Devices and methods for energy saving and energy source scheduling in cellular networks
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-13
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Figure CN2025076717_13082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS FOR ENERGY SAVING AND ENERGY SOURCE SCHEDULING IN CELLULAR NETWORKSFIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure relates to mobile communication networks, for example, to cellular networks. The disclosure provides network devices for such networks and corresponding methods, which enable energy saving and energy source scheduling in the networks.BACKGROUND
[0002] Network devices, like base stations (BSs) , can be powered by a variety of energy sources, including power from the traditional electricity grid, diesel generators, and renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines. The proportion of use of these energy sources varies geographically. According to a GSMA evaluation of 65 globally deployed networks, 73%of the energy that powers mobile networks originates from the traditional electricity grid (non-renewable sources) , 21%comes from renewable energy sources (both grid-connected and off-grid) , and 6%is supplied by diesel generators.
[0003] Efforts to reduce reliance on diesel generators are significant, especially in regions where their usage exceeds the global average of 6%. Diesel generators are not only expensive to run, but also major contributors to CO2 emissions. However, they remain a flexible solution, for example, in areas without access to the electricity grid or where grid power is only intermittently available. In these scenarios, diesel generators serve as a backup, ensuring uninterrupted cellular network service during grid outages.
[0004] To minimize diesel dependency, however, a new network site design has been proposed. According to this design, the network site integrates a BS powered by a combination of energy sources, including the traditional grid, a diesel generator, and solar panels. Additionally, the network site incorporates a battery system to store energy from multiple sources for later use, enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability.
[0005] BSs deployed at such network sites can leverage green energy sources, to significantly reduce both energy costs and carbon emissions. Furthermore, they can utilize advanced shutdown mechanisms during off-peak traffic hours, to further minimize energy consumption.SUMMARY
[0006] The present disclosure and its technical aspects and implementations are further based on the following considerations.
[0007] At least two different carrier shutdown features are implemented in today’s products, depending on the nature of the participating carriers. Namely, (1) intra-RAT (Radio Access Technology) inter-frequency carrier shutdown, and (2) multi-RAT carrier joint shutdown.
[0008] In the following, this disclosure focuses on the most complex and elaborated feature, the intra-RAT inter-frequency carrier shutdown (1) . The other feature shares a large degree of commonality with this one. Notably, it may be useful for the following, to define that (i) capacity carriers are generally high-band carriers and can be shut down, and (ii) basic carriers are generally ‘manually’ identified low-band carriers that provide basic coverage, and cannot be shut down.
[0009] A capacity carrier can only be shut down, if a co-coverage neighboring basic carrier has been identified and paired with it. Co-coverage neighboring relationships among capacity and basic carriers may be automatically identified. When carrier shutdown is activated, carrier shutdown entry conditions decide, whether a carrier goes into carrier shutdown at a given point in time. For example, a capacity carrier enters the co-coverage carrier shutdown state, when all of the following conditions are met: 1. The intra-RAT inter-frequency carrier shutdown feature is activated. 2. The capacity carrier has at least one co-coverage neighboring basic carrier. 3. The capacity carrier and all its identified co-coverage neighboring basic carrier meet the following conditions: ● Uplink (UL) physical resource block (PRB) usage of the local carrier plus UL PRB usage of a co-coverage neighboring basic carrier is smaller than an UL PRB usage threshold for the local carrier to start intelligent shutdown of carriers in the same coverage. ● Downlink (DL) PRB usage of the local carrier plus DL PRB usage of a co-coverage neighboring basic carrier is smaller than a DL PRB usage threshold for the local carrier to start intelligent shutdown of carriers in the same coverage. ● The number of UEs in an RRC_CONNECTED mode in the local carrier is less than the value of the threshold for the local carrier to start intelligent shutdown. 4. The proportion of coverage holes) that may be caused by the shutdown of the capacity carrier is less than or equal to 10%.
[0010] After detecting that these co-coverage shutdown entry conditions are met, the BS directly blocks the capacity carrier, and notifies its users and adjacent carriers of its intention to shut down. Importantly, if the number of UEs in RRC_CONNECTED mode in the capacity carrier is larger than the threshold after a given time after the shutdown procedure started, the capacity carrier aborts the carrier shutdown and does not go to sleep.
[0011] In any case, the above shutdown conditions are solely determined by the traffic load of the BSs, and are not influenced by energy considerations, whether in terms of consumption, savings, or cost. The conventional shutdown mechanism thus operates based on traffic load conditions, the number of connected users, and the successful handover of users. However, they do not consider, for example, a diversity of energy sources powering the network, or their varying costs and CO2 emissions.
[0012] In view of the above, an objective of this disclosure is to provide an improved shutdown mechanism. For example, an objective is to activate a shutdown of a network device (e.g., a carrier of a BS) to achieve energy savings and energy cost reduction at the level of the network device. Another objective is to avoid, however, an increase of the overall energy costs at the network level, especially in network deployments relying on diverse energy sources.
[0013] These and other objectives are achieved by the proposed aspects of this disclosure, as described in the independent claims. Advantageous implementations are further described in the dependent claims.
[0014] A first aspect of this disclosure provides a first network device configured to: receive an energy cost message from a second network device, wherein the energy cost message indicates an energy cost of the second network device, and wherein the energy cost of the second network device is associated with transmitting a PRB, by the second network device; and when the first network device initiates a shutdown procedure due to low network traffic, estimate an increase of the energy cost of the second network device resulting from the shutdown of the first network device; estimate a decrease of an energy cost of the first network device resulting from the shutdown of the first network device; and carry out the shutdown procedure, if a difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device is equal to or larger than a first threshold value.
