Device and method for separating and fractionating materials from building materials having a plurality of layers of different materials

Abstract

The present invention relates to a device (1) and a method for separating and fractionating materials from building materials having a plurality of layers of different materials. The device (1) has a milling device (10) with an adjustable milling depth, a collecting device (3), a suction device (4) and a plurality of flexible tube elements (5), by means of which the milling device (10) is connected to the collecting device (3) and the suction device (4). The device (1) further has at least one further collecting device (3) and a material diverter (2) having an inlet (21) and at least two outlets (22), wherein the inlet (21) is connected to the milling device (10) via a tube element (5) and can be selectively connected to each one of the outlets (22) by means of a pivot element (23). Each outlet (22) is connected to one of the at least two collecting devices (3) via a respective tube element (5), and each collecting device (3) is connected to the suction device (4) via a tube element (5).

Description

[0001] DEVICE AND METHOD FOR SEPARATING AND FRACTIONING MATERIALS FROM BUILDING MATERIALS CONSISTING OF MULTIPLE LAYERS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

[0002] The invention relates to a device and a method for separating and fractionating materials from building materials that have several layers of different materials.

[0003] It is known from the prior art to use milling devices in the construction sector, e.g. in the renovation of old buildings, to remove, for example, plaster, tile adhesive, filler or paint ("layer") from a floor, wall or ceiling ("surface") that consists of a building material such as concrete, stone or wood.

[0004] The milling machine can be mounted on a movable support using a guide device to facilitate operator-guided movement of the machine along the layer of material to be removed from the surface. Depending on the size of the milling machine, it can alternatively be operated manually, meaning that an operator guides the machine without a support or guide device across the surface to remove a layer of material.

[0005] In this process, a layer of material of defined thickness is removed in a series of passes using the teeth of a rotating milling drum. The milled material or material particles can then be vacuumed up. To prevent release into the environment, the material or material particles can be collected in a container, which is particularly important if the material layer to be removed contains pollutants such as asbestos or lead.

[0006] For example, FR 2913627 A1 shows a milling device connected via a tubular element to a filter and bagging device, which in turn is connected via another tubular element to a suction device. Furthermore, a device with two milling devices is shown. One milling device is mounted on a wall support for removing a layer of material from a wall, and the other milling device is mounted on a ceiling support for removing a layer of material from a ceiling. The tubular elements of both milling devices open into the filter and bagging device.

[0007] Another milling device for processing a wall or ceiling is known, for example, from DE 102011 003010 A1. In this device, the roller housing in which the milling roller is held is connected via a hose to a collection container, which can be part of a vacuum cleaner. The milling depth is adjustable, allowing the device to be used variably and to remove coverings of different thicknesses or multi-layered coverings. EP 3922426 A1 discloses a further milling device for removing material from a surface in strips, which has a movable cover. The movement of this cover can generate an air-material particle stream to a suction opening.

[0008] From WO 2015 / 091341, an extraction device is known which has several collection devices for different particle sizes, which can be connected to an extraction duct via shut-off valves.

[0009] Currently, the removed coating materials are not separated, so they must be disposed of together.

[0010] Starting from this state of the art, the object of the present invention is to create an improved device for separating and fractionating materials from building materials that have several layers of different materials.

[0011] This problem is solved by a device having the features of claim 1.

[0012] Accordingly, another object of the present invention is to provide a method for separating and fractionating materials from building materials that have several layers of different materials.

[0013] This problem is solved by the method with the features of independent claim 8.

[0014] Further developments of the device and the method are described in the respective dependent claims. The device according to the invention for separating and fractionating materials from building materials that have several layers of different materials comprises a milling device with an adjustable milling depth, a collection device, a suction device, and a plurality of flexible tube elements by which the milling device is connected to the collection device and the suction device. According to the invention, the device has at least one further collection device and a material diverter with an inlet and at least two outlets. The inlet of the material diverter is connected to the milling device via a tube element and can be selectively connected to one of the outlets by means of a pivoting element.Each outlet is connected via a tube element to one of at least two collecting devices, with each collecting device being connected to the suction device via a tube element.

[0015] Depending on the position of the material diverter, which is located between the milling device and the collection devices, the material removed by the milling device can be directed into a specific collection device. This allows multiple layers of different materials present on a building material to be milled off sequentially and collected separately by switching the material diverter accordingly, without requiring any reconfiguration of the device.

