User privacy and consent enhancements for artificial intelligence / machine learning based positioning
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-13
Smart Images

Figure CN2025076525_13082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
USER PRIVACY AND CONSENT ENHANCEMENTS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE / MACHINE LEARNING BASED POSITIONINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This application relates generally to wireless communication systems, including systems implementing artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) based positioning.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a base station and a wireless communication device. Wireless communication system standards and protocols can include, for example, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) (e.g., 4G) , 3GPP New Radio (NR) (e.g., 5G) , and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) (commonly known to industry groups as ) .
[0003] As contemplated by the 3GPP, different wireless communication systems' standards and protocols can use various radio access networks (RANs) for communicating between a base station of the RAN (which may also sometimes be referred to generally as a RAN node, a network node, or simply a node) and a wireless communication device known as a user equipment (UE) . 3GPP RANs can include, for example, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) RAN (GERAN) , Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) , Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , and / or Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) .
[0004] Each RAN may use one or more radio access technologies (RATs) to perform communication between the base station and the UE. For example, the GERAN implements GSM and / or EDGE RAT, the UTRAN implements Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) RAT or other 3GPP RAT, the E-UTRAN implements LTE RAT (sometimes simply referred to as LTE) , and NG-RAN implements NR RAT (sometimes referred to herein as 5G RAT, 5G NR RAT, or simply NR) . In certain deployments, the E-UTRAN may also implement NR RAT. In certain deployments, NG-RAN may also implement LTE RAT.
[0005] A base station used by a RAN may correspond to that RAN. One example of an E-UTRAN base station is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Node B (also commonly denoted as evolved Node B, enhanced Node B, eNodeB, or eNB) . One example of an NG-RAN base station is a next generation Node B (also sometimes referred to as a g Node B or gNB) .
[0006] A RAN provides its communication services with external entities through its connection to a core network (CN) . For example, E-UTRAN may utilize an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) while NG-RAN may utilize a 5G Core Network (5GC) .BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced.
[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates a UE Location Privacy Setting procedure initiated by a UE in accordance with some embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 2A illustrates a first portion of an example 5GC-MT-LR procedure for commercial location services.
[0010] FIG. 2B illustrates a second portion of an example 5GC-MT-LR procedure for commercial location services.
[0011] FIG. 2C illustrates a third portion of an example 5GC-MT-LR procedure for commercial location services.
[0012] FIG. 2D illustrates a fourth portion of an example 5GC-MT-LR procedure for commercial location services.
[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates a method of a UE, according to embodiments herein.
[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates a method of a network, according to embodiments herein.
[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an example architecture of a wireless communication system, according to embodiments disclosed herein.
[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates a system for performing signaling between a wireless device and a network device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] Various embodiments are described with regard to a UE. However, reference to a UE is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any electronic component that may establish a connection to a network and is configured with the hardware, software, and / or firmware to exchange information and data with the network. Therefore, the UE as described herein is used to represent any appropriate electronic component.
[0018] In some wireless communication systems, mechanisms to address UE privacy for different features have been agreed. For example, a location services (LCS) privacy profile and a location privacy indicator have been agreed upon for UE positioning. Additionally, mechanisms for user consent for data collection from UE applications for network data analytics function (NWDAF) performed analytics have been agreed upon. However, it may be beneficial to study and specify 5GC support for artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) based positioning. For example it may be beneficial to study whether and how the privacy mechanisms for LCS and data collection for analytics need to be modified and integrated for AI / ML positioning. Further, it may be beneficial to study whether and how AI / ML positioning procedures in the 5GC (e.g. training, inference) may be modified to address user privacy requirements. It may be beneficial to study enhancements of the UE subscription data for required for AI / ML positioning. Note that previously performed studies on the topic have failed to describe any privacy-preservation mechanisms for such features.
[0019] Additionally, in some wireless communication mechanisms, user consent management is introduced for network analytics. Details are further provided in, for example, 3GPP technical specification (TS) 23.288, clause 6.2.9. The user consent may be understood as subscription information stored in the unified data management function (UDM) , which includes whether the user authorizes the collection and usage of their data for a particular purpose (e.g. analytics or model training) . For example, Table 5.2.3.3.1-1 of 3GPP TS 23.502 (replicated below) describes UE subscription data including user consent where user consent encompasses whether the user has given consent for collecting, distributing and analyzing UE related data. User consent is provided per purpose (e.g., analytics, model training) . Table 6.1.5.20-1 of 3GPP TS 29.503 (replicated below) provide various purposes where user consent may be necessary. For example, user consent may be necessary for analytics, for model training, for network capability exposure, and for manipulation of UE information for UE location retrieval. Table 5.2.3.3.1-1 UE Subscription data Table 6.1.5.3.20-1 Enum UcPurpose
[0020] For user consent management, an NWDAF may retrieve the user consent for data collection and usage from the UDM for a user prior to collecting user data from a network function (NF) as described in, for example, 3GPP TS 23.288 clause 6.2.2 and from a data collection coordination function (DCCF) as described in, for example, 3GPP TS 23.288 clause 6.2.6. If user consent for a user is granted, the NWDAF subscribes to user consent updates in UDM using a Nudm_SDM_Subscribe service operation. If the UDM notifies that the user consent changed, the NWDAF checks if the user consent is not granted for the purpose of analytics or model training. If user consent has been revoked for a UE, the NWDAF stops data collection for that UE. For analytics subscriptions to UE related analytics with a target of analytics reporting set to that UE, the NWDAF stops generation of new analytics and stops providing affected analytics to consumers. Analytics that collect input data per user, i.e. per a subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) , generic public subscription identifier (GPSI) , internal or external group identifiers (IDs) , or those with the target of analytics reporting or target of ML model reporting set to a SUPI, GPSI or external or internal group IDs require user consent checking by an NWDAF before processing.
