Improved transmission of data segments
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-04
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-13
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Figure CN2026076998_13082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
IMPROVED TRANSMISSION OF DATA SEGMENTS
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0002] This application claims priority to the PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 075987, entitled “IMPROVED TRANSMISSION OF DATA SEGMENTS” , filed on February 6, 2025, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Technical Field
[0003] The present disclosure is related to the field of telecommunications, and in particular, to communication devices and methods for improved transmission of data segments.Background
[0004] Wireless Internet of Things (IoT) devices are often battery powered and both the need to change battery and the battery lifetime may be concerns for many potential applications such as asset tracking or environmental / industrial sensors. For this reason, the wireless communications industry has been interested in so-called Zero-Energy (ZE) devices. ZE devices refer to wireless IoT devices that do not require battery replacement, and often harvest energy from the environment. In some use cases, such as monitoring the temperature of foodstuffs, the ZE devices may have small batteries that are disposable (e.g., organic, compostable batteries) , rechargeable or have very limited capacity.
[0005] These ZE-IoT devices can in addition be of very small form factor and could even be printable and they target ultra-low power consumption to enable operation based on either energy-harvesting from ambient sources or back-scattering communication (cf. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ) . That is, instead of relying on energy for communication being provided by a battery, it is instead harvested from an ambient source, such as vibrations, solar power, RF, etc. (harvesting) , or a charge carrier wave is provided to the device which is modulated and reflected back to a reader (in the back-scattering communication case) . This enables energy autonomous operation during the lifetime of the devices without need for either manual replacement or charging of the batteries. Compared to existing radio access technologies this puts new requirements on the radio interface and the protocols.Summary
[0006] Recently work on this has started in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , then referred to as “Ambient-IoT” (A-IoT) . 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 22.840 is being developed by Service and System Aspects Work Group 1 (SA WG1 or SA1) to capture potential use cases, traffic scenarios, device constraints of A-IoT and identify new potential service requirements as well as new Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) .
[0007] Meanwhile, a study item at Radio Access Network (RAN) plenary level RP-222685, “Study on Ambient IoT” is being carried out with a focus on the feasibility of meeting design targets for relevant use cases of Ambient IoT. The outcome is being reported in 3GPP TR 38.848 and the study item description as below:
[0008] Based on the outcome of the RAN study item, and the discussion during Release 19 (Rel-19) workshop during RAN#100 (RWS-230488) , a WG-level study item is expected to continue in Rel-19. In addition, depending on the progress and outcome of the WG-level study, a work item may be started during Rel-19 as well. Some of the objectives and questions are listed below.
[0009] As mentioned above, Ambient IoT (A-IoT) has been agreed to be a study and / or work item for 3GPP Rel-19. The functionality of segmentation has been studied during the study phase. The below agreements were made:
[0010] · Study the functionality of segmentation in the Medium Access Control (MAC) . We focus on Device to Reader (D2R) and can consider the support for Reader to Device (R2D) later depending on SA2 and RAN1. The solution should aim to be applicable to both direction (i.e. unified solution) , ifwe decide to support on both directions.
[0011] · Do not support sequence number for A-IoT segmentation functionalities.
[0012] · Do not support segment number and the number of segments for A-IoT segmentation functionalities.
[0013] · Capture the following option in TR: An indication is used to indicate to reader whether the data is segmented and whether it is last segment. For further study (FFS) the details on how this is designed and number of bits (one or two) .
[0014] · RAN2 assumes that for the device will not support Access Stratum (AS) layer buffering for A-IoT segmentation functionalities, i.e., all buffered segment (s) are stored in upper layer (s) .
[0015] · If segmentation is supported, it is beneficial for the reader to be able to trigger a re-transmission of a segment. FFS how this is done.
[0016] Based on the above agreements, it can be concluded that:
[0017] 1) Segmentation for A-IoT will be specified without requiring buffering at devices.
[0018] 2) Segmentation will be supported for at least D2R data. Whether R2D data also supports segmentation will be decided later, e.g., during the normative phase.
[0019] 3) For D2R data, it is beneficial for the reader to trigger a retransmission of a segment, if that segment has not been received by the reader successfully. The details on how to trigger retransmissions of segments will be further studied.
[0020] The below issues are aimed to be addressed in this case.
[0021] Issue 1: how can the reader trigger a retransmission of a specific segment?
[0022] Issue 2: what are behaviors of a device to handle segment retransmission?
[0023] Issue 3: how a device determines the start position of the next segment to be transmitted?
[0024] The above issues are also valid for R2D transmissions.
[0025] In addition, a buffer less based mechanism is assumed for the device to support D2R segmentation. This means that the device will not store data segment which was transmitted previously. In this case, the below issue is also needed to be addressed:
[0026] Issue 4: how does the device determine the start position of the data for the next transmission.
[0027] Issue 5: what are reader's actions and device's actions in case the device experiences too many times of transmission failures for a data segment?
[0028] Therefore, to address or at least partially alleviate one or more of the above issues, some embodiments of the present disclosure are provided.
[0029] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method at a first communication device is provided. The method comprises that the first communication device transmits, to a second communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device. Further, some other embodiments of the first aspect will be described in the Detailed Description below.
[0030] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a first communication device is provided. The first communication device comprises a processor and a memory storing instructions. The instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the first communication device to transmit, to a second communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device. In some embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the first communication device to further perform any of the methods of the first aspect.
[0031] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, a method at a second communication device is provided. The method comprises that the second communication device receives, from a first communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device. Further, some other embodiments of the third aspect will be described in the Detailed Description below.
[0032] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a second communication device is provided. The second communication device comprises a processor and a memory storing instructions. The instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the second communication device to receive, from a communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device. In some embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the second communication device to further perform any of the methods of the third aspect.
[0033] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program comprising instructions is provided. The instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out any of the methods of any of the first aspect or the third aspect.
[0034] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a carrier containing the computer program of the fifth aspect is provided. In some embodiments, the carrier is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.
[0035] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a telecommunication system is provided. The telecommunication system comprises a first communication device of the second aspect and one or more second communication devices of the fourth aspect.
[0036] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, segment based transmission can be performed without the need for the device to remember which segment (s) has been successfully delivered and / or the position of the segment (s) to be transmitted or has been transmitted.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0037] The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and therefore are not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.
[0038] Fig. lA through Fig. 1C are diagrams illustrating exemplary telecommunication systems in which improved transmission of data segments is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0039] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary segmentation of a data block according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0040] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method for segment feedback according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0041] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary method for segment feedback according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0042] Fig. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method at a first communication device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0043] Fig. 6 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method at a second communication device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0044] Fig. 7 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement which may be used in communication devices according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0045] Fig. 8 shows an exemplary communication system in accordance with some embodiments.
[0046] Fig. 9 is another exemplary communication system according to some embodiments.
[0047] Fig. 10 shows a wireless device, which may be configured to operate in the communication system of Fig. 8 or in the communication system of Fig. 9.
[0048] Fig. 11 shows an exemplary network node in accordance with some embodiments.
[0049] Fig. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.Detailed Description
[0050] Hereinafter, the present disclosure is described with reference to embodiments shown in the attached drawings. However, it is to be understood that those descriptions are just provided for illustrative purpose, rather than limiting the present disclosure. Further, in the following, descriptions of known structures and techniques are omitted so as not to unnecessarily obscure the concept of the present disclosure.
[0051] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “illustrative, ” or “serving as an example, ” and is not intended to imply that a particular embodiment is preferred over another or that a particular feature is essential. Likewise, the terms “first” and “second, ” and similar terms, are used simply to distinguish one particular instance of an item or feature from another, and do not indicate a particular order or arrangement, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, the term “step, ” as used herein, is meant to be synonymous with “operation” or “action. ” Any description herein of a sequence of steps does not imply that these operations must be carried out in a particular order, or even that these operations are carried out in any order at all, unless the context or the details of the described operation clearly indicates otherwise.
[0052] Conditional language used herein, such as "can, " "might, " "may, " "e.g., " and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and / or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and / or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and / or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. Also, the term "or" is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. Further, the term "each, " as used herein, in addition to having its ordinary meaning, can mean any subset of a set of elements to which the term "each" is applied.
[0053] The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on. ” The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below. In addition, language such as the phrase "at least one of X, Y and Z, " unless specifically stated otherwise, is to be understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z, or a combination thereof.
[0054] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limitation of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. It will be also understood that the terms “connect (s) , ” “connecting” , “connected” , etc. when used herein, just mean that there is an electrical or communicative connection between two elements and they can be connected either directly or indirectly, unless explicitly stated to the contrary.
[0055] Of course, the present disclosure may be carried out in other specific ways than those set forth herein without departing from the scope and essential characteristics of the disclosure. One or more of the specific processes discussed below may be carried out in any electronic device comprising one or more appropriately configured processing circuits, which may in some embodiments be embodied in one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, and / or digital signal processors programmed with appropriate software and / or firmware to carry out one or more of the operations described above, or variants thereof. In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise customized hardware to carry out one or more of the functions described above. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
[0056] Although multiple embodiments of the present disclosure will be illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the following Detailed Description, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but instead is also capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the present disclosure that as will be set forth and defined within the claims.
