The initial access procedure is a sequence of processes performed between the UE and the RAN to establish the RRC connection. For example, the UE may initiate a random access procedure that includes an RRC setup request or an RRC connection request. The UE may be in an RRC connected state subsequent to establishing the connection.
[0109] In some cases, the UE may perform beam management operations at block 506 in response to entering the RRC connected state. Beam management operations includes a set of operations used to determine certain receive beam (s) and / or transmit beams that can be used wireless communications (e.g., transmission and / or reception at the UE) . The beam management may include certain P1, P2, and / or P3 beam management procedures further described herein.
[0110] Beam management procedures may further include beam failure detection operations at block 508 and beam failure recovery operations at block 510. For example, a UE may detect a beam failure when a layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) for a connected beam falls below a certain limit (e.g., a limit corresponding to a block error rate (BER) ) . In response to detecting beam failure at block 508, the UE identifies a candidate beam suitable for communication and performs beam failure recovery (BFR) . For example, the UE may send, to the RAN, a request to switch to the candidate beam for communications. In some cases, the UE may send the beam switch request via a random access procedure using the candidate beam. The RAN may activate the candidate beam or a different beam at the UE. If the BFR is not successful, the UE may declare a radio link failure (RLF) for the serving cell, at block 512. In response to RLF, the UE may perform a cell reselection process to establish a communication link on a different serving cell.
[0111] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating examples 600, 610, and 620 of beam management procedures. As shown in FIG. 6, examples 600, 610, and 620 include a UE 104 in communication with a BS 102 in a wireless network (e.g., wireless communications network 100 in FIG. 1) . However, the devices shown in FIG. 6 are provided as examples, and the wireless network may support communication and beam management between other devices (e.g., between a UE 104 and a network entity, a UE 104 and a transmission reception point (TRP) , between a mobile termination node and a control node, between an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) child node and an IAB parent node, between a scheduled node and a scheduling node, and / or the like) . In some aspects, the UE 104 and the BS 102 are in a connected state (e.g., RRC connected state and / or the like) .
[0112] BS 102 and UE 104 may communicate to perform beam management using reference signals (RSs) (e.g., synchronization (SSBs) , demodulation reference signals (DM-RSs) , channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) , etc. ) .
[0113] Example 600 depicts a first beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P1 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The first beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam selection procedure, an initial beam acquisition procedure, a beam sweeping procedure, a cell search procedure, a beam search procedure, and / or the like. In example 600, reference signals are configured to be transmitted from the BS 102 to UE 104. The reference signals may be configured to be periodic (e.g., using RRC signaling) , semi-persistent (e.g., using media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE) signaling) , and / or aperiodic (e.g., using downlink control information (DCI) ) .
[0114] As illustrated, the first beam management procedure may include BS 102 performing beam sweeping over multiple transmit (TX) beams 602. A transmit beam is a beam that is used by a wireless communication device (e.g., a BS 102 and / or UE 104) for transmitting signals. For example, BS 102 may transmit a reference signal using each of the transmit beams 602 associated with BS 102 for beam management. To enable UE 104 to perform receive (RX) beam sweeping, BS 102 uses a transmit beam to transmit (e.g., with repetitions) each reference signal at multiple times within a same resource set to enable UE 104 to sweep through receive beams 604 in multiple transmission instances. A receive beam is a beam that is used by a wireless communication device for receiving signals. For example, if BS 102 has a set of N transmit beams 602 and UE 104 has a set of M receive beams 604, then the reference signal may be transmitted on each of the N transmit beams 602 M times such that UE 104 receives M instances of the reference signals per transmit beam. As a result, the first beam management procedure helps to enable UE 104 to measure a reference signal on different transmit beams, using different receive beams, to support the selection of a receive beam for a transmit beam. UE 104 may report the measurements to BS 102 to enable BS 102 to select one or more beam pair (s) for communication between BS 102 and UE 104, as further described herein with respect to channel state feedback corresponding to receive beam hypotheses.
[0115] Example 610, illustrated in FIG. 6, depicts a second beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P2 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The second beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam refinement procedure, a BS beam refinement procedure, a TRP beam refinement procedure, a transmit beam refinement procedure, and / or the like.
[0116] As illustrated, the second beam management procedure includes BS 102 performing beam sweeping over one or more transmit beams 612. The transmit beam (s) 612 may be a subset of all transmit beams associated with BS 102 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements reported by UE 104 in connection with the first beam management procedure) . BS 102 transmits a reference signal using each of the transmit beam (s) 612. UE 104 measures each reference signal using a single (e.g., a same) receive beam 614 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements performed in connection with the first beam management procedure) . As such, the second beam management procedure may enable BS 102 to select a best transmit beam based on measurements of the reference signals (e.g., measured by UE 104 using the single receive beam 614) reported by UE 104.
[0117] Example 620, illustrated in FIG. 6, depicts a third beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P3 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The third beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam refinement procedure, a UE beam refinement procedure, a receive beam refinement procedure, and / or the like.
[0118] As illustrated, the third beam management procedure includes BS 102 transmitting one or more reference signals using a single transmit beam 622 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements reported by UE 104 in connection with the first beam management procedure and / or the second beam management procedure) . To enable UE 104 to perform receive beam sweeping, BS 102 may use a transmit beam to transmit (e.g., with repetitions) reference signals at multiple times within a same resource set such that UE 104 can sweep through one or more receive beams 624 in multiple transmission instances. The receive beam (s) 624 may be a subset of all receive beams associated with UE 104 (e.g., determined based on measurements performed in connection with the first beam management procedure and / or the second beam management procedure) . The third beam management procedure helps to enable BS 102 and / or UE 104 to select a best receive beam based on reported measurements received from UE 104 (e.g., of the reference signal of the transmit beam using the one or more receive beams) .
[0119] FIG. 6 is provided as an example of beam management procedures for determining transmit beam (s) and / or receive beam (s) for wireless communications between a UE and a network entity. Other examples of beam management procedures that differ from what is described with respect to FIG. 6, however, may be considered when determining transmit beam (s) and / or receive beam (s) for wireless communications. Example Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications
[0120] Certain aspects described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using some form of artificial intelligence (AI) , e.g., the process of using a machine learning (ML) model to infer or predict output data based on input data. An example ML model may include a mathematical representation of one or more relationships among various objects to provide an output representing one or more predictions or inferences. Once an ML model has been trained, the ML model may be deployed to process data that may be similar to, or associated with, all or part of the training data and provide an output representing one or more predictions or inferences based on the input data.
[0121] ML is often characterized in terms of types of learning that generate specific types of learned models that perform specific types of tasks. For example, different types of machine learning include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning.
[0122] Supervised learning algorithms generally model relationships and dependencies between input features (e.g., a feature vector) and one or more target outputs. Supervised learning uses labeled training data, which are data including one or more inputs and a desired output. Supervised learning may be used to train models to perform tasks like classification, where the goal is to predict discrete values, or regression, where the goal is to predict continuous values. Some example supervised learning algorithms include nearest neighbor, naive Bayes, decision trees, linear regression, support vector machines (SVMs) , and artificial neural networks (ANNs) .
[0123] Unsupervised learning algorithms work on unlabeled input data and train models that take an input and transform it into an output to solve a practical problem. Examples of unsupervised learning tasks are clustering, where the output of the model may be a cluster identification, dimensionality reduction, where the output of the model is an output feature vector that has fewer features than the input feature vector, and outlier detection, where the output of the model is a value indicating how the input is different from a typical example in the dataset. An example unsupervised learning algorithm is k-Means.
[0124] Semi-supervised learning algorithms work on datasets containing both labeled and unlabeled examples, where often the quantity of unlabeled examples is much higher than the number of labeled examples. However, the goal of a semi-supervised learning is that of supervised learning. Often, a semi-supervised model includes a model trained to produce pseudo-labels for unlabeled data that is then combined with the labeled data to train a second classifier that leverages the higher quantity of overall training data to improve task performance.
[0125] Reinforcement learning algorithms use observations gathered by an agent from an interaction with an environment to take actions that may maximize a reward or minimize a risk. Reinforcement learning is a continuous and iterative process in which the agent learns from its experiences with the environment until it explores, for example, a full range of possible states. An example type of reinforcement learning algorithm is an adversarial network. Reinforcement learning may be particularly beneficial when used to improve or attempt to optimize a behavior of a model deployed in a dynamically changing environment, such as a wireless communication network.
[0126] ML models may be deployed in one or more devices (e.g., network entities such as base station (s) and / or user equipment (s) ) to support various wired and / or wireless communication aspects of a communication system. For example, an ML model may be trained to identify patterns and relationships in data corresponding to a network, a device, an air interface, or the like. An ML model may improve operations relating to one or more aspects, such as transceiver circuitry controls, frequency synchronization, timing synchronization, channel state estimation, channel equalization, channel state feedback, modulation, demodulation, device positioning, transceiver tuning, beamforming, signal coding / decoding, network routing, load balancing, and energy conservation (to name just a few) associated with communications devices, services, and / or networks. AI-enhanced transceiver circuitry controls may include, for example, filter tuning, transmit power controls, gain controls (including automatic gain controls) , phase controls, power management, and the like.
[0127] Aspects described herein may describe the performance of certain tasks and the technical solution of various technical problems by application of a specific type of ML model, such as an ANN. It should be understood, however, that other type (s) of AI models may be used in addition to or instead of an ANN. An ML model may be an example of an AI model, and any suitable AI model may be used in addition to or instead of any of the ML models described herein. Hence, unless expressly recited, subject matter regarding an ML model is not necessarily intended to be limited to just an ANN solution or machine learning. Further, it should be understood that, unless otherwise specifically stated, terms such “AI model, ” “ML model, ” “AI / ML model, ” “trained ML model, ” and the like are intended to be interchangeable.
[0128] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example AI architecture 700 that may be used for AI-enhanced wireless communications. As illustrated, the architecture 700 includes multiple logical entities, such as a model training host 702, a model inference host 704, data source (s) 706, and an agent 708. The AI architecture may be used in any of various use cases for wireless communications, such as those listed above.
[0129] The model inference host 704, in the architecture 700, is configured to run an ML model based on inference data 712 provided by data source (s) 706. The model inference host 704 may produce an output 714 (e.g., a prediction or inference, such as a discrete or continuous value) based on the inference data 712, that is then provided as input to the agent 708. In certain aspects, the model inference host 704 may be an example of a model inference agent.
[0130] The agent 708 may be an element or an entity of a wireless communication system including, for example, a radio access network (RAN) , a wireless local area network, a device-to-device (D2D) communications system, etc. In certain examples, the agent 708 may be an example of a decision agent. In some examples, the agent 708 may be a UE, a base station, or any disaggregated network entity thereof including a CU, a DU, and / or an RU, an access point, a wireless station, a RIC in a cloud-based RAN, among some examples. Additionally, the type of agent 708 may also depend on the type of tasks performed by the model inference host 704, the type of inference data 712 provided to model inference host 704, and / or the type of output 714 produced by model inference host 704.
[0131] For example, if output 714 from the model inference host 704 is associated with beam management, the agent 708 may be or include a UE, a DU, or an RU. As another example, if output 714 from model inference host 704 is associated with transmission and / or reception scheduling, the agent 708 may be a CU or a DU.
[0132] After the agent 708 receives output 714 from the model inference host 704, agent 708 may determine whether to act based on the output. For example, if agent 708 is a DU or an RU and the output from model inference host 704 is associated with beam management, the agent 708 may determine whether to change or modify a transmit and / or receive beam based on the output 714. If the agent 708 determines to act based on the output 714, agent 708 may indicate the action to at least one subject of the action 710. For example, if the agent 708 determines to change or modify a transmit beam and / or receive beam for a communication between the agent 708 and the subject of action 710 (e.g., a UE) , the agent 708 may send a beam switching indication to the subject of action 710 (e.g., a UE) . As another example, the agent 708 may be a UE, the output 714 from model inference host 704 may be one or more predicted channel characteristics for one or more beams. For example, the model inference host 704 may predict channel characteristics for a set of beams based on the measurements of another set of beams. Based on the predicted channel characteristics, the agent 708, such as the UE, may send, to the subject of action 710, such as a BS, a request to switch to a different beam for communications. In some cases, the agent 708 and the subject of action 710 are the same entity.
[0133] The data sources 706 may be configured for collecting data that is used as training data 716 for training an ML model, or as inference data 712 for feeding an ML model inference operation. In particular, the data sources 706 may collect data from any of various entities (e.g., the UE and / or the BS) , which may include the subject of action 710, and provide the collected data to a model training host 702 for ML model training. For example, after a subject of action 710 (e.g., a UE) receives a beam configuration from agent 708, the subject of action 710 may provide performance feedback associated with the beam configuration to the data sources 706, where the performance feedback may be used by the model training host 702 for monitoring and / or evaluating the ML model performance, such as whether the output 714, provided to agent 708, is accurate. In some examples, if the output 714 provided to agent 708 is inaccurate (or the accuracy is below an accuracy threshold) , the model training host 702 may determine to modify or retrain the ML model used by model inference host 704, such as via an ML model deployment / update.