[0021] However, such user consent framework may include various limitations. For example, the implementation of a user consent field in the UDM is dependent on local regulations. User consent management in the UDM is a static process. Further, the UE is not involved in updating this field and is not aware of the value set to this field in the UDM. There may be no feedback to the UE when the user consent has been checked by the network. Embodiments herein address such limitations.
[0022] In some wireless communication systems, a UE LCS privacy profile has been introduced. For example, the UE LCS privacy feature is detailed in, for example, 3GPP TS 23.273 clause 5.4. The UE LCS privacy profile allows a UE and / or application function (AF) to control which LCS clients and AFs are and are not allowed access to UE location information via UE LCS privacy profile. The UE LCS privacy profile (e.g., as provided in 3GPP TS 23.273, Table 7.1-1) may include, for example, privacy classes (e.g., call / session unrelated class for an LCS client or AF, or a public land mobile network (PLMN) operator class for an NF) , and / or a location privacy indicator (LPI) , and geographic area restrictions possible. The LPI may define whether LCS requests for the UE from any LCS clients are allowed or disallowed and an optional valid time period.
[0023] Additionally, in some cases, provisioning of the UE LCS privacy profile may be generated and updated by the UE and provided to the network via N1 non-access stratum (NAS) message. Such message may be provisioned by an authorized AF for specific UE (svia a network exposure function (NEF) ) , which must be different from the LCS client and may be provided or updated during 5GC-mobile terminated-location request (MT-LR) and deferred 5GC-MT-LR procedures. In some cases, a UDM main NF may handle the UE LCS privacy profile in 5GC. Such handling may be stored in a unified data repository (UDR) by the UDM after the interaction with the access and mobility function (AMF) . Note that updates may be notified to the gateway mobile location center (GMLC) / NEF including a target UE identity.
[0024] Further, various LCS service authorization steps may be included in LCS procedures. For example, slightly different mechanisms for immediate and deferred UE locations may be based on the UE LCS privacy profile. Location notification and privacy verification aspects may be included for the LCS client / AF.
[0025] Embodiments herein discuss various enhancements to preserve user privacy for AI / ML based positioning leveraging on and integrating features from LCS and NWDAF specified in previous releases. For example, embodiments herein may introduce details on how privacy mechanisms for LCS and data collection for analytics may be enhanced and integrated for AI / ML positioning. Embodiments herein introduce details on how the AI / ML positioning procedures in the 5GC (e.g. training, inference) may be enhanced to address the user privacy requirements. Further, embodiments herein introduce details on enhancements for the UE subscription data required for AI / ML positioning.
[0026] Additionally, embodiments herein enhance the UE LCS privacy profile and user consent frameworks, as well as the related procedures for AI / ML based positioning. As a result, embodiments herein address issues encountered for user privacy and consent for data collection in AI / ML based positioning described herein. For example, embodiments herein may enhance the UE LCS privacy profile contents for AI / ML positioning. Further, embodiments herein may enhance the LCS procedure ensuring privacy and consent for AI / ML positioning. Further, embodiments herein may enhance user consent procedures for AI / ML positioning .
[0027] Embodiments for enhancing the UE LCS privacy profile are now discussed.
[0028] In some embodiments, LPI settings may be introduced specifically for AI / ML positioning. In some examples, the UE may allow or disallow the collection of data from the UE for the purpose of training an AI / ML model at a 5GC NF for UE positioning calculation using new LPI settings. In some examples, the UE may allow or disallow the collection of data from the UE for the purpose of performing inference on a trained AI / ML model at a 5GC NF for UE positioning calculation using new LPI settings. In some examples, the UE may allow or disallow the collection of data from the UE for the purpose of performing performance monitoring on a trained AI / ML model at a 5GC NF for UE positioning calculation using new LPI settings. In some examples, a valid time period may be provided for data collection for AI / ML based positioning (e.g. training, inference and performance monitoring) using new LPI settings. In some examples, geographic restrictions may be provided for data collection for AI / ML based positioning (e.g. training, inference and performance monitoring) using new LPI settings. Note that the discussed examples may be used independently or in combination of one another.