[0016] "Building materials comprising multiple layers of different materials" here refers to multilayered materials present on a building material surface, for example, a wall on which, as a multilayered material, plaster is applied, which in turn bears wallpaper painted with wall paint. The wall then has three material layers on its surface ("building material surface"), which can be separated "by type" using the device according to the invention. By definition, "fractionation" here would then be the separation into paint / paint particles, wallpaper material, and plaster material. Thus, when "fractionation" is used, it does not refer to separation by particle size, but rather by material type. This understanding can be applied to floors, ceilings, etc.

[0017] The use of the device according to the invention allows secondary raw materials to be recovered and reintroduced into the material cycle, and disposal costs can be reduced by avoiding mixed waste and contaminants in the recycling process. This results in an improved recycling rate and a reduction in landfill load. Since retrofitting is unnecessary and the collection devices and suction device can be equipped with appropriate filters, compliance with all limit values ​​regarding A- and E-dusts, building pollutants, and asbestos fiber concentrations below 10,000 fibers / m³ can be ensured. 3 be secured.

[0018] According to the invention, the device can be scaled depending on the number and type of material layers of the coatings to be removed. For two material fractions to be collected selectively, two collection devices are sufficient, each connected to an outlet of a material diverter, which must accordingly have two outlets. If three material fractions are to be collected separately in separate collection devices, a material diverter with three outlets is selected; for four material fractions to be separated, four collection devices and diverter outlets are used, etc.

[0019] Material diverters with multiple outlets can also be used according to the invention to separate fewer fractions than there are outlets - then one or more outlets remain unused.

[0020] According to a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, the milling depth of the milling device is infinitely adjustable and / or electronically adjustable for exact adaptation to the material layer to be milled.

[0021] Furthermore, according to another embodiment, the material switch can have a manually and / or electronically controllable actuating device for switching the pivoting element between the at least two outlets.

[0022] Manually adjustable versions of the milling device and the material diverter are more cost-effective. An electronic actuator for controlling the milling depth and / or the swivel element ensures precise operation and also enables automation or partial automation of the device according to the invention, which is also advantageous for preventing operator errors.

[0023] According to a further embodiment of the device according to the invention, the suction device is formed by a common suction unit or by at least two individual suction units, to which the two or more collection devices are connected via the respective tube element. The use of a common suction unit advantageously reduces the number of parts of the device and thus the assembly effort on site.

[0024] For automated or semi-automated control, the device according to the invention can, in a further embodiment, have at least one electronic control unit connected to at least two device components from the group comprising the milling device, the material diverter, and the suction device. That is, the control unit is connected to the milling device and the material diverter, or to the milling device and the suction device, or to all three. In this way, functions can be coupled so that, for example, when the milling depth of the milling device is changed, the material diverter is activated to switch between the outlets, and / or the suction device is switched on when the milling device is activated. Furthermore, a function is conceivable in which unused outlets of the material diverter are identified in order to block switching to these unused outlets.

[0025] In yet another embodiment of the device according to the invention, this device comprises a lifting mechanism with a support. The milling device has a guide that is movably guided on the support, which is preferably arranged on a movable base. With the support in a vertical orientation, such a lifting mechanism facilitates the operator's path-by-path milling of material layers in a vertical direction from a wall surface as a building material surface.

[0026] With a horizontal orientation of the support, such a lifting device is designed for milling the material layers in a horizontal direction from a floor or ceiling surface and can also be referred to as a pushing device.

[0027] According to a further embodiment of the device according to the invention, the lifting (or pushing) device can also be connected to the electronic control unit (or several). In this case, the milling movement of the milling device along the carrier can also be electronically controlled by corresponding drives for the guide on the carrier and the lifting device. Further (partial) automation is also conceivable by supplementing the device with appropriate sensors for position determination. Additional automation possibilities arise from the use of detectors to record the individual layer thicknesses and materials, for example, for automatic adjustment of the milling depth.The inventive method for separating and fractionating materials from building materials that have several layers of different materials is carried out using a device also according to the invention and comprises the following steps:

[0028] i) Determining the material and thickness of each of the layers of the building material and defining fractions for each of the different materials, whereby, with respect to the multiple layers, a first material of the layers of the building material is assigned to a first fraction and the at least one further material is assigned to a further fraction,

[0029] ii) Providing the device, wherein the device,

[0030] - has at least a number of collection devices corresponding to the identified number of different fractions,

[0031] - a material diverter with a number of outlets that corresponds at least to the number of different fractions, wherein the first fraction is assigned to a first collecting device connected to a first outlet of the material diverter, and each further fraction is assigned to a further collecting device, each connected to a further outlet of the material diverter,