[0057] Further, please note that although the following description of some embodiments of the present disclosure is given in the context of 5th Generation New Radio (5G NR) , the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In fact, as long as transmission of data segments is involved, the inventive concept of the present disclosure may be applicable to any appropriate communication architecture, for example, to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) / General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) , Time Division -Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) , CDMA2000, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) , Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , etc. Therefore, one skilled in the arts could readily understand that the terms used herein may also refer to their equivalents in any other infrastructure. For example, the term “User Equipment” or “UE” used herein may refer to a mobile device, a mobile terminal, a mobile station, a user device, a user terminal, a wireless device, a wireless terminal, an IoT device, a vehicle, or any other equivalents. For another example, the term “gNB” used herein may refer to a base station, a base transceiver station, an access point, a hot spot, a NodeB (NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNB) , a network element, a network node, an access network (AN) node, or any other equivalents. For yet another example, the term “communication device” used herein may refer to a network node (e.g., a gNB, a base station, or the like) , a UE (e.g., a mobile phone, a handheld appliance, or the like) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a repeater, an A-IoT device, a ZE device, an ultra-low power device, or any other equivalents.
[0058] The following 3GPP documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties:
[0059] [1] 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Study on Ambient power-enabled Internet of Things (Release 19) ;
[0060] [2] 3GPP TSG RAN#97e, RP-222685, “New SID: Study on Ambient IoT” ;
[0061] [3] 3GPP TSG RAN, “RAN Chair's Summary of Rel-19 Workshop” , RWS-230488; and
[0062] [4] 3 GPP TR 38.848 V 18.0.0 (2023-09) , Technical Report, 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Study on Ambient IoT (Internet of Things) in RAN (Release 18) .
[0063] Deployment scenarios, use cases, services for Ambient-IoT
[0064] Deployment scenarios, use cases, services are described in clause 4 of TR 38.848 V 18.0.0.
[0065] Use cases
[0066] Two sets or levels of grouping were defined. The first, Grouping A, is on the basis of the deployment environment (s) described for a use case in TR 22.840, and the second, Grouping B, is on the basis of functionality / application described in TR 22.840.
[0067] Grouping A:
[0068] - Indoor
[0069] - Outdoor
[0070] - Indoor / outdoor
[0071] Grouping B:
[0072] - Inventory
[0073] - Sensors
[0074] - Positioning
[0075] - Command
[0076] These two groupings are then used to form representative use cases (rUCs) as follows, which are used in Clause 4.2 -Deployment scenarios and connectivity topologies.
[0077] - rUC1: Indoor inventory
[0078] - rUC2: Indoor sensors
[0079] - rUC3: Indoor positioning
[0080] - rUC4: Indoor command
[0081] - rUC5: Outdoor inventory
[0082] - rUC6: Outdoor sensors
[0083] - rUC7: Outdoor positioning
[0084] - rUC8: Outdoor command
[0085] This resulted in the following mapping from SA1 use cases and traffic scenarios onto RAN rUCs:
[0086] Table 1 / 4.1.1-1: Mapping between RAN representative use cases and SA1 use cases in TR 38.848 V 18.0.0.
[0087] Connectivity topologies
[0088] The following connectivity topologies 10, 10', 10", 10"', and 10""for Ambient IoT networks and devices as shown in Fig. lA through Fig. lC are defined for the purposes of the study. In all these topologies, the Ambient IoT device may be provided with a carrier wave from other node (s) either inside or outside the topology. The links in each topology may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
[0089] In some embodiments, BS (e.g., the BS 105) , UE (e.g., the UE 120) , assisting node (e.g., the assisting node 115) , or intermediate node (e.g., the intermediate node 110) could be multiple BSs or UEs, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixture of indoor and outdoor placement of such nodes is regarded as a network implementation choice. Account would need to be taken of potential impact on device or node complexity. In the connectivity topologies, this does not imply the existence of multi-hop assisting or intermediate nodes. Different topologies are illustrated in Fig. 1A through Fig. 1 C, respectively.
[0090] Topology 1: BS Ambient IoT device
[0091] As shown in (a) of Fig. lA, in Topology 1, an Ambient IoT device 100 may directly and bi-directionally communicate with a base station (BS) 105. The communication between the base station 105 and the ambient IoT device 100 may include Ambient IoT data and / or signalling. This topology may include the possibility that the BS (e.g., a BS 105-1) transmitting to the Ambient IoT device 100 is different from the BS (e.g., another BS 105-2) receiving from the Ambient IoT device 100.
[0092] Topology 2: BS intermediate node Ambient IoT device
[0093] As shown in (b) of Fig. lA, in Topology 2, an Ambient IoT device 100 may communicate bi-directionally with an intermediate node 110 between the device 100 and a base station 105. In this topology, the intermediate node 110 can be a relay, IAB node, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of Ambient IoT. The intermediate node 110 may transfer Ambient IoT data and / or signalling between BS 105 and the Ambient IoT device 100.
[0094] Topology 3: BS assisting node Ambient IoT device BS
[0095] Fig. lB shows an exemplary Topology 3 with downlink (DL) assistance at (c) and an exemplary Topology 3 with uplink (UL) assistance at (d) , respectively. In Topology 3, an Ambient IoT device 100 may transmit data / signalling to a base station 105, and receive data / signalling from an assisting node 115, as shown in (c) of Fig. lB; or the Ambient IoT device 100 may receive data / signalling from the base station 105 and transmit data / signalling to the assisting node 115, as shown in (d) of Fig. lB. In this topology, the assisting node 115 can be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of ambient IoT.
[0096] Topology 4: UE Ambient IoT device
[0097] As shown in (e) of Fig. lC, in Topology 4, an Ambient IoT device 100 may communicate bi-directionally with a UE 120. The communication between UE 120 and the ambient IoT device 100 may include Ambient IoT data and / or signalling.
[0098] Deployment scenarios
[0099] Deployment scenario 1: Device indoors, base station indoors
[0100] Deployment scenario 2: Device indoors, base station outdoors
[0101] Deployment scenario 3: Device indoors, UE-based reader
[0102] Deployment scenario 4: Device outdoors, base station outdoors
[0103] Deployment scenario 5: Device outdoors, UE-based reader
[0104] Device categories
[0105] Ambient IoT devices may be characterized in the study according to their energy storage capacity, and capability of generating RF signals for their transmissions.
[0106] The study considers that a device has either:
[0107] - No energy storage at all; or
[0108] - Limited energy storage.
[0109] Relying on these storage capacities, the study considers the following set of Ambient IoT devices:
[0110] - Device A: No energy storage, no independent signal generation / amplification, i.e. backscattering transmission.
[0111] - Device B: Has energy storage, no independent signal generation, i.e. backscattering transmission. Use of stored energy can include amplification for reflected signals.
[0112] - Device C: Has energy storage, has independent signal generation, i.e., active RF components for transmission.
[0113] A limited energy storage can be different among implementations within Device B or implementations within Device C, and different between Device B and Device C. Such storage is expected to be order (s) of magnitude smaller than an NB-IoT device would typically include.
[0114] Device A, B, and C are able to demodulate control, data, etc. from the relevant entity in RAN according to connectivity topology.
[0115] Functional and protocol simplifications for A / ZE IoT
[0116] For Ambient IoT (A-IoT) , 3GPP will target an IoT segment well below the existing cellular IoT (CIoT) technologies rather than replacement of existing 3GPP Lower Power Wide Area (LPWA) technologies. It is expected that together with simplifications in physical layer design, the higher layer (layer 2 / layer 3 or L2 / L3) design will also be much more lightweight than the existing higher layer design in 3GPP, i.e., a minimal set of functionalities (both at access stratum and non-access stratum levels) , which is even more simplified compared to that adopted for the existing Cellular IoT (CIoT) technologies, should be used to operate A-IoT devices. One way of such simplifications is to design a communication protocol shifted from fully connection oriented with both Non-Access Stratum (NAS) and Radio Resource Control (RRC) connections between device and network to connectionless type of communication without RRC connections or even also no NAS connections between device and network so that the protocol and signaling overhead associated with the handshaking between device and network is minimized. This means A-IoT devices do not setup and maintain an RRC connection with the network, also A-IoT devices do not setup and maintain AS context including (dedicated) radio bearer, logical channel, etc.
[0117] One way to implement connectionless communication is to employ message-based or self-contained transmission where context / control information associated with the signaling / data traffic is transmitted together with or right after the signaling / data traffic where in the latter case (i.e., the right after case) there is no other transmission between the context / control information and the associated signaling / data traffic carrying info that is needed for reception of the signaling / data traffic. One such example is that in DL the signaling / data traffic is transmitted within or right after the paging message.
[0118] As mentioned above, the following issues are aimed to be addressed:
[0119] Issue 1: how can the reader trigger a retransmission of a specific segment?
[0120] Issue 2: what are behaviors of a device to handle segment retransmission?
[0121] Issue 3: how a device determines the start position of the next segment to be transmitted?
[0122] Issue 4: how does the device determine the start position of the data for the next transmission?
[0123] Issue 5: what are reader's actions and device's actions in case the device experiences too many times of transmission failures for a data segment?
[0124] Therefore, to address or at least partially alleviate one or more of the above issues, some embodiments of the present disclosure are provided.
[0125] Some embodiments are provided as follows:
[0126] · The network (NW) (e.g., the reader) may indicate to the device the location or pointer, e.g., start position or region index pointing to the memory block of the next segment which is expected to be received.
[0127] · Mechanisms for the NW (e.g., the reader) to determine the start position of the next expected segment which is based on e.g., the size of already received segment (s) to deduce location of subsequent segment.
[0128] · In subsequent access rounds (associated with the same service request) , the reader may inform the location / pointer, e.g., start position / region index from where the device should send the D2R data segment.