[0029] It should be understood that the enhanced UE LCS privacy profile may still be stored in the UDM but it can be checked both by a GMLC or by a location management function (LMF) . Additionally, the discussed LPI settings may be introduced in addition to existing LPI settings, therefore both legacy and the introduced LPI settings according to embodiments herein may co-exist as part of an enhanced UE LCS privacy profile. Further, in some instances, an AI / ML positioning specific privacy profile may allow other attributes of the legacy UE LCS privacy profile to be set independently.
[0030] In some embodiments, the provisioning procedure of the enhanced UE LCS privacy profile may include a method for the UE to provide the network with the new LPI settings. In some example embodiments, NAS-based provisioning of the enhanced UE LCS privacy profile may be used. For NAS-based provisioning, the enhanced privacy profile and LPI settings may be provided by the UE using NAS-based legacy mechanisms (as provided in, for example in FIG. 1) . In some other examples, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) based provisioning of the enhanced UE LCS privacy profile may be used. For LPP based provisioning, the enhanced privacy profile and LPI settings may be provided by the UE in the uplink (UL) communication using introduced indicator (s) via the LPP. For example, the UE may provide consent using an LPP message such as a ProvideCapabilities LPP message. When the UE generates or updates the enhanced privacy profile, it may provide the privacy profile to the network via an LPP message. The LMF may then stores the message in the UDM using a service operation such as a NudM_ParameterProvision_Update service operation.
[0031] FIG. 1 illustrates a UE Location Privacy Setting procedure 102 initiated by a UE 104 in accordance with some embodiments. If the UE 104 has generated or updated the UE Location Privacy Indication, the UE 104 may send the Location Privacy Indication and the enhanced privacy profile / LPI to the AMF 108 via UE Location Privacy Setting Request in N1 NAS message 106. The UE Location Privacy Indication may indicate whether allows or disallows the subsequent LCS requests for the UE. If the UE has generated or updated the event report expected area and optionally the area usage indication, e.g. based on UE power status, the UE Location Privacy Setting Request includes the event report expected area and the area usage indication. The UE Location Privacy Setting Request in N1 NAS message 106 may also include the enhanced privacy profile / LPI settings.
[0032] Accordingly, the UE may use the UE Location Privacy Setting Request in N1 NAS message 106 to indicate whether the collection of data from the UE for the purpose of training an AI / ML model at a 5GC NF for UE positioning calculation is allowed or disallowed; whether the collection of data from the UE for the purpose of performing inference on a trained AI / ML model at a 5GC NF for UE positioning calculation is allowed or disallowed; and whether the collection of data from the UE for the purpose of performing performance monitoring on a trained AI / ML model at a 5GC NF for UE positioning calculation is allowed or disallowed. The N1 NAS message 106 may indicate a valid time period may be provided for data collection for AI / ML-based positioning (e.g., training, inference and performance monitoring) . The N1 NAS message 106 may indicate geographic restrictions may be provided for data collection for AI / ML-based positioning (e.g., training, inference and performance monitoring) .
[0033] The AMF 108 may invoke a Nudm_ParameterProvision_Update (LCS privacy) service operation 110 towards the UDM 112 and the service operation carries the Location Privacy Indication information and may include event report expected area and the area usage indication. The UDM 112 may store or update the UE LCS privacy profile in the UDR by invoking a Nudr_DM_Update (SUPI, Subscription Data) service operation accordingly. The AMF 108 may respond to the UE 104 via UE Location Privacy Setting Response in N1 NAS message 114. The UDM 112 may notify the subscribed Network Function (NF 118) (e.g. GMLC, NEF) of the updated UE LCS privacy profile via Nudm_SDM_Notification Notify message 116. The NF 118 (e.g., GMLC, NEF) may unsubscribe to UDM notifications of UE LCS privacy profile updates e.g. if a deferred location procedure is cancelled.
[0034] Embodiments enhancing LCS procedures ensuring user privacy and consent are now discussed.
[0035] In some embodiments, enhancements may be introduced when performing UE positioning calculation (e.g., inference) using AI / ML based positioning. Embodiments herein may reference a 5GC-MT-LR procedure for commercial location service as provided in, for example, Figure 6.1.2-1 of 3GPP TS 23.273. FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 2C, and FIG. 2D illustrate an example 5GC-MT-LR procedure for commercial location services.