[0032] iii) Determining a first milling depth depending on the thickness of the first material layer, and determining at least one further milling depth depending on the thickness of at least one further material layer,

[0033] iv) Adjusting the material diverter with the pivoting element to connect the inlet to the first outlet,

[0034] v) Setting the first milling depth on the milling device and removing the material of the first layer with the milling device, thereby extracting the removed material with the suction device and transferring it to the first collection device and thus obtaining the first fraction,

[0035] vi) Switching the pivoting element of the material diverter to connect the inlet to the further outlet, which is connected to the further collecting device for collecting a further fraction,

[0036] vii) Adjusting the further milling depth on the milling device and using the milling device to remove the material of the next layer, thereby extracting the removed material with the suction device and transferring it to the next collection device, thus retaining the next fraction.

[0037] Of course, it is also possible to first provide the equipment, and then determine the material and thickness of the layers of the building material.

[0038] According to a further embodiment of the method according to the invention, steps vi) and vii) are repeated to separate further layers of the material of the building material; in step vi) the pivoting element of the material diverter is switched to connect the inlet with the corresponding outlet in such a way that the separated materials are fractionated, so that each fraction is transferred to its designated collection device.

[0039] According to a further embodiment of the method according to the invention, before each switching of the pivoting element of the material diverter in step vi) in step viii), the tube element connected to the milling device and the material diverter are cleaned by suction using the suction device without milling operation of the milling device.

[0040] Further embodiments of the device and the method, as well as some of the advantages associated with these and other embodiments, will become clearer and more easily understood through the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying figures. Items or parts thereof that are essentially the same or similar may be designated with the same reference numerals. The figures are merely a schematic representation of one embodiment of the invention.

[0041] This shows:

[0042] Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a device according to the invention for fractionating building materials that have several layers of different materials.

[0043] Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of the device components that can be connected to a control device.

[0044] Fig. 3 shows a flowchart of a method according to the invention.

[0045] The invention relates to a device and a method for separating and fractionating different materials that are present in multiple layers on building materials or building material surfaces, and thus serves to recover secondary building materials, for example, from installed surfaces in interior spaces on wall, ceiling, and floor surfaces, and on exterior surfaces of buildings and structures. A single device can simultaneously remove different materials or coatings from the building material surfaces and selectively separate and collect the removed materials.

[0046] On the one hand, the building material stripped of its materials or coatings (e.g., concrete, pumice stone, aerated concrete, or masonry) is preserved in a pure, recyclable form. On the other hand, the removed coating materials, such as coverings (e.g., wallpaper, paint, or other coatings), plaster, or fillers, can be obtained as pure, recyclable fractions, whereby layers containing pollutants (e.g., asbestos or other mineral fibers, lead, PCBs, PAHs, or PFAs) can be sorted out and collected in a pollutant fraction (or, if necessary, several pollutant fractions) for disposal in accordance with applicable regulations.

[0047] The device 1 shown in Fig. 1 for fractionating building materials that have several layers of different materials comprises a milling device 10 whose milling depth is adjustable in order to mill off material layers of different thicknesses from a wall, ceiling, or floor surface. It is advantageous if the milling depth of the milling device 10 can be continuously adjusted for precise adaptation to the respective layer thickness. This can be done manually or electronically to obtain a very precise setting, or even to automate the adjustment.

[0048] The milling device 10 is equipped with a wall milling cutter which, guided by a guide 12 on the vertical support 13 of a lifting device 11, can be moved up and down along the stroke direction 15. The height of the support 13 can be adjusted to the height of the wall in order to move the milling device 10 in sections across the entire wall height. For horizontal movement of the milling device 10 along the width of the wall, the support 13 is mounted on a movable base 14.

[0049] The milling device 10 itself is not described in detail here, since any milling device with adjustable milling depth and a milling drum housing having a suction port for connection to a flexible tubular element such as a hose could be used in the device according to the invention, and such milling devices are known. Therefore, the housing and the suction port of the milling device 10 are not separately labelled in Fig. 1.

[0050] The milling device 10 is connected to the inlet 21 of a material diverter 2, which has three outlets 22, via a tube element 5 connected to such a suction port. The material diverter 2 has a pivoting element 23 (indicated by dotted lines) with which the inlet 21 can be selectively connected to each of the outlets 22. Each outlet 22 is connected via a tube element 5 to a collection device 3, which in turn are connected via further tube elements 5 to a suction device 4. Under the suction action of the suction device 4, during milling operation of the milling device 10, the removed material is selectively directed through the material diverter 2 into one of the three collection devices 3 shown here – of course, more than three collection devices 3 can also be used, for example 4 or 5 – but beyond a certain size, the geometry of the system and the space requirements become unsuitable.