[0129] · the NW (e.g., the reader) may provide feedback (e.g., ACK / NACK) for each segment or for a segment subset / set / group / bundle containing multiple segments.
[0130] · The device may retransmit:
[0131] ○ specific segment in case it failed; or
[0132] ○ whole segment bundle in case of one or more segments from the bundle has failed during initial / earlier transmissions.
[0133] · The device does not participate in subsequent access rounds (associated with same or modified service request) if it is indicated that the whole or the last segment or X (e.g., say 90%) number of segments of the D2R data unit has been successfully received.
[0134] · Mechanisms for the device to determine whether a D2R data unit needs to be segmented.
[0135] · The device may indicate the NW (e.g., the reader) whether segmentation is needed / applied for D2R data unit. Or the device can indicate other parameters such stored energy, channel quality parameters, etc. which can help NW to deduce if device needs to do segmentation.
[0136] · The device may indicate the NW (e.g., the reader) whether the segment included in the D2R transmission is:
[0137] ○ The first segment, or
[0138] ○ The last segment, or
[0139] ○ Neither the first nor the last segment.
[0140] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, segment based transmission can be performed without the need for the device to remember which segment (s) has been successfully delivered and / or the position of the segment (s) to be transmitted or has been transmitted. In this way, the device only needs to send the segment (s) that is indicated explicitly or implicitly by the reader, thereby reducing device complexity (e.g., without AS layer buffering) , saving device energy consumption, and improving the system performance as unnecessary transmission is mitigated. For example, during re-access, the device only needs to send the segment (s) that has not been successfully delivered. This reduces device complexity, saves device energy consumption, and improves the system performance as unnecessary transmission is mitigated.
[0141] Terminology and disclaimer
[0142] In some embodiments, use cases with ultra-low power devices, zero-energy, or A-IoT devices may be considered or assumed. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
[0143] In some embodiments, the term “RAN node” may be used, which can be a network node or a user equipment (UE) . Examples of network nodes may be (but not limited to) NodeB, base station (BS) , multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as Multi Standard Radio (MSR) BS, eNodeB, gNodeB, MeNB, SeNB, location measurement unit (LMU) , integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, network controller, radio network controller (RNC) , base station controller (BSC) , relay, IAB, repeater, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver station (BTS) , Central Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Distributed Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Baseband Unit, Centralized Baseband, Centralized RAN (C-RAN) , access point (AP) , transmission points, transmission nodes, transmission reception point (TRP) , Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , Remote Radio Head (RRH) , nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS) , core network node (e.g. Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) etc. ) , Operation &Management (O&M) , Operation Support System (OSS) , Self Organized Network (SON) , positioning node (e.g. Evolved Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) ) , etc. In some embodiments, in Ambient IoT scenario, the RAN nodes may comprise (but not limited to) intermediate node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) and assisting node / UE (e.g., relay UE, IAB, repeater etc. ) .
[0144] In some embodiments, the terms “polling” , “poll” , “paging” , “page” , “inventory” , “query” , and / or “interrogate” may be used to represent one or more than one signal transmitted by a network node broadcast wise or specially to a dedicated UE. The purpose of the signal is to facilitate / serve / manage / command one or more than one UE to synchronize to the network node (DL / UL synchronize to a reference time / frame / symbol, or synchronize to one or more than one signal which the UE receives from the network node, or synchronize based on a pre-defined rule) , receive DL data, respond and transmit UL data correctly in intended resources. In some embodiments, the content of such signal may be a particular reference signal or a signal carrying control information and / or data. In some embodiments, such signals may be transmitted periodically or aperiodically configured by the network node.
[0145] In some embodiments, the terms “A-IoT device” or “device” may be used interchangeably without losing the meaning.
[0146] In some embodiments, the terms “intermediate node” , “intermediate UE” , or “UE” may be applied interchangeably without losing the meaning.
[0147] In some embodiments, it is assumed that segmentation is supported / applicable for both D2R data and R2D data.
[0148] Determination / indication of start position of the next segment
[0149] In some embodiments, when the reader receives a D2R transmission from a device which contains an indicator / signaling indicating that the payload in the transmission is one segment, the reader may send an indication to the device for indicating the segment location / pointer in the memory, e.g., start position in the device memory (containing data) of the next segment which is expected to be received from the device. In some other embodiments, the indication may indicate the segment location of and / or the segment pointer to the last segment which has been received from the device.
[0150] In some embodiments, a location or a pointer may be used to indicate the memory address from where the device starts to copy data. In some embodiments, a grant size may indicate the end address of the data in the memory. In this way, the device may operate like a dummy (i.e., a buffer-less device) . By contrast, a sequence number or a segment number of a segment would require the device to have a buffer operation, and state variables have to be implemented to perform the transmission of segments. Further, the device will also need to store the data packet which was transmitted, and prepare for retransmission. In other words, the two agreements mentioned above (that is, “Do not support sequence number for A-IoTsegmentation functionalities” and “Do not support segment number and the number of segments for A-IoT segmentation functionalities” ) mean that the device needs to support buffer less operation, while the location and / or pointer are used to implement the buffer less operation.
[0151] The data in memory block can be understood as combination of segments. In this way the device does not need to buffer any segment or remember any segment location. In some embodiments, the indication can be signaled by the reader to the device after the reader has received a segment of a D2R data block (e.g., a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) at the MAC layer) successfully. In some embodiments, the indication can be signaled by the reader to the device when no response to a previous request is received for a period of time, and in such a case, the indication may indicate the same segment as (or a different segment from) that requested by the previous request.
[0152] In some embodiments, the reader needs to trace the received segments of the same D2R data block. In addition, in the signaling, the device can indicate the segment is from which memory ifthere are multiple memories, e.g., if memory types inspired RFID memories, such as, Reserved memory, Electronic Product Code (EPC) memory, Tag Identifier (TID) memory, User memory.
[0153] In some embodiments, the memory block can be divided into 1-dimnsional or 2-dimnsional regions where these regions have unique indices / identifiers, and in the indicator, the device can indicate region index corresponding to a data segment which overlaps with memory region with same index / ID.
[0154] In some embodiments, the examples of location or pointer to the segment can comprise (but not limited to) :
[0155] · Start position of segment in memory block
[0156] ○ The size of segment is fixed.
[0157] ○ See Fig. 2 which illustrates an example of such a segmentation
[0158] · Start position of pointer in memory block, and size of the segment
[0159] ○ Assuming the size of segment is not fixed apriori
[0160] · 2-dimension position (X, Y) of segment in memory block
[0161] ○ The size of segment in both dimensions are fixed.
[0162] · 2-dimension position (X, Y) of segment in memory block and sizes in both dimensions
[0163] ○ The size of segment in both dimensions are not fixed.
[0164] · 2-dimension position (X, Y) of segment in memory block and size in one dimension
[0165] ○ Assuming, the size of segment in other dimensions is fixed.
[0166] In some embodiments, the apriori fixed information (e.g. the size (s) mentioned above) can be indicated in an RRC configuration, paging, or some other R2D feedback signaling.
[0167] As shown in Fig. 2, the reader can indicate a segment position, e.g., (X, Y) . In this example, the sizes of segments in both dimensions are fixed, hence the reader does not need to indicate the sizes. In such a case, ifthe reader indicates the position (X, Y) , the device may know the length of segments by default.
[0168] In some embodiments, ifthe reader has received N segments (Nis equal to or lager than 1) of the same D2R data block successfully, the reader can deduce the position of the next segment according to the below equation (1) : Pos of the (N+i) th segment = size of the first segment + size of the second segment + ... + size of the Nth segment + 1 (1)
[0169] In some embodiments, there is a gap between two consecutive segments. In some embodiments, the gap size / length may be identical to all segments or different for each segment, e.g., scaled along with the size of each segment. In some embodiments, the gap size / length may be predefined or configurable, and the enabling / disabling of the gap may be determined and signaled by the reader. In some embodiments, the reader can deduce the position of the next segment according to the below equation (2) : Pos of the (N+i) th segment = size of the first segment + gap + size of the second segment + gap + ... + size of the Nth segment + gap + 1 (2)
[0170] In some embodiments, in case the reader receives a segment but cannot decode it successfully, the reader does not consider that segment when determining the position of the next expected segment. In some embodiments, the reader will only consider the latest successfully received segments to determine the start position of the next expected segment from the device.
[0171] In some embodiments, the reader may send the indication to the device for indicating the start position of the next segment in a R2D message which includes / allocates the resources to the device for transmission of the next segment.
[0172] In some embodiments, the reader may send the indication to the device for indicating the start position of the next segment in a R2D message which does not include / allocate the resources to the device for transmission of the next segment.
[0173] In some embodiments, the indication may be included in a MAC CE. In some embodiments, the MAC CE (payload) may comprise only one field indicating the start position of the next segment to be transmitted after the device has received the MAC CE.
[0174] · In some embodiments, the length of the field may be Xbits indicating that the next segment will start from the indicated bits / octets in the data unit / block stored in the device's memory. To reduce the length of the field, the value of the field may be in the unit of octets.
[0175] · For example, the size of the complete data unit may be 800 bits. Limited by the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) and transport block size provided by the resource / grant received from the reader, the device has to split the data unit into two segments, wherein each segment has the size of 400 bits. The device would then transmit the two segments in two transmissions, wherein each transmission carries one segment. After the device transmits the first segment including an indicator indicating that the device has a second segment to transmit, the reader will send an R2D message including the MAC CE wherein the MAC CE includes the start position of the next segment for the device to transmit, the start position will indicate the device should transmit the second segment from the 401th bit in the data unit.