[0134] In certain aspects, the model training host 702 may be deployed at or with the same or a different entity than that in which the model inference host 704 is deployed. For example, in order to offload model training processing, which can impact the performance of the model inference host 704, the model training host 702 may be deployed at a model server as further described herein. Further, in some cases, training and / or inference may be distributed amongst devices in a decentralized or federated fashion.
[0135] In certain aspects, an ML model is deployed at or on a UE (e.g., such as UE 104 in FIG. 1) , for example, for purposes of spatial domain (SD) , temporal domain (TD) , and / or frequency domain (FD) beam prediction. The TD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of time. The FD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of frequency. A scenario where the ML model, at or on the UE, is used to predict SD downlink beams for a set of A-beams (referred to as “Set-Abeams” ) based on measurement results of a set of B-beams (referred to as “Set-B beams” ) may be referred to as a beam management case 1, or simply “BM-Case1. ” Additionally, a scenario where the ML model, at or on the UE, is used to predict TD downlink beams for Set-A beams based on the historic measurement results of a set of B-beams may be referred to as a beam management case 2, or simply “BM-Case2. ” In general, ML may be used to predict characteristics associated with the Set-A beams, and the set of B-beams may be used for DL beam measurements as input data for the ML. For BM-Case1 and BM-Case2, the beams in the Set-A beams and the set of B-beams may be in the same Frequency Range (e.g., FR1 and / or FR2) . In some cases, the set of B-beams may be a subset of the Set-A beams. There may be any number of beams in each of the Set-A beams and the set of B-beams. There may be quasi-colocation (QCL) relationships between the Set-A beams and the set of B-beams.
[0136] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating example beam prediction 800 by a UE. In this example, one or more ML models (hereinafter “the ML model 806” ) are deployed at or on the UE 804 to enable the UE 804 to make one or more beam predictions based on data input to ML model 806. The UE 804 may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 or the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0137] A network node 802 (e.g., a base station or any disaggregated entity thereof) may transmit one or more signals (e.g., SSB (s) , DM-RS (s) , CSI-RS (s) ) , via a first set of transmit beams 808, in a first set of communication resources (e.g., an SSB resource, a DM-RS resource, and / or a CSI-RS resource) . The network node 802 may be an example of the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2.
[0138] The UE 804 may perform measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP measurements and / or other measurements) of the one or more signals transmitted in the first set of communication resources, or a subset thereof, to obtain input data, which may include a first set of measurements 810 (sometimes referred to as parameters, channel characteristics, or channel properties) . For example, each transmit beam 808 (or a subset thereof) , from the first set of beams 808 carrying the signal (s) , may be associated with one or more measurements 810 performed by UE 804. The UE 804 may feed the first set of measurements 810 (e.g., L1 RSRP measurement values) into the ML model 806. The UE 804 may further feed information associated with the first set of beams and / or first set of communication resources (or a subset thereof) . The information associated with the first set of beams may include a beam direction (e.g., a spatial direction) , beam width, beam shape, and / or other characteristics of the respective beam.
[0139] The ML model 806 may provide output data, for example, including an indication of a second set of measurements 812. As part of AI-based beam prediction, the second set of measurements 812 may include one or more predicted measurement values for a second set of communication resources associated with a second set of transmit beams 814. As an example, the second set of measurements 812 may include one or more predicted channel characteristics (e.g., predicted L1-RSRP measurement values) associated with the second set of communication resources, where the second set of communication resources are associated with the second set of transmit beams 814. In certain cases, the UE 804 may perform measurements of one or more signals transmitted in the second set of communication resources, or a subset thereof, to obtain the second set of measurements 812, for example, as a part of training data collection and / or performance monitoring for the ML model 806.
[0140] In some examples, the first set of beams 808 (e.g., that are measured) may be referred to as “Set-B beams” and the second set of beams 814 (e.g., that are associated with predicted measurements for the second set of communication resources) may be referred to as “Set-A beams. ” Put another way, the “Set-B beams” are a set of beams for which measurements are taken and used to determine input data based on such measurements for the ML model 806, whereas the “Set-A beams” are a set of beams for which ML model 810 performs predictions.
[0141] In some examples, the first set of beams 808 are a subset of the second set of beams 814. In some other examples, the first set of beams 808 and the second set of beams 814 are different beams and / or may be mutually exclusive sets. For example, the first set of beams 808 may include wide beams (e.g., unrefined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a first threshold) , and the second set of beams 814 may include narrow beams (e.g., refined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a second threshold) .
[0142] Use of the ML model 806 for beam prediction may reduce a quantity of beam measurements that are performed by the UE 804 (e.g., compared to exhaustive search methods described above with respect to FIG. 6) , thereby conserving power at the UE 804 and / or network resources that would have otherwise been used to measure all beams included in at least the first set of beams.
[0143] In some aspects, this type of prediction may be referred to as a codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The codebook-based SD prediction / selection may be associated with an initial access, a secondary cell group (SCG) setup, a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., channel quality indicator (CQI) or precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ) and interference adaptation.
[0144] As another example, an output of the ML model 806 may include a point-direction, an angle of departure (AoD) , and / or an angle of arrival (AoA) of a beam included in the second set of beams 814 (e.g., the “Set-A beams” ) . This type of prediction may be referred to as a non-codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The non-codebook-based prediction / selection may be associated with a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation. As another example, multiple measurement reports and / or values, collected at different points in time, may be input to the ML model 806. This may enable the ML model 806 to output codebook-based and / or non-codebook-based predictions for a measurement value, an AoD, and / or an AoA, among other examples, of a beam at a future time. The output (s) of the ML model 806, may facilitate initial access procedures, carrier aggregation (e.g., secondary cell setup) , dual connectivity (e.g., secondary cell group (SCG) setup) , beam refinement procedures (e.g., a P2 beam management procedure and / or a P3 beam management procedure as described above with respect to FIG. 5) , link quality or interference adaptation procedures, beam failure and / or beam blockage predictions, and / or radio link failure predictions, among other examples.
[0145] In certain aspects, an output of the ML model 806 may include a temporal beam prediction, such as a TD beam prediction. The TD beam prediction may be associated with a serving beam refinement, a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation, a beam failure / blockage prediction, and / or a radio link failure (RLF) prediction.
[0146] In certain aspects, the ML model 806 performs SD downlink beam predictions for beams included in the “Set-A beams” based on measurement results of beams included in the “Set-B beams. ” In some aspects, the ML model 806 performs TD downlink beam prediction for beams included in the “Set-A beams” based on historic measurement results of beams included in the “Set-B beams. ”
[0147] In certain aspects, a model server 850 (in communication with the UE 804 and / or the network node 802) may perform any of various ML model lifecycle management (LCM) tasks for the UE 804 and / or the network node 802. The model server 850 may operate as the model training host 702 and update the ML model 806 using training data. In some cases, the model server 850 may operate as the data source 706 to collect and host training data, inference data, and / or performance feedback associated with an ML model 806. In certain aspects, the model server 850 may host various types and / or versions of the ML model 806 for the UE 804 and / or the network node 802 to download.
[0148] In some cases, the model server 850 may monitor and evaluate the performance of the ML model 806 to trigger one or more LCM tasks. For example, the model server 850 may determine whether to activate or deactivate the use of a particular ML model at the UE 804 and / or the network node 802, and the model server 850 may provide such an instruction to the respective UE 804 and / or the network node 802. In some cases, the model server 850 may determine whether to switch to a different ML model 806 being used at the UE 804 and / or the network node 802, and the model server 850 may provide such an instruction to the respective UE 804 and / or the network node 802. In yet further examples, the model server 850 may also act or operate as a central server for decentralized machine learning tasks, such as federated learning.
[0149] In certain aspects, the UE 804 may include a set of receivers including a first receiver 816 and / or a second receiver 818. The set of receivers may be coupled between a set of antennas 820 (e.g., the one or more antennas 322 of FIG. 3) and one or more processors (hereinafter “the processor 822” ) . The processor 822 may be an example of the one or more processors 318 of FIG. 3 or the processing system 316 of FIG. 3.
[0150] Each of the first receiver 816 and the second receiver 818 may be configured to feed signal (s) received via at least one antenna of the set of antennas 820 to the processor 822. The first receiver 816 may be different from the second receiver 818. As an example, the first receiver 816 may be or include (part of) a main radio (MR) , which may be or include a transceiver (e.g., the one or more transceivers 324 of FIG. 3) ; whereas the second receiver 818 may be a low power, low complexity receiver, such as a WUR, as described herein. In certain cases, the second receiver 818 may be part of a transceiver, such as the one or more transceivers 324 of FIG. 3. In certain cases, the first receiver 816 and the second receiver 818 may generally have the same circuit architecture and / or include generally the same components (e.g., low-noise amplifier (s) , mixer (s) , baseband filter (s) , and / or the like) . As an example, the second receiver 818 may be operated with reduced capabilities (for example, in terms of distortion compensation, compression compensation, filtering, sampling rates, supply power, and / or the like) to enable reduced power consumption relative to the power consumption of the first receiver 816. Thus, the WUR may be an operational state of the first receiver 816 and / or the second receiver 818. Accordingly, the second receiver 818 may be capable of consuming less power to receive signaling compared to the first receiver 816. Note that the receiver architecture described herein is merely an example of wireless communications devices that includes a WUR and / or WUR capabilities. Aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to other receiver architectures that enable reception of LP-RSs with reduced power consumption.
[0151] In certain aspects, the first receiver 816 may be configured to receive signaling modulated at higher-order modulation schemes (e.g., QPSK, QAM, or the like) compared to the modulation order supported by the second receiver 818 (e.g., OOK, FSK, or the like) . The first receiver 816 may be configured to receive signaling modulated in multiple sub-carriers (for example, according to OFDM) , and the first receiver 816 may support a greater number of sub-carriers compared to a multi-carrier or single-carrier modulation scheme (e.g., OOK and / or FSK) supported by the second receiver 818. The first receiver 816 may be capable of receiving signaling with a wider frequency bandwidth and / or a wider range of frequency bandwidths (e.g., 20 MHz to 2,000 MHz) compared to the second receiver 818, which may only support one or two frequency bandwidths of 20 MHz or less (e.g., 5 MHz or 20 MHz) . In certain cases, the second receiver 818 may be capable of receiving signaling only in FR1, whereas the first receiver 816 may be capable of receiving signaling in FR1, FR2, and / or other frequency ranges.
[0152] In certain cases, the UE 804 may obtain the first set of measurements 810 and / or the second set of measurements 812 via the first receiver 816 and / or the second receiver 818 in association with ML model training for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 7. In certain cases, the UE 804 may obtain the first set of measurements 810 via the first receiver 816 and / or the second receiver 818 in association with beam predictions, for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 7 and / or FIG. 8. In certain cases, the UE 804 may obtain the second set of measurements 812 via the first receiver 816 and / or the second receiver 818 in association with performance monitoring, for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 7.
[0153] In certain cases, the second receiver 818 may be capable of converting analog signals to digital samples with a smaller bit width and / or lower sampling rate compared to the first receiver 816. For signals received via the second receiver 818, the processor 822 may perform certain processing operations (e.g., digital signal processing) with certain specifications (e.g., memory usage, processing latency, bit width, sampling rate, FFT size, FFT frequency resolution, or the like) that may be different from the specifications associated with signals received via the first receiver 816. As an example, for signals received via the second receiver 818, the processor 822 may perform digital signal processing operations with reduced memory usage, an increased processing latency, a reduced bit width, a reduced sampling rate, a reduced FFT size, an increased FFT frequency resolution, and / or the like. In certain cases, a portion of the processor 822 and / or other component (s) (such as processor core (s) and / or memory) may be turned off in association with reception of LP-RSs via the second receiver 818, for example, in order to reduce the power consumption of the processor 822. Accordingly, the signal measurements and / or beam predictions derived from the second receiver 818 (e.g., LP-RS-based beam prediction) may be generated with reduced power consumption and / or reduced usage of computational resources relative to signal measurements and / or beam predictions derived from the first receiver 816. Aspects Related to Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0154] Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide certain scheme (s) that enable LP-RS-based beam prediction. In certain aspects, a UE and a network node may negotiate, exchange, and / or communicate device capabilities in association with the measurement of LP-RS (s) for training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring. In certain aspects, the UE may obtain, from the network node, configuration (s) that indicate the measurement resources for LP-RS-based beam prediction (e.g., for training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring) . In certain aspects, the UE and / or the network node may expect there to be consistency and / or compatibility between LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs for mixed usage of LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs in association with AI-based beam predictions.