[0015] The first network device (e.g., a BS) is able, based on the energy cost message received from the second network device, to evaluate the potential impact of the planned shutdown on the energy cost of the second network device (e.g., a neighboring BS) . The first network device can determine, whether the shutdown is feasible from a network-wide energy cost perspective. Accordingly, the shutdown decision of the first network device is not solely determined by the traffic load of the first network device, but are also influenced by energy considerations, for example, in terms of consumption, savings, or cost.
[0016] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to stop the shutdown procedure, if the difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device is smaller than the first threshold value.
[0017] Only if the energy cost reduction achieved with the shutdown exceeds the resulting increase in network energy cost at the second network device, the shutdown may be performed. If the energy cost savings fail to offset the increased costs at the second network device, the shutdown process may be aborted.
[0018] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to, before carrying out the shutdown procedure, send an energy cost response message to the second network device, wherein the energy cost response message indicates one or more reactivation parameters for reactivating the first network device by the second network device after the shutdown procedure is carried out.
[0019] This enables the second network device to potentially reactivate the first network device after its shutdown, for example, based on energy considerations including consumption, savings, and / or cost.
[0020] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the one or more reactivation parameters comprise at least one of: an energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the first network device; and an energy cost of the first network device during shutdown.
[0021] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to, in order to estimate the increase of the energy cost of the second network device: estimate an increase of transmitted PRBs at the second network device due to the shutdown of the first network device; and compute the increase of the energy cost of the second network device based on the estimated increase of transmitted PRBs and the energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the second network device.
[0022] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to estimate the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device based on an estimated energy consumption of the first network device during its shutdown and a current energy consumption of the first network device.
[0023] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the energy cost is determined by at least one of: a monetary price of an energy source respectively used at the first network device and the second network device; an amount of carbon dioxide emission associated with generating energy by the energy source respectively used at the first network device and the second network device; a weighted combination or aggregate of the monetary price and the amount of carbon dioxide of the energy source respectively used at the first network device and the second network device.
[0024] Accordingly, the energy cost may also take into account environmental aspects, not only pure monetary costs or the energy amount.
[0025] A second aspect of this disclosure provides a second network device configured to: determine an energy cost of the second network device, wherein the energy cost of the second network device is associated with transmitting a PRB using an energy source of the second network device; and transmit an energy cost message to a first network device, wherein the energy cost message indicates the determined energy cost of the second network device.
[0026] By sending the energy cost message to the first network device, the first network device is enabled to achieve the above-mentioned advantages, taking into account energy considerations when carrying out the shutdown procedure.
[0027] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the second network device is further configured to: receive an energy cost response message from the first network device, wherein the energy cost response message indicates one or more reactivation parameters for reactivating the first network device after the shutdown procedure is carried; estimate a number of PRBs transmitted by the second network device, if the first network device would be reactivated; estimate a number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated; estimate a respective energy cost reduction at the second network device and energy cost increase at the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on the one or more reactivation parameters; and reactivate the first network device, if a difference between the energy cost reduction of the second network device and the energy cost increase of the first network device is larger than a second threshold value.
[0028] The second network device is thus able to reactivate the first network device based on energy considerations including consumption, savings, and / or cost.
[0029] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the second network device is further configured to not reactivate the first network device, if the difference between the energy cost reduction of the second network device and the energy cost increase of the first network device is equal to or smaller than the second threshold value.
[0030] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the second network device is further configured to estimate the number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on historical data of the first network device.
[0031] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the second network device is further configured to estimate the number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on a percentage of PRBs redirected to the second network device when the shutdown of the first network device was carried out.
[0032] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the one or more reactivation parameters comprise at least one of: an energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the first network device, and an energy cost of the first network device during shutdown.
[0033] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the second network device is further configured to estimate the energy cost reduction at the second network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on the energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB using the energy source of the second network device.
[0034] A third aspect of this disclosure provides a method for being performed by a first network device, the method comprising: receiving an energy cost message from a second network device, wherein the energy cost message indicates an energy cost of the second network device, and wherein the energy cost of the second network device is associated with transmitting a PRB by the second network device; and when the first network device initiates a shutdown procedure due to low network traffic, the method comprises: estimating an increase of the energy cost of the second network device resulting from the shutdown of the first network device; estimating a decrease of an energy cost of the first network device resulting from the shutdown of the first network device; and carrying out the shutdown procedure, if a difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device is equal to or larger than a first threshold value.
[0035] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the method comprises stopping the shutdown procedure, if the difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device is smaller than the first threshold value.
[0036] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the method comprises, before carrying out the shutdown procedure, sending an energy cost response message to the second network device, wherein the energy cost response message indicates one or more reactivation parameters for reactivating the first network device by the second network device after the shutdown procedure is carried out.
[0037] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the one or more reactivation parameters comprise at least one of: an energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the first network device; and an energy cost of the first network device during shutdown.
[0038] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the method further comprises, in order to estimate the increase of the energy cost of the second network device: estimating an increase of transmitted PRBs at the second network device due to the shutdown of the first network device; and computing the increase of the energy cost of the second network device based on the estimated increase of transmitted PRBs and the energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the second network device.