[0176] In some embodiments, the indication may be included in a MAC control PDU, containing at least one field indicating the start position of the next segment to be transmitted by the device.
[0177] In some embodiments, the indication may be included in a L1 signaling. In such case, the upper layer (e.g., the MAC layer, the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signalling, the application layer signaling) of the reader needs to inform the L1 (e.g., the physical layer) of the start position of the next segment to be transmitted. In some embodiments, the MAC layer may process all received segments. The MAC layer may determine the start position of the next segment after the MAC layer has processed the previous segment. The MAC layer of the reader may inform the L1 / physical layer of the reader of the determined start position of the next expected segment from the device. After that, the L1 of the reader may send the signaling to the device.
[0178] In some embodiments, the indication may be included in an upper layer signaling (e.g., the MAC layer signaling, the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signalling, the application layer signaling) , containing at least one field indicating the start position of the next segment to be transmitted by the device.
[0179] The reader handling segment transmission and retransmission
[0180] In some embodiments, whenever the reader receives a D2R transmission from the device including an indicator indicating that the D2R transmission is the first segment of the entire D2R data unit, the reader may take one of the below actions:
[0181] 1) Ifthe reader can decode the D2R transmission successfully, the reader may determine the start position of the next segment from the device, where the start position may be determined according to methods described in the above section “Determination / indication of start position of the next segment” . In some embodiments, the reader may signal the determined start position of the next segment and optionally the resources to the device.
[0182] 2) Ifthe reader cannot decode the D2R transmission successfully, it may be necessary for the reader to trigger a retransmission of this segment. In this case, the reader may signal the device the start position “0” (which is also a default start position for each new transmission of a D2R data unit) .
[0183] In some embodiments, upon reception of the indication of the start position of the next segment, the device may perform the corresponding transmission, which is either a transmission of the next segment, or a retransmission of the previous segment. For the latter, the retransmission of the previous segment may contain a different number of bits than the previous segment transmission, depending on the MCS and / or the allocated resources for the retransmission.
[0184] In some embodiments, when the reader receives a D2R transmission from a device containing a segment of a data unit / block wherein the segment is not the first segment, the reader may take one of the below actions
[0185] 1) If the reader can decode the D2R transmission successfully,
[0186] a. the reader may determine whether the received segment is the last segment from the device for the corresponding data unit. If so, the reader may consider the data block / unit has been received successfully.
[0187] i. The reader may further determine whether to send a message to the device indicating whether the complete data unit has been received successfully. Ifthe message indicates that the data unit was successfully transmitted, the device may stop responding further R2D messages in subsequent access rounds associated with the same service request / transaction ID.
[0188] b. Ifthe reader determines that the received segment is not the last segment for the corresponding data unit, the reader may determine the start position of the next segment from the device, where the start position may be determined according to methods described in the above section “Determination / indication of start position of the next segment” . The reader may signal the determined start position of the next segment and optionally the resources to the device.
[0189] 2) Ifthe reader cannot decode the D2R transmission successfully, it may be necessary for the reader to trigger a retransmission of this segment. In this case, the reader may signal the device of the start position of this segment for retransmission, where the start position may be determined according to methods described in the above section “Determination / indication of start position of the next segment” . In an alternative embodiment, the start position of the segment for retransmission may be allocated at a place later than the segment failed to be decoded, e.g., a fixed delay or after all consequent segments'transmissions. In yet an alternative embodiment, the segment for retransmission plus the consequent segments may be treated as a new transmission of a D2R data unit, e.g., the start position for retransmission would be 0. In yet another alternative embodiment, the reader may trigger the entire D2R data unit's retransmission including the previous segments decoded successfully.
[0190] In some embodiments, if the device cannot transmit a segment to the reader successfully even after Ntimes ofretransmissions in an access occasion, the reader may take at least one of the below actions to handle the transmission failure.
[0191] 1) the reader may determine to move to the next access occasion.
[0192] 2) The reader may signal the device that the device has failed to transmit the segment. So, the device will prepare for re-access and send the D2R data after re-access.
[0193] 3) the reader may signal the device that the data block is not successfully received by the reader and that the device needs to respond to further messages from the reader in subsequent access occasions associated with a same service request and / or transaction identifier (ID) .
[0194] In re-access (associated with the same service request) , the reader may inform the start position from where the device should send the D2R data segment to the reader, where the start position may be determined according to methods described in previous embodiments. Such info may be included in the R2D message initiating the re-access or the R2D message triggering the transmission of the D2R data segment. Correspondingly, the device may send the D2R data segment starting from the indicated position (i.e., no need to send again the segment (s) that have already been successfully transmitted) .
[0195] 3) The reader may send a signaling to the CN or a neighbor reader that the reader has experienced transmission failures from certain devices.
[0196] a. The reader may also include the percentage of the number of transmission failures detected by the reader, for example, the number of transmission failures detected by the reader divided by the total number of transmissions, or the number of access occasions during which the reader has detected transmission failures from devices divided by the total number of access occasions.
[0197] b. After reception of the signaling, the CN or the neighbor reader may determine to trigger an inventory / paging procedure towards this area.
[0198] In some embodiments, for the above solution for retransmission of the segment failed to be decoded or the solution to deal with transmission failure, optionally, the segment granularity may be updated or otherwise determined by the reader or the device. In some embodiments, the segment granularity may be decreased (i.e., the segment size / length is shortened) , compared with the initial / default / current granularity, when one or more than one failed segment occurs, e.g., larger than a number threshold. In some embodiments, the segment granularity may be increased or reverted to the initial / default granularity when no or fewer failed segments occurs e.g., less than a number threshold. In some embodiments, the segment granularity may be updated per segment or per D2R data unit when one of the aforementioned conditions is met.
[0199] The reader providing feedback for segment transmission
[0200] In some embodiments, the reader may send feedback (atype of R2D message) of segmented transmission where the feedback either sent:
[0201] · Option 1: Per segment, or
[0202] · Option 2: Per bundle of segments (e.g., like for CBG) , i.e., for X segments, the reader may send ACK / NACK. As an example, if one or more segments out of X segments fail, the reader may send NACK, and the device may transmit the X segments again.
[0203] In some embodiments, ifthe reader sends K feedbacks correspond to K segments or K bundle of segments, the reader can send these K feedbacks in:
[0204] · Case 1: K R2D messages, where each message may contain feedback for each segment, see Fig. 3, or
[0205] · Case 2: Single PHY R2D message, which contains K feedbacks corresponding to K segments or K bundle of segments, see Fig. 4.
[0206] As shown in Fig. 3, each segment (e.g., the 1st segment, ... , the kth segment, ... , the last segment) has a corresponding R2D feedback message (e.g., feedback of the 1st segment, ... , feedback of the kth segment, ... , feedback of the last segment) indicating the success or failure of segmented transmission. As shown in Fig. 4, multiple segments (e.g., the 1st segment, ... , the kth segment, ... , the last segment) may be provided with feedback in a single PHY R2D message (K feedbacks of the K segments or single feedback of the bundled K segments) where the feedback can be bundled (Option 2) or not (Option 1) .
[0207] In some embodiments, the R2D message (e.g., Msg2) that triggers the D2R transmission (s) (e.g., Msg3) containing (segment) of higher layer packet may provide the parameter “X”a nd the number of feedbacks included in a single R2D message. The device may only monitor feedback after transmitting (X*number of feedbacks included in a single R2D message) number of segments since the last time it received the R2D triggering message or the feedback.
[0208] In some embodiments, the parameter “X” and the number of feedbacks included in a single R2D message may be updated by using a R2D message transmitted after the R2D triggering message (e.g., transmitted in the R2D message including the feedback) .
[0209] In some embodiments, the device may transmit the next segment in an occasion if it receives (depending on feedback design) :
[0210] · Explicit ACK, or
[0211] · No Explicit NACK.
[0212] In some embodiments, for case with explicit ACK, the R2D message can indicate at least 1-bit codeword indicating ACK along with RN16. The RN16 would still be required if the occasion resource is Frequency Division Multiplexed (FDMed) for multiple devices.
[0213] In some embodiments, to have this work the D2R resource for (re) transmitting subsequent segment (s) (i.e., not the first segment) of a D2R data unit needs also be provided by the R2D message triggering transmission of all the segments of the D2R data unit. It may be (pre) configured that the same L1 parameters (e.g., D2R resource, D2R MCS, etc. ) may be applied to all the segment (re) transmissions, and the triggering message only needs to indicate one set of L1 parameters. Alternatively, the triggering message may indicate different sets of L1 parameters for different segment (re) transmissions, in which case the set of L1 parameters may be associated with segment index (es) .
[0214] The device handling segment transmission and retransmission
[0215] In some embodiments, the device may determine whether a data unit needs to be segmented based on at least one of the below conditions:
[0216] 1) The size of the data (e.g., device ID or command response stored in the memory) ;
[0217] 2) The size of the MAC headers;
[0218] 3) Whether there is any MAC CE, MAC control PDU or signaling triggered and need to be transmitted together with the data;
[0219] 4) The (transport block) size which the resource can provide (e.g., based on MCS) .
[0220] In some embodiments, the device may decide to prioritize MAC CE, MAC control PDU or signaling over the data. In other words, the device may determine to allocate resources first to MAC CE, MAC control PDU or signaling. If there are free resource available, the device may allocate the rest resources to the data. If the rest free resources are not available to include all data, the device will perform segmentation.
