Plant resistance inducers

Abstract

The present invention relates a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ie), or (If), as defined in the appended claims and description. The present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ie), or (If), as defined in the appended claims and description, for inducing resistance against stress in plants and / or parts thereof. The present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (I1), as defined in the appended claims and description, for inducing resistance against stress in plants and / or parts thereof. The present invention also relates to a plant seed coated with at least one compound as defined in the appended claims and description, or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound as defined in the appended claims and description. The present invention also relates to an agrochemical composition comprising at least one compound as defined in the appended claims and description, and one or more optional agriculturally acceptable excipient.

Description

[0001] Plant resistance Inducers

[0002] Field of the invention

[0003] The present invention relates generally to plant immunization, and particularly, plant resistance inducers and their use as biocontrol agent. More particularly, the present invention relates to plant resistance inducers and compositions thereof that can be used to control plant disease. The invention also relates to methods for inducing plant resistance against phytopathogenic microorganisms in plants.

[0004] Background of the invention

[0005] Biocontrol of plant diseases is an important cornerstone in an integrated pest management, thereby aiming at reduced pesticide input. Plants have evolved highly effective mechanisms for resistance to disease caused by infectious agents, such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses, as well as abiotic stress like wounds, drought and heat. Some of the plant responses to the biotic and abiotic stresses are limited to the infested damaged organ, but other responses systemically spread far from the infested organ and affect other organs or the whole plant. The latter includes induced resistance, which is a physiological state of enhanced defensive capacity of the plant triggered by biological or chemical inducers, which protects plant tissues that have not been exposed to the initial attack against future attack by pathogens. These latter responses include the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and the Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). SAR is induced by pathogens and insects while ISR is mediated mainly by beneficial microbes living in the rhizosphere, like fungi and bacteria. These root-associated microbes, besides impacting on plant nutrition and growth, can further boost plant defenses, rendering the entire plant more resistant to pathogens and pests.

[0006] The use of induced resistance (IR) in crop protection provides multiple advantages compared to classical pesticides, including limited effects on beneficial, non-target organisms, higher durability because of slower resistance development, and in most cases systemic protection, which allows to restrict the application to parts not intended for consumption.

[0007] Although the potential impact of IR as significant contribution to an environmentally-friendly Integrated Pest Management (I PM) strategy in maintaining the efficiency of food production while protecting the environment is generally recognized, the amount of resistance inducing agents that are commercially available on the plant protection marker is still very limited (Bremmer, J., Riemens, M., Reinders, M., 2021. The future of crop protection in Europe. https: / / doi.org / 10.2861 / 086545).

[0008] Consequently, there exists a need in the art for new biocontrol agents, in particular plant resistance inducers that are effective against plant infectious agents.Summary of the invention

[0009] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a compound of formula (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), or an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, ora polymorph thereof, as defined in the appended claims and description,

[0010]

[0011] wherein

[0012] X1ais selected from S, CR1AR1B, or NR1A;

[0013] X2is selected from O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A;

[0014] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0015] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; = is an optional double bond;

[0016] R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0017] R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen;

[0018] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0019] L2ais -SO2- or -CO-;

[0020] L3is a single bond, or-CR4R5-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, alkyl, and alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or alkyl;

[0021] R6is selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl; wherein each of said alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0022] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0023] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0024]

[0025] comprising alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, 't" , cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, arylalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;

[0026] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

[0027] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (la), (lb), (le), or (If), or an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof,

[0028]

[0029] wherein

[0030] X1ais selected from S or NR1A;

[0031] X2is selected from O, N, or NR1A;

[0032] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0033] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; = is an optional double bond;R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0034] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0035] L2ais -SO2- or -CO-;

[0036] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0037] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0038] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0039] (z2)m4 X x1a

[0040] O^NH

[0041] comprising alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, , cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, arylalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;

[0042] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

[0043] The present invention is also based on the unexpected finding that compound described herein can be used for inducing resistance to stresses, such as biotic and / or abiotic stresses, in plants and / or parts thereof, and / or stimulating an immune response in plants and / or parts thereof. The present invention therefore also provides, in a second aspect, the use of a compound of formula (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), or an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, as defined in the appended claims and description, for inducing resistance against stress in plants and / or parts thereof, preferably inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof.