[0039] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the method further comprises estimating the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device based on an estimated energy consumption of the first network device during its shutdown and a current energy consumption of the first network device.
[0040] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the energy cost is determined by at least one of: a monetary price of an energy source respectively used at the first network device and the second network device; an amount of carbon dioxide emission associated with generating energy by the energy source respectively used at the first network device and the second network device; a weighted combination or aggregate of the monetary price and the amount of carbon dioxide of the energy source respectively used at the first network device and the second network device.
[0041] The method of the third aspect and its implementation forms achieve the same advantages and effects described above for the first network device of the first aspect and its corresponding implementation forms.
[0042] A fourth aspect of this disclosure provides a method for being performed by a second network device, the method comprising: determining an energy cost of the second network device, wherein the energy cost of the second network device is associated with transmitting a PRB using an energy source of the second network device; and transmitting an energy cost message to a first network device, wherein the energy cost message indicates the determined energy cost of the second network device.
[0043] In an implementation form of the fourth aspect, the method further comprises receiving an energy cost response message from the first network device, wherein the energy cost response message indicates one or more reactivation parameters for reactivating the first network device after the shutdown procedure is carried; estimating a number of PRBs transmitted by the second network device, if the first network device would be reactivated; estimate a number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated; estimating a respective energy cost reduction at the second network device and energy cost increase at the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on the one or more reactivation parameters; and reactivating the first network device, if a difference between the energy cost reduction of the second network device and the energy cost increase of the first network device is larger than a second threshold value.
[0044] In an implementation form of the fourth aspect, the method further comprises not reactivating the first network device, if the difference between the energy cost reduction of the second network device and the energy cost increase of the first network device is equal to or smaller than the second threshold value.
[0045] In an implementation form of the fourth aspect, the method further comprises estimating the number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on historical data of the first network device.
[0046] In an implementation form of the fourth aspect, the method further comprises estimating the number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on a percentage of PRBs redirected to the second network device when the shutdown of the first network device was carried out.
[0047] In an implementation form of the fourth aspect, the one or more reactivation parameters comprise at least one of: an energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the first network device, and an energy cost of the first network device during shutdown.
[0048] In an implementation form of the fourth aspect, the method further comprises estimating the energy cost reduction at the second network device, if the first network device would be reactivated, based on the energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB using the energy source of the second network device
[0049] The method of the fourth aspect and its implementation forms achieve the same advantages and effects described above for the second network device of the second aspect and its corresponding implementation forms.
[0050] A fifth aspect of this disclosure provides a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a processor of a network device, cause the processor to perform the method according to the third or fourth aspect.
[0051] A sixth aspect of this disclosure provides a non-transitory storage medium storing executable program code which, when executed by a processor, causes the method according to the third aspect or fourth aspect or any of its implementation forms to be performed.
[0052] In sum of the above, the present disclosure proposes that a first network device, which considers a shutdown due to low traffic or similar criteria, is able to also evaluate the potential impact of its action on the energy cost of the second network device, and the network as a whole. This energy assessment can be used to determine whether the shutdown is reasonable from a network-wide energy cost perspective. If the energy cost reduction achieved by the shutdown exceeds the resulting increase in network energy cost at the second network device, the shutdown is reasonable. If the energy cost savings fail to offset the increased costs at the second network device, the shutdown may not be reasonable.
[0053] It has to be noted that all entities, elements, units and means described in this disclosure could be implemented by software or hardware elements or any kind of combination thereof. All steps performed by the various entities described in the present disclosure, as well as the functionalities described to be performed by the various entities, are intended to mean that the respective entity is adapted to or configured to perform the respective steps and functionalities. Even if, in the following description of exemplary embodiments, a specific functionality or step to be performed by external entities is not reflected in the description of a specific detailed element of that entity, which performs that specific step or functionality, it should be clear for a skilled person that these methods and functionalities can be implemented by respective software or hardware elements, or any kind of combination thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0054] The above described aspects and implementation forms are explained in the following description in relation to the enclosed drawings, in which:
[0055] FIG. 1 shows a scenario under consideration of the present disclosure.
[0056] FIG. 2 shows a first network device and a second network device according to this disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 3 shows an exemplary system architecture proposed by this disclosure, and an exemplary carrier deactivation procedure.
[0058] FIG. 4 shows an exemplary system architecture proposed by this disclosure, and an exemplary carrier reactivation procedure.
[0059] FIG. 5 shows a method for a first network device, according to this disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 6 shows a method for a second network device, according to this disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0061] Illustrative but exemplary embodiments of the first and second network device, and corresponding methods, are described in the following with reference to the above-mentioned figures. Although the description provides also detailed embodiments, it should be noted that even these are intended to be exemplary, and in no way to limit the scope of the disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 1 shows an example of a scenario, which is relevant for the following description of the exemplary embodiments and the technical proposals of this disclosure. FIG. 1 shows two network devices (in this case, as example, two single-carrier BSs) .
[0063] A first network device (BS1) is powered by energy harvested from a solar panel and supplemented by green energy stored in a battery. This first network device thus operates using low-cost, environmentally friendly energy. A second network device (BS2) is powered by a diesel generator, making it reliant on expensive and polluting energy. For simplicity, it may be assumed that each network device serves a single carrier, although the same principles apply to multi-carrier network devices.