[0221] In some embodiments, when the device builds the MAC PDU / data unit, the device may include at least one of the below indicators:
[0222] 1) An indicator indicating the segment included in the data unit is the first segment of the data;
[0223] 2) An indicator indicating the segment included in the data unit is the last segment of the data;
[0224] 3) An indicator indicating the segment included in the data unit is neither the first segment nor the last segment.
[0225] In some embodiments, upon reception of a signaling from the reader including the start position of the next segment to be transmitted, the device may copy the data stored in the memory range indicated by the start position of the segment and the end position limited by the (transport block) size provided by the resources and then transmit the copied data to the reader.
[0226] In some embodiments, the device indicating need for segmentation for Msg3 can be indicated in
[0227] · Msg1 (along with random number) , or
[0228] · First segment of Msg3.
[0229] Fig. 5 is a flow chart of an exemplary method 500 at a first communication device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 500 may be performed at a communication device (e.g., the BS 105, the intermediate node 110, the assisting node 115, the UE 120) for improved transmission of data segments. The method 500 may comprise a step S510. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the method 500 may comprise more steps, different steps, or any combination thereof. Further the steps of the method 500 may be performed in a different order than that described herein. Further, in some embodiments, a step in the method 500 may be split into multiple sub-steps and performed by different entities, and / or multiple steps in the method 500 may be combined into a single step.
[0230] The method 500 may begin at step S510 where the first communication device may transmit, to a second communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device.
[0231] In some embodiments, the location or the pointer may indicate an address in the second communication device's memory. In some embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: receiving, from the second communication device, a second message containing the first segment or a segment next to the first segment. In some embodiments, before the first message is transmitted, the method 500 may further comprise: transmitting, to the second communication device, a third message indicating at least one of: a second segment of the data block; a location of or a pointer to a second segment of the data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a second segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device.
[0232] In some embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: receiving, from the second communication device, a fourth message containing the second segment or a segment next to the second segment. In some embodiments, the first message may be transmitted in response to one of:receiving the fourth message; and not receiving the fourth message for a specific period of time since the third message is transmitted. In some embodiments, the first segment may be at least one of: a segment next to the second segment; the second segment; a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment; a segment next to the latest, successfully decoded segment of the data block; a segment whose start position is subsequent to the start position of the second segment; one of the second segment and its subsequent segments; and one of segments of the data block.
[0233] In some embodiments, the location of or the pointer to the first segment may be indicated by the first message with at least one of: a location of the first segment in a memory of the second communication device; a pointer to the first segment in a memory of the second communication device; an index of a region in a memory of the second communication device; an identifier of a region in a memory of the second communication device; an indication of the memory in which the first segment is stored when there are multiple memories in the second communication device; a start position of the first segment in the memory; an end position of the first segment in the memory; a size of the first segment; a two dimensional start position of the first segment in the memory; a two dimensional end position of the first segment in the memory; a first size of the first segment in a first dimension; and a second size of the first segment in a second dimension that is different from the first dimension.
[0234] In some embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: transmitting, to the second communication device, a message indicating whether a gap between two consecutive segments of the data block is enabled or disabled. In some embodiments, the first message may further indicate a resource for the second communication device to transmit the second message. In some embodiments, the first message may not indicate any resource for the second communication device to transmit the second message. In some embodiments, the first message may be at least one of: Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling; application layer signaling; a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) ; a MAC control Protocol Data Unit (PDU) ; and a Layer 1 (L1) signalling.
[0235] In some embodiments, at least one of the second message and the fourth message may indicate that a segment contained by the at least one of the second message and the fourth message is at least one of: the first one of segments of the data block; the last one of segments of the data block; not the first one of segments of the data block; and not the last one of segments of the data block. In some embodiments, when the first communication device determines that the second segment is the first one of segments of the data block and that the second segment is successfully decoded, the first segment may be a segment next to the second segment.
[0236] In some embodiments, when the first communication device determines that the second segment is the first one of segments of the data block and that the second segment is not successfully decoded, the first segment may be the second segment or a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment.In some embodiments, when the first communication device determines that the second segment is not the first one of segments of the data block, that the second segment is not the last one of segments of the data block, and that the second segment is successfully decoded, the first segment may be a segment next to the second segment. In some embodiments, when the first communication device determines that the first segment is not the first one of segments of the data block, that the first segment is the last one of segments of the data block, and that the first segment is successfully decoded, the method 500 may further comprise at least one of: determining that the data block is successfully received; and transmitting, to the second communication device, a message indicating that the data block is successfully received by the first communication device. In some embodiments, when the first communication device determines that the second segment is not the first one of segments of the data block and that the second segment is not successfully decoded, the first segment may be at least one of: the second segment; a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment; a segment whose start position is subsequent to the start position of the second segment; one of the second segment and its subsequent segments; and one of all segments of the data block.
[0237] In some embodiments, in response to determining that the first segment is not able to be received by the first communication device after a specific number of retransmissions, the method 500 may further comprise at least one of: determining to move to the next access occasion; transmitting, to the second communication device, a message indicating that the second communication device fails to transmit the first segment or the segment next to the first segment; transmitting, to the second communication device, a message indicating that the data block is not successfully received by the first communication device and that the second communication device needs to respond to further messages from the first communication device in subsequent access occasions associated with a same service request and / or transaction identifier (ID) ; and transmitting, to a Core Network (CN) node or a neighboring communication device, a message indicating that the first communication device has experienced a transmission failure from the second communication device. In some embodiments, the subsequent access occasions may belong to the same access round or one or more subsequent access rounds.
[0238] In some embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise, for the next access, at least one of: transmitting, to the second communication device, a sixth message indicating a start position from where the second communication device is to transmit a segment of the data block; and receiving, from the second communication device, a message containing the segment. In some embodiments, the sixth message may be at least one of: a message initiating the next access; and a message triggering the second communication device to transmit the segment. In some embodiments, the message transmitted to the CN node or the neighboring communication device may further indicate at least one of: a ratio of a number of failed transmissions to a total number of transmissions; and a ratio of a number of access occasions during which a failed transmission is detected to a total number of access occasions.
[0239] In some embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: updating a segment granularity based on at least a number of failed segment transmissions. In some embodiments, the segment granularity may be updated by at least one of: decreasing the segment granularity in response to determining that the number of failed segment transmissions is larger than a threshold; and increasing the segment granularity in response to determining that the number of failed segment transmissions is less than a threshold. In some embodiments, the method 500 may further comprise: transmitting, to the second communication device, a message indicating one or more feedbacks in response to one or more segments transmitted by the second communication device.
[0240] In some embodiments, a feedback may be transmitted in response to a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments. In some embodiments, the first message may further indicate at least one of: a first number of messages for feedbacks; and a second number of feedbacks indicated by a single message. In some embodiments, a feedback may indicate at least one of: an explicit acknowledgement (ACK) indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is successfully received; an implicit ACK indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is successfully received; an explicit negative-acknowledgement (NACK) indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is not successfully received; and an implicit NACK indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is not successfully received. In some embodiments, the first communication device may be an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) reader, while the second communication device may be an A-IoT device.
[0241] Fig. 6 is a flow chart of an exemplary method 600 at a second communication device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 600 may be performed at a communication device (e.g., the A-IoT device 100) for improved transmission of data segments. The method 600 may comprise a step S610. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some other embodiments, the method 600 may comprise more steps, different steps, or any combination thereof. Further the steps of the method 600 may be performed in a different order than that described herein. Further, in some embodiments, a step in the method 600 may be split into multiple sub-steps and performed by different entities, and / or multiple steps in the method 600 may be combined into a single step.
[0242] The method 600 may begin at step S610 where the second communication device may receive, from a first communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device.
[0243] In some embodiments, the location or the pointer may indicate an address in the second communication device's memory. In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: transmitting, to the first communication device, a second message containing the first segment or a segment next to the first segment.
[0244] In some embodiments, before the first message is received, the method 600 may further comprise: receiving, from the first communication device, a third message indicating at least one of:a second segment of the data block; a location of or a pointer to a second segment of the data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a second segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device. In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: transmitting, to the first communication device, a fourth message containing the second segment or a segment next to the second segment.
[0245] In some embodiments, the first message may be received in response to one of: transmitting the fourth message; and not transmitting the fourth message for a specific period of time since the third message is received. In some embodiments, the first segment may be at least one of: a segment next to the second segment; the second segment; a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment; a segment next to the latest, successfully decoded segment of the data block; a segment whose start position is subsequent to the start position of the second segment; one of the second segment and its subsequent segments; and one of segments of the data block.
[0246] In some embodiments, the location of or the pointer to the first segment may be indicated by the first message with at least one of: a location of the first segment in a memory of the second communication device; a pointer to the first segment in a memory of the second communication device; an index of a region in a memory of the second communication device; an identifier of a region in a memory of the second communication device; and an indication of the memory in which the first segment is stored when there are multiple memories in the second communication device; a start position of the first segment in the memory; an end position of the first segment in the memory; a size of the first segment; a two dimensional start position of the first segment in the memory; a two dimensional end position of the first segment in the memory; a first size of the first segment in a first dimension; and a second size of the first segment in a second dimension that is different from the first dimension.
[0247] In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: receiving, from the first communication device, a message indicating whether a gap between two consecutive segments of the data block is enabled or disabled. In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise at least one of: storing segments of a data block with gaps therebetween in response to the message indicating that a gap between two consecutive segments of the data block is enabled; and storing segments of a data block without gaps therebetween in response to the message indicating that a gap between two consecutive segments of the data block is disabled.