[0044] In a third aspect, the present invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or an isomer (such as a tautomer or a stereoisomer), a hydrate, a solvate, a polymorph, or a salt thereof, as defined in the appended claims and description, for inducing resistance against stress in plants and / or parts thereof, preferably inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof, whereinA2

[0045]

[0046] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0047] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;

[0048] R1is hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1is hydrogen;

[0049] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0050] L2is -SO2-, -CH2-, or -CO-;

[0051] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0052] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0053] and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0054] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;

[0055] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P-; wherein R4is selected from the groupcomprising hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, alkylthio, and arylthio; and instance R5is selected from hydrogen, or alkyl;

[0056] or R4and one Z2together with the atom to which they are attached can form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated five or six-membered ring.

[0057] Preferably, the present invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (11), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, for inducing resistance to biotic stress in plants and / or parts thereof, wherein

[0058]

[0059] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0060] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0061] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;

[0062] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0063] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0064] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;

[0065] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P- ; wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl; alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl; preferably L3is a single bond; L2is -SO2, -CH2-, or -CO-; and

[0066] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2.

[0067] The present invention also provides, in a further aspect, a method of triggering induced resistance to biotic stress, in a plant comprising, applying an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (11), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, to a plant and / or plant part thereby triggering activation of induced resistance in the plant, wherein

[0068]

[0069] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0070] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0071] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0072] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0073] and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0074] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;

[0075] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P- ; wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl; alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl; preferably L3is a single bond; L2is -SO2, -CH2-, or -CO-; and

[0076] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2.

[0077] The present invention also provides, in a further aspect, a plant seed coated with at least one compound according to the first aspect, or as recited in the second aspect, or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound according to the first aspect, or as recited in the second aspect.

[0078] The present invention also provides, in a further aspect, an agrochemical composition comprising at least one compound according to the first aspect, or as recited in the second aspect, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and one or more optional agriculturally acceptable excipient. The present invention also provides a method for inducing resistance to biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of at least one compound as defined herein, to said plant and / or plant part.

[0079] The present invention also provides a method for the production of a plant and / or plant part, including seeds, having induced resistance against stress as compared to a control plant, preferably having induced resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses, which method comprises the step of applying an effective amount of at least one compound as defined herein to said plantand / or plant part, and optionally, cultivating said plant and / or plant part under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

[0080] The present invention further provides a plant treated with at least one compound as defined herein, or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound as defined herein, or a plant part thereof, including seed.

[0081] The above and other characteristics, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

[0082] Detailed description of the invention

[0083] When describing the invention, the terms used are to be construed in accordance with the following definitions, unless a context dictates otherwise.

[0084] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used in disclosing the invention, including technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. By means of further guidance, definitions for the terms used in the description are included to better appreciate the teaching of the present invention. When describing the compounds, processes, method and uses of the invention, the terms used are to be construed in accordance with the following definitions, unless the context dictates otherwise. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include both singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. By way of example, "a compound" means one compound or more than one compound.

[0085] In the following passages, different aspects of the invention are defined in more detail. Each aspect so defined may be combined with any other aspect or aspects unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous. The terms "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised of" as used herein are synonymous with "including", "includes" or "containing", "contains", and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements, or method steps. The terms "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised of" also include the term “consisting of”.

[0086] The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all integer numbers and, where appropriate, fractions subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 can include 1 , 2, 3, 4 when referring to, for example, a number of elements, and can also include 1.5, 2, 2.75 and 3.80, when referring to, for example, measurements). The recitation of end points also includes the end point values themselves (e.g., from 1.0 to 5.0 includes both 1.0 and 5.0). Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.The term "and / or" where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term "and / or" as used in a phrase such as "A and / or B" herein is intended to include "A and B," "A or B," "A" (alone), and "B" (alone). Likewise, the term "and / or" as used in a phrase such as "A, B, and / or C" is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

[0087] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but may. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those in the art. For example, in the following claims and statements, any of the embodiments can be used in any combination.

[0088] The term “leaving group” or “LG” as used herein means a chemical group which is susceptible to be displaced by a nucleophile or cleaved off or hydrolyzed in basic or acidic conditions. In a particular embodiment, a leaving group is selected from a halogen atom (e.g., Cl, Br, I) or a sulfonate (e.g., mesylate, tosylate, triflate).

[0089] The term “protecting group” refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole. The chemical substructure of a protecting group varies widely. One function of a protecting group is to serve as intermediates in the synthesis of the parental drug substance. Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection / deprotection are well known in the art. See: “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g., making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion. Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, lipophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools. Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.