[0155] The scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam prediction may enable reduced power consumption at the UE due to the power savings that may be achieved in using a WUR to obtain measurements of the LP-RSs. The scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam prediction may enable efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like, due to the reliable and / or accurate prediction (s) and / or beam measurements, as further described herein. Aspects Related to Training Data Collection for Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0156] Referring to FIG. 8, the UE 804 and the network node 802 may negotiate, exchange, and / or communicate certain information (e.g., LP-RS-based beam prediction information 824) related to training data collection for LP-RS-based beam prediction. In certain aspects, the information 824 may be associated with the ML model 806, for example, as indicated by a ML model identifier, a ML model function name, an associated identity (ID) , and / or the like. Note that training data collection may refer to obtaining training data (such as the training data 716 of FIG. 7) for ML model training, for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 7. With respect to LP-RS-based beam prediction, training data collection may include obtaining measurements of LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS(s) communicated via the Set-A beams (e.g., the second set of beams 814) and / or Set-B beams (e.g., the first set of beams 808) .
[0157] As an example, training data collection may include obtaining measurements or characteristics of prediction target (s) (e.g., communication resource (s) associated with Set-A beams) and measurements or characteristics of one or more measurements resources (e.g., measurement resources associated with Set-B beams) based on signaling (e.g., LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) ) communicated via the Set-A beams (e.g., the second set of beams 814) and the Set-B beams (e.g., the first set of beams 808) . Set-Abeam measurements and / or Set-B beam measurements may be an example of the training data 716 described herein with respect to FIG. 7. For training data collection, the UE may actually measure signaling (e.g., LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) ) communicated via the Set-A beams. Accordingly, in the context of training data collection, obtaining measurement (s) or characteristic (s) of Set-A beams may include obtaining signaling communicated via the Set-A beams in order to determine measurement (s) of the Set-Abeams to include as the training data.
[0158] The ML model identifier and / or ML model function name (e.g., an ML model functionality) associated with the ML model 806 may correspond to one or more ML model functions, such as SD beam predictions, FD beam predications, and / or TD beam predictions. In certain cases, other ML model identifier (s) and / or ML model function name (s) may correspond to other ML model functions, such as CSI compression / decompression, device positioning, and / or the like. The associated ID may correspond to one or more configurations applied at a network node in association with one or more ML models (such as the ML model 806 of FIG. 8) . The associated ID may correspond to a dataset, configuration, scenario, codebook, functionality, model identifier, and / or the like applied at the network node in association with a ML model. The associated ID may identify certain conditions related to one or more assumptions of the network node that can be made at a UE, for example, in association with data collection, training, deployment, inference, performance monitoring (e.g., performance evaluation) , activation, deactivation, switching, and / or the like.
[0159] The conditions of the network node indicated by the associated ID may include a total number of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams, an ordering of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams, and / or an indexing of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams. In certain cases, the conditions of the network node indicated by the associated ID may include an absolute or relative pointing of a boresight direction relative to the center of a transmit antenna panel of the network node. In certain cases, the conditions of the network node indicated by the associated ID may include beam shapes (e.g., angular-specific beamforming gains) and / or QCL relationships across or within Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams. In certain cases, the conditions of the network node indicated by the associated ID may include temporal parameters (e.g., periodicity of Set-A / B beams, target future occasions for temporal prediction) .
[0160] In association with training data collection for one or more ML models (e.g., the ML model 806 of FIG. 8) , a network node may send, to a UE, signaling that indicates whether, when, and / or how LP-RSs can be transmitted for Set-A beam measurements (e.g., actual measurements of signaling communicated via the second set of beams 814) and / or Set-B beam measurements (e.g., actual measurements of signaling communicated via the first set of beams 808) , or indicates that only non-LP-RSs are transmitted for Set-A beam measurements and / or Set-B beam measurements. In certain cases, in association with training data collection, the UE may send, to the network node, signaling that indicates whether, when, and / or how the UE can use LP-RSs for Set-A beam measurements and / or Set-B beam measurements, or that indicates the UE can only use non-LP-RSs for Set-A beam measurements and / or Set-B beam measurements. Then, LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs may be measured by the UE, for training data collection, according to the network node-UE negotiations.
[0161] As an example, the network node may send, to the UE (e.g., UE (s) participating in training data collection) , first signaling that indicates whether the network node supports (or has allocated communication resource (s) for) transmission of LP-RSs for measurement of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams at the UE. In certain cases, the first signaling may indicate that only non-LP-RSs are used for measurement of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams in association with training data collection for one or more ML models.
[0162] The indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to any ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to a specific or particular ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to a set of ML model identifiers, a set of ML model function names, and / or a set of associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to all of the ML model identifiers, all of the ML model function names, and / or all of the associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction.
[0163] If the network node supports (or has allocated communication resource (s) for) transmission of LP-RSs for measurement of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams at the UE, the network node may send, to the UE, second signaling that indicates certain information associated with the LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs in association with the same ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID indicated in the first signaling. In certain cases, the second signaling may indicate that only LP-RSs are sent for Set-A beams and / or for Set-B beams. For example, Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams may be communicated purely via LP-RSs.
[0164] In certain cases, the second signaling may indicate that non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs may be communicated via Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams, for example, with corresponding scheduling and / or resource allocations that indicate switching between communication of non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs over time. In certain cases, the network node may switch between communication of non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs, for example, due to the different channel usage associated with non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs as further described herein with respect to FIG. 10.
[0165] In certain aspects, the UE may notify the network node of the UE’s support for measurement of LP-RSs as part of training data collection for Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams. The UE may send, to the network node, third signaling that includes UE capability information indicating whether the UE is capable of measuring LP-RSs via Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams in association with training data collection. In certain cases, the UE capability information may indicate that only non-LP-RSs are used for measurement of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams in association with training data collection for one or more ML models. The ML model (s) may correspond to the same ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID indicated in the first signaling and / or second signaling communicated by the network node.
[0166] In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to any ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to a specific or particular ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to a set of ML model identifiers, a set of ML model function names, and / or a set of associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to all of the ML model identifiers, all of the ML model function names, and / or all of the associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction.
[0167] In certain cases, the UE capability information, which indicates support for measurement of LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS, may be addressed or indicated for Set-Abeams separately, Set-B beams separately, and / or Set-A beams and Set-B beams commonly. In certain cases, the UE capability information, which indicates support for measurement of LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS, may be addressed or indicated for different LP-RSs (e.g., LP-SSB and / or LP-CSI-RS) separately and / or commonly.
[0168] If the UE supports measurement of LP-RSs in association with training data collection (corresponding to the ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID) , the UE may report additional and / or or alternative UE capabilities or request (s) for the ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID. As an example, the UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that only LP-RSs are used for the Set-A and / or Set-B beam measurements (for example, to reduce power consumption at the UE) . As another example, the UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs can be used for the Set-A and / or Set-B beam measurements, which may be in accordance with (or cooperate with) the scheduling capabilities or specifications of the network node, for example, based on scheduling and / or resource allocations associated with the LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs. The UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that dynamic switching between a WUR and a MR (such as the first receiver 816 and the second receiver 818 of FIG. 8) is supported at the UE.
[0169] After negotiation of the signaling (e.g., capability information, requests, scheduling, and / or resource allocations) between the UE and the network node, the UE may obtain, from the network node, one or more reference signals (e.g., LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs) for measurement of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams in accordance with the signaling.
[0170] If the network node supports (and / or has allocated communication resources) for LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, and if the UE also supports measurement of LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, then the UE may be scheduled or configured (via signaling from the network node) to perform measurement (s) of the LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions associated with the Set-A and / or Set-B beam measurements in association with training data collection.
[0171] If the network node supports (and / or has allocated communication resources) for LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, and if the UE does not support measurement of LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions (for example, the UE does not support dynamic switching between the WUR and MR) , then the UE may be scheduled or configured (via signaling from the network node) to perform measurement (s) of the non-LP-RS transmissions (without LP-RS transmissions) associated with the Set-A and / or Set-B beam measurements in association with training data collection.
[0172] Accordingly, the scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam predictions may enable reduced power consumption at the UE due to the power savings that may be achieved in using a WUR to obtain measurements of the LP-RSs in association with training data collection. In certain cases, the scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam predictions may enable efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like, for example, due to reliable and / or accurate beam measurements for training data collection. Aspects Related to Inference for Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0173] In certain aspects, the UE 804 and the network node 802 may negotiate, exchange, and / or communicate certain information (e.g., the information 824 of FIG. 8) related to inference operation (s) for LP-RS-based beam prediction, for example, corresponding to a ML model identifier, a ML model function name, and / or an associated ID. Note that “inference operation (s) ” or “inference” may refer to operationalization of a trained ML model, for example, as described herein with respect to the operations of the model inference host 704 of FIG. 7. For example, an inference operation may include using a trained ML model to generate predictions, estimations, or the like, such as the beam predictions described herein with respect to FIG. 8.
[0174] With respect to LP-RS-based beam prediction, inference operation (s) may include obtaining measurements of LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) communicated via the Set-B beams. Set-B measurements may be an example of the inference data 712 of FIG. 7 and / or the first set of measurements 810 of FIG. 8. For inference operation (s) , the UE may measure signaling (e.g., LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) ) communicated via the Set-B beams in order to determine prediction (s) of measurement (s) or characteristic (s) associated with the Set-A beams (e.g., prediction target (s) ) . The predicted measurement (s) or characteristic (s) may be or include channel characteristic (s) associated with the Set-Abeams. As an example, the predicted measurement (s) or characteristic (s) may be or include, for example, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , a signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) , a signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) , a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) , a reference signal received power (RSRP) , a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , a block error rate (BLER) , and / or the like. Accordingly, in the context of inference operation (s) , obtaining measurement (s) or characteristic (s) of Set-A beams may include obtaining prediction (s) of measurement (s) or characteristic (s) of Set-Abeams based at least in part on the received signaling communicated via the Set-B beams.
[0175] In association with inference operation (s) for one or more ML models (e.g., the ML model 806 of FIG. 8) , a network node may send, to a UE, signaling that indicates whether, when, and / or how LP-RSs can be transmitted for Set-B beam measurements (e.g., measurements of signaling communicated via the first set of beams 808) , or indicates that only non-LP-RSs are transmitted for Set-B beam measurements. In certain cases, in association with inference operation (s) , the UE may send, to the network node, signaling that indicates whether, when, and / or how the UE can use LP-RSs for Set-B beam measurements, or that indicates the UE can only use non-LP-RSs for Set-B beam measurements. Then, LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs may be measured by the UE, for inference operation (s) , according to the network node-UE negotiations.
[0176] As an example, the network node may send, to the UE (e.g., UE (s) participating in inference operation (s) ) , first signaling that indicates whether the network node supports (or has allocated communication resource (s) for) transmission of LP-RSs for measurement of Set-B beams at the UE. In certain cases, the first signaling may indicate that only non-LP-RSs are used for measurement of Set-B beams in association with inference operation (s) for one or more ML models.
[0177] The indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to any ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to a specific or particular ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to a set of ML model identifiers, a set of ML model function names, and / or a set of associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to all of the ML model identifiers, all of the ML model function names, and / or all of the associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction.
[0178] If the network node supports (or has allocated communication resource (s) for) transmission of LP-RSs for measurement of Set-B beams at the UE, the network node may send, to the UE, second signaling that indicates certain information associated with the LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs in association with the same ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID indicated in the first signaling. In certain cases, the second signaling may indicate that only LP-RSs are sent for Set-B beams. For example, Set-B beams may be communicated purely via LP-RSs.
[0179] In certain cases, the second signaling may indicate that non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs may be communicated via Set-B beams, for example, with corresponding scheduling and / or resource allocations that indicate switching between communication of non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs over time. In certain cases, the network node may switch between communication of non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs, for example, due to the different channel usage associated with non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs as further described herein with respect to FIG. 10.
[0180] In certain aspects, the UE may notify the network node of the UE’s support for measurement of LP-RSs as part of inference operation (s) for Set-B beams. The UE may send, to the network node, third signaling that includes UE capability information indicating whether the UE is capable of measuring LP-RSs via Set-B beams in association with inference operation (s) . In certain cases, the UE capability information may indicate that only non-LP-RSs are used for measurement of Set-B beams in association with inference operation (s) for one or more ML models. The ML model (s) may correspond to the same ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID indicated in the first signaling and / or second signaling communicated by the network node.
[0181] In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to any ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to a specific or particular ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to a set of ML model identifiers, a set of ML model function names, and / or a set of associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to all of the ML model identifiers, all of the ML model function names, and / or all of the associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction.
[0182] In certain cases, the UE capability information, which indicates support for measurement of LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS, may be addressed or indicated for different LP-RSs (e.g., LP-SSB and / or LP-CSI-RS) separately and / or commonly.
[0183] If the UE supports measurement of LP-RSs in association with inference operation (s) (corresponding to the ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID) , the UE may report additional and / or or alternative UE capabilities or request (s) for the ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID. As an example, the UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that only LP-RSs are used for the Set-B beam measurements (for example, to reduce power consumption at the UE) . As another example, the UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs can be used for Set-B beam measurements, which may be in accordance with (or cooperate with) the scheduling capabilities or specifications of the network node, for example, based on scheduling and / or resource allocations associated with the LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs. The UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that dynamic switching between a WUR and a MR (such as the first receiver 816 and the second receiver 818 of FIG. 8) is supported at the UE.