[0248] In some embodiments, the first message may further indicate a resource for the second communication device to transmit the second message. In some embodiments, the second message may be transmitted by using the resource indicated by the first message. In some embodiments, the first message may not indicate any resource for the second communication device to transmit the second message. In some embodiments, the first message may be at least one of: Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling; application layer signaling; a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) ; a MAC control Protocol Data Unit (PDU) ; and a Layer 1 (L1) signalling.
[0249] In some embodiments, at least one of the second message and the fourth message may indicate that a segment contained by the at least one of the second message and the fourth message is at least one of: the first one of segments of the data block; the last one of segments of the data block; not the first one of segments of the data block; and not the last one of segments of the data block. In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: receiving, from the first communication device, a message indicating that the data block is successfully received by the first communication device. In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: receiving, from the first communication device, a message indicating that the second communication device fails to transmit the first segment or the segment next to the first segment; and receiving, from the first communication device, a message indicating that the data block is not successfully received by the first communication device and that the second communication device needs to respond to further messages from the first communication device in subsequent access occasions associated with a same service request and / or transaction identifier (ID) . In some embodiments, the subsequent access occasions may belong to the same access round or one or more subsequent access rounds. In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise, for the next access, at least one of: receiving, from the first communication device, a sixth message indicating a start position from where the second communication device is to transmit a segment of the data block; and transmitting, to the first communication device, a message containing the segment. In some embodiments, the sixth message may be at least one of: a message initiating the next access; and a message triggering the second communication device to transmit the segment.
[0250] In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: receiving, from the first communication device, a message indicating one or more feedbacks in response to one or more segments transmitted by the second communication device. In some embodiments, a feedback may be received in response to a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments being transmitted by the second communication device. In some embodiments, the first message may further indicate at least one of: a first number of messages for feedbacks; and a second number of feedbacks indicated by a single message. In some embodiments, the method 600 may further comprise: performing a feedback monitoring only after a third number of segments are transmitted. In some embodiments, the third number may be equal to a multiplication product of the first number and the second number.
[0251] In some embodiments, a feedback may indicate at least one of: an explicit acknowledgement (ACK) indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is successfully received; an implicit ACK indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is successfully received; an explicit negative-acknowledgement (NACK) indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is not successfully received; and an implicit NACK indicating that a corresponding segment or a corresponding bundle of segments is not successfully received. In some embodiments, in response to receiving an explicit ACK for a segment and / or in response to receiving no explicit NACK for a segment, the method 600 may further comprise: transmitting, to the first communication device, a message containing a next segment.
[0252] In some embodiments, before transmitting the first message, the method 600 may further comprise: determining whether the data block is to be segmented based on at least one of: the size of the data block; the size of an associated MAC header; whether there is any MAC CE, control PDU, or signaling to be transmitted together with the data block; and the size that is able to be provided by a resource for data transmission by the second communication device.
[0253] In some embodiments, at least one of MAC CE, control PDU, and signaling may be prioritized over the data block in resource allocation. In some embodiments, the first communication device may be an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) reader, while the second communication device may be an A-IoT device.
[0254] Fig. 7 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement which may be used in communication devices according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Comprised in the arrangement 700 are a processing unit 706, e.g., with a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or a Central Processing Unit (CPU) . The processing unit 706 may be a single unit or a plurality of units to perform different actions of procedures described herein. The arrangement 700 may also comprise an input unit 702 for receiving signals from other entities, and an output unit 704 for providing signal (s) to other entities. The input unit 702 and the output unit 704 may be arranged as an integrated entity or as separate entities.
[0255] Furthermore, the arrangement 700 may comprise at least one computer program product 708 in the form of a non-volatile or volatile memory, e.g., an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) , a flash memory and / or a hard drive. The computer program product 708 comprises a computer program 710, which comprises code / computer readable instructions, which when executed by the processing unit 706 in the arrangement 700 causes the arrangement 700 and / or the communication devices and / or the network nodes in which it is comprised to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 5 through Fig. 6 or any other variant.
[0256] The computer program 710 may be configured as a computer program code structured in a computer program module 710A. Hence, in an exemplifying embodiment when the arrangement 700 is used in a first communication device, the code in the computer program of the arrangement 700 includes: a module 710A configured to transmit, to a second communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device.
[0257] Additionally or alternatively, the computer program 710 may be configured as a computer program code structured in a computer program module 710B. Hence, in an exemplifying embodiment when the arrangement 700 is used in a second communication device, the code in the computer program of the arrangement 700 includes: a module 710B configured to receive, from a communication device, a first message indicating at least one of: a first segment of a data block; a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device; and presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device from the second communication device.
[0258] The computer program modules could essentially perform the actions of the flow illustrated in Fig. 5 through Fig. 6, to emulate the communication devices. In other words, when the different computer program modules are executed in the processing unit 706, they may correspond to different modules in the communication devices.
[0259] Although the code means in the embodiments disclosed above in conjunction with Fig. 7 are implemented as computer program modules which when executed in the processing unit causes the arrangement to perform the actions described above in conjunction with the figures mentioned above, at least one of the code means may in alternative embodiments be implemented at least partly as hardware circuits.
[0260] The processor may be a single CPU (Central processing unit) , but could also comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processor may include general purpose microprocessors; instruction set processors and / or related chips sets and / or special purpose microprocessors such as Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASICs) . The processor may also comprise board memory for caching purposes. The computer program may be carried by a computer program product connected to the processor. The computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium on which the computer program is stored. For example, the computer program product may be a flash memory, a Random-access memory (RAM) , a Read-Only Memory (ROM) , or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules described above could in alternative embodiments be distributed on different computer program products in the form of memories within the communication devices.
[0261] Fig. 8 shows an example of a communication system 800 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0262] In the example, the communication system 800 includes a telecommunications network 802 that includes an access network 804, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 806, which includes one or more core network nodes 808. The access network 804 includes one or more access network nodes or base stations of various types, access network nodes 810A and 810B are depicted (which may be collectively referred to as network nodes 810) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points (APs) . Some embodiments of the access network 804 may include more than one access network technology. The network nodes 810 of access network 804 facilitate direct or indirect connection of wireless devices, also referred to as user equipments (UEs) , such as by connecting UEs 812A, 812B, 812C, and 812D (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 812) to the core network 806 over one or more wireless connections.
[0263] Moreover, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunications network 802 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a network node in the telecommunications network 802 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other network nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any network node in the telecommunications network 802, including one or more access network nodes 810 and / or core network nodes 808.
[0264] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . An ORAN network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN network node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an 0-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies.
[0265] The network nodes 810 facilitate direct or indirect connection of one or more UEs 812 to the core network 806 over one or more wireless connections. Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 800 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 800 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0266] The UEs 812 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 810 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 808, 810 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., via other devices of telecommunications network 802) with the UEs 812 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunications network 802 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunications network 802. More specifically, UEs 812 may send messages, data, and / or other signals to network nodes 808, 810 or other elements of the telecommunications network 802 by transmitting such signals to the relevant device directly without the signals passing through any intervening devices or by transmitting such signals to the relevant device indirectly through an intervening device (or multiple intervening devices) that then transmit the signal to the relevant device. Similarly, network nodes 808, 810 may send messages, data, and other signals to UEs 812, other network nodes 808, 810, and other devices in telecommunications network 802 directly or indirectly. As one specific example, a core network node 808 may transmit a particular message to a UE 812 by transmitting the message to an access network node 810 that will then transmit the message to the intended UE 812. Similarly, a core network node 808 may receive a particular message from a UE 812 by receiving the message from an access network node 810 that itself received the message from the UE 812.
[0267] In the depicted example, the core network 806 connects elements of the access network 804 (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 810) to one or more host computing systems, such as host 816. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 806 includes one or more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 808) of various types, one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 808. Network nodes 808 are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, access network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 808. Example core network nodes provide functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing Function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0268] The host 816 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 804 and / or the telecommunications network 802. The host 816 may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host 816 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more services. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0269] As a whole, the communication system 800 of Fig. 8 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system 800 may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-Max) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) , ZigBee, Li-Fi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox. Moreover, the communication system 800 may be configured to support multiple different standards, protocols, or other rule sets, with individual components supporting all of the relevant rule sets or with different components or sub-systems within the communication system 800 supporting different standards, protocols, or rule sets.
[0270] As one example, in certain embodiments, access network 804 may contain some access network nodes 810 that support 3GPP radio access technologies (RAT) , such as LTE or NR, while other access network nodes 810 support (or the same access network nodes 810 additionally support) non-3GPP RATs, such as Wi-Fi or a proprietary RAT. As another example, telecommunications network 802 may support multiple generations of related communication standards (e.g., 4G and 5G 3GPP communication standards) and, as a result, may include an access network 804 and / or a core network 806 that supports multiple different standard generations or may include multiple access networks 804 and / or multiple core networks 806 with individual networks 804, 806 supporting different standard generations.
[0271] Telecommunications network 802 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunications network 802. For example, the telecommunications network 802 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0272] In some examples, one or more of the UEs 812 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 804 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 804. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio -Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0273] In the example, the hub 814 communicates with the access network 804 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 812C and / or 812D) and network nodes (e.g., network node 810B) . In some examples, the hub 814 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 814 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 806 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 814 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 810, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 814.