[0090] Whenever the term “substituted” is used herein, it is meant to indicate that one or more hydrogen atoms on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selectionfrom the indicated group, provided that the indicated atom’s normal valence is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a chemically stable compound, i.e. , a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation from a reaction mixture.

[0091] The term “halo” or “halogen” as a group or part of a group is generic for fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo.

[0092] The term “cyano” as used herein refers to the group -CN.

[0093] The term "oxo" as used herein refers to the group =0.

[0094] The term “nitro” as used herein refers to the group -NO2.

[0095] The term “hydroxyl” or “hydroxy” as used herein refers to the group -OH.

[0096] The term “thio” or “thiol” as used herein refers to the group -SH.

[0097] The term "alkyl" as a group or part of a group, refers to a hydrocarbyl group of formula CnH2n+i wherein n is a number greater than or equal to 1, with no site of unsaturation. Alkyl groups may be linear or branched and may be substituted as indicated herein. Generally, alkyl groups of this invention comprise from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. When a subscript is used herein following a carbon atom, the subscript refers to the number of carbon atoms that the named group may contain. For example, the term "Ci-ealkyl", as a group or part of a group, refers to a hydrocarbyl group of formula CnH2n+i wherein n is a number ranging from 1 to 6. Thus, for example, “Ci-ealkyl” includes all linear or branched alkyl groups with between 1 and 6 carbon atoms, and thus includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, / -propyl, butyl, and its isomers (e.g., n-butyl, / -butyl, and f-butyl); pentyl and its isomers, hexyl, and its isomers, etc. For example, Ci-4alkyl includes all linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and thus includes for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, / -propyl, 2-methyl-ethyl, butyl, and its isomers (e.g., n-butyl, / -butyl, and f-butyl), and the like. In particular embodiments, the term alkyl refers to Ci-ealkyl (Ci-12 hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to Ci-galkyl (C1-9 hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to Ci-ealkyl (C1-6 hydrocarbons) as further defined herein above. Non-limiting examples of alkyl include methyl, ethyl, 1 -propyl (n-propyl), 2-propyl ( / Pr), 1 -butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl(j-Bu), 2-butyl (s-Bu), 2-dimethyl-2-propyl (t-Bu), 1 -pentyl (n-pentyl), 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1 -butyl, 2-methyl-1 -butyl, 1 -hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl, and n-icosyl. When the suffix "ene" is used in conjunction with an alkyl group, i.e., “alkylene”, this is intended to mean the alkyl group as defined herein having two single bonds as points of attachment toother groups. As used herein, the term “alkylene” also referred as “alkanediyl”, by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to alkyl groups that are divalent, i.e. , having two monovalent group centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane, i.e., with two single bonds for attachment to two other groups. Alkylene groups may be linear or branched and may be substituted as indicated herein. Non-limiting examples of alkylene groups include methylene (-CH2-), ethylene (-CH2-CH2-), methylmethylene (-CH(CH3)-), 1-methyl-ethylene (-CH(CH3)-CH2-), n-propylene (-CH2-CH2-CH2-), 2-methylpropylene (-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-), 3-methylpropylene (-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-), n-butylene (-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-), 2-methylbutylene (-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-), 4-methylbutylene (-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-), pentylene and its chain isomers, hexylene and its chain isomers.

[0098] The term “hydrocarbyl” group is used herein in accordance with the definition specified by IIIPAC as follows: a univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon (that is, a group containing only carbon and hydrogen).

[0099] The term “cycloalkyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a cyclic alkyl group, that is a monovalent, saturated, hydrocarbyl group having 1 or more cyclic structure, and comprising from 3 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 3 to 8 carbon atoms; more preferably from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl includes all saturated hydrocarbon groups containing 1 or more rings, including monocyclic, bicyclic groups or tricyclic. For example, cycloalkyl comprises a C3-io monocyclic or C7-18 polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon, such as for instance cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylethylene, methylcyclopropylene, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctylmethylene, norbornyl, fenchyl, trimethyltricycloheptyl, decalinyl, adamantyl and the like. The further rings of multi-ring cycloalkyls may be either fused, bridged and / or joined through one or more spiro atoms. When a subscript is used herein following a carbon atom, the subscript refers to the number of carbon atoms that the named group may contain. For example, the term “C3-iocycloalkyl”, refers to a cyclic alkyl group comprising from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. For example, the term “C3-8cycloalkyl”, refers to a cyclic alkyl group comprising from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. For example, the term “C3. ecycloalkyl”, refers to a cyclic alkyl group comprising from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. For the avoidance of doubt, fused systems of a cycloalkyl ring with a heterocyclic ring are considered as heterocycle irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkyl ring with an aryl ring are considered as aryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkyl ring with a heteroaryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure.