[0184] After negotiation of the signaling (e.g., capability information, requests, scheduling, and / or resource allocations) between the UE and the network node, the UE may obtain, from the network node, one or more reference signals (e.g., LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs) for measurement of the Set-B beams in accordance with the signaling.
[0185] If the network node supports (or has allocated communication resources) for LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, and if the UE also supports measurement of LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, then the UE may be scheduled or configured (via signaling from the network node) to perform measurement (s) of the LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions associated with the Set-B beam measurements in association with inference operation (s) .
[0186] If the network node supports (or has allocated communication resources) for LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, and if the UE does not support measurement of LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions (for example, the UE does not support dynamic switching between the WUR and MR) , then the UE may be scheduled or configured (via signaling from the network node) to perform measurement (s) of the non-LP-RS transmissions (without LP-RS transmissions) associated with the Set-B beam measurements in association with inference operation (s) .
[0187] Accordingly, the scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam predictions may enable reduced power consumption at the UE due to the power savings that may be achieved in using a WUR to obtain measurements of the LP-RSs in association with inference operations. In certain cases, the scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam predictions may enable efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like, for example, due to reliable and / or accurate beam measurements for inference operation (s) . Aspects Related to Performance Monitoring for Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0188] In certain aspect, the UE 804 and the network node 802 may negotiate, exchange, and / or communicate certain information (e.g., the information 824 of FIG. 8) related to performance monitoring (e.g., performance evaluation) for LP-RS based beam prediction, for example, corresponding to a ML model identifier, a ML model function name, and / or an associated ID. With respect to LP-RS-based beam prediction, performance monitoring may include obtaining measurements of LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) communicated via the Set-A beams. Set-A beam measurements may be an example of the performance feedback or an indication thereof described herein with respect to FIG. 7. For performance monitoring, the UE may actually measure signaling (e.g., LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) ) communicated via the Set-A beams in order to evaluate the accuracy and / or reliability of the prediction of the measurement (s) or characteristic (s) of Set-A beams based on the received signaling communicated via the Set-B beams. As an example, the predicted measurement or characteristic of a beam of the Set-A beams may be compared to the actual measurement associated with the beam of the Set-A beams in order to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction of the measurement or characteristic of the beam of the Set-A beams. Accordingly, in the context of performance monitoring, obtaining measurement (s) or characteristic (s) of Set-A beams may include obtaining signaling communicated via the Set-A beams, for example, to evaluate the accuracy of prediction (s) of the measurement (s) or characteristic (s) of the Set-A beam.
[0189] In association with performance monitoring for one or more ML models (e.g., the ML model 806 of FIG. 8) , a network node may send, to a UE, signaling that indicates whether, when, and / or how LP-RSs can be transmitted for Set-A beam measurements (e.g., actual measurements of signaling communicated via the second set of beams 814) , or indicates that only non-LP-RSs are transmitted for Set-A beam measurements. In certain cases, in association with performance monitoring, the UE may send, to the network node, signaling that indicates whether, when, and / or how the UE can use LP-RSs for Set-A beam measurements, or that indicates the UE can only use non-LP-RSs for Set-A beam measurements. Then, LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs may be measured by the UE, for performance monitoring, according to the network node-UE negotiations.
[0190] As an example, the network node may send, to the UE (e.g., UE (s) participating in performance monitoring) , first signaling that indicates whether the network node supports (or has allocated communication resource (s) for) transmission of LP-RSs for measurement of Set-A beams at the UE. In certain cases, the first signaling may indicate that only non-LP-RSs are used for measurement of Set-A beams in association with performance monitoring for one or more ML models.
[0191] The indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to any ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to a specific or particular ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to a set of ML model identifiers, a set of ML model function names, and / or a set of associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the indication (s) in the first signaling may be applied to all of the ML model identifiers, all of the ML model function names, and / or all of the associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction.
[0192] If the network node supports (or has allocated communication resource (s) for) transmission of LP-RSs for measurement of Set-A beams at the UE, the network node may send, to the UE, second signaling that indicates certain information associated with the LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs in association with the same ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID indicated in the first signaling. In certain cases, the second signaling may indicate that only LP-RSs are sent for Set-A beams. For example, Set-A beams may be communicated purely via LP-RSs.
[0193] In certain cases, the second signaling may indicate that non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs may be communicated via Set-A beams, for example, with corresponding scheduling and / or resource allocations that indicate switching between communication of non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs over time. In certain cases, the network node may switch between communication of non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs, for example, due to the different channel usage associated with non-LP-RSs and LP-RSs as further described herein with respect to FIG. 10.
[0194] In certain aspects, the UE may notify the network node of the UE’s support for measurement of LP-RSs as part of performance monitoring for Set-A beams. The UE may send, to the network node, third signaling that includes UE capability information indicating whether the UE is capable of measuring LP-RSs via Set-A beams in association with performance monitoring. In certain cases, the UE capability information may indicate that only non-LP-RSs are used for measurement of Set-A beams in association with performance monitoring for one or more ML models. The ML model (s) may correspond to the same ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID indicated in the first signaling and / or second signaling communicated by the network node.
[0195] In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to any ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to a specific or particular ML model identifier, ML model function name, and / or associated ID corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to a set of ML model identifiers, a set of ML model function names, and / or a set of associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction. In certain cases, the UE capability information may be applied to all of the ML model identifiers, all of the ML model function names, and / or all of the associated IDs corresponding to ML-based beam prediction.
[0196] In certain cases, the UE capability information, which indicates support for measurement of LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS, may be addressed or indicated for different LP-RSs (e.g., LP-SSB and / or LP-CSI-RS) separately and / or commonly.
[0197] If the UE supports measurement of LP-RSs in association with performance monitoring (corresponding to the ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID) , the UE may report additional and / or or alternative UE capabilities or request (s) for the ML model identifier, the ML model function name, and / or the associated ID. As an example, the UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that only LP-RSs are used for the Set-A beam measurements (for example, to reduce power consumption at the UE) . As another example, the UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs can be used for Set-A beam measurements, which may be in accordance with (or cooperate with) the scheduling capabilities or specifications of the network node, for example, based on scheduling and / or resource allocations associated with the LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs. The UE may send, to the network node, an indication or request that dynamic switching between a WUR and a MR (such as the first receiver 816 and the second receiver 818 of FIG. 8) is supported at the UE.
[0198] After negotiation of the signaling (e.g., capability information, requests, scheduling, and / or resource allocations) between the UE and the network node, the UE may obtain, from the network node, one or more reference signals (e.g., LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs) for measurement of the Set-A beams in accordance with the signaling.
[0199] If the network node supports (or has allocated communication resources) for LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, and if the UE also supports measurement of LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, then the UE may be scheduled or configured (via signaling from the network node) to perform measurement (s) of the LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions associated with the Set-A beam measurements in association with performance monitoring.
[0200] If the network node supports (or has allocated communication resources) for LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions, and if the UE does not support measurement of LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions (for example, the UE does not support dynamic switching between the WUR and MR) , then the UE may be scheduled or configured (via signaling from the network node) to perform measurement (s) of the non-LP-RS transmissions (without LP-RS transmissions) associated with the Set-A beam measurements in association with performance monitoring.
[0201] Accordingly, the scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam predictions may enable reduced power consumption at the UE due to the power savings that may be achieved in using a WUR to obtain measurements of the LP-RSs in association with performance monitoring. In certain cases, the scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam predictions may enable efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like, for example, due to reliable and / or accurate beam measurements for performance monitoring. Aspects Related to Measurement Resources for Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0202] In certain aspects, the UE may obtain, from the network node, signaling that includes an indication to obtain measurements for Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams in association with training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring for LP-RS-based beam prediction, for example, via certain measurement resource (s) . As an example, the information 824 of FIG. 8 may include indication (s) of measurement resource configuration (s) , measurement report configuration (s) , and / or measurement resource set (s) , as further described herein.
[0203] In certain cases, the signaling may indicate a group of LP-RS resource sets (hereinafter “the first group of resource sets” ) and a group of non-LP-RS resource sets (hereinafter “the second group of resource sets” ) . The first group of resource sets may be or include a set of measurement resources associated with one or more LP-RSs; and the second group of resource sets may be or include a second set of measurement resources associated with one or more non-LP-RSs. Each of the first group of resource sets and the second group of resource sets may include one or more measurement resource sets.
[0204] A measurement resource set may define a group (or set) of measurement resources, which may be periodic, semi-persistent, and / or aperiodic resource (s) . A measurement resource may include a virtual measurement resource, a channel measurement resource (e.g., an LP-RS resource, a non-LP-RS resources, an SSB resource, and / or a non-zero-power CSI-RS resource) , and / or an interference measurement resource. A virtual measurement resource may be or include one or more time-frequency resources in which signaling is not actually communicated (e.g., transmitted) , but for AI-based beam prediction, measurement (s) associated with a virtual measurement resource may be predicted as though signaling is communicated via the virtual measurement resource. Aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to virtual measurement resource (s) , for example, assigned to or associated with Set-A beams, for example, in association with interference operations. A measurement resource may be or include one or more time-frequency resources allocated for measurement or communication of signaling and / or for prediction of characteristic (s) of the signaling. As an example, the measurement resource may be or include a set of time-frequency resources in which one or more LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs are communicated (or identified as a prediction target) for training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring.
[0205] The signaling may indicate an association between the first group of resource sets and Set-A beams, Set-B beams, and / or a combination of Set-A beams and Set-B beams. The signaling may indicate an association between the second group of resource sets and Set-A beams, Set-B beams, and / or a combination of Set-A beams and Set-B beams. In certain cases, such association (s) between a group of resource sets and beam set(s) (such as Set-A beams, Set-B beams, and / or a combination of Set-A beams and Set-B beams) may indicate that LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) are communicated in measurement resource (s) of the first group of resource sets or the second group of resource sets, respectively, for example, for training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring.
[0206] The signaling may indicate that the first group of resource sets and / or the second group of resource sets are associated with one or more ML models (e.g., the ML model 806 of FIG. 8) , for example, based on a ML model identifier, a ML model function name, and / or an associated ID, as described herein. The signaling may indicate whether the first group of resource sets and / or the second group of resource sets are used to perform measurement of Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams for training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring.
[0207] In certain cases (for example, due to the channel usage of LP-RSs as further described herein with respect to FIG. 10) , only one of the first group of resource sets and the second group of resource sets may be expected to be active or used for communication of reference signal (s) (e.g., LP-RSs or non-LP-RSs) at a time. As an example, for periodic or semi-persistent resource set (s) , the network node may allocate the measurement resource (s) in the first group of resource sets to be non-overlapping in time with the measurement resource (s) in the second group of resource sets. The network node may apply time-division multiplexing (TDM) with respect to scheduling signaling communicated between the first group of resource sets and the second group of resource sets. For example, a first measurement resource of the first group of resource sets may be communicated in a first measurement occasion, and a second measurement resource of the second group of resource sets may be communicated in a second measurement occasion that does not overlap in time with the first measurement occasion.
[0208] For aperiodic resource set (s) , the UE may be configured (e.g., via signaling from the network node) with certain aperiodic trigger states (e.g., a CSI-AperiodicTriggerState) to trigger, at the UE, measurement of signaling communicated in the first group of resource sets or the second group of resource sets. For example, a first aperiodic trigger state may be associated with the first group of resource sets, and a second aperiodic trigger state, which may be different from the first aperiodic trigger state, may be associated with the second group of resource sets. The UE may obtain, from the network node, signaling (e.g., DCI) that indicates a specific aperiodic trigger state to trigger, at the UE, measurement of signaling communicated in one or more measurement resources of the group of resource sets associated with the aperiodic trigger state (such as the first group of resource sets or the second group of resource sets) . The network node may manage the scheduling of aperiodic measurements in a TDM manner such that measurement of signaling communicated in the first group of resource sets does not overlap in time with measurement of signaling communicated in the second group of resource sets, for example, as described herein with respect to the periodic or semi-persistent measurement resources.
[0209] In certain aspects, the first group of resource sets and the second group of resources sets may be defined in or associated with a measurement resource configuration (e.g., a CSI-ResourceConfig) and / or a measurement report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) . A measurement resource configuration may identify and / or define one or more measurement resource sets, such as the first group of resource sets and / or the second group of resource sets. A measurement report configuration may identify and / or define a set of parameters in which to include in a measurement report that is derived from on one or more measurements of signaling communicated in resource set (s) (such as the first group of resource sets and / or the second group of resource sets) and / or prediction (s) of such measurement (s) (for example, for inference reporting) .
[0210] The measurement resource configuration and / or the measurement report configuration may be associated with one or more ML models for training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring, for example, as indicated by an ML model identifier, a ML model function name, and / or an associated ID, as described herein. Thus, the association between the ML model (s) and measurement resource configuration and / or the measurement report configuration may be applied to the corresponding group of resource set (s) .