[0274] As another example, the hub 814 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 814 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 814 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 814 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 814 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0275] The hub 814 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 810B. The hub 814 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 814 and UEs (e.g., UE 812C and / or 812D) , and between the hub 814 and the core network 806. In other examples, the hub 814 is connected to the core network 806 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 814 may be configured to connect to a Machine to Machine (M2M) service provider over the access network 804 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 810 while still connected via the hub 814 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 814 may be a dedicated hub -that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 810B. In other embodiments, the hub 814 may be a non-dedicated hub -that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 810B, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0276] Fig. 9 is another example of a communication system 900 according to some embodiments. As used herein, the communication system 900 includes multiple access points (APs) 910 (with four exemplary APs 910A, 910B, 910C, and 910D being depicted) and multiple wireless devices, referred to in the context of communication system 900 as stations (STAs) 912 (referred to individually as STA 912A, STA 912B, STA 912C, STA 912D, and STA 912E) . STA 912A is served by AP 910A in a first basic service set (BSS) 920A. STA 912B and STA 912C are served by AP 910B in a second BSS, BSS 920B. STA 912D is served by AP 910C in a third BSS, BSS 920C. STA 912E is served by AP 910D in a fourth BSS, BSS 920D. Stations 912 may be non-AP STAs and correspond to various kinds of wireless devices, for example, user terminals, such as mobile or stationary computing devices like smartphones, laptop computers, desktop computers, tablet computers, gaming devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs) for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) , or the like. Further, stations 912 could, for example, correspond to other kinds of equipment like smart home devices, printers, multimedia devices, data storage devices, or the like.
[0277] Each of STAs 912 may connect through a radio link to one of APs 910. For example, depending on location or channel conditions experienced by a given STA 912, the STA may select an appropriate AP and BSS for establishing the radio link. The radio link may be based on one or more orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) carriers from a frequency spectrum that is shared on the basis of a contention-based mechanism, e.g., an unlicensed or license exempt band like 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, the 5 GHz band, the 6 GHz band, or the 60 GHz band.
[0278] Each AP 910 may provide data connectivity to STAs 912 connected to a particular AP 910. As illustrated, APs 910 may be connected to a data network 930. In this way, APs 910 may also provide data connectivity between STAs 912 and other entities, e.g., to one or more servers, service providers, data sources, data sinks, user terminals, or the like. Accordingly, the radio link established between a given STA 912 and its serving AP 910 may be used for providing various kinds of services to STA 912, e.g., a voice service, a multimedia service, or other data service. Such services may be based on applications that are executed on STA 912 and / or on a device linked to STA 912. By way of example, Fig. 9 illustrates an application service platform 932 provided in data network 930. The application (s) executed on STA 912 and / or on one or more other devices linked to STA 912 may use the radio link for data communication with one or more other STA 912 and / or the application service platform 932, thereby enabling utilization of the corresponding service (s) at STA 912.
[0279] Fig. 10 shows a wireless device 1000, which may be configured to operate in communication system 800 of Fig. 8 or in communication system 900 of Fig. 9. The wireless device 1000 may be alternatively referred to as a UE 1000, like a UE 812 within the context of communication system 800, or as a station (STA) 1000 or as a non-access-point station (non-AP STA) 1000, like a STA 912 within the context of the communication system 900, in accordance with respective embodiments. As used herein, a wireless device refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Examples of a wireless device include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, and wireless terminal. Other examples include any type of UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0280] A wireless device 1000 may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, wireless device 1000 may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, wireless device 1000 may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, wireless device 1000 may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0281] In particular embodiments, wireless device 1000 includes processing circuitry 1002 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1004 to an input / output interface 1006, a power source 1008, a memory 1010, a communication interface 1012, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain embodiments of wireless device 1000 may include all or a subset of the components shown in Fig. 10. The level of integration between the components may vary from one embodiment of wireless device 1000 to another. In general, in a particular embodiment of wireless device 1000, processing circuitry 1002, input / output interface 1006, power source 1008, memory 1010, and communication interface 1012 may, in whole or in part, represent or include physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of wireless device 1000. Further, certain embodiments of wireless devices 1000 may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0282] The processing circuitry 1002 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1010. The processing circuitry 1002 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1002 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0283] In the example, the input / output interface 1006 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into wireless device 1000. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0284] In some embodiments, the power source 1008 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used to supply power to circuitry or to charge an associated battery. The power source 1008 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1008 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of wireless device 1000 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power source 1008 may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to make accessible power suitable for the respective components of the wireless device 1000 to which power is supplied.
[0285] The memory 1010 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 1010 includes one or more programs 1014, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1016. The memory 1010 may store, for use by wireless device 1000, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0286] The memory 1010 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 1010 may allow wireless device 1000 to access instructions, programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1010, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0287] The processing circuitry 1002 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network via or using the communication interface 1012. The communication interface 1012 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1022. The communication interface 1012 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another wireless device or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1018 and / or a receiver 1020 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 1018 and receiver 1020 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1022) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0288] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 1012 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard) , LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0289] In particular embodiments, wireless device 1000 may provide an output of data captured via a sensor, through its communication interface 1012, via a wireless connection to a network node, and / or in any appropriate manner. Data captured by sensors of a wireless device 1000 can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another wireless device 1000. In particular embodiments, such output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0290] As another example, wireless device 1000 comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, wireless device 1000 may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0291] Wireless device 1000, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. In particular embodiments, wireless device 1000 represents an IoT device that comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the example embodiment of wireless device 1000 shown in Fig. 10.
[0292] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, wireless device 1000 may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another wireless device and / or a network node. Wireless device 1000 may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, wireless device 1000 may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, wireless device 1000 may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0293] In practice, any number of wireless devices 1000 may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first wireless device 1000 might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone's speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second wireless device 1000 that is a remote controller operating the drone. When a user makes changes from the remote controller, the first wireless device 1000 may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone's speed. The first and / or the second wireless device 1000 can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, wireless device 1000 might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0294] Fig. 11 shows a network node 1100 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunications network. In accordance with respective embodiments, network node 1100 may be configured to operate in communication system 800 of Fig. 8, like network nodes 808 or 810, or in communication system 900 of Fig. 9, like an AP 910 or a station 912. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0295] Network nodes 1100 may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. Network node 1100 may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. Network nodes 1100 may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0296] Other examples of network nodes 1100 include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0297] In particular embodiments, network node 1100 includes a processing circuitry 1102, a memory 1104, a communication interface 1106, and a power source 1108. In general, in a particular embodiment of network node 1100, processing circuitry 1102, memory 1104, communication interface 1106, and power source 1108 may, in whole or in part, represent or include physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of network node 1100.
[0298] The network node 1100 may be composed of multiple distinct network entities (e.g., a NodeB entity and a RNC entity, or a BTS entity and a BSC entity, etc. ) , which may each have or utilize their own respective physical components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 1100 comprises multiple such entities (e.g., BTS and BSC) , one or more of the separate entities may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1100 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memories 1104 or portions of memory 1104 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1110 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 1100 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1100, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, Wi-Fi (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard) , Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1100.
[0299] The processing circuitry 1102 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other components, such as the memory 1104, to provide network node 1100 functionality.
[0300] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1112 and baseband processing circuitry 1114. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 1112 and the baseband processing circuitry 1114 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1112 and baseband processing circuitry 1114 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0301] The memory 1104 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1102. The memory 1104 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1102 and utilized by the network node 1100. The memory 1104 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1102 and / or any data received via the communication interface 1106. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 and memory 1104 are integrated.
[0302] The communication interface 1106 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data with UEs, other network nodes, and / or any other network equipment. In the illustrated embodiment, communication interface 1106 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 1116 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. In particular embodiments, network node 1100 may be capable of wireless communication and communication interface 1106 may also include radio front-end circuitry 1118 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, an antenna 1110. Particular embodiments of radio front-end circuitry 1118 include filter (s) 1120 and amplifier (s) 1122. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may be connected to an antenna 1110 and processing circuitry 1102. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1110 and processing circuitry 1102. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may convert the digital data into a radio signal (s) having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1120 and / or amplifiers 1122. The radio signal (s) may then be transmitted via the antenna 1110. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1110 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1118. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1102. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0303] In certain alternative embodiments, network node 1100 may be capable of wireless communication but does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1118, instead, the processing circuitry 1102 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1110. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1112 is part of the communication interface 1106. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1106 includes one or more ports or terminals 1116, the radio front-end circuitry 1118, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1112, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 1106 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1114, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0304] The antenna 1110 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1110 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1118 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 1110 is separate from the network node 1100 and connectable to the network node 1100 through one or more interfaces or ports.
[0305] The antenna 1110, communication interface 1106, and / or the processing circuitry 1102 may be configured to perform some or all of the receiving operations and / or obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node 1100. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1110, the communication interface 1106, and / or the processing circuitry 1102 may be configured to perform some or all of the transmitting or sending operations described herein as being performed by the network node 1100. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0306] The power source 1108 provides power to the various components of network node 1100 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 1108 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1100 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 1100 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1108. As a further example, the power source 1108 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0307] Embodiments of the network node 1100 may include additional components beyond those shown in Fig. 11 for providing certain aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1100 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1100 and to allow output of information from the network node 1100. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1100.
[0308] Fig. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1200 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1200 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as an access network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which a virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1200 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an 0-2 interface.
[0309] Applications 1202 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment 1200 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0310] Hardware 1204 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1206 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VM 1208A and VM 1208B (which may be collectively referred to as VMs 1208) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1206 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to one or more of the VMs 1208.