[0100] The term “cycloalkylalkyl” or “cycloalkyl-alkyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -Ra-Rgwherein Rgis cycloalkyl, and Rais alkylene as defined herein.

[0101] The term “alkoxy" or “alkyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -ORbwherein Rbis alkyl as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable Ci-ealkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.

[0102] The term “alkoxyalkyl" or “alkyloxyalkyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -Ra-ORbwherein Rais alkylene and Rbis alkyl as defined herein.

[0103] The term “cyanoalkyl", as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -Ra-CN wherein Rais alkylene as defined herein.

[0104] The term “cyanoalkoxy” or “cyanoalkyloxy", as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-Ra-CN wherein Rais alkylene as defined herein.

[0105] The term “cycloalkoxy", as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -ORgwherein Rgis cycloalkyl as defined herein.

[0106] The term “cycloalkylalkoxy", as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-Ra-Rgwherein Rais alkylene and Rgis cycloalkyl as defined herein.

[0107] The term “alkoxyalkoxy" or “alkyloxyalkyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-Ra-ORbwherein Rais alkylene and Rbis alkyl as defined herein.

[0108] The term “aryl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a polyunsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbyl group having a single ring (i.e. , phenyl) or multiple aromatic rings fused together (e.g., naphthyl), or linked covalently, typically containing 6 to 20 atoms; preferably 6 to 10, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to 1 ring, or 2 or 3 rings fused together, derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like. The aromatic ring may optionally include one to two additional rings. Fused systems of an aryl ring with a cycloalkyl ring, or a cycloalkenyl ring, or a cycloalkynyl ring, are considered as aryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of an aryl ring with a heterocycle are considered as heterocycle irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of an aryl ring with a heteroaryl are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Examples of suitable aryl include Ce-2oaryl, preferably Ce- aryl, more preferably Ce-garyl. Non-limiting examples of aryl comprise phenyl, biphenylyl, biphenylenyl, or 1-or 2-naphthanelyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-tetralinyl (also known as “1, 2,3,4-tetrahydronaphtalene); 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-azulenyl, 4-, 5-, 6 or 7-indenyl; 4- or 5-indanyl; 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-tetrahydronaphthyl; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl; and 1,4-dihydronaphthyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrenyl.

[0109] The term "arylalkyl", as a group or part of a group, refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by at least one aryl as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of arylalkyl group include benzyl, phenethyl, dibenzylmethyl, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethyl, and the like. The term “Ce- arylCi-ealkyl” means that the alkyl moiety of the arylalkyl group can comprises 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 6 to 10 carbon atoms.

[0110] The term “aryloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-Rfwherein Rfis aryl as defined herein.

[0111] The term “arylalkoxy” or “arylalkyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-Ra-Rfwherein Rfis aryl, and Rais alkylene as defined herein.

[0112] The term “aryloxyalkyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -Ra-O-Rfwherein Rfis aryl, and Rais alkylene as defined herein.

[0113] The term “arylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -S-Rfwherein Rfis aryl as defined herein.

[0114] The term "haloalkyl", as a group or part of a group, refers to an alkyl group having the meaning as defined herein, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are each replaced with a halogen as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of such haloalkyl groups include chloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1,1 -trifluoroethyl and the like.

[0115] The term “alkylthio", as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -S-Rbwherein Rbis alkyl as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of alkylthio groups include methylthio (-SCH3), ethylthio (-SCH2CH3), n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tertbutylthio and the like.

[0116] The term “haloalkoxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-Re, wherein Reis haloalkyl as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable haloalkoxy include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloroethoxy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, trichloromethoxy, 2-bromoethoxy, pentafluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trichloropropoxy, 4,4,4-trichlorobutoxy.

[0117] The term “hydroxyalkyl", as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -Ra-OH wherein Rais alkylene as defined herein.

[0118] The term “carboxy", “carboxyl” or “hydroxycarbonyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to the group -C(=O)-OH.

[0119] The term “carbonyl” as a group or part of a group, refers to the group -C(=O)-, also written as -CO-.