[0211] In certain cases, the first group of resource sets and the second group of resources sets may be defined in or associated with the same measurement resource configuration and / or the same measurement report configuration. In certain cases, the first group of resource sets and the second group of resources sets may be defined in or associated with different measurement resource configurations and / or different measurement report configurations, respectively. For example, the first group of resource sets may be defined in or associated with a first measurement resource configuration and / or a first measurement report configuration; and the second group of resource sets may be defined in or associated with a second measurement resource configuration (which is a separate configuration from the first measurement resource configuration) and / or a second measurement report configuration (which is a separate configuration from the first measurement report configuration) .
[0212] In certain cases, the first group of resource sets and the second group of resources sets may be defined in or associated with different measurement resource configurations and the same measurement report configuration. For example, the first group of resource sets and the second group of resources sets may be configured under separate measurement resource configurations (e.g., CSI-ResourceConfig) that are all associated with the same measurement report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) .
[0213] Accordingly, the measurement resource configuration (s) described herein may enable efficient channel usage, for example, when a combination of LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs are communicated via a network node, for example, through periodic, semi-persistent, and / or dynamic switching between LP-RS and non-LP-RS transmissions. Aspects Related to Measurement and Prediction Accuracies for Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0214] In certain aspects, the UE (e.g., the UE 804) and the network node (e.g., the network node 802) may negotiate, exchange, and / or communicate certain information (e.g., the information 824) related to accuracies of measurements of LP-RSs and the measurements of non-LP-RSs, for example, for training data collection, inference and / or performance monitoring.
[0215] In certain cases, the measurements of LP-RSs (including predicted measurements) may have a different level of accuracy compared to the measurements of non-LP-RSs. For example, the differences in accuracies among measurements of LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs may occur, for example, due to the different hardware, at a UE, used to receive and / or process LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs, for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 8.
[0216] In certain cases, the measurements of LP-RSs (including predicted measurements) may have a suitable level of accuracy, as the measurements of non-LP-RSs, for training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring. As an example, the measurements of LP-RSs and the measurements of non-LP-RSs may be within a threshold accuracy range that enables training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring based on the measurements of LP-RSs and / or the measurements of non-LP-RSs.
[0217] FIG. 9 depicts a graph 900 of an example measurement value in relation to accuracy range (s) associated with LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs. In this example, the measurement value 902 may be an example of an expected or actual measurement value of an LP-RS and a non-LP-RS or a prediction thereof. The measurement value 902 may be an RSRP value (such as a Layer-1 (L1) RSRP value) of the LP-RS and non-LP-RS, for example, in dBm. Note that the RSRP value is merely an example, and aspects of the present disclosure may apply to other types of measurements or predictions, such as a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , a signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) , a signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) , a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) , a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , a block error rate (BLER) , and / or the like.
[0218] In certain aspects, measurements of LP-RSs and / or measurements of non-LP-RSs (and / or predictions thereof) may satisfy a certain threshold accuracy (e.g., within a certain threshold accuracy range relative to the expected or actual measurement value 902) . As an example, the measurements of LP-RSs and the measurements of the non-LP-RSs may satisfy the same threshold accuracy. The measurements of LP-RSs and the measurements of the non-LP-RSs may be within the same threshold accuracy range (e.g., a first threshold accuracy range 904) relative to the expected or actual measurement value 902.
[0219] In certain aspects, the measurements of the LP-RSs and the measurements of non-LP-RSs may satisfy a different threshold accuracy, respectively. As an example, the measurements of non-LP-RSs may satisfy a first threshold accuracy. The measurements of non-LP-RSs may be within the first threshold accuracy range 904 (e.g., ± 1%) relative to the expected or actual measurement value 902. The measurements of LP-RSs may satisfy a second threshold accuracy. The measurements of LP-RSs may be within a second threshold accuracy range 906 (e.g., ±5%) relative to the expected or actual measurement value 902.
[0220] In certain aspects, for one or more ML models (e.g., corresponding to an ML model identifier, a ML model function name, an associated ID, and / or the like) , a UE may send, to a network node, an indication that beam predictions associated with inference operations and / or measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP and / or SINR measurements) associated with training data collection and / or performance monitoring may not be impacted by measurements of LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs. The UE may send, to the network node, an indication that the accuracy of measurements of LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs (or predictions thereof) may satisfy certain levels of accuracy for training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring, such as the first threshold accuracy range 904 and / or the second threshold accuracy range 906.
[0221] In certain aspects, a UE may send, to a network node, an indication that the accuracy of beam predictions associated with inference operations and / or the accuracy of measurements associated with training data collection and / or performance monitoring may be impacted by measurements of LP-RSs and / or non-LP-RSs. In certain cases, for inference operations, the UE may send, to the network node, certain performance metric (s) (e.g., average accuracy rate associated with beam predictions, such as top-K Set-A beams) , for example, when Set-B beam measurements are based on LP-RSs. The UE may send the performance metric (s) , when Set-B beams are measured via LP-RSs versus (instead of) non-LP-RSs. In certain cases, for training data collection and / or performance monitoring, the performance metric (s) may include L1-RSRP and / or SINR measurement accuracy error tolerances for Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams, when the corresponding beams are measured via LP-RSs versus (instead of) non-LP-RSs.
[0222] The performance metric (s) may be or include a priori performance metrics (s) , for example, performance metric (s) derived from one or more previous performance evaluations, which may be performed through online measurements (e.g., when the UE is deployed and / or used in a user environment) or in a test-bench setting (e.g., prior to the UE being deployed in a user environment) . In certain cases, the UE may be configured (e.g., via signaling or as a configuration) to report the performance metric (s) associated with LP-RS-based beam predications.
[0223] Accordingly, the accuracy reporting described herein may ensure that the accurate and / or reliable beam measurements are performed in connection with training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring. Thus, the accurate and / or reliable beam measurements may enable efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like. Aspects Related to Consistency between Low-Power Reference Signals and Reference Signals
[0224] In certain aspects, the UE may measure a combination of LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) as a part of training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring associated with one or more ML models (such as the ML model 806) . When there is a combination of LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) used in LP-RS-based beam predictions, it may be assumed, expected, and / or configured, at the UE and / or network node, that certain parameter (s) associated with the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) of a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams are consistent or compatible with each other to enable effective training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring, for example, when there is mixed usage between the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) . As an example, it may be expected that an LP-RS and a corresponding non-LP-RS be communicated via the consistent or compatible transmit beam (s) of the Set-B beams as a part of inference operations for LP-RS-based beam predictions. Thus, the UE may be configured with common communication parameter (s) , which may indicate the transmit beams (s) of the Set-B beams, for the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) . The consistent or compatible parameter (s) (e.g., common communication parameter (s) ) associated with the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) may include spatial parameter (s) , spectral parameter (s) (e.g., frequency domain parameter (s) ) , and / or temporal parameter (s) , for example, depending on the type of beam predictions (e.g., SD, TD, and / or FD beam prediction as described herein) .
[0225] In certain aspects, the spatial parameter (s) may be consistent or compatible (e.g., commonly assigned) between LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) with respect to the spatial filtering or beamforming applied for an LP-RS and a non-LP-RS. It may be assumed, expected, and / or configured, at the UE and / or network node, that the network node transmits a LP-RS and a non-LP-RS via the same (e.g., consistent) transmit beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams. For example, the same spatial transmit filter corresponding to a beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams may be associated with a LP-RS resource and a non-LP-RS resource. In certain aspects, compatible transmit beams may be used for communication of the LP-RS and the non-LP-RS with respect to a transmit beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams. As an example, compatible transmit beams may mean that the transmit beams are aligned in terms of orientation (e.g., alignment of azimuth and / or elevation) within a threshold tolerance (e.g., ± 0.1%, 1%, 5%, or the like) and / or that the main lobes of the orientation patterns associated with the transmit beams at least partially overlap with each other in space.
[0226] The spatial parameter (s) may include, for example, beamforming or spatial filtering parameter (s) , QCL relationship (s) , the total number of beams in the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams, and the ordering applied to map beams to reference signals. In certain aspects, the spatial parameter (s) may be consistent or compatible between LP-RS(s) and non-LP-RS (s) with respect to the QCL relationship (s) applied for a LP-RS and a non-LP-RS. It may be assumed, expected, and / or configured, at the UE and / or network node, that consistent or compatible QCL relationship (s) are applied for a LP-RS and a non-LP-RS with respect to a specific transmit beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams. As an example, an LP-RS and a non-LP-RS corresponding to a beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams may be configured to have the same QCL source reference signal. The QCL source reference signal of the LP-RS and the QCL source reference signal of the non-LP-RS may be associated with the same transmit beam identifier of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams.
[0227] In certain aspects, the spatial parameter (s) may be consistent or compatible between LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) with respect to the number of beams in the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams. For example, the total number of Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams associated with LP-RS (s) may be the same as the total number of Set-Abeams and / or the Set-B beams associated with non-LP-RS (s) .
[0228] In certain aspects, the spatial parameter (s) may be consistent or compatible between LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) with respect to the beam ordering in the Set-Abeams and / or the Set-B beams. For example, there may be an implicit mapping between a Set-A beam identifier and / or a Set-B beam identifier and an LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS. In certain cases, the implicit mapping may be based on the measurement resource set and / or measurement resource identifier associated with the LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS. Thus, the order in which a beam identifier (e.g., Set-A beam identifier and / or a Set-B beam identifier) is mapped to a reference signal (e.g., an LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS) may be implicitly indicated, and the ordering may be the same between the resource set of the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) .
[0229] In certain cases, there may be an explicit order to the mapping between the beam identifier and a respective reference signal, such as LP-RS and non-LP-RS. For example, the UE may obtain (e.g., via signaling from the network node) an explicit indication of each LP-RS and / or non-LP-RS corresponding to the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams.
[0230] The temporal parameter (s) may include, for example, a periodicity by which reference signals (e.g., the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) ) are scheduled or communicated. The temporal parameter (s) may be consistent or compatible between LP-RS(s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) with respect to the periodicity of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams. As an example of consistent periodicities, the LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS(s) may have the same periodicity with respect to the measurement resources allocated or scheduled for the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams. With respect to LP-RS-based predictions for inference operations, the LP-RS (s) and / or the non-LP-RS (s) for the Set-B beams may be communicated with the same periodicity.
[0231] In certain aspects, the periodicities of the LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) may be compatible with each other, for example, within a certain tolerance threshold (e.g., ±0.1%, 1%, 5%, or the like) . In certain aspects, the periodicity of the LP-RS (s) associated with beam (s) of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams may be a multiple of the periodicity of the non-LP-RS (s) associated with the corresponding beam (s) , or vice versa. For example, the non-LP-RS (s) may be communicated with a periodicity of 20 milliseconds (ms) , and the LP-RS (s) may be communicated with a periodicity of 40 ms, 80 ms, or the like, such that accurate and reliable temporal beam predictions may be derived from measurements of either the LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-R (s) .
[0232] The spectral parameter (s) may be consistent or compatible between LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) with respect to the frequency-domain resource occupation, bandwidth, frequency resource density (e.g., PRB density and / or RE density) , and / or the like. With respect to frequency-domain resource occupation (e.g., as an actual or virtual allocation) , it may be assumed, expected, and / or configured, at the UE and / or network node, that the frequency resource (s) of the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) associated with a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams (for example, the same Set-Abeam identifier and / or Set-B beam identifier) are arranged in the same frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR2) , the same component carrier (e.g., the carrier corresponding to a cell) , the same bandwidth part (BWP) or bandwidth thereof, and / or the like (or within a certain threshold tolerance, such as ± 0.1%, 1%, 5%, or the like) . A BWP may be a contiguous frequency range (e.g., resource blocks) of a channel bandwidth of a carrier. The carrier may be a frequency range of one or more operating bands specified for wireless communications, such as an operating band of FR1 and / or FR2.
[0233] In certain aspects, the frequency bandwidths occupied by (or allocated for) the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) associated with a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams may be the same to be consistent with each other. In certain aspects, the frequency bandwidths occupied by (or allocated for) the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) associated with a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams may be within a certain threshold tolerance (such as ± 0.1%, 1%, 5%, or the like) to be compatible with each other. For example, the frequency bandwidth of the LP-RS may (fully or partially) overlap with the frequency bandwidth of the non-LP-RS in the frequency domain, and any non-overlapping portion of the frequency bandwidths may satisfy the certain threshold tolerance.
[0234] In certain aspects, the PRB-level or RE-level density of the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) associated with a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams may be the same or within a certain threshold tolerance of each other. Accordingly, certain parameter (s) associated with the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) of a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams may be consistent or compatible with each other.
[0235] In certain aspects, the consistency and / or compatibility of certain parameter (s) associated with the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) associated with a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beam may be implicitly or explicitly indicated to the UE. In certain aspects, the consistency and / or compatibility of certain parameter (s) associated with the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) may be applied for training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring.
[0236] In certain aspects, the consistency and / or compatibility may be applied to certain parameter (s) associated with the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) in accordance with certain criteria or condition (s) . For example, for training data collection, consistency and / or compatibility associated with certain parameter (s) of the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) may be applied to Set-A beam measurements and / or Set-B beam measurements. For inference operations, the consistency and / or compatibility associated with certain parameter (s) of the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) may applied to Set-B beam measurements. For performance monitoring, the consistency and / or compatibility associated with certain parameter (s) of the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) may applied to Set-A beam measurements.