[0036] The procedure may include communications between a UE 202, an NG-RAN 204, an AMF 206, an LMF 208, a visited GMLC (VGMLC 210) , a home GMLC (HGMLC 212) , a UDM 214, an LCS client 216, a NEF 218, an AF 220, and an NF 222. For example, the illustrated procedure begins with step 1a 224 where the HGMLC 212 transmits an LCS service request to the UDM 214. In step 1b-1 226 the AF 220 transmits a Nnef_Event_Exposure_Subscribe message to the NEF 218. In step 1b-2 228 the LCS client 216 transmits a Ngmlc_Location_ProvideLocation request to the HGMLC 212. Then, in step 1c 230 the NF 222 transmits a Ngmlc_Location_ProvideLocation request to the HGMLC 212. In step 2 232, the UDM 214 and the HGMLC 212 perform a Nudm_SDM_Get message transmission. Additionally, in step 3 234, the UDM 214 and the HGMLC 212 perform a Nudm_UECM_Get message transmission. In step 4 236, the HGMLC 212 transmits a Ngmlc_Location_ProvideLocation request to the VGMLC 210. In step 5 238, the VGMLC 210 transmits a Namf_Location_ProvidePositioningiInformation request message to the AMF 206. In step 6 240, a network triggered service request may be performed between the UE 202, the NG-RAN 204, and the AMF 206. In step 7 242, the AMF 206 transmits a NAS Location notification invoke request to the UE 202. In step 8 244, the UE 202 transmits a NAS Location notification return result to the AMF 206. Optionally, in step 9 246, a Nudm Parameter Provision update transmission is performed between the AMF 206 and the UDM 214. In step 10 248, a LMF selection procedure may be performed by the AMF 206 and the LMF 208. In step 11 250, the AMF 206 transmits a Nlmf_Location_Determine Location request to the LMF 208. In step 12 252, a UE positioning procedure may be performed by the UE 202, the NG-RAN 204, the AMF 206, and the LMF 208. In step 13 254, the LMF 208 transmits an Nlmf_Location_Deteremine Location response to the AMF 206. In step 14 256, the AMF 206 transmits a Namf_Location_ProvidePositioning Information response to the VGMLC 210. In step 15 258, the VGMLC 210 transmits a Ngmlc_Location_Provide LocationResponse to the HGMLC 212. In step 16 260, the HGMLC 212 may perform a privacy check on the response. In step 17 262, the HGMLC 212 transmits a Ngmlc_Location Provide Location request to the VGMLC 210. In step 18 264, the VGMLC 210 transmits a Namf_Location_Provide Positioning Information request to the AMF 206. In step 19 266, the UE 202, the NG-RAN 204 and the AMF 206 may perform a network triggered service request. In step 20 268, the AMF 206 transmits a NAS location notification invoke request to the UE 202. In response, in step 21 270, the UE 202 transmits a NAS location notification return request to the AMF 206. In step 22 272, the AMF 206 transmits a Namf_Location_ProvidePositioning response to the VGMLC 210. In step 23 274, the VGMLC 210 transmits a Ngmlc_Location_Provide Location response to the HGMLC 212. Then, in step 24a 276, the HGMLC 212 transmits an LCS_Service response to the LCS client 216. Additionally, in step 24b-1 278, the HGMLC 212 transmits a Ngmlc_Location_Provide Location response to the NEF 218. In step 24b-2 280, the NEF 218 transmits a Nnef_EventExposure_Subscribe response to the AF 220. In step 24c 282, the HGMLC 212 transmits a Ngmlc_Location_Provide Location response to the NF 222.
[0037] Note that while step 1a 224 through step 10 248 are illustrated in FIG. 2A, step 11 250 through step 17 262 are illustrated in FIG. 2B, step 18 264 through step 24b-1 278 are illustrated in FIG. 2C and step 24b-2 280 and step 24c 282 are illustrated in FIG. 2D, FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 2C and FIG. 2D illustrate a single example procedure starting at step 1a 224 and ending at step 24c 282.
[0038] In some embodiments, it may be that the LMF 208 checks the enhanced privacy profile. For example, a step may be introduced between step 11 250 and step 12 252 illustrated in FIG. 2A-FIG. 2D where the LMF 208 checks UDM 214 for the privacy settings of the UE for AI / ML based positioning invoking Nudm_SDM_Get. The UDM 214 may return the target UE privacy setting of the UE. In such instances, the HGMLC 212 does not need to check the UE LCS privacy profile in step 2 232 illustrated in FIG. 2A-FIG. 2D. Note that an enhanced LPI for AI / ML based positioning may be assumed. If the enhanced privacy profile does not allow to collect data from the UE to perform UE positioning calculation using AI / ML based positioning, step 12 252 may be skipped. Accordingly, step 13 254, step 14 256 and step 15 258 are performed indicating no location information available and optionally a cause for it. As a result, step 16 260 through step 23 274 may also be skipped.
[0039] In some other embodiments, the GMLC checks the enhanced privacy profile. An enhanced LPI for AI / ML based positioning may be checked by GMLC and retrieved from UDM in step 2 232 of the flow diagram illustrated in FIG. 2A-FIG. 2D.
[0040] In yet some other embodiments, the GMLC checks the user consent in addition to the previous / legacy privacy profile The procedure illustrated in FIG. 2A-FIG. 2D (replicated from clause 6.1.2 of 3GPP TS 23.273) may be enhanced by adding a check by the GMLC from the UDM on the user consent status in step 2 232 for data collection from the UE, performed together with the privacy setting check. Additionally, the GMLC may notify the LMF 208 (e.g., via the AMF 206) of the user consent status, and the LMF 208 determines whether to collect the relevant data. Previously, the LMF 208 may have subscribed to user consent notifications from GMLC (e.g., via the AMF 206) .
[0041] Embodiments enhancing user consent utilization are now discussed. Note that various combinations of embodiments discussed in relation to enhancing user consent utilization, enhancing LCS procedures ensuring user privacy and consent, and enhancing the UE LCS privacy profile may be implemented.