[0064] The first network device may experience low traffic demand and may satisfy the conventional entry conditions for activating carrier shutdown, which have been described above. When the first network device carries out a shutdown procedure –wherein the first network device shuts down at least one of its carriers –a portion of its users is anticipated to migrate to the second network device. The influx of new users to the second network device results in an increased number of PRBs utilized at the second network device. Since energy consumption scales linearly with the number of used PRBs, this rise in PRB usage leads to higher energy consumption at the second network device.
[0065] Crucially, the energy source for the second network device in this example (diesel) is both more expensive and more polluting than the green energy powering the first network device. Suppose the shutdown of the first network device results in energy savings of e1 Watts, corresponding to a cost reduction of m1 Dollars. At the same time, the shutdown causes an increase in energy consumption of e2 Watts at the second network device, corresponding to a cost of m2 Dollars. If m1>m2, the shutdown decision at the first network device is economically favorable, reducing the overall network energy costs by m1-m2>0 Dollars. Conversely, if m1<m2, the cost savings at the first network device are offset by higher costs at the second network device, leading to a net increase in network energy costs.
[0066] However, in the scenario of FIG. 1, the shutdown decision by the first network device is also likely to increase both the network-wide energy costs and the carbon emissions. This outcome occurs, because the users formerly served by the first network device, which is operated by green energy, must now be handled by the second network device, which operates on a costly and polluting energy source.
[0067] The present disclosure therefore provides an improvement shutdown procedure. Specifically, the disclosure proposes evaluating, as a shutdown condition, also the potential impact of the shutdown at the first network device on the overall network energy cost, allowing a better decision of whether proceeding with the shutdown or not. Further, the disclosure also proposes evaluating, after shutdown, the impact of reactivating the dormant first network device on the overall network energy cost, allowing a correct decision of whether proceeding with the reactivation or not.
[0068] FIG. 2 shows, respectively able to contribute to these improvements proposed in this disclosure, a first network device 201 and a second network device 202. Both network devices 201, 202 may be BSs, gNBs, or similar devices. They are in the same communication network, for example, in a cellular communication network. In the example of a cellular network, the network devices 201, 202 may be neighboring network devices, i.e., may serve neighboring cells. The network devices 201, 202 may respectively be single-carrier network devices, but may also be multi-carrier network devices. A shutdown of a network device 201, 202 may imply shutting down at least one carrier of that network device 201, 202, which may necessitate a migration of users (UEs) served by this at least one carrier of the network device.
[0069] The second network device 202 is configured to determine an energy cost of the second network device 202. The energy cost of the second network device 202 is associated with transmitting a PRB using an energy source of the second network device 202. That is, the energy cost may be an energy cost per PRB. The second network device 202 may comprise a processor to calculate the energy cost.
[0070] The second network device 202 is further configured to transmit an energy cost message 203 (ECM) to the first network device 201. The ECM 203 indicates the determined energy cost of the second network device 202, for instance, comprises information about the determined energy cost or directly the value of the determined energy cost.
[0071] The first network device 201 is correspondingly configured to receive the ECM 203 from the second network device 202, which indicates the energy cost of the second network device 202 to the first network device 201. The first network device 201 can obtain the energy cost of the second network device 202 from the ECM 203.
[0072] The first network device 201 is further configured to initiate a shutdown procedure 213, for example, due to low network traffic at the first network device 201. For example, the first network device 201 can initiate the shutdown procedure, if the conventional shutdown entry conditions described above are fulfilled. However, also other conditions may be selected to initiate the shutdown procedure 213, and the reason for initiating the shutdown procedure is not essential to the following implementations. The shutdown initiation may prepare to shut down at least one carrier of the first network device 201.
[0073] When the first network device 201 initiates the shutdown procedure 213, it is configured to estimate (at block 211) an increase of the energy cost of the second network device 202 resulting from the shutdown of the first network device 201, i.e., if the first network device 201 would be shut down. Further, the first network device 201 is configured to estimate (at block 212) a decrease of an energy cost of the first network device 201 resulting from the shutdown of the first network device 201. The first network device 201 is then configured to carry out the shutdown procedure 213, if a difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device 201 and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device 202 is equal to or larger than a first threshold value. Otherwise, if the difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device 201 and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device 202 is smaller than the first threshold value, the first network device 201 may abort the shutdown procedure 213. The first network device 201 may comprise a processor to calculate the energy estimates. The first network device 201, according to the above, is configured to take energy considerations into account, when finally deciding on proceeding with the shutdown procedure 213 or not.
[0074] Generally, the first network device 201 and / or the second network device 202 may respectively comprise a processor (not shown) or processing circuitry configured to perform, conduct or initiate the various operations of the respective network device 201, 202 described in this disclosure (specifically, the steps performed at the various blocks) . The processing circuitry may comprise hardware and / or the processing circuitry may be controlled by software. The hardware may comprise analog circuitry or digital circuitry, or both analog and digital circuitry. The digital circuitry may comprise components such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field-programmable arrays (FPGAs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , or multi-purpose processors. The first network device 201 and / or the second network device 202 may respectively further comprise memory circuitry, which stores one or more instruction (s) that can be executed by the processor or by the processing circuitry, in particular under control of the software. For instance, the memory circuitry may comprise a non-transitory storage medium storing executable software code which, when executed by the processor or the processing circuitry, causes the various operations of the respective network device 201, 202 to be performed. In one embodiment, the processing circuitry comprises one or more processors and a non-transitory memory connected to the one or more processors. The non-transitory memory may carry executable program code which, when executed by the one or more processors, causes the respective network device 201, 202 to perform, conduct or initiate the operations or methods described herein.