[0237] In certain aspects, the UE and the network node may negotiate, exchange, and / or communicate certain information (e.g., the information 824) related to consistency and / or compatibility associated with certain parameter (s) of the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) . For example, the UE may notify the network node of preferred or recommended tolerance (s) for the parameters (s) and / or which parameter (s) are expected to be the same or consistent between the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) . Thus, the UE may obtain, from the network node, configuration (s) that configure measurement resource (s) for the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) in accordance with the UE’s notification. In certain aspects, the consistency and / or compatibility may be applied to certain parameter (s) associated with the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) as specified according to a wireless communications standard, such as specifications for 5G NR systems and / or any future wireless communication system.
[0238] FIG. 10 depicts an example scheme 1000 in which example parameter (s) associated with the LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) are consistent and / or compatible with each other. In this example, a UE (the UE 804) may be configured (e.g., via signaling from the network node 802) with a first measurement resource 1001 associated with a LP-RS and a second measurement resource 1003 associated with a non-LP-RS. Each of the first measurement resource 1001 and the second measurement resource 1003 may be associated with a given beam of the Set-A beams and / or the Set-B beams, such as a beam 1002 of the Set-B beams 1004 and / or a beam 1006 of the Set-A beams 1008. The first measurement resource 1001 may be configured to occupy (or allocated) a first frequency bandwidth 1010, for example, within a BWP of a carrier; and the second measurement resource 1003 may be configured to occupy (or allocated) a second frequency bandwidth 1012, for example, within the BWP of the same carrier.
[0239] As an example, the first measurement resource 1001 may be configured to occupy a contiguous set of frequency resources (e.g., PRBs and REs) across the first frequency bandwidth. For example, the first measurement resource 1001 may define the frequency resource allocation of an LP-CSI-RS, which may occupy all of the PRBs in the first frequency bandwidth, and within an occupied PRB 1014 of the first frequency bandwidth 1010, the LP-CSI-RS may occupy a contiguous set of REs 1016 at specified symbol (s) 1018. In certain cases, the LP-CSI-RS may be modulated using an OOK modulation scheme 1020 across the entire first frequency bandwidth 1010.
[0240] In certain aspects, the second measurement resource 1003 (e.g., a CSI-RS resource) may be configured to occupy a subset of frequency resources across the second frequency bandwidth 1012. For example, the second measurement resource 1003 may define the frequency resource allocation of a CSI-RS, which may occupy a subset of PRBs in the second frequency bandwidth 1012, and within an occupied PRB 1022 of the second frequency bandwidth 1012, the CSI-RS may occupy a subset of the REs 1024 at specified symbol (s) 1026. Thus, there may be other PRB (s) 1028 and RE (s) 1030, which may be unoccupied by the CSI-RS, in the second frequency bandwidth.
[0241] Note that due to the different channel usage, in the frequency domain, between the first measurement resource 1001 and the second measurement resource 1003, the network node may switch, over time, between communicating the LP-RS associated with the first measurement resource 1001 and the non-LP-RS associated with the second measurement resource 1003. Thus, the management of switching between communicating the LP-RS and the non-LP-RS may enable efficient channel usage for other communications.
[0242] In certain cases, the first frequency bandwidth 1010 and the second frequency bandwidth 1012 may have the same bandwidth size, be aligned in the BWP, and / or fully overlap with each other in the BWP to enable consistency between measurements of the LP-RS and the non-LP-RS. Accordingly, the consistent and / or compatible frequency bandwidths 1010, 1012 of the first measurement resource 1001 and the second measurement resource 1003 associated with the beam 1002, 1006 of the Set-A beams 1008 and / or the Set-B beams 1004 may enable accurate and reliable training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring, when a combination of LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) are used for such operation (s) . The consistency and / or compatibility associated with certain parameters of LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) may ensure that the accurate and / or reliable beam measurements are performed in connection with training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring. The accurate and / or reliable beam measurements may enable efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like.
[0243] Note that the spectral parameter (s) depicted in FIG. 10 are an example to facilitate an understanding of consistent and / or compatible parameters with respect to the mixture of LP-RSs and non-LP-RSs in training data collection, inference, and / or performance monitoring. Aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to other suitable parameters, as described herein, such as alternative and / or additional spectral parameter (s) , temporal parameter (s) , and / or spatial parameter (s) . Example Signaling of Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0244] FIG. 11 depicts a process flow 1100 for scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam predictions in a system including a network node 1102, a first UE 1104a, and a second UE 1104b. In some aspects, the network node 1102 may be an example of the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2. Similarly, the UE 1104a, 1104b may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 or the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3. However, in other aspects, UE 1104a, 1104b may be another type of wireless communications device, and network node 1102 may be another type of network entity or network node, such as those described herein. Note that any operations or signaling illustrated with dashed lines may indicate that that operation or signaling is an optional or alternative example.
[0245] At 1106, the first UE 1104a and / or the second UE 1104b optionally obtain, from the network node 1102, an indication of whether LP-RS (s) are communicated for Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams as part of training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. The indication may indicate that the network node 1102 is capable of communicating LP-RSs for Set-A beams and / or Set-B beams. As an example, the indication may indicate that a combination of LP-RS (s) and non-LP-RS (s) are communicated for Set-B measurements for training data collection and / or inference operations, but that non-LP-RS (s) are communicated for Set-A measurements for training data collection and / or performance monitoring. In certain aspects, the indication may include a request for UE capability information related to whether the UE supports LP-RS-based beam predictions in association with training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. The indication may be communicated via system information, RRC signaling, MAC signaling, DCI, and / or the like.
[0246] At 1108, the first UE 1104a and / or the second UE 1104b optionally send, to the network node 1102, capability information that indicates whether the respective UE 1104a, 1104b supports measurement of LP-RS (s) as part of training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. As an example, the first UE 1104a may support measurement of LP-RS (s) as part of training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring, whereas the second UE 1104b may support only measurement of non-LP-RS (s) as part of training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring.
[0247] At 1110, the first UE 1104a and / or the second UE 1104b obtain, from the network node 1102, one or more ML measurement configurations. The ML measurement configuration (s) may include or indicate measurement resource configuration (s) , measurement report configuration (s) , measurement resource set (s) , measurement resource (s) associated with LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) . The ML measurement configuration (s) may indicate, for the first UE 1104a, to obtain measurement (s) of LP-RS(s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) in association with training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring, as described herein. Communication of the ML measurement configuration (s) may be an example of obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) . The ML measurement configuration (s) may indicate, for the second UE 1104b, to obtain measurements of non-LP-RS (s) in association with training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring, as described herein. The ML measurement configuration (s) may indicate periodic, semi-persistent, and / or aperiodic measurement resource (s) for training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. In certain cases, the ML measurement configuration (s) may be UE-specific in accordance with the UE capability information communicated at 1108, such that the first UE 1104a is configured with a first set of ML measurement configuration (s) , and the second UE 1104b is configured with a second set of ML measurement configuration (s) . In certain aspects, the ML measurement configuration (s) may indicate that certain communication parameter (s) associated with LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) are consistent, compatible, or common with each other, for example, as described herein. The ML measurement configuration (s) may be communicated via system information, RRC signaling, MAC signaling, DCI, and / or the like.
[0248] At 1112, the first UE 1104a and / or the second UE 1104b obtain, from the network node 1102, one or more reference signals, for example, including LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) . As an example, the first UE 1104a may obtain, from the network node 1102, LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) as part of training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. The first UE 1104a may obtain measurement (s) of the LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) associated with prediction by one or more ML models (e.g., the ML model 806) . The measurement (s) may be associated with prediction by the ML model (s) due to the measurement (s) being obtained as part of training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. At least one measurement of the measurement (s) may be based on a LP-RS, for example, derived from the received LP-RS. For example, the measurement may be or include a RSRP, SINR, and / or BLER associated with the received LP-RS. The second UE 1104b may obtain, from the network node 1102, non-LP-RS (s) as part of training data collection, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. In certain cases, the network node 1102 may transmit the LP-RS (s) and the non-LP-RS (s) in a TDM manner, for example, as described herein.
[0249] In certain cases, the network node 1102 may send signaling (e.g., MAC signaling and / or DCI) that triggers, at the respective UE, activation of semi-persistent measurement resource (s) at the first UE 1104a and / or the second UE 1104b. Communication of signaling that triggers activation of semi-persistent measurement resource (s) may be an example of obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) .
[0250] In certain cases, the network node 1102 may send signaling that triggers, at the respective UE, measurement of LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) associated with an aperiodic trigger state, for example, as described herein. Communication of signaling that triggers of LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) associated with an aperiodic trigger state may be an example of obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) .
[0251] At 1114, the first UE 1104a and / or the second UE 1104b optionally send, to the network node 1102, measurement feedback, such as an indication of the measurement (s) of the LP-RS (s) and / or non-LP-RS (s) obtained at the respective UE 1104a, 1104b. The measurement feedback may include Set-A beam measurement (s) and / or Set-B beam measurement (s) in association with training data collection, inference operation (s) , and / or performance monitoring. The measurement feedback may enable the network node 1102 to perform ML model training, perform any actions based on beam predictions (e.g., beam switch, handover, or the like) , and / or perform any ML model changes or updates based on the performance monitoring measurements. In certain cases, the network node 1102 may forward the measurement feedback to a model server (e.g., the model server 850 of FIG. 8) for ML model training, inference operations, and / or performance monitoring. In certain cases, the model server may be co-located, integrated with, or included in the network node 1102.
[0252] Accordingly, the first UE 1104a may reduce its power consumption through the measurement of LP-RSs for training, data collection, beam predictions, and / or performance monitoring. The scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam prediction may enable configuration and communication of non-LP-RSs for UE (s) that do not support measurement of LP-RSs, such as the second UE 1104b. In certain cases, the scheme (s) for LP-RS-based beam prediction may enable efficient beam management or radio link failure, efficient channel usage, increased data rates, reduced latencies, and / or the like, as described herein.
[0253] Note that the process flow illustrated in FIG. 11 is an example of signaling, which may be communicated to enable LP-RS-based beam predictions, and aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to additional or alterative process flows. Note that the process flow illustrated in FIG. 11 is described herein to facilitate an understanding of signaling associated with LP-RS-based beam predictions, and aspects of the present disclosure may be performed in various manners via alternative or additional signaling and / or operations. In certain aspects, the operations and / or signaling of FIG. 11 may occur in an order different from that described or depicted, and various actions, operations, and / or signaling may be added, omitted, or combined. Example Operations of Low-Power Reference Signal-based Beam Prediction
[0254] FIG. 12 shows a method 1200 for wireless communications by a UE, such as UE 104 of FIG. 1 or UE 304 of FIG. 3.
[0255] Method 1200 begins at block 1205 with obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources (e.g., associated with Set-B beams) , for example, as described herein with respect to FIGS. 8-11. In certain aspects, the one or more prediction targets may include communication resources (s) , measurement resource (s) , and / or virtual resources (s) (e.g., virtual communication resources and / or virtual measurement resources) , for example, associated with Set-A beams.
[0256] Method 1200 then proceeds to block 1210 with obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources, for example, as described herein with respect to FIGS. 8-11.
[0257] Method 1200 then proceeds to block 1215 with sending an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals, for example, as described herein with respect to FIGS. 8-11.
[0258] In some aspects, the first set of characteristics comprises a first set of measurements; the second set of characteristics comprises a second set of measurements; the one or more prediction targets comprises a first set of measurement resources; and the one or more measurement resources comprises a second set of measurement resources.
[0259] In some aspects, block 1210 includes obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the second set of measurement re sources.
[0260] In some aspects, block 1210 includes obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises one or more predictions of the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the second set of measurement resources.
[0261] In some aspects, block 1210 includes obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the first set of measurement resources.
[0262] In some aspects, the one or more low-power reference signals comprise one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals, (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals, or (iii) a third set of low-power reference signals; and the method 1200 further comprises obtaining one or more of: (i) an indication that the one or more prediction targets includes a third set of measurement resources associated with the first set of low-power reference signals and a fourth set of measurement resources associated with a first set of reference signals; (ii) an indication that the one or more measurement resources includes a fifth set of measurement resources associated with the second set of low-power reference signals and a sixth set of measurement resources associated with a second set of reference signals; or (iii) an indication that the one or more prediction targets and the one or more measurement resources include a seventh set of measurement resources associated with the third set of low-power reference signals and an eighth set of measurement resources associated with a third set of reference signals.
[0263] In some aspects, the third set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the fourth set of measurement resources; the fifth set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the sixth set of measurement resources; and the seventh set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0264] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes obtaining one or more configurations that indicate one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fourth set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, the seventh set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0265] In some aspects, the one or more configurations includes one or more of a channel state information resource configuration or a channel state information report configuration.
[0266] In some aspects, the one or more configurations include: a first configuration that indicates one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, or the seventh set of measurement resources; and a second configuration that indicates one or more of: the fourth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0267] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; and the one or more low-power reference signals comprises one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals or (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals.