[0051] Flexible tubular elements 5 can be, for example, hoses designed as suction hoses to draw air into the milling drum housing via the suction device 4. This air carries away the removed material, which will generally be particulate, and transports it through the tubular elements 5 and the material diverter 2 into the respective selected collection device 3. Sufficient flexibility is particularly recommended for the tubular element 5 connected to the milling device 10 to allow it to follow the movements of the milling device 10. For the other tubular elements 5, which connect the material diverter 2 to the collection devices 3 and these to the suction device 4, the flexibility of the tubular elements 5 facilitates the on-site assembly of the entire device 1.By appropriately selecting the length of the tube elements 5, it is possible to position the collection devices 3 and the suction device 4 at a certain distance from the milling device, so that no removal from the machining area is necessary for the particles filled in the collection devices 3 and the further path for transport can be kept as short as possible.

[0052] Further modifications of the device 1 according to the invention are possible, which are not shown in the figures. For example, the milling device, the material diverter, in particular the number of outlets and the number of collection devices, as well as the design of the suction device, can be designed differently than shown in Figure 1. An alternative milling device can, for example, be designed as a ceiling or floor milling machine with a correspondingly modified support guide unit and a push device for horizontal movement of the milling device across the ceiling or floor. Another possibility is the use of a hand-held router as the milling device of a device according to the invention, which is operated and guided purely manually without corresponding lifting or push devices.

[0053] Material diverters 2 used in the device according to the invention can differ, in particular, with regard to the number of outlets 22, which depends on the number of collection devices 3 provided. The number of collection devices 3 depends on the number and type of layers of material to be removed. Further modifications of the material diverter 2 can relate to the pivoting element 23 for switching between the outlets 22: For example, an actuating device (not shown) of the material diverter 2 can be designed for manual operation in order to switch the pivoting element 23 between the outlets 22 by hand. Alternatively, the actuating device of the material diverter can be electronically controlled in order to move the pivoting element 23 into the respective position for connecting the inlet to one of the outlets.Another possibility is a combination of both variants, whereby the actuator can be moved both manually and electronically controlled.

[0054] Furthermore, the material diverters that can be used may differ with regard to the pivoting element. For example, the pivoting element can be designed as a flexible pipe element, one end of which connects to the inlet 21 of the material diverter 2 or may even form the inlet 21 itself. The other end of this pipe element can be pivoted between different positions, in which the pivotable pipe end can connect to a respective outlet 22. An alternative pivoting element could, for example, be a closure module that selectively leaves one of the outlets open and closes the other outlets.

[0055] The suction device 4 of the device 1 can be implemented, as shown in Fig. 1, by a suction unit 4 to which all tube elements 5 coming from the collection devices 3 are connected. With more than three collection containers 3, it may be advantageous to use two or more suction units 4 as the suction device, to each of which two or more tube elements coming from the collection devices 3 are connected. Alternatively, the suction device can be formed by individual suction devices, each of which is connected to one of the collection devices via the respective tube element.

[0056] For example, vacuum suction devices equipped with one or more side channel blowers and H14 filters, such as HEPA filters, can be used. A suitable side channel blower can, for example, deliver a maximum airflow of 500 to 600 m³ / h. 3 / h with a power output of 5 to 8 kW per side channel blower and a vacuum of 335 mbar. For on-site installation, the housing of the suction device can have lockable casters or another movable support.

[0057] Filter filling systems can preferably be used as collection devices 3, enabling the filtering, collection, and filling of corresponding quantities of particles into suitable containers such as sacks, from small woven bags to big bags, drums, or containers, etc. The filters integrated into the collection device, which significantly extend the service life of the HEPA filters in the suction device, should ensure operation without loss of suction power at least for the duration required to fill a container. For example, H13 / H14 filters can be integrated as filters, which can preferably be pneumatically cleaned, either manually or automatically. Furthermore, the collection device can have a movable support to facilitate on-site setup.

[0058] The device 1 according to the invention for separating multilayer coatings made of different materials from building material surfaces can be used to carry out the process whose sequence is illustrated in Fig. 3. A multilayer coating, i.e., a "multilayer coating", comprises at least two material layers, wherein the first layer is understood to be the uppermost, or outermost, exposed layer, which forms the visible surface of the building material to be processed, i.e., the wall, floor, or ceiling surface, and is to be removed first. The second, or each subsequent, layer lies beneath the first, but not necessarily adjacent to the first layer, and is to be removed in a second or further milling operation.