[0075] FIG. 3 shows an exemplary system architecture proposed by this disclosure, and an exemplary shutdown procedure. FIG. 3 shows more details of the procedure described with respect to FIG. 2. Same elements in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are labelled with the same reference signs and may be implemented likewise.
[0076] In FIG. 3, the first and the second network device 201, 202 are two BSs, as an example. The shutdown procedure is a procedure for carrier shutdown of at least one carrier of the first network device 201 (BS1) , which may be a single-carrier (then this carrier may be shut down) or multi-carrier BS (in which case one or more carriers may be shut down) . BS1 is, as an example, powered by renewable energy (low-cost and green) , whereas the second network devices 202 (BS2) is powered by a diesel generator (expensive and polluting) . BS1 intends to shut down, for instance, because the conventional conditions are met.
[0077] In Step 1, a set of rules or an intelligence located at BS2 (e.g., by means of a processor) selects the source of energy to power BS2. The mechanism used to select the source of energy is out of the scope of this disclosure.
[0078] In Step 2, based on the currently selected energy source, BS2 estimates the energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB. Note that the energy cost may be defined in different manners. A methodology to estimate the cost per PRB is explained later in this disclosure.
[0079] In Step 3, the energy cost per PRB information is embedded in the ECM 203, which is transmitted by BS2 to BS1. The computation of energy cost per PRB (Step 2) and the transmission of the ECM 203 (Step 3) can be triggered by some specific event or can be executed periodically.
[0080] When BS1 initiates the shutdown procedure 213 (Step 4) , it estimates, in Step 5, the energy cost increase at BS2 (ci) resulting from its action, utilizing the content of the ECM 203 previously received from BS2. A method to perform such estimation is detailed later in this disclosure. Step 5 relates to block 211 in FIG. 2.
[0081] Subsequently, in Step 6, BS1 estimates its energy cost reduction due to shutting down. A method to perform such estimation is detailed later in this disclosure. Step 6 relates to block 212 of FIG. 2.
[0082] In Step 7, BS1 evaluates a condition to determine, if it is beneficial in terms of energy cost at a network level to proceed with the shutdown procedure 213. Specifically, if the difference between the energy cost reduction at BS1 (cs) and the energy cost increase at BS2 (ci) exceeds a predefined threshold (Thr) , denoted as cs-ci>Thr, then BS1 proceeds with the shutdown procedure 213. It is worth noting that Thr may allow setting a margin in the condition validation, providing room to account for factors like confidence in estimation accuracy. If the specific condition is not met, the shutdown procedure 213 may be aborted.
[0083] Before shutting down, BS1 (Step 8) may transmits an ECM (response) message 213 to BS2, wherein the ECM message 213 contains parameters that can be later used by BS2 to assess whether to reactivate BS1. These parameters may include: (1) the estimated energy cost per PRB at BS1, cPRB, 1; and (2) an estimated energy cost of BS1 during shutdown, cSH.
[0084] Note that the evaluation of the condition could happen many times in a given time window, and if the condition is satisfied in each evaluation instance, then BS1 may proceed with the shutdown. Moreover, an additional threshold can be added to prevent a ping-pong effect of shutdown decision.
[0085] FIG. 4 shows an exemplary system architecture proposed by this disclosure, and an exemplary carrier reactivation procedure. Same elements in FIG. 2 and FIG. 4 are labelled with the same reference signs and may be implemented likewise.
[0086] In FIG. 4, the first and second network device 201, 202 are again two BSs, like in FIG. 3, as an example. FIG. 4 elucidates an exemplary process of the reactivating the first network device 201 (BS1) , for instance, a carrier of BS1. BS1 undergoes a shutdown, while the second network device 202 (BS2) remains active and delivers service to users that were previously associated to BS1. After BS1 shuts down, BS2 may periodically validate (or when certain events occur) , if it is beneficial in terms of network energy cost to activate its co-coverage carrier at BS1, i.e., to reactivate BS1.
[0087] As described previously, before shutting down, BS1 may transmit to BS2 a message 301 containing information related to the energy cost per transmitted PRB at BS1, cPRB, 1, and the energy cost during shutdown of BS1, cSH. For example on a periodic basis, or when specific events are triggered (e.g., when the traffic load of BS2 surpasses a predefined threshold) , BS2 estimates its number of used PRBs (denoted ) in the event that BS1 is re-activated. Simultaneously, BS2 estimates the number of used PRBs at BS1 (denoted ) in the event that BS1 is reactivated (Step 1) .
[0088] In Step 2, BS2 estimates its energy cost decrease (denoted cl) due to the reduced traffic load after BS1 reactivation, i.e., if BS1 would be reactivated.
[0089] In Step 3, BS2 estimates the energy cost increase at BS1 in case BS1 is reactivated (denoted cs) .
[0090] Moving to Step 4, BS2 evaluates a condition to verify, whether it is advantageous to reactivate BS1 in terms of energy cost at a network level. Specifically, if the difference between the energy cost reduction at BS2, cl, and the energy cost increase at BS1, cs, is larger than a threshold, Thr, which may be expressed as cl-cs>Thr, then BS2 decides that BS1 can be reactivated, and may send a message 401 (Step 5) indicating this decision to BS1. If the condition is not fulfilled, however, then the procedure returns to Step 1 after a predetermined time. Note that the evaluation of the condition could happen many times in a given time window and, if the condition is satisfied in each evaluation instance, then BS2 may proceed with the activation of BS1 (Step 6) .