[0268] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of characteristics via only the first set of low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of characteristics via only the second set of low-power reference signals in the one or more resources.
[0269] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of characteristics via the first set of low-power reference signals and a first set of reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of characteristics via the second set of low-power reference signals and a second set of reference signals in the one or more measurement resources.
[0270] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of characteristics or (ii) the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models.
[0271] In some aspects, the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0272] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of characteristics or (ii) the second set of characteristics via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the training data collection.
[0273] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of characteristics or (ii) the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) as part of the training data collection.
[0274] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals (e.g., a non-LP-RS) ; and the method 1200 further comprises obtaining the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources.
[0275] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via one or more machine learning models.
[0276] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the one or more measurement resources.
[0277] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals (e.g., a non-LP-RS) in the one or more measurement resources.
[0278] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via one or more machine learning models.
[0279] In some aspects, the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0280] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics.
[0281] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics.
[0282] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals (e.g., a non-LP-RS) ; and the method 1200 further comprises obtaining the one or more reference signals via the one or more measurement resources.
[0283] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics derived via one or more machine learning models.
[0284] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of characteristics via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets.
[0285] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of characteristics via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals (e.g., a non-LP-RS) in the one or more prediction targets.
[0286] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the first set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal as part of a performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0287] In some aspects, the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0288] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of characteristics via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0289] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0290] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method 1200 further comprises obtaining the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources.
[0291] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending: an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) , satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0292] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending: an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0293] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) , satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0294] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0295] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method 1200 further comprises obtaining an indication that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have one or more common communication parameters.
[0296] In some aspects, the one or more common communication parameters include one or more of: one or more spatial parameters, one or more temporal parameters, or one or more spectral parameters.
[0297] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes obtaining an indication to apply the one or more common communication parameters based on the indication to obtain the one or more measurements including one or more of: (i) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; (ii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via the one or more machine learning models; or (iii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics derived via the one or more machine learning models.
[0298] In some aspects, method 1200 further includes sending a request that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have at least one common communication parameter.
[0299] In some aspect, method 1200, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1400 of FIG. 14, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1200. Communications device 1400 is described below in further detail.
[0300] Note that FIG. 12 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0301] FIG. 13 shows a method 1300 for wireless communications by a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1, a first network entity 300 or second network entity 302 of FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0302] Method 1300 begins at block 1305 with sending signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources, for example, as described herein with respect to FIGS. 8-11.
[0303] Method 1300 then proceeds to block 1310 with sending the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources, for example, as described herein with respect to FIGS. 8-11.
[0304] Method 1300 then proceeds to block 1315 with obtaining an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals, for example, as described herein with respect to FIGS. 8-11.
[0305] In some aspects, the first set of characteristics comprises a first set of measurements; the second set of characteristics comprises a second set of measurements; the one or more prediction targets comprises a first set of measurement resources; and the one or more measurement resources comprises a second set of measurement resources.
[0306] In some aspects, block 1310 includes sending the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the second set of measurement resources.
[0307] In some aspects, block 1310 includes sending the one or more low-power reference signals via the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises one or more predictions of the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the second set of measurement resources.
[0308] In some aspects, block 1310 includes sending the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the first set of measurement resources.
[0309] In some aspects, the one or more low-power reference signals comprise one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals, (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals, or (iii) a third set of low-power reference signals; and the method 1300 further comprises sending one or more of: (i) an indication that the one or more prediction targets includes a third set of measurement resources associated with the first set of low-power reference signals and a fourth set of measurement resources associated with a first set of reference signals; (ii) an indication that the second set of measurement resources includes a fifth set of measurement resources associated with the second set of low-power reference signals and a sixth set of measurement resources associated with a second set of reference signals; or (iii) an indication that the one or more prediction targets and the second set of measurement resources include a seventh set of measurement resources associated with the third set of low-power reference signals and an eighth set of measurement resources associated with a third set of reference signals.
[0310] In some aspects, the third set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the fourth set of measurement resources; the fifth set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the sixth set of measurement resources; and the seventh set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0311] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes sending one or more configurations that indicate one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fourth set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, the seventh set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0312] In some aspects, the one or more configurations includes one or more of a channel state information resource configuration or a channel state information report configuration.
[0313] In some aspects, the one or more configurations include: a first configuration that indicates one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, or the seventh set of measurement resources; and a second configuration that indicates one or more of: the fourth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0314] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; and the one or more low-power reference signals comprises one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals or (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals.
[0315] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of measurements via only the first set of low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of measurements via only the second set of low-power reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0316] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of measurements via the first set of low-power reference signals and a first set of reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of measurements via the second set of low-power reference signals and a second set of reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0317] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of measurements or (ii) the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models.
[0318] In some aspects, the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0319] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of measurements or (ii) the second set of measurements via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the training data collection.
[0320] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of measurements or (ii) the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) as part of the training data collection.
[0321] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method 1300 further comprises sending the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the second set of measurement resources.
[0322] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of prediction of the first set of measurements via one or more machine learning models.
[0323] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of measurements via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0324] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of measurements via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0325] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of measurements via one or more machine learning models.
[0326] In some aspects, the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0327] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of measurements via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of measurements.
[0328] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) as part of prediction of the first set of measurements.
[0329] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method 1300 further comprises sending the one or more reference signals via the second set of measurement resources.
[0330] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of performance evaluation of the first set of measurements derived via one or more machine learning models.
[0331] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of measurements via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets.
[0332] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of measurements via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals in the one or more prediction targets.
[0333] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the first set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal as part of a performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0334] In some aspects, the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0335] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of measurements via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0336] In some aspects, the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0337] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method 1300 further comprises sending the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the second set of measurement resources.
[0338] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining: an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) , satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0339] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining: an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0340] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least one reference signal (e.g., a non-LP-RS) , satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0341] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0342] In some aspects, the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method 1300 further comprises sending an indication that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have one or more common communication parameters.
[0343] In some aspects, the one or more common communication parameters include one or more of: one or more spatial parameters, one or more temporal parameters, or one or more spectral parameters.
[0344] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes sending an indication to apply the one or more common communication parameters based on the indication to obtain the one or more measurements including one or more of: (i) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; (ii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of prediction of the first set of measurements via the one or more machine learning models; or (iii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of performance evaluation of the first set of measurements derived via the one or more machine learning models.
[0345] In certain aspects, method 1300 further includes obtaining a request that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have at least one common communication parameter.
[0346] In some aspect, method 1300, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1500 of FIG. 15, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1300. Communications device 1500 is described below in further detail.
[0347] Note that FIG. 13 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure. Example Communications Devices
[0348] FIG. 14 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1400 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1400 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1 or UE 304 described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0349] The communications device 1400 includes a processing system 1405 coupled to a transceiver 1445 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1445 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1400 via an antenna 1450, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1405 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1400, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1400.
[0350] The processing system 1405 includes one or more processors 1410 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1425. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1410 may be representative of the one or more processors 318 described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1410 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1425 via a bus 1440. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1425 may be representative of the one or more memories 320 described with respect to FIG. 3. The computer-readable medium / memory 1425 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1425 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , that when executed by the one or more processors 1410, cause the one or more processors 1410 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 12. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1400 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1400, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0351] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1425 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for obtaining 1430 and code for sending 1435. Processing of the code 1430 and 1435 may enable and cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, code for obtaining 1430 includes code for obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, code for obtaining 1430 includes code for obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, code for sending 1435 includes code for sending an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0352] The one or more processors 1410 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1425, including circuitry for obtaining 1415 and circuitry for sending 1420. Processing with circuitry 1415 and 1420 may enable and cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, circuitry for obtaining 1415 includes circuitry for obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, circuitry for obtaining 1415 includes circuitry for obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, circuitry for sending 1420 includes circuitry for sending an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0353] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antenna 322 and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1445 and / or antenna 1450 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14, and / or one or more processors 1410 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1445 and / or antenna 1450 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14, and / or one or more processors 1410 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14.
[0354] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an example communications device configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1500 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1, first network entity 300 or second network entity 302 of FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0355] The communications device 1500 includes a processing system 1505 coupled to a transceiver 1545 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1555. The transceiver 1545 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1500 via an antenna 1550, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1555 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1500 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1505 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1500, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1500.
[0356] The processing system 1505 includes one or more processors 1510 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1525. In various aspects, one or more processors 1510 may be representative of the one or more processors 308, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1510 are coupled to the computer-readable medium / memory 1525 via a bus 1540. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1525 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , including code 1530 and 1535, that when executed by the one or more processors 1510, cause the one or more processors 1510 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 13. The computer-readable medium / memory 1525 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. Note that reference to a processor of communications device 1500 performing a function may include one or more processors of communications device 1500 performing that function, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0357] In the depicted example, the computer-readable medium / memory 1525 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for sending 1530 and code for obtaining 1535. Processing of the code 1530 and 1535 may enable and cause the communications device 1500 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, code for sending 1530 includes code for sending signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, code for sending 1530 includes code for sending the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, code for obtaining 1535 includes code for obtaining an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0358] The one or more processors 1510 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1525, including circuitry for sending 1515 and circuitry for obtaining 1520. Processing with circuitry 1515 and 1520 may enable and cause the communications device 1500 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, circuitry for sending 1515 includes circuitry for sending signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, circuitry for sending 1515 includes circuitry for sending the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources. In some aspects, circuitry for obtaining 1520 includes circuitry for obtaining an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0359] Various components of the communications device 1500 may provide means for performing the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it. Means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 312, one or more antennas 314, and / or processing system 306 of the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1545, antenna 1550, and / or network interface 1555 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15, and / or one or more processors 1510 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 312, one or more antennas 314, and / or processing system 306 of the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1545, antenna 1550, and / or network interface 1555 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15, and / or one or more processors 1510 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15. Example Clauses
[0360] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0361] Clause 1: A method for wireless communications by a UE comprising: obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources; obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources; and sending an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0362] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein: the first set of characteristics comprises a first set of measurements; the second set of characteristics comprises a second set of measurements; the one or more prediction targets comprises a first set of measurement resources; and the one or more measurement resources comprises a second set of measurement resources.
[0363] Clause 3: The method of Clause 2, wherein: obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals comprises obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the second set of measurement resources.
[0364] Clause 4: The method of Clause 2 or 3, wherein: obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals comprises obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises one or more predictions of the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the second set of measurement resources.
[0365] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 2-4, wherein: obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals comprises obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the first set of measurement resources.
[0366] Clause 6: The method of any one of Clauses 1-5, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; and the one or more low-power reference signals comprises one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals or (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals.
[0367] Clause 7: The method of Clause 6, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of characteristics via only the first set of low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of characteristics via only the second set of low-power reference signals in the one or more resources.
[0368] Clause 8: The method of Clause 6, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of characteristics via the first set of low-power reference signals and a first set of reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of characteristics via the second set of low-power reference signals and a second set of reference signals in the one or more measurement resources.
[0369] Clause 9: The method of any one of Clauses 1-8, further comprising sending UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of characteristics or (ii) the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models.
[0370] Clause 10: The method of Clause 9, wherein the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0371] Clause 11: The method of Clause 9 or 10, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of characteristics or (ii) the second set of characteristics via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the training data collection.
[0372] Clause 12: The method of Clause 9 or 10, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of characteristics or (ii) the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal as part of the training data collection.
[0373] Clause 13: The method of any one of Clauses 9, 10, and 12, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises obtaining the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources.
[0374] Clause 14: The method of any one of Clauses 1-13, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via one or more machine learning models.
[0375] Clause 15: The method of Clause 14, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the one or more measurement resources.
[0376] Clause 16: The method of Clause 14, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals in the one or more measurement resources.
[0377] Clause 17: The method of any one of Clauses 1-16, further comprising sending UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via one or more machine learning models.
[0378] Clause 18: The method of Clause 17, wherein the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0379] Clause 19: The method of Clause 17 or 18, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics.
[0380] Clause 20: The method of Clause 17 or 18, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics.
[0381] Clause 21: The method of any one of Clauses 17, 18, and 20, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises obtaining the one or more reference signals via the one or more measurement resources.
[0382] Clause 22: The method of any one of Clauses 1-21, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics derived via one or more machine learning models.
[0383] Clause 23: The method of Clause 22, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of characteristics via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets.
[0384] Clause 24: The method of Clause 22, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of characteristics via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals in the one or more prediction targets.
[0385] Clause 25: The method of any one of Clauses 1-24, further comprising sending UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the first set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal as part of a performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0386] Clause 26: The method of Clause 25, wherein the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0387] Clause 27: The method of Clause 25 or 26, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of characteristics via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0388] Clause 28: The method of Clause 25 or 26, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0389] Clause 29: The method of any one of Clauses 25, 26, and 28, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises obtaining the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources.