[0059] The process begins in step i) with determining the materials and thicknesses of each layer of the building material and defining fractions for each of the different materials. Based on the recyclability of the respective material, fractions are then assigned to which the individual material layers are allocated. The first material layer is assigned to a first fraction, and the second and each subsequent material layer to a second and subsequent fraction, respectively.

[0060] In the next step ii), the device 1 is provided with a number of collecting devices 3 and a material diverter 2 with a number of outlets 22 corresponding to the number of defined fractions. Alternatively, the device 1 can be set up first. In this case, the first fraction is assigned to a first collecting device 3, which is connected to a first outlet 22 of the material diverter 2. Each subsequent fraction is assigned to a further collecting device 3, each of which is connected to a further outlet 22 of the material diverter 2.

[0061] Independently of step ii), i.e., simultaneously with, before, or after step ii), step iii) determines the first milling depth P as a function of the thickness of the first material layer. This means that—depending on the recyclability of the first and the directly underlying material layers—the first milling depth corresponds to the thickness of the first material layer if both material layers are separately recyclable. If only the first material layer is recyclable and the directly underlying layer is not, but potentially contains pollutants, the first milling depth P can be chosen to be slightly less than the thickness of the first material layer, thus ensuring that only uncontaminated material from the first material layer ends up in the first fraction.Conversely, if the first material layer is not recyclable, but the second is, the initial milling depth can be set slightly greater than the thickness of the first layer to ensure that no material from the first layer ends up in the second fraction. If the material of the first and second layers belongs to the same fraction, the initial milling depth P can be set according to the combined thickness of both layers. Here, too, appropriate tolerances can be defined depending on the recyclability of any adjacent material layer. Similarly, one or more additional milling depths P can be defined depending on the thickness of each additional material layer. Consequently, the initial and subsequent milling depths do not necessarily have to differ, but depend solely on the layer thicknesses of the respective material layers and the recyclability of the assigned fraction.

[0062] Before the first layer of material is separated, the suction device 4 is activated, and in step iv) the material diverter 2 with the pivoting element 23 is adjusted to connect the inlet 21 with the first outlet 22, so that the milling device 10 is connected to the first collection device 10, which is assigned to the first fraction. In step v) after setting the first milling depth on the milling device 10, material from the first layer is removed with the milling device 10. The removed material, which will generally be in particulate form, is conveyed by the suction device 4 into the first collection device 3, and the first fraction is obtained, which contains the material particles of the first layer.

[0063] To separate and fractionate a further layer, in step vi) the material diverter 2 is switched so that the pivoting element 23 connects the inlet 21 with the outlet 22 which is connected to a further collecting device 3 to which the further material layer is assigned.

[0064] Analogous to step v), in step vii), the further milling depth is set on the milling device 10, and the material particles of the next material layer are removed with the milling device 10 and extracted by means of the suction device 4 into the next collection device 3. In this way, the next collection device receives the corresponding next fraction, which contains the material particles of the next material layer.

[0065] As indicated by the dashed arrow in Fig. 3, steps vi) and vii) are repeated to separate further material layers, which are assigned to further fractions, until all material layers are selectively separated and the processed building material surface is obtained without coating.

[0066] Fig. 3 does not show the cleaning step viii), which can be performed in step vi) before each switching of the material diverter 2. In this step, the suction device 4 is operated after a layer of material has been removed, even without the milling device operating, in order to extract residual material particles from the milling device 10, the material diverter 2, and the connected tube elements 5 and transfer them to the respective collection device 10. A specific duration can be defined for this follow-up operation of the suction device.

[0067] In principle, the device 1 according to the invention can be operated and controlled purely manually. This means that setting the milling depth, adjusting the material diverter, activating the suction device and the milling device, and guiding the milling device along the wall, floor, or ceiling surface are all performed manually by a user, the latter optionally passively supported by a lifting or pushing device. However, it is also advantageously possible to control some or all of these steps electrically and, if necessary, even automate them.

[0068] Figure 2 shows a configuration of the device 1 with a control unit 6, which communicates with all electronically controllable components of the device 1, here with the suction device 4, the material diverter 2, the milling device 10, and the lifting device 11, thus enabling automation. For the sake of simplicity, a single control unit 6 is shown here, but several control units communicating with each other to perform the described functions are also conceivable.