[0042] In some embodiments, user consent utilization for AI / ML based positioning may be enhanced (under the assumption that it is stored in the UDM) . For example, various purposes may be introduced for user consent as part of the UE subscription data. Purposes for user consent as part of UE subscription data may include one or more of UE positioning calculations, AI / ML model training for positioning, AI / ML model performance monitoring, AI / ML model performance monitoring for positioning, AI / ML based positioning (i.e. one single purpose for all AI / ML based positioning operations including AI / ML model training / inference / performance monitoring) , and / or LMF based AI / ML positioning (i.e. one single purpose for all LMF-based AI / ML positioning operations including training / inference / performance monitoring) . Note that current wireless communication mechanisms do not support AI / ML based positioning when user consent is utilized.
[0043] In various embodiments, for NWDAF training of an AI / ML model for positioning, the LMF may notify the NWDAF when user consent has been revoked or modified / updated after having checked the user consent from UDM. The NWDAF may or may not previously subscribe to notifications from the LMF regarding the user consent status.
[0044] In various embodiments, for AI / ML model performance, monitoring positioning reference unit (PRU) data and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data can be collected. Unlike PRU data that requires no user consent, user consent may be checked by the LMF or the GMLC from the UDM when GNSS data is collected as ground truth. Note that the decision on whether to collect data or not for AI / ML based positioning based on user consent may be performed at LMF.
[0045] FIG. 3 illustrates a method 300 of a UE, according to embodiments herein. The illustrated method 300 includes generating 302, at the UE, a UE permission message based on user input, wherein the UE permission message comprises one or more UE permission indications related to AI or ML based positioning. The method 300 further includes transmitting 304, to the network, the UE permission message.
[0046] In some embodiments of the method 300, the UE permission message comprises a LCS privacy profile. In some such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing or disallowing the network to collect UE data for training of an AI or ML model. In some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing or disallowing the network to collect UE data for inference of an AI or ML model. In yet some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing or disallowing the network to collect UE data for performance monitoring of an AI or ML model. In yet some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises one or more of a time duration for when the network is allowed to collect UE data, or geographic restrictions for where the network is allowed to collect the UE data. In yet some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile is sent via NAS-based provisioning. In yet some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile is sent via LPP-based provisioning.
[0047] In some embodiments of the method 300, the one or more UE permission indications includes a UE permission indication that indicates allowance or disallowance of the network to collect UE data for all operations of the AI or ML based positioning.
[0048] In some embodiments of the method 300, the one or more UE permission indications includes a UE permission indication that indicates allowance or disallowance of the network to collect UE data for all operations of LMF-based AI or ML positioning.
[0049] FIG. 4 illustrates a method 400 of a network, according to embodiments herein. The illustrated method 400 includes processing 402 a UE permission message received from a UE, wherein the UE permission message comprises one or more UE permission indications for AI or ML based positioning. The method 400 further includes performing 404 AI or ML based positioning based on UE data collected based on the UE permission indications.
[0050] In some embodiments of the method 400, the UE permission message comprises a LCS privacy profile. In some such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing the network to collect the UE data for training of an AI or ML model. In some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing the network to collect the UE data for inference of an AI or ML model. In yet some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing the network to collect the UE data for performance monitoring an AI or ML model. In yet some other such embodiments, the LCS privacy profile comprises one or both of a time duration for when the network is allowed to collect the UE data, or geographic restrictions for where the network is allowed to collect the UE data. In yet some other such embodiments, a LMF of the network analyzes the LCS privacy profile of the UE permission message. In yet some other such embodiments, a GMLC of the network analyzes the LCS privacy profile of the UE permission message.
[0051] In some embodiments of the method 400, a GMLC of the network determines whether user consent is provided by the UE in the UE permission indication.
[0052] In some embodiments of the method 400, the UE permission message corresponds to a purpose of allowing or disallowing the network to collect the UE data for one or more operations of the AI or ML based positioning.
[0053] In some embodiments of the method 400, the UE permission message corresponds to a purpose of allowing or disallowing the network to collect the UE data for all operations of LMF-based AI or ML positioning.
[0054] In some embodiments of the method 400, a NWDAF of the network trains an AI or ML model, the method further comprising notifying the NWDAF that user consent in the one or more UE permission indications is revoked.
[0055] In some embodiments, the method 400 further comprises collecting PRU UE data and GNSS UE data for AI or ML model performance based on the one or more UE permission indications.
[0056] FIG. 5 illustrates an example architecture of a wireless communication system 500, according to embodiments disclosed herein. The following description is provided for an example wireless communication system 500 that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and / or 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications.
[0057] As shown by FIG. 5, the wireless communication system 500 includes UE 502 and UE 504 (although any number of UEs may be used) . In this example, the UE 502 and the UE 504 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks) , but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device configured for wireless communication.