[0091] If the aforementioned condition is not met, BS2 decides that BS1 is not allowed to be reactivated and potentially activates a timer to avoid entering the condition evaluation phase again before a certain period. Finally, upon receiving a message from BS2, BS1 reactivates.
[0092] In the above-described exemplary embodiments, an objective metric, which defines the concept of “energy cost” , may comprise one of the following: ● In one example, the cost of energy is quantified as the monetary price of the energy source in a reference currency. ● In another example, the energy cost is represented by the amount of CO2 emissions associated with generating the energy in use. ● In another example, the energy cost corresponds to a weighted combination of the monetary price and the associated CO2 emissions, or as a weighted aggregate (or another statistical measure) of these and other relevant metrics.
[0093] In the above-described exemplary embodiments, the energy cost per PRB estimated in Step 2 of FIG. 3 may be implemented as follows, divided into 3 phases: 1. In a first phase, the energy consumed to transmit one PRB is estimated, ePRB [W / PRB] . 2. In a second phase, the cost associated to the energy source currently used is retrieved, csource [c / PRB] , wherein the cost can be any of the metrics introduced above. 3. The cost per PRB, cPRB [c / PRB] is then computed as the product of the energy consumed per PRB, ePRB, and the cost per unit of energy of the selected source, csource [c / W] , i.e., cPRB = ePRB·csource.
[0094] In more detail, in the first phase the second network device 202 keeps track of the number of transmitted PRBs and the corresponding energy consumption through cell-level counters. ● In one example, the number of transmitted PRBs (x) and the energy consumption (y) data collected in a time window is linearly fit as a linear function y=a+bx. The fitted value b is used as estimate of the cost per PRB, i.e. ePRB=b. ● In another embodiment, the energy consumed per unit of transmitted power (eW) is pre-set and known at the network device 202 or computed from data collected. This information, together with the carrier bandwidth (B) and carrier transmit power (PTX) is used to estimate the energy consumed per PRB, i.e. ePRB= f (eW, B, PTX) , where f can be either a mathematical function or a machine learning based function estimator (e.g., artificial neural network) .
[0095] In the second phase, the cost associated to different energy sources may come from different entities and change over time, as follows. ● In one example, the cost of the electricity grid energy is communicated to the network device 201 by the network operations, administration and management (OAM) layer or it is shared by the electricity grid through a specific message in a dedicated interface. ● In another example, the cost of the electricity grid energy is communicated to the network device 202 by the electricity grid through a specific message in a dedicated interface. ● In another example, the cost of diesel energy is communicated to the BS by operations, administration and management (OAM) . ● In another example, the energy cost associated to the battery energy is continually updated and reflects the cost of the energy used to charge the battery.
[0096] In the above-described exemplary embodiments, estimating at the first network device 201 the increase of energy cost experienced by the second network device 202, after the first network device 201 shuts down, may be as follows.
[0097] First, the increase in physical resource blocks (PRBs) at the second network device 202, which is required to accommodate the additional traffic from the users of the deactivated first network device 201, is estimated as follows. ● In one example, the number of used PRBs at the second network device 202 following the shutdown of the first network device 201, denoted as is estimated as wherein PRB1 and PRB2 are, respectively, the number of used PRBs at the first network device 201 and the second network device 202 prior to the shutdown of the first network device 201. ● In another example, the number of PRBs used at the second network device 202 following the shutdown of the first network device 201 is estimated as wherein 'f' is a function that depends on parameters such as DL traffic volume, channel quality indicators (CQI) , and other relevant factors. Note that former users of the first network device 201 are expected to experience a different channel quality (indicated by the CQI) when associated to the second network device 202. The following examples can be used to estimate the spectral efficiency of the first network device’s UEs after they are moved to the second network device 202 (following shutdown of the first network device 201) : ○ In one example, measurement report (MR) data containing reference signal received power (RSRP) measurements (w.r.t the first and second network device 201, 202) of each UE associated to the first network device 201 are used to estimate the new spectral efficiency at the second network device 202. ○ In another example, historical information is used to understand how the spectral efficiency at the second network device 202 is affected when the first network device 201 is shutdown.
[0098] After evaluating the increased traffic at the second network device 202, the corresponding energy cost increase is computed as wherein cPRB is the energy cost per PRB at the second network device 202. The value of cPRB is obtained from the ECM 203 shared by the second network device 202 as detailed above.
[0099] In the above-described exemplary embodiments, estimating the local cost reduction achieved by shutting down the first network device may depend on three factors: 1. The current energy consumption at the first network device 201, denoted as eN. 2. The energy consumption of the first network device 201 during shutdown, denoted as eSH. 3. The cost associated with the energy source powering the first network device 201, denoted as csource, 1. In one example, the first network device 201 has prior knowledge of the energy consumed during shutdown, eSH, as this value is considered product-specific and remains constant over time. In another example, the first network device 201 estimates the energy consumption during shutdown, eSH, using cell-level counters.
[0100] Once the energy consumption during shutdown is determined, the energy cost reduction is calculated using the formula cs = (eN-eSH) ·csource, 1.