[0069] The respective control parameters P are entered into the control unit 6 via an input interface. The control unit is programmed to execute the procedure with the device 1. The control parameters P include, for example, the milling depths for each successively removed layer of material, with an associated switch position of the material diverter. This ensures that setting the milling depth is automatically linked to switching the material diverter to connect the milling device to a predetermined collection device. Further control parameters P can couple the operation of the suction device with the milling device 10, so that the suction device 4 is automatically activated when the milling device 10 is switched on. The run-on time of the suction device 4 for cleaning the components can also be defined in the control parameters P.For fully automated operation, a programmable or sensor-controlled lifting device 11 is conceivable, which is equipped with appropriate actuators to move the milling device 10 with the guide 12 on the carrier 13 vertically and with the movable base 14 horizontally in lanes along the surface to be machined.

[0070] A sensor control system is indicated in Fig. 2 by the sensor 16, shown with dashed lines, which communicates with the control unit 6 to input the measured parameters. In the case of the lifting device 11, these parameters could be, for example, position and movement parameters. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the sensor 16 could have one or more layer thickness detectors to detect the number, thickness, and, if applicable, the material of the material layers. With appropriately stored databases, it is then also possible for the assignment of the material layers to specific fractions and the determination of the milling depths to be carried out automatically, along with the corresponding assignment to a respective collection device and the corresponding position of the material diverter.

[0071] Partial automation of the device 1 is also conceivable, whereby, unlike in Fig. 2, not all device components are electronically controlled, so that not all of the functions described above can be executed automatically. An advantageous partial automation can, in particular, provide for the coupling of the milling device with the material diverter and the suction device.

[0072] The following are some application examples to illustrate the method with regard to the device 1 from Fig. 1.

[0073] The milling device 10 is positioned with the lifting device 11 against a wall surface to be processed (not shown), which is coated with several layers of material. The milling device 10 is connected to the material diverter 2 by means of a suction hose (tubular element) 5, which selectively directs the previously defined fractions into the respective collection device 3. A separate collection device 3 is used for each fraction. The suction device 4 can be positioned remotely from the milling device 10, as up to 100 m of suction hose can be connected.

[0074] First, the materials to be sorted and those suitable for recycling within the multi-layered coating are identified and assigned to specific fractions. Depending on the material, these fractions allow varying degrees of contamination by foreign substances to still be considered recyclable. This is taken into account during the planning phase when determining the milling depth and the number of steps required to remove the material layers.

[0075] First example of the selective separation of a multi-layer coating from a concrete surface:

[0076] First, the materials and thicknesses of the material layers applied to the concrete surface are determined (step i). Table 1 shows the materials and thicknesses of the material layers.

[0077]

[0078] Further planning stipulates that gypsum plaster and concrete should be collected separately for recycling, while paint and filler can be combined and removed as a single fraction for disposal. This means that paint and filler (the first two material layers) are assigned to a first fraction, and gypsum plaster (the third material layer) to a second fraction for separation from the concrete surface (step ii).

[0079] When setting up the milling device 10 on the coated concrete surface to be processed, the device 1 is therefore equipped with two collection devices 3, each connected to an output 22 of the material diverter 2. The third output 22 of the material diverter 2 in Fig. 1 remains unused. Alternatively, in this example, a material diverter 2 with only two outputs 22 could be used.

[0080] To separate the first fraction, a first milling depth of 3 mm is determined in order to remove a 1 mm layer of gypsum plaster (third layer) in addition to the paint and filler (first and second material layers), ensuring that no filler is contained in the remaining gypsum plaster layer.

[0081] A second milling depth is set to 30 mm to completely remove the remaining gypsum plaster layer (third layer of material) from the concrete surface. Since this second milling depth corresponds to the originally determined thickness of the gypsum plaster layer and is therefore approximately 1 mm greater than the thickness of the gypsum plaster layer remaining after the first milling operation, the milling drum will also be in contact with the concrete during the second operation, thus reliably removing any plaster residue from the concrete surface. Because concrete is harder than gypsum plaster, no significant removal of concrete occurs during this process. (Step iii)

[0082] After the initial milling depth of 3 mm has been set on the milling device 10, the connection of the milling device 10 to a first collection device has been established via the material diverter 2 (step iv), and the suction device 4 has been activated, the wall is milled strip by strip, e.g., from top to bottom. The removed paint and filler material is collected in the first collection device 3 as the first fraction (step v), which is intended for disposal.

[0083] After separating the first two layers of material across the entire wall surface, the suction device 4 is run for 30 seconds with the same switch setting and without milling (step viii) to vacuum up any possible adhesions in the tubes (tube elements).