[0058] The UE 502 and UE 504 may be configured to communicatively couple with a RAN 506. In embodiments, the RAN 506 may be NG-RAN, E-UTRAN, etc. The UE 502 and UE 504 utilize connections (or channels) (shown as connection 508 and connection 510, respectively) with the RAN 506, each of which comprises a physical communications interface. The RAN 506 can include one or more base stations (such as base station 512 and base station 514) that enable the connection 508 and connection 510.
[0059] In this example, the connection 508 and connection 510 are air interfaces to enable such communicative coupling, and may be consistent with RAT (s) used by the RAN 506, such as, for example, an LTE and / or NR.
[0060] In some embodiments, the UE 502 and UE 504 may also directly exchange communication data via a sidelink interface 516. The UE 504 is shown to be configured to access an access point (shown as AP 518) via connection 520. By way of example, the connection 520 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 518 may comprise a router. In this example, the AP 518 may be connected to another network (for example, the Internet) without going through a CN 524.
[0061] In embodiments, the UE 502 and UE 504 can be configured to communicate using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with the base station 512 and / or the base station 514 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications) , although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.
[0062] In some embodiments, all or parts of the base station 512 or base station 514 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network. In addition, or in other embodiments, the base station 512 or base station 514 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 522. In embodiments where the wireless communication system 500 is an LTE system (e.g., when the CN 524 is an EPC) , the interface 522 may be an X2 interface. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more base stations (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to an EPC, and / or between two eNBs connecting to the EPC. In embodiments where the wireless communication system 500 is an NR system (e.g., when CN 524 is a 5GC) , the interface 522 may be an Xn interface. The Xn interface is defined between two or more base stations (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC, between a base station 512 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC and an eNB, and / or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC (e.g., CN 524) .
[0063] The RAN 506 is shown to be communicatively coupled to the CN 524. The CN 524 may comprise one or more network elements 526, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers / subscribers (e.g., users of UE 502 and UE 504) who are connected to the CN 524 via the RAN 506. The components of the CN 524 may be implemented in one physical device or separate physical devices including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) .
[0064] In embodiments, the CN 524 may be an EPC, and the RAN 506 may be connected with the CN 524 via an S1 interface 528. In embodiments, the S1 interface 528 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the base station 512 or base station 514 and a serving gateway (S-GW) , and the S1-MME interface, which is a signaling interface between the base station 512 or base station 514 and mobility management entities (MMEs) .
[0065] In embodiments, the CN 524 may be a 5GC, and the RAN 506 may be connected with the CN 524 via an NG interface 528. In embodiments, the NG interface 528 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the base station 512 or base station 514 and a user plane function (UPF) , and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the base station 512 or base station 514 and access and mobility management functions (AMFs) .
[0066] Generally, an application server 530 may be an element offering applications that use internet protocol (IP) bearer resources with the CN 524 (e.g., packet switched data services) . The application server 530 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, group communication sessions, etc. ) for the UE 502 and UE 504 via the CN 524. The application server 530 may communicate with the CN 524 through an IP communications interface 532.
[0067] FIG. 6 illustrates a system 600 for performing signaling 634 between a wireless device 602 and a network device 618, according to embodiments disclosed herein. The system 600 may be a portion of a wireless communications system as herein described. The wireless device 602 may be, for example, a UE of a wireless communication system. The network device 618 may be, for example, a base station (e.g., an eNB or a gNB) of a wireless communication system.
[0068] The wireless device 602 may include one or more processor (s) 604. The processor (s) 604 may execute instructions such that various operations of the wireless device 602 are performed, as described herein. The processor (s) 604 may include one or more baseband processors implemented using, for example, a central processing unit (CPU) , a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a controller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device, another hardware device, a firmware device, or any combination thereof configured to perform the operations described herein.
[0069] The wireless device 602 may include a memory 606. The memory 606 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions 608 (which may include, for example, the instructions being executed by the processor (s) 604) . The instructions 608 may also be referred to as program code or a computer program. The memory 606 may also store data used by, and results computed by, the processor (s) 604.
[0070] The wireless device 602 may include one or more transceiver (s) 610 that may include radio frequency (RF) transmitter circuitry and / or receiver circuitry that use the antenna (s) 612 of the wireless device 602 to facilitate signaling (e.g., the signaling 634) to and / or from the wireless device 602 with other devices (e.g., the network device 618) according to corresponding RATs.
[0071] The wireless device 602 may include one or more antenna (s) 612 (e.g., one, two, four, or more) . For embodiments with multiple antenna (s) 612, the wireless device 602 may leverage the spatial diversity of such multiple antenna (s) 612 to send and / or receive multiple different data streams on the same time and frequency resources. This behavior may be referred to as, for example, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) behavior (referring to the multiple antennas used at each of a transmitting device and a receiving device that enable this aspect) . MIMO transmissions by the wireless device 602 may be accomplished according to precoding (or digital beamforming) that is applied at the wireless device 602 that multiplexes the data streams across the antenna (s) 612 according to known or assumed channel characteristics such that each data stream is received with an appropriate signal strength relative to other streams and at a desired location in the spatial domain (e.g., the location of a receiver associated with that data stream) . Certain embodiments may use single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) methods (where the data streams are all directed to a single receiver) and / or multi user MIMO (MU-MIMO) methods (where individual data streams may be directed to individual (different) receivers in different locations in the spatial domain) .