[0390] Clause 30: The method of any one of Clauses 2-29, wherein: the one or more low-power reference signals comprise one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals, (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals, or (iii) a third set of low-power reference signals; and the method further comprises obtaining one or more of: (i) an indication that the one or more prediction targets includes a third set of measurement resources associated with the first set of low-power reference signals and a fourth set of measurement resources associated with a first set of reference signals; (ii) an indication that the one or more measurement resources includes a fifth set of measurement resources associated with the second set of low-power reference signals and a sixth set of measurement resources associated with a second set of reference signals; or (iii) an indication that the one or more prediction targets and the one or more measurement resources include a seventh set of measurement resources associated with the third set of low-power reference signals and an eighth set of measurement resources associated with a third set of reference signals.
[0391] Clause 31: The method of Clause 30, wherein: the third set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the fourth set of measurement resources; the fifth set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the sixth set of measurement resources; and the seventh set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0392] Clause 32: The method of Clause 30 or 31, further comprising obtaining one or more configurations that indicate one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fourth set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, the seventh set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0393] Clause 33: The method of Clause 32, wherein the one or more configurations includes one or more of a channel state information resource configuration or a channel state information report configuration.
[0394] Clause 34: The method of Clause 32 or 33, wherein the one or more configurations include: a first configuration that indicates one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, or the seventh set of measurement resources; and a second configuration that indicates one or more of: the fourth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0395] Clause 35: The method of any one of Clauses 1-34, further comprising sending: an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one reference signal, satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0396] Clause 36: The method of any one of Clauses 1-35, further comprising sending: an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0397] Clause 37: The method of any one of Clauses 1-36, further comprising sending: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one reference signal, satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0398] Clause 38: The method of any one of Clauses 1-37, further comprising sending: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0399] Clause 39: The method of any one of Clauses 1-38, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises obtaining an indication that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have one or more common communication parameters.
[0400] Clause 40: The method of Clause 39, wherein the one or more common communication parameters include one or more of: one or more spatial parameters, one or more temporal parameters, or one or more spectral parameters.
[0401] Clause 41: The method of Clause 39 or 40, further comprising obtaining an indication to apply the one or more common communication parameters based on the indication to obtain the one or more measurements including one or more of: (i) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; (ii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via the one or more machine learning models; or (iii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of performance evaluation of the first set of characteristics derived via the one or more machine learning models.
[0402] Clause 42: The method of any one of Clauses 39-41, further comprising sending a request that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have at least one common communication parameter.
[0403] Clause 43: A method for wireless communications by a network entity comprising: sending signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources; sending the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources; and obtaining an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.
[0404] Clause 44: The method of Clause 43, wherein: the first set of characteristics comprises a first set of measurements; the second set of characteristics comprises a second set of measurements; the one or more prediction targets comprises a first set of measurement resources; and the one or more measurement resources comprises a second set of measurement resources.
[0405] Clause 45: The method of Clause 44, wherein: sending the one or more low-power reference signals comprises sending the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the second set of measurement resources.
[0406] Clause 46: The method of Clause 44 or 45, wherein: sending the one or more low-power reference signals comprises sending the one or more low-power reference signals via the second set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises one or more predictions of the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the second set of measurement resources.
[0407] Clause 47: The method of any one of Clauses 44-46, wherein: sending the one or more low-power reference signals comprises sending the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources; and the indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals associated with the first set of measurement resources.
[0408] Clause 48: The method of any one of Clauses 43-47, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; and the one or more low-power reference signals comprises one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals or (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals.
[0409] Clause 49: The method of Clause 48, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of measurements via only the first set of low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of measurements via only the second set of low-power reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0410] Clause 50: The method of Clause 48, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain one or more of: (i) the first set of measurements via the first set of low-power reference signals and a first set of reference signals in the one or more prediction targets, or (ii) the second set of measurements via the second set of low-power reference signals and a second set of reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0411] Clause 51: The method of any one of Clauses 43-50, further comprising obtaining UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of measurements or (ii) the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models.
[0412] Clause 52: The method of Clause 51, wherein the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0413] Clause 53: The method of Clause 51 or 52, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of measurements or (ii) the second set of measurements via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the training data collection.
[0414] Clause 54: The method of Clause 51 or 52, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of one or more of (i) the first set of measurements or (ii) the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal as part of the training data collection.
[0415] Clause 55: The method of any one of Clauses 51, 52, and 54, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises sending the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the second set of measurement resources.
[0416] Clause 56: The method of any one of Clauses 43-55, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of prediction of the first set of measurements via one or more machine learning models.
[0417] Clause 57: The method of Clause 56, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of measurements via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0418] Clause 58: The method of Clause 56, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of measurements via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals in the second set of measurement resources.
[0419] Clause 59: The method of any one of Clauses 43-58, further comprising obtaining UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of measurements via one or more machine learning models.
[0420] Clause 60: The method of Clause 59, wherein the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0421] Clause 61: The method of Clause 59 or 60, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of measurements via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of measurements.
[0422] Clause 62: The method of Clause 59 or 60, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of measurements.
[0423] Clause 63: The method of any one of Clauses 59, 60, and 62, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises sending the one or more reference signals via the second set of measurement resources.
[0424] Clause 64: The method of any one of Clauses 43-63, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of performance evaluation of the first set of measurements derived via one or more machine learning models.
[0425] Clause 65: The method of Clause 64, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of measurements via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the one or more prediction targets.
[0426] Clause 66: The method of Clause 64, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the first set of measurements via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals in the one or more prediction targets.
[0427] Clause 67: The method of any one of Clauses 43-66, further comprising obtaining UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the first set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal as part of a performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0428] Clause 68: The method of Clause 67, wherein the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.
[0429] Clause 69: The method of Clause 67 or 68, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of measurements via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0430] Clause 70: The method of Clause 67 or 68, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the first set of measurements via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal as part of the performance evaluation of one or more machine learning models.
[0431] Clause 71: The method of any one of Clauses 67, 68, and 70, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises sending the one or more reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the second set of measurement resources.
[0432] Clause 72: The method of any one of Clauses 44-71, wherein: the one or more low-power reference signals comprise one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals, (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals, or (iii) a third set of low-power reference signals; and the method further comprises sending one or more of: (i) an indication that the one or more prediction targets includes a third set of measurement resources associated with the first set of low-power reference signals and a fourth set of measurement resources associated with a first set of reference signals; (ii) an indication that the second set of measurement resources includes a fifth set of measurement resources associated with the second set of low-power reference signals and a sixth set of measurement resources associated with a second set of reference signals; or (iii) an indication that the one or more prediction targets and the second set of measurement resources include a seventh set of measurement resources associated with the third set of low-power reference signals and an eighth set of measurement resources associated with a third set of reference signals.
[0433] Clause 73: The method of Clause 72, wherein: the third set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the fourth set of measurement resources; the fifth set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the sixth set of measurement resources; and the seventh set of measurement resources do not overlap in time with the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0434] Clause 74: The method of Clause 72 or 73, further comprising sending one or more configurations that indicate one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fourth set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, the seventh set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0435] Clause 75: The method of Clause 74, wherein the one or more configurations includes one or more of a channel state information resource configuration or a channel state information report configuration.
[0436] Clause 76: The method of Clause 74 or 75, wherein the one or more configurations include: a first configuration that indicates one or more of: the third set of measurement resources, the fifth set of measurement resources, or the seventh set of measurement resources; and a second configuration that indicates one or more of: the fourth set of measurement resources, the sixth set of measurement resources, or the eighth set of measurement resources.
[0437] Clause 77: The method of any one of Clauses 43-76, further comprising obtaining: an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least one reference signal, satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0438] Clause 78: The method of any one of Clauses 43-77, further comprising obtaining: an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that prediction of the first set of measurements, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0439] Clause 79: The method of any one of Clauses 43-78, further comprising obtaining: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least one reference signal, satisfies the threshold accuracy.
[0440] Clause 80: The method of any one of Clauses 43-79, further comprising obtaining: an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, and an indication that performance evaluation of the first set of measurements, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.
[0441] Clause 81: The method of any one of Clauses 43-80, wherein: the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; and the method further comprises sending an indication that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have one or more common communication parameters.
[0442] Clause 82: The method of Clause 81, wherein the one or more common communication parameters include one or more of: one or more spatial parameters, one or more temporal parameters, or one or more spectral parameters.
[0443] Clause 83: The method of Clause 81 or 82, further comprising sending an indication to apply the one or more common communication parameters based on the indication to obtain the one or more measurements including one or more of: (i) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of training data collection associated with one or more machine learning models; (ii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of prediction of the first set of measurements via the one or more machine learning models; or (iii) an indication to obtain the one or more measurements, based on the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals, as part of performance evaluation of the first set of measurements derived via the one or more machine learning models.
[0444] Clause 84: The method of any one of Clauses 81-83, further comprising obtaining a request that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have at least one common communication parameter.
[0445] Clause 85: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-84.
[0446] Clause 86: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-84.
[0447] Clause 87: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-84.
[0448] Clause 88: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-84.
[0449] Clause 89: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-84.
[0450] Clause 90: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-84.
[0451] Clause 91: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-84. Additional Considerations
[0452] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0453] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, an AI processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a SoC, a SiP, or any other such configuration.
[0454] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0455] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0456] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0457] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an ASIC, or processor.
[0458] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The subsequent use of a definite article (e.g., “the” or “said” ) with an element (e.g., “the processor” ) is not intended to invoke a singular meaning (e.g., “only one” ) on the element unless otherwise specifically stated. For example, reference to an element (e.g., “a processor, ” “the processor, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” or the like) . The terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more elements, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to:obtain signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources;obtain the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources; andsend an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first set of characteristics comprises a first set of measurements;the second set of characteristics comprises a second set of measurements;the one or more prediction targets comprises a first set of measurement resources; andthe one or more measurement resources comprises a second set of measurement resources.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein:to cause the UE to obtain the one or more low-power reference signals, the processing system is configured to cause the UE to obtain the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurement resources; andthe indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the first set of measurement resources and the second set of measurements based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the second set of measurement resources.4.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein:to cause the UE to obtain the one or more low-power reference signals, the processing system is configured to cause the UE to obtain the one or more low-power reference signals via the second set of measurement resources; andthe indication of the at least one measurement comprises one or more predictions of the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the second set of measurement resources.5.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein:to cause the UE to obtain the one or more low-power reference signals, the processing system is configured to cause the UE to obtain the one or more low-power reference signals via the first set of measurement resources; andthe indication of the at least one measurement comprises the first set of measurements associated with the first set of measurement resources based on the one or more low-power reference signals obtained via the first set of measurement resources.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via one or more machine learning models.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics via only the one or more low-power reference signals in the one or more measurement resources.8.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics via the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals in the one or more measurement resources.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the UE to send UE capability information that indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via one or more machine learning models.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one low-power reference signal comprises one or more of a low-power synchronization signal or a low-power channel state information reference signal.11.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via only at least one low-power reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics .12.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the UE capability information further indicates support of measurement of the second set of characteristics via at least one low-power reference signal and at least one reference signal as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics.13.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein:the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the second set of characteristics based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; andthe processing system is configured to cause the UE to obtain the one or more reference signals via the one or more measurement resources.14.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein:the one or more low-power reference signals comprise one or more of: (i) a first set of low-power reference signals, (ii) a second set of low-power reference signals, or (iii) a third set of low-power reference signals; andthe processing system is configured to cause the UE to obtain one or more of:(i) an indication that the one or more prediction targets includes a third set of measurement resources associated with the first set of low-power reference signals and a fourth set of measurement resources associated with a first set of reference signals;(ii) an indication that the one or more measurement resources includes a fifth set of measurement resources associated with the second set of low-power reference signals and a sixth set of measurement resources associated with a second set of reference signals; or(iii) an indication that the one or more prediction targets and the one or more measurement resources include a seventh set of measurement resources associated with the third set of low-power reference signals and an eighth set of measurement resources associated with a third set of reference signals.15.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the UE to send:an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal, satisfies a threshold accuracy, andan indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one reference signal, satisfies the threshold accuracy.16.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the UE to send:an indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least one low-power reference signal of the one or more low-power reference signals, satisfies a first threshold accuracy, andan indication that prediction of the first set of characteristics, based on at least reference signal, satisfies a second threshold accuracy different from the first threshold accuracy.17.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals and one or more reference signals; andthe processing system is configured to cause the UE to obtain an indication that the one or more low-power reference signals and the one or more reference signals have one or more common communication parameters.18.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause network node to:send signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources;send the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources; andobtain an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.19.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the indication to obtain the one or more measurements includes an indication to obtain the one or more measurements as part of prediction of the first set of characteristics via one or more machine learning models.20.A method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) , comprising:obtaining signaling that includes an indication to obtain one or more measurements that are based at least in part on one or more low-power reference signals, wherein the one or more measurements are associated with prediction of a first set of characteristics associated with one or more prediction targets based on a second set of characteristics associated with one or more measurement resources;obtaining the one or more low-power reference signals via one or more of (i) the one or more prediction targets or (ii) the one or more measurement resources; andsending an indication of at least one measurement of the one or more measurements, wherein the at least one measurement is based at least in part on the one or more low-power reference signals.