[0120] The term “alkoxycarbonyl” or “alkyloxycarbonyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -C(=O)-O-Rb, wherein Rbis alkyl as defined herein.

[0121] The term “alkylcarbonyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -C(=O)-Rb,wherein Rbis alkyl as defined herein.

[0122] The term “cycloalkylcarbonyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -C(=O)-Rg, wherein Rgis cycloalkyl as defined herein.

[0123] The term “arylcarbonyl”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -C(=O)-Rf, wherein Rfis aryl as defined herein.

[0124] The term “amino” as a group or part of a group, refers to the -NH2 group.

[0125] The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” as used herein refer to non-aromatic, fully saturated or partially unsaturated ring system comprising from 3 to 18 atoms including at least one N, O, S, or P, preferably 3 to 14 atoms (3-14 membered heterocyclyl) (for example, 3 to 7 member monocyclic, 7 to 14 member bicyclic, preferably comprising a total of 3 to 10 ring atoms (3-10 membered heterocyclyl), more preferably 4 to 10 atoms (4-10 membered heterocyclyl), yet more preferably 5 to 10 atoms (5-10 membered heterocyclyl). Each ring of the heterocycle or heterocyclyl may have 1 , 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P and / or S, where the N and S heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the N heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized; and wherein at least one carbon atom of heterocyclyl can be oxidized to form at least one C=O. The heterocyclyl may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system, where valence allows. The rings of multi-ring heterocyclyls or heterocycles may be fused, bridged and / or joined through one or more spiro atoms. Fused systems of a heterocycle or heterocyclyl with an aryl ring are considered as heterocycle or heterocyclyl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a heterocycle or heterocyclyl with a heteroaryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure.