[0072] In certain embodiments having multiple antennas, the wireless device 602 may implement analog beamforming techniques, whereby phases of the signals sent by the antenna (s) 612 are relatively adjusted such that the (joint) transmission of the antenna (s) 612 can be directed (this is sometimes referred to as beam steering) .
[0073] The wireless device 602 may include one or more interface (s) 614. The interface (s) 614 may be used to provide input to or output from the wireless device 602. For example, a wireless device 602 that is a UE may include interface (s) 614 such as microphones, speakers, a touchscreen, buttons, and the like in order to allow for input and / or output to the UE by a user of the UE. Other interfaces of such a UE may be made up of transmitters, receivers, and other circuitry (e.g., other than the transceiver (s) 610 / antenna (s) 612 already described) that allow for communication between the UE and other devices and may operate according to known protocols (e.g., and the like) .
[0074] The wireless device 602 may include an AI / ML based positioning module 616. The AI / ML based positioning module 616 may be implemented via hardware, software, or combinations thereof. For example, the AI / ML based positioning module 616 may be implemented as a processor, circuit, and / or instructions 608 stored in the memory 606 and executed by the processor (s) 604. In some examples, the AI / ML based positioning module 616 may be integrated within the processor (s) 604 and / or the transceiver (s) 610. For example, the AI / ML based positioning module 616 may be implemented by a combination of software components (e.g., executed by a DSP or a general processor) and hardware components (e.g., logic gates and circuitry) within the processor (s) 604 or the transceiver (s) 610.
[0075] The AI / ML based positioning module 616 may be used for various aspects of the present disclosure, for example, aspects of FIG. 1, FIG. 2A-FIG. 2D and FIG. 3.
[0076] The network device 618 may include one or more processor (s) 620. The processor (s) 620 may execute instructions such that various operations of the network device 618 are performed, as described herein. The processor (s) 620 may include one or more baseband processors implemented using, for example, a CPU, a DSP, an ASIC, a controller, an FPGA device, another hardware device, a firmware device, or any combination thereof configured to perform the operations described herein.
[0077] The network device 618 may include a memory 622. The memory 622 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions 624 (which may include, for example, the instructions being executed by the processor (s) 620) . The instructions 624 may also be referred to as program code or a computer program. The memory 622 may also store data used by, and results computed by, the processor (s) 620.
[0078] The network device 618 may include one or more transceiver (s) 626 that may include RF transmitter circuitry and / or receiver circuitry that use the antenna (s) 628 of the network device 618 to facilitate signaling (e.g., the signaling 634) to and / or from the network device 618 with other devices (e.g., the wireless device 602) according to corresponding RATs.
[0079] The network device 618 may include one or more antenna (s) 628 (e.g., one, two, four, or more) . In embodiments having multiple antenna (s) 628, the network device 618 may perform MIMO, digital beamforming, analog beamforming, beam steering, etc., as has been described.
[0080] The network device 618 may include one or more interface (s) 630. The interface (s) 630 may be used to provide input to or output from the network device 618. For example, a network device 618 that is a base station may include interface (s) 630 made up of transmitters, receivers, and other circuitry (e.g., other than the transceiver (s) 626 / antenna (s) 628 already described) that enables the base station to communicate with other equipment in a core network, and / or that enables the base station to communicate with external networks, computers, databases, and the like for purposes of operations, administration, and maintenance of the base station or other equipment operably connected thereto.
[0081] The network device 618 may include an AI / ML based positioning module 632. The AI / ML based positioning module 632 may be implemented via hardware, software, or combinations thereof. For example, the AI / ML based positioning module 632 may be implemented as a processor, circuit, and / or instructions 624 stored in the memory 622 and executed by the processor (s) 620. In some examples, the AI / ML based positioning module 632 may be integrated within the processor (s) 620 and / or the transceiver (s) 626. For example, the AI / ML based positioning module 632 may be implemented by a combination of software components (e.g., executed by a DSP or a general processor) and hardware components (e.g., logic gates and circuitry) within the processor (s) 620 or the transceiver (s) 626.
[0082] The AI / ML based positioning module 632 may be used for various aspects of the present disclosure, for example, aspects of FIG. 1, FIG. 2A-FIG. 2D and FIG. 4.
[0083] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of the method 300. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 602 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0084] Embodiments contemplated herein include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of the method 300. This non-transitory computer-readable media may be, for example, a memory of a UE (such as a memory 606 of a wireless device 602 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0085] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of the method 300. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 602 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0086] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more elements of the method 300. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 602 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0087] Embodiments contemplated herein include a signal as described in or related to one or more elements of the method 300.
[0088] Embodiments contemplated herein include a computer program or computer program product comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processor is to cause the processor to carry out one or more elements of the method 300. The processor may be a processor of a UE (such as a processor (s) 604 of a wireless device 602 that is a UE, as described herein) . These instructions may be, for example, located in the processor and / or on a memory of the UE (such as a memory 606 of a wireless device 602 that is a UE, as described herein) .