[0084] Then the second milling depth is set to 30 mm and the material diverter 2 is switched to the next collection device 3 (steps vi, vii) in order to mill the wall surface again, row by row, and to collect the removed gypsum plaster material as a second fraction in the next collection device 3 under the suction action of the suction device 4.

[0085] The concrete wall and the gypsum plaster material are preserved in a pure form and can be recycled.

[0086] Second example of the selective separation of a multi-layer coating from a brick surface:

[0087] First, the materials and thicknesses of the material layers applied to the concrete surface are determined (step i).

[0088] Table 2 shows materials and thicknesses of the material layers.

[0089]

[0090] Table 2 shows only an example of a layer arrangement, consisting of a 1 mm layer of paint, a 1 mm layer of wallpaper, a 30 mm layer of gypsum plaster, and a 100 mm thick brick wall. It should be added that typical nominal thicknesses for brick walls are 115 mm, 175 mm, or 240 mm. The actual thickness of each layer in this example is irrelevant to the understanding of the invention by a person skilled in the art.

[0091] In this example, gypsum plaster and bricks are to be recycled separately, so mixing these two materials must be avoided. Paint and wallpaper are grouped together and removed as a single fraction. Thus, paint and wallpaper (the first two material layers) are assigned to a first fraction, and the gypsum plaster (the third material layer) to a second fraction for separation from the brick surface (step ii).

[0092] Since an edge layer of gypsum plaster adjacent to the brick surface is colored red by interaction with the bricks and is therefore not suitable for conventional gypsum recycling, this edge layer must not be included in the second fraction. Therefore, this edge layer, along with the mixed material of gypsum and brick, is assigned to the first fraction if joint disposal is possible, or to a third fraction if the paint and wallpaper fraction must be disposed of separately from the gypsum-brick mixed fraction (also step ii).

[0093] Consequently, when setting up the milling device 10 on the coated brick surface to be processed, the device 1 is equipped with two or three collection devices 3, depending on the disposal requirements, each of which is connected to an outlet 22 of the material diverter 2.

[0094] To separate the first fraction, a first milling depth of 3 mm is determined in order to remove a 1 mm layer of gypsum plaster (third layer) in addition to the paint and filler (first and second material layers), ensuring that no filler is contained in the remaining gypsum plaster layer.

[0095] A second milling depth is set here at 25 mm, so that a large part of the gypsum plaster is removed, but a sufficient distance to the brick surface remains, thus ensuring that the discolored edge layer adjacent to the brick surface does not enter the second fraction.

[0096] For a third milling operation, a third milling depth of 3 mm is determined to remove the remaining plaster, including the discolored edge layer, from the bricks. (Step iii) The first milling operation is carried out with the first milling depth of 3 mm, so that the paint and wallpaper material is removed together in strips and conveyed by suction from the suction device 4, via the material diverter 2, into a first collection device 3. This yields the first fraction (steps iv, v), which is intended for disposal here.

[0097] To clean residues, the suction device 4 is run for 30 seconds with the same switch setting and without milling before carrying out the second milling operation (step viii).

[0098] Then the second milling depth is set to 25 mm and the material diverter 2 is switched to the second collection device 3 (steps vi, vii) in order to mill the wall surface again, row by row, and to collect the removed gypsum plaster material as a second fraction in the second collection device 3 under the suction action of the suction device 4.

[0099] To remove adhering gypsum particles, the suction device 4 can also be run for 30 seconds before the third milling operation (step viii) with the same switch setting and without milling.

[0100] Since the third fraction is also intended for disposal in this case, the cleaning step may be omitted.

[0101] For the third milling operation, the third milling depth is set to 3 mm and the material diverter 2 - depending on disposal requirements - is switched to the first collection device or a next collection device 3 (steps vi, vii) in order to mill the remaining gypsum plaster material with the discolored edge layer from the brick surface in strips and collect it in the respective collection device 3 under suction action of the suction device 4.

[0102] Depending on the disposal regulations, the remaining gypsum plaster material with the discolored outer layer will either be collected together with the paint and wallpaper material as the first fraction for joint disposal, or collected separately as a third fraction, which must be disposed of separately from the first fraction. The brickwork and a large portion of the gypsum plaster material will be sorted by type and can be recycled.

[0103] One area of ​​application of the device and method according to the invention extends not only to renovation or refurbishment measures of old buildings, but also to urban mining for the extraction of secondary raw materials, which, depending on their composition or construction method, can be used for the same or other construction purposes.