[0101] In the above-described exemplary embodiments, the re-activation process described with respect to FIG. 4 may be implemented as follows. As a reminder, during Step 1 in FIG. 4, the second network device 202 assesses how the activation of the first network device 201 will impact the number of used PRBs at BS1 post-activation, denoted as ● In one example, the used PRBs at the first network device 201, due to the redirection of users from the second network device 202, are derived from historical data. For example, an observation reveals that in the previous N instances of the first network device activation, x%of the second network device’s PRBs were redirected to the first network device 201. ● In another example, the used PRBs at the first network device 201, due to the redirection of users from the second network device 202, are calculated as a percentage of the PRBs redirected to the second network device 202, when the first network device 201 shuts down. For instance, when the first network device 201 undergoes shutdown, the PRBs at the second network device 202 increase by x%. The same percentage is applied to determine the PRBs that will be redirected to the first network device 201 upon activation.
[0102] In Step 2 of FIG. 4, for example, BS2 as an example of the second network device 202 estimates its own energy cost reduction due to the decreased traffic load, cl. ● In an example, the energy cost reduction at the second network device 202 due to its decreased traffic load, is computed as where cPRB, 2 is the cost per PRB related to the energy source used at the second network device 202, PRB2 is the current number of PRBs used at BS2, and is the estimated number of PRBs used at the second network device 202 after the first network device 201 reactivates.
[0103] In Step 3 of FIG. 4, the BS2 as the second network device 202 estimates the energy cost increase at the first network device 201 in the case that it is activated, cs. ● In an example, such an energy cost increase at the first network device 201 is computed by leveraging the parameters shared by the first network device 201 to the second network device 202 in an ECM 301 before shutdown (i.e., the cost per PRB at the first network device 201, cPRB, 1 , and the energy cost during shutdown at the first network device 201, cSH) . In particular, the energy cost increase at the first network device 201 after its reactivation is estimated as where is the estimated PRB load at the first network device 201 after it reactivates.
[0104] FIG. 5 shows a flow-diagram of a method 500 according to this disclosure. The method 100 may be performed by the first network device 201 described above, or by any other network device able to perform a shutdown procedure. The method 500 comprises a step 501 of receiving an energy cost message (ECM) 203 from a second network device 202, wherein the ECM 203 indicates an energy cost of the second network device 202, and wherein the energy cost of the second network device 202 is associated with transmitting a PRB by the second network device 202. When the first network device 201 initiates a shutdown procedure 213 due to low network traffic, the method 500 further comprises a step 502 of estimating an increase of the energy cost of the second network device 202 resulting from the shutdown of the first network device 201, and a step 503 of estimating a decrease of an energy cost of the first network device 201 resulting from the shutdown of the first network device 201. The method 500 further comprises a step 504 of carrying out the shutdown procedure 213, if a difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device 201 and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device 202 is equal to or larger than a first threshold value.
[0105] FIG. 6 shows a flow-diagram of a method 600 according to this disclosure. The method 100 may be performed by the second network device 202 described above, or by any other network device. The method 600 comprises a step 601 of determining an energy cost of the second network device 202, wherein the energy cost of the second network device 202 is associated with transmitting a PRB using an energy source of the second network device 202. The method 600 further comprises a step 602 of transmitting an ECM 203 to a first network device 201, wherein the ECM 203 indicates the determined energy cost of the second network device 202.
[0106] The above-described exemplary embodiments of network devices 201, 202, and methods 500, 600 achieve various advantages. For example, the shutdown and / or re-activation procedures, which could be combined with the legacy currently implemented procedures, enables the estimation of energy cost savings achieved through shutdown at a network level in network sites powered by multiple energy sources. This may ensure that the decision to shut down a carrier effectively results in energy cost reductions. In addition, the exchange of information between network devices, for example, neighboring BS or gNBs, facilitates an enhanced coordination between network devices employing energy-saving methods and those utilizing diverse energy sources, thereby optimizing overall network energy cost.
[0107] Notably, the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may leverage and improve a conventional framework for coordinating carrier shutdown. In fact, this framework may establish the co-coverage relationship between capacity and coverage cells, and may include the exchange of PRB load messages from one network device to the other, to validate conditions on traffic level.
[0108] The aspect and implementations of the present disclosure can be used in any scenario, in which network devices, e.g. BSs, are not distinctly categorized into capacity and coverage, allowing coordination between any pair of neighboring network devices. Given their versatility, the aspect and implementations of the present disclosure can be applied broadly to coordinate and optimize network-level energy savings achieved through multiple energy-saving methods.
[0109] Furthermore, the applicability of the aspect and implementations of the present disclosure extends beyond cellular networks. The same coordination principles can be employed to govern the activation of shutdown methods in WiFi hotspots powered by diverse energy sources.
[0110] The present disclosure has been described in conjunction with various embodiments as examples as well as implementations. However, other variations can be understood and effected by those persons skilled in the art and practicing the claimed matter, from the studies of the drawings, this disclosure and the independent claims. In the claims as well as in the description the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions of several entities or items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in the mutual different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used in an advantageous implementation.