[0089] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of the method 400. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 618 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0090] Embodiments contemplated herein include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of the method 400. This non-transitory computer-readable media may be, for example, a memory of a base station (such as a memory 622 of a network device 618 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0091] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of the method 400. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 618 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0092] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more elements of the method 400. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 618 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0093] Embodiments contemplated herein include a signal as described in or related to one or more elements of the method 400.
[0094] Embodiments contemplated herein include a computer program or computer program product comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out one or more elements of the method 400. The processor may be a processor of a base station (such as a processor (s) 620 of a network device 618 that is a base station, as described herein) . These instructions may be, for example, located in the processor and / or on a memory of the base station (such as a memory 622 of a network device 618 that is a base station, as described herein) .
[0095] For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and / or methods as set forth herein. For example, a baseband processor as described herein in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth herein. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth herein.
[0096] Any of the above described embodiments may be combined with any other embodiment (or combination of embodiments) , unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.
[0097] Embodiments and implementations of the systems and methods described herein may include various operations, which may be embodied in machine-executable instructions to be executed by a computer system. A computer system may include one or more general-purpose or special-purpose computers (or other electronic devices) . The computer system may include hardware components that include specific logic for performing the operations or may include a combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.
[0098] It should be recognized that the systems described herein include descriptions of specific embodiments. These embodiments can be combined into single systems, partially combined into other systems, split into multiple systems or divided or combined in other ways. In addition, it is contemplated that parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. of one embodiment can be used in another embodiment. The parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. are merely described in one or more embodiments for clarity, and it is recognized that the parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. can be combined with or substituted for parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. of another embodiment unless specifically disclaimed herein.
[0099] It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users.
[0100] Although the foregoing has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be made without departing from the principles thereof. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing both the processes and apparatuses described herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered illustrative and not restrictive, and the description is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A method of a user equipment (UE) , the method comprising:generating, at the UE, a UE permission message based on user input, wherein the UE permission message comprises one or more UE permission indications related to artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) based positioning; andtransmitting, to the network, the UE permission message.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE permission message comprises a location services (LCS) privacy profile.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing or disallowing the network to collect UE data for training of an AI or ML model.4.The method of claim 2, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing or disallowing the network to collect UE data for inference of an AI or ML model.5.The method of claim 2, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing or disallowing the network to collect UE data for performance monitoring of an AI or ML model.6.The method of claim 2, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises one or more of a time duration for when the network is allowed to collect UE data, or geographic restrictions for where the network is allowed to collect the UE data.7.The method of claim 2, wherein the LCS privacy profile is sent via non-access stratum (NAS) -based provisioning.8.The method of claim 2, wherein the LCS privacy profile is sent via long term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) -based provisioning.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more UE permission indications includes a UE permission indication that indicates allowance or disallowance of the network to collect UE data for all operations of the AI or ML based positioning.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more UE permission indications includes a UE permission indication that indicates allowance or disallowance of the network to collect UE data for all operations of location management function (LMF) -based AI or ML positioning.11.A method of a network, the method comprising:processing a UE permission message received from a user equipment (UE) ,wherein the UE permission message comprises one or more UE permission indications for artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) based positioning; andperforming AI or ML based positioning based on UE data collected based on the UE permission indications.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the UE permission message comprises a location services (LCS) privacy profile.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing the network to collect the UE data for training of an AI or ML model.14.The method of claim 12, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing the network to collect the UE data for inference of an AI or ML model.15.The method of claim 12, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises an indication allowing the network to collect the UE data for performance monitoring an AI or ML model.16.The method of claim 12, wherein the LCS privacy profile comprises one or both of a time duration for when the network is allowed to collect the UE data, or geographic restrictions for where the network is allowed to collect the UE data.17.The method of claim 12, wherein a location management function (LMF) of the network analyzes the LCS privacy profile of the UE permission message.18.The method of claim 12, wherein a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) of the network analyzes the LCS privacy profile of the UE permission message.19.The method of claim 11, wherein a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) of the network determines whether user consent is provided by the UE in the UE permission indication.20.The method of claim 11, wherein the UE permission message corresponds to a purpose of allowing or disallowing the network to collect the UE data for one or more operations of the AI or ML based positioning.21.The method of claim 11, wherein the UE permission message corresponds to a purpose of allowing or disallowing the network to collect the UE data for all operations of location management function (LMF) -based AI or ML positioning.22.The method of claim 11, wherein a network data analytics function (NWDAF) of the network trains an AI or ML model, the method further comprising notifying the NWDAF that user consent in the one or more UE permission indications is revoked.23.The method of claim 11, further comprising:collecting positioning reference unit (PRU) UE data and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) UE data for AI or ML model performance based on the one or more UE permission indications.24.An apparatus comprising means to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 23.25.A computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 23.26.An apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 23.27.A baseband processor for a user equipment (UE) that is configured to cause the UE to perform one or more elements of any one of claim 1 to claim 10.28.A baseband processor for a base station that is configured to cause the base station to perform one or more elements of any one of claim 11 to claim 23.