[0311] The VMs 1208 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by virtualization layer 1206. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1202 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1208, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0312] In the context of NFV, each of the VMs 1208 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1208, and that part of hardware 1204 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more of the VMs 1208 on top of the hardware 1204 and corresponds to an application 1202.
[0313] Hardware 1204 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1204 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1204 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1210, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1202. In some embodiments, hardware 1204 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1212 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0314] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0315] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
[0316] The present disclosure is described above with reference to the embodiments thereof. However, those embodiments are provided just for illustrative purpose, rather than limiting the present disclosure. The scope of the disclosure is defined by the attached claims as well as equivalents thereof. Those skilled in the art can make various alternations and modifications without departing from the scope of the disclosure, which all fall into the scope of the disclosure.
Claims
1.A method (500) at a first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) , the method (500) comprising:transmitting (S510) , to a second communication device (100) , a first message indicating at least one of:- a first segment of a data block;- a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) ; and- presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) .2.The method (500) of claim 1, wherein the location or the pointer indicates an address in the second communication device's (100) memory.3.The method (500) of claim 1 or 2, further comprising:receiving, from the second communication device (100) , a second message containing the first segment or a segment next to the first segment.4.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein before the first message is transmitted, the method (500) further comprises:transmitting, to the second communication device (100) , a third message indicating at least one of:- a second segment of the data block;- a location of or a pointer to a second segment of the data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) ; and- presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a second segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) .5.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 4, further comprising:receiving, from the second communication device (100) , a fourth message containing the second segment or a segment next to the second segment.6.The method (500) of claim 4 or 5, wherein the first message is transmitted in response to one of:- receiving the fourth message; and- not receiving the fourth message for a specific period of time since the third message is transmitted.7.The method (500) of any of claims 4 to 6, wherein the first segment is at least one of:- a segment next to the second segment;- the second segment;- a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment;- a segment next to the latest, successfully decoded segment of the data block;- a segment whose start position is subsequent to the start position of the second segment;- one of the second segment and its subsequent segments; and- one of segments of the data block.8.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the location of or the pointer to the first segment is indicated by the first message with at least one of:- a location of the first segment in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- a pointer to the first segment in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- an index of a region in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- an identifier of a region in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- an indication of the memory in which the first segment is stored when there are multiple memories in the second communication device (100) ;- a start position of the first segment in the memory;- an end position of the first segment in the memory;- a size of the first segment;- a two dimensional start position of the first segment in the memory;- a two dimensional end position of the first segment in the memory;- a first size of the first segment in a first dimension; and- a second size of the first segment in a second dimension that is different from the first dimension.9.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 8, further comprising:transmitting, to the second communication device (100) , a message indicating whether a gap between two consecutive segments of the data block is enabled or disabled.10.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first message further indicates a resource for the second communication device (100) to transmit the second message.11.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the first message does not indicate any resource for the second communication device (100) to transmit the second message.12.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the first message is at least one of:- Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling;- application layer signaling;- a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) ;- a MAC control Protocol Data Unit (PDU) ; and- a Layer 1 (L1) signalling.13.The method (500) of any of claims 4 to 12, wherein at least one of the second message and the fourth message indicates that a segment contained by the at least one of the second message and the fourth message is at least one of:- the first one of segments of the data block;- the last one of segments of the data block;- not the first one of segments of the data block; and- not the last one of segments of the data block.14.The method (500) of any of claims 4 to 13, wherein when the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) determines that the second segment is the first one of segments of the data block and that the second segment is successfully decoded, the first segment is a segment next to the second segment.15.The method (500) of any of claims 4 to 14, wherein when the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) determines that the second segment is the first one of segments of the data block and that the second segment is not successfully decoded, the first segment is the second segment or a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment.16.The method (500) of any of claims 4 to 15, wherein when the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) determines that the second segment is not the first one of segments of the data block, that the second segment is not the last one of segments of the data block, and that the second segment is successfully decoded, the first segment is a segment next to the second segment.17.The method (500) of any of claims 3 to 16, wherein when the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) determines that the first segment is not the first one of segments of the data block, that the first segment is the last one of segments of the data block, and that the first segment is successfully decoded, the method (500) further comprises at least one of:determining that the data block is successfully received; andtransmitting, to the second communication device (100) , a message indicating that the data block is successfully received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) .18.The method (500) of any of claims 4 to 17, wherein when the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) determines that the second segment is not the first one of segments of the data block and that the second segment is not successfully decoded, the first segment is at least one of:- the second segment;- a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment;- a segment whose start position is subsequent to the start position of the second segment;- one of the second segment and its subsequent segments; and- one of all segments of the data block: .19.The method (500) of any of claims 1 to 18, wherein the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) is an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) reader, while the second communication device (100) is an A-IoT device.20.A first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120, 700) comprising:a processor (706) ;a memory (708) storing instructions which, when executed by the processor (706) , cause the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120, 700) to:transmit, to a second communication device (100) , a first message indicating at least one of:- a first segment of a data block;- a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120, 700) from the second communication device (100) ; and- presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120, 700) from the second communication device (100) .21.The first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120, 700) of claim 20, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor (706) , cause the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120, 700) to further perform any of the methods (500) of claims 2 to 19.22.A method (600) at a second communication device (100) , the method (600) comprising:receiving, from a first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) , a first message indicating at least one of:- a first segment of a data block;- a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) ; and- presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) .23.The method (600) of claim 22, wherein the location or the pointer indicates an address in the second communication device's (100) memory.24.The method (600) of claim 22 or 23, further comprising:transmitting, to the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) , a second message containing the first segment or a segment next to the first segment.25.The method (600) of any of claims 22 to 24, wherein before the first message is received, the method (600) further comprises:receiving, from the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) , a third message indicating at least one of:- a second segment of the data block;- a location of or a pointer to a second segment of the data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) ; and- presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a second segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100) .26.The method (600) of any of claims 22 to 25, further comprising:transmitting, to the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) , a fourth message containing the second segment or a segment next to the second segment.27.The method (600) of claim 25 or 26, wherein the first message is received in response to one of:- transmitting the fourth message; and- not transmitting the fourth message for a specific period of time since the third message is received.28.The method (600) of any of claims 25 to 27, wherein the first segment is at least one of:- a segment next to the second segment;- the second segment;- a segment that carries at least a part of information of the second segment;- a segment next to the latest, successfully decoded segment of the data block;- a segment whose start position is subsequent to the start position of the second segment;- one of the second segment and its subsequent segments; and- one of segments of the data block.29.The method (600) of any of claims 22 to 28, wherein the location of or the pointer to the first segment is indicated by the first message with at least one of:- a location of the first segment in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- a pointer to the first segment in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- an index of a region in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- an identifier of a region in a memory of the second communication device (100) ;- an indication of the memory in which the first segment is stored when there are multiple memories in the second communication device (100) ;- a start position of the first segment in the memory;- an end position of the first segment in the memory;- a size of the first segment;- a two dimensional start position of the first segment in the memory;- a two dimensional end position of the first segment in the memory;- a first size of the first segment in a first dimension; and- a second size of the first segment in a second dimension that is different from the first dimension.30.The method (600) of any of claims 22 to 29, wherein the first message is at least one of:- Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling;- application layer signaling;- a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element (CE) ;- a MAC control Protocol Data Unit (PDU) ; and- a Layer 1 (L1) signalling.31.The method (600) of any of claims 25 to 30, wherein at least one of the second message and the fourth message indicates that a segment contained by the at least one of the second message and the fourth message is at least one of:- the first one of segments of the data block;- the last one of segments of the data block;- not the first one of segments of the data block; and- not the last one of segments of the data block.32.The method (600) of any of claims 25 to 31, further comprising:receiving, from the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) , a message indicating that the data block is successfully received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) .33.The method (600) of any of claims 22 to 32, wherein before transmitting the first message, the method (600) further comprises:determining whether the data block is to be segmented based on at least one of:- the size of the data block;- the size of an associated MAC header;- whether there is any MAC CE, control PDU, or signaling to be transmitted together with the data block; and- the size that is able to be provided by a resource for data transmission by the second communication device (100) .34.The method (600) of any of claims 22 to 33, wherein at least one of MAC CE, control PDU, and signaling is prioritized over the data block in resource allocation.35.The method (600) of any of claims 22 to 34, wherein the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) is an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) reader, while the second communication device (100) is an A-IoT device.36.A second communication device (100, 700) comprising:a processor (706) ;a memory (708) storing instructions which, when executed by the processor (706) , cause the second communication device (100, 700) to:receive, from a first communication device, a first message indicating at least one of:- a first segment of a data block;- a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100, 700) ; and- presence or absence of a location of or a pointer to a first segment of a data block, which is expected to be received or has been received by the first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) from the second communication device (100, 700) .37.The second communication device (100, 700) of claim 36, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor (706) , cause the second communication device (100, 700) to further perform any of the methods (600) of claims 23 to 35.38.A computer program (710) comprising instructions which, when executed by at least one processor (706) , cause the at least one processor (706) to carry out the method (500, 600) of any of claims 1 to 19 and 22 to 35.39.A carrier (708) containing the computer program (710) of claim 38, wherein the carrier (708) is one of an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal, or computer readable storage medium.40.A telecommunication system (10, 10', 10” , 100”’ , 10””) , comprising:a first communication device (105, 110, 115, 120) of claim 20 or 21; andone or more second communication devices (100) of claim 36 or 37.