Claims
1.A first network device (201) configured to:receive an energy cost message (203) from a second network device (202) , wherein the energy cost message (203) indicates an energy cost of the second network device (202) , and wherein the energy cost of the second network device (202) is associated with transmitting a physical resource block, PRB, by the second network device (202) ; andwhen the first network device (201) initiates a shutdown procedure (213) due to low network traffic,estimate (211) an increase of the energy cost of the second network device (202) resulting from the shutdown of the first network device (201) ;estimate (212) a decrease of an energy cost of the first network device (201) resulting from the shutdown of the first network device (201) ; andcarry out the shutdown procedure (213) , if a difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device (201) and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device (202) is equal to or larger than a first threshold value.2.The first network device (201) according to claim 1, further configured to stop the shutdown procedure (213) , if the difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device (201) and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device (202) is smaller than the first threshold value.3.The first network device (201) according to claim 1 or 2, further configured to, before carrying out the shutdown procedure (213) ,send an energy cost response message (301) to the second network device (202) , wherein the energy cost response message (301) indicates one or more reactivation parameters for reactivating the first network device (201) by the second network device (202) after the shutdown procedure (213) is carried out.4.The first network device (201) according to claim 3, wherein the one or more reactivation parameters comprise at least one of: an energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the first network device (201) ; and an energy cost of the first network device (201) during shutdown.5.The first network device (201) according to one of the claims 1 to 4, configured to, in order to estimate the increase of the energy cost of the second network device (202) :estimate an increase of transmitted PRBs at the second network device (202) due to the shutdown of the first network device (201) ; andcompute the increase of the energy cost of the second network device (202) based on the estimated increase of transmitted PRBs and the energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the second network device (202) .6.The first network device (201) according to one of the claims 1 to 5, configured to estimate the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device (201) based on an estimated energy consumption of the first network device (201) during its shutdown and a current energy consumption of the first network device (201) .7.The first network device (201) according to one of the claims 1 to 6, wherein energy cost is determined by at least one of:a monetary price of an energy source respectively used at the first network device (201) and the second network device (202) ;an amount of carbon dioxide emission associated with generating energy by the energy source respectively used at the first network device (201) and the second network device (202) ;a weighted combination or aggregate of the monetary price and the amount of carbon dioxide of the energy source respectively used at the first network device (201) and the second network device (202) .8.A second network device (202) configured to:determine an energy cost of the second network device (202) , wherein the energy cost of the second network device (202) is associated with transmitting a physical resource block, PRB, using an energy source of the second network device (202) ; andtransmit an energy cost message (203) to a first network device (201) , wherein the energy cost message (203) indicates the determined energy cost of the second network device (202) .9.The second network device (202) according to claim 8, further configured to:receive an energy cost response message (301) from the first network device (201) , wherein the energy cost response message (301) indicates one or more reactivation parameters for reactivating the first network device (201) after the shutdown procedure (213) is carried;estimate a number of PRBs transmitted by the second network device (202) , if the first network device (201) would be reactivated;estimate a number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device (201) , if the first network device (201) would be reactivated;estimate a respective energy cost reduction at the second network device (202) and energy cost increase at the first network device (201) , if the first network device (201) would be reactivated, based on the one or more reactivation parameters; andreactivate the first network device (201) , if a difference between the energy cost reduction of the second network device (201) and the energy cost increase of the first network device (201) is larger than a second threshold value.10.The second network device (202) according to claim 9, further configured to not reactivate the first network device (201) , if the difference between the energy cost reduction of the second network device (201) and the energy cost increase of the first network device (201) is equal to or smaller than the second threshold value.11.The second network device (202) according to claim 9 or 10, configured to estimate the number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device (201) , if the first network device (201) would be reactivated, based on historical data of the first network device (201) .12.The second network device (202) according to one of the claims 9 to 11, configured to estimate the number of PRBs transmitted by the first network device (201) , if the first network device (201) would be reactivated, based on a percentage of PRBs redirected to the second network device (203) when the shutdown of the first network device (201) was carried out.13.The second network device (202) according to one of the claims 9 to 12, wherein the one or more reactivation parameters comprise at least one of: an energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB by the first network device (201) , and an energy cost of the first network device (201) during shutdown.14.The second network device (202) according to one of the claims 9 to 13, configured to estimate the energy cost reduction at the second network device (202) , if the first network device (201) would be reactivated, based on the energy cost associated with transmitting a PRB using the energy source of the second network device (202) .15.A method (500) for being performed by a first network device (201) , the method (500) comprising:receiving (501) an energy cost message (203) from a second network device (202) , wherein the energy cost message (203) indicates an energy cost of the second network device (202) , and wherein the energy cost of the second network device (202) is associated with transmitting a physical resource block, PRB, by the second network device (202) ; andwhen the first network device (201) initiates a shutdown procedure (213) due to low network traffic, the method (500) comprises:estimating (502) an increase of the energy cost of the second network device (202) resulting from the shutdown of the first network device (201) ;estimating (503) a decrease of an energy cost of the first network device (201) resulting from the shutdown of the first network device (201) ; andcarrying out (504) the shutdown procedure (213) , if a difference between the decrease of the energy cost of the first network device (201) and the increase of the energy cost of the second network device (202) is equal to or larger than a first threshold value.16.A method (600) for being performed by a second network device (202) , the method (600) comprising:determining (601) an energy cost of the second network device (202) , wherein the energy cost of the second network device (202) is associated with transmitting a physical resource block, PRB, using an energy source of the second network device (202) ; andtransmitting (602) an energy cost message (203) to a first network device (201) , wherein the energy cost message (203) indicates the determined energy cost of the second network device (202) .17.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a processor of a network device (201, 202) , cause the processor to perform the method (500, 600) according to claim 15 or 16.