[0104] Mineral building materials, especially gypsum, cement, concrete, and bricks, can be readily reused in a sorted manner because the selective separation of individual material layers according to the invention allows for the safe removal and disposal of pollutant-containing layers such as asbestos or other mineral fibers, asbestos-containing fillers or tile adhesives, PCBs, PAHs, PFAS, etc., thus preventing residues in the recycled material. Reference code list

[0105] 1 Device for selectively separating multi-layer coatings 2 Material diverter

[0106] 3 Collection device (separator / filter / filling device)

[0107] 4 Suction device

[0108] 5 tubular elements

[0109] 6 Control unit

[0110] 10 milling device

[0111] 11 Lifting device

[0112] 12 Leadership

[0113] 13 carriers

[0114] 14 base

[0115] 15 Lifting direction

[0116] 16 Sensors

[0117] 21 Admission

[0118] 22 Outlet

[0119] 23 Swivel element

[0120] P Machining parameters / F milling depth

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS 1. Device (1) for separating and fractionating materials from building materials which have several layers of different materials, comprising a milling device (10) with adjustable milling depth, a collecting device (3), a suction device (4) and a plurality of flexible tube elements (5) by which the milling device (10) is connected to the collecting device (3) and the suction device (4), characterized by the fact that the device (1) comprises at least one further collecting device (3) and a material diverter (2) with an inlet (21) and at least two outlets (22), wherein the inlet (21) is connected to the milling device (10) via a tube element (5) and can be selectively connected to each of the outlets (22) by means of a pivoting element (23), and wherein each outlet (22) is connected via a tube element (5) to each of the at least two collecting devices (3), and each collecting device (3) is connected via a tube element (5) to the suction device (4).

2. Device (1) according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the milling depth of the milling device (10) is infinitely variable and / or electronically adjustable.

3. Device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that The material switch (2) for switching the swivel element (23) between the at least two outlets (22) has a manually and / or electronically controllable actuating device.

4. Device (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that The suction device (4) is formed by a common suction unit (4) or by at least two individual suction devices, to which the at least two collection devices (3) are connected via the respective tube element (5).

5. Device (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by the fact that the device (1) comprises at least one electronic control device (6) which is connected to at least two device components from the group comprising the milling device (10), the material diverter (2) and the suction device (4).

6. Device (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by the fact that the device (1) has a lifting device (11) with a support (13), wherein the milling device (10) has a guide (12) which is movably guided on the support (13), which is preferably arranged on a movable base (14).

7. Device (1) according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that the lifting device (11) with which at least one electronic control device (6) is connected.

8. Method for separating and fractionating materials from building materials having several layers of different materials, using a device (1) according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, comprehensive the steps i) Determining the material and thickness of each of the layers of the building material and defining fractions for each of the different materials, whereby, with respect to the multiple layers, a first material of the layers of the building material is assigned to a first fraction and the at least one further material is assigned to a further fraction, ii) Providing the device (1), wherein the device (1) - has at least a number of collection devices (3) corresponding to the identified number of different fractions, - a material diverter (2) with a number of outlets (22) that corresponds at least to the number of different fractions, wherein the first fraction is assigned to a first collecting device (3) which is connected to a first outlet (22) of the material diverter (2), and each further fraction is assigned to a further collecting device (3) which is connected to a further outlet (22) of the material diverter (2), iii) Determining a first milling depth (P) depending on the thickness of the first material layer, and determining at least one further milling depth (P) depending on the thickness of at least one further material layer, iv) Adjusting the material diverter (2) with the pivoting element (23) to connect the inlet (21) with the first outlet (22), v) Setting the first milling depth on the milling device (10) and using the milling device (10) removing the material of the first layer, thereby extracting the removed material with the suction device (4) and transferring it to the first collection device (3) and thereby obtaining the first fraction, vi) Switching the pivoting element (23) of the material diverter (2) to connect the inlet (21) with the further outlet (22), which is connected to the further collecting device (3) for collecting a further fraction, vii) Setting the further milling depth (P) on the milling device (10) and using the milling device (10) removing the material of the further layer, thereby extracting the removed material with the suction device (4) and transferring it to the further collection device (3), thereby retaining the further fraction.

9. Method according to claim 8, which includes the following steps: - Repeat steps vi) and vii) to separate further layers of the building material, in step vi) switching the pivoting element (23) of the material diverter (2) to connect the inlet (21) with the corresponding outlet (22) such that fractionation of the separated materials takes place.

10. Method according to claim 8 or 9, which includes the following steps: - before step vi), switching the pivoting element (23) of the material switch (2), performing the step viii) - Cleaning the tube element (5) and the material diverter (2) connected to the milling device (10) by suction using the suction device (4) without milling operation of the milling device (10).

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