[0126] Non limiting exemplary heterocycles or heterocyclic groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, aziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl imidazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, succinimidyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, chromanyl (also known as 3,4-dihydrobenzo[b]pyranyl), 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl (such as 1 -pyrrolinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl), 4H-quinolizinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, pyrazolinyl (such as 2-pyrazolinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl), tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dihydro-2H-pyranyl, 3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 2,5-dioximidazolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, indolinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-ylsulfoxide, thiomorpholin-4-ylsulfone, 1, 3-dioxolanyl, 1 ,4-oxathianyl, 1,4-dithianyl, 1,3,5-trioxanyl, 1 H-pyrrolizinyl, tetrahydro-1,1 -dioxothiophenyl, N- formyl-piperazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothienyl, tetrahydrothienyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydroimidazolyl, isothiazolinyl, thiazolinyl, triazolinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolinyl, oxadiazolidinyl,thiadiazolinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, tetrazolinyl, tetrazolidinyl, dihydro-pyridinyl, tetrahydro-pyridinyl, 1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridinyl, hexahydro-pyridinyl, dihydro-pyrimidinyl, tetrahydro-pyrimidinyl, 1.4.5.6-tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dihydro-pyrazinyl, tetrahydro-pyrazinyl, dihydro-pyridazinyl, tetrahydro-pyridazinyl, dihydro-triazinyl, tetrahydro-triazinyl, hexahydro-triazinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl, dihydro-indolyl, indolinyl, tetrahydro-indolyl, dihydro-indazolyl, tetrahydro-indazolyl, dihydro-isoindolyl, dihydro-benzofuranyl, tetrahydro-benzofuranyl, dihydro-benzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, dihydro-benzimidazolyl, tetrahydro-benzimidazolyl, dihydro-benzooxazolyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazolyl, tetrahydro-benzooxazolyl, dihydro-benzooxazinyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazinyl, tetrahydro-benzooxazinyl, benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, benzo[1,4]dioxanyl, dihydro-purinyl, tetrahydro-purinyl, dihydro-quinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydro-isoquinolinyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-(1H)-yl, tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl, 1,2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydro-quinazolinyl, tetrahydro-quinazolinyl, dihydro-quinoxalinyl, tetrahydro-quinoxalinyl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalinyl, 2,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolyl, 4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazolyl, hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-b][1 ,4]oxazin-(2H)-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[3,2-b][1 ,4]oxazinyl, (cis)-octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrolyl, hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-(1 H)-yl, 5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-(7H)-yl, 5,7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl, tetrahydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3, 4-b]pyridin-(2H,7H,7aH)-yl, hexahydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-(2H)-yl, (octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridinyl , hexahydropyrrolo[1 ,2-a]pyrazin-(1 H)-yl, 3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1 H-pyrrolo[1 ,2-a]pyrazinyl, 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indolyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indolyl, 1 ,3-dihydro-2H-isoindolyl, octahydro-2H-isoindolyl, 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptanyl, 4,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octanyl, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 2,5-diazaspiro[3.4]octanyl, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octanyl, 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, 2-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decanyl, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, 1 ,4-dihydroindeno[1 ,2-c]pyrazolyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydroquinolinyl, 8H-indeno[1,2-d]thiazolyl, tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, pyridin-2(1H)-one, 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-enyl. The term “aziridinyl” as used herein includes aziridin-1-yl and aziridin-2-yl. The term “oxyranyl” as used herein includes oxyranyl-2-yl. The term “thiiranyl” as used herein includes thiiran-2-yl. The term “azetidinyl” as used herein includes azetidin-1-yl, azetidin-2-yl and azetidin-3-yl. The term “oxetanyl” as used herein includes oxetan-2-yl and oxetan-3-yl. The term “thietanyl” as used herein includes thietan-2-yl and thietan-3-yl. The term “pyrrolidinyl” as used herein includes pyrrolidin-1 -yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl and pyrrolidin-3-yl. The term “tetrahydrofuranyl” as used herein includes tetrahydrofuran-2-yl and tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. The term “tetrahydrothiophenyl” as used herein includes tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl and tetrahydrothiophen-3-yl. The term “succinimidyl” as used herein includes succinimid-1-yl and succininmid-3-yl. The term “dihydropyrrolyl” as used herein includes 2,3-dihydropyrrol-1 -yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl, 2,5-dihydropyrrol-1 -yl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl and 2,5-dihydropyrrol-5-yl. The term “2H-pyrrolyl” as used herein includes 2H-pyrrol-2-yl, 2H-pyrrol-3-yl, 2H-pyrrol-4-yl and 2H-pyrrol-5-yl. The term “3H-pyrrolyl” as used herein includes 3H-pyrrol-2-yl, 3H-pyrrol-3-yl, 3H-pyrrol-4-yl and 3H-pyrrol-5-yl. The term “dihydrofuranyl” as used herein includes 2,3-dihydrofuran-2-yl, 2,3-dihydrofuran-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrofuran-4-yl, 2,3-dihydrofuran-5-yl, 2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl, 2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl, 2,5-dihydrofuran-4-yl and 2,5-dihydrofuran-5-yl. The term “dihydrothiophenyl” as used herein includes 2,3-dihydrothiophen-2-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiophen-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiophen-4-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiophen-5-yl, 2,5-dihydrothiophen-2-yl, 2,5-dihydrothiophen-3-yl, 2,5-dihydrothiophen-4-yl and 2,5-dihydrothiophen-5-yl. The term “imidazolidinyl” as used herein includes imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl and imidazolidin-4-yl. The term “pyrazolidinyl” as used herein includes pyrazolidin-1 -yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl and pyrazolidin-4-yl. The term “imidazolinyl” as used herein includes imidazolin-1 -yl, imidazolin-2-yl, imidazolin-4-yl and imidazolin-5-yl. The term “pyrazolinyl” as used herein includes 1-pyrazolin-3-yl, 1-pyrazolin-4-yl, 2-pyrazolin-1-yl, 2-pyrazolin-3-yl, 2-pyrazolin-4-yl, 2-pyrazolin-5-yl, 3-pyrazolin-1-yl, 3-pyrazolin-2-yl, 3-pyrazolin-3-yl, 3-pyrazolin-4-yl and 3-pyrazolin-5-yl. The term “dioxolanyl” also known as “1,3-dioxolanyl” as used herein includes dioxolan-2-yl, dioxolan-4-yl and dioxolan-5-yl. The term “dioxolyl” also known as “1,3-dioxolyl” as used herein includes dioxol-2-yl, dioxol-4-yl and dioxol-5-yl. The term “oxazolidinyl” as used herein includes oxazolidin-2-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, oxazolidin-4-yl and oxazolidin-5-yl. The term “isoxazolidinyl” as used herein includes isoxazolidin-2-yl, isoxazolidin-3-yl, isoxazolidin-4-yl and isoxazolidin-5-yl. The term “oxazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-oxazolinyl-2-yl, 2-oxazolinyl-4-yl, 2-oxazolinyl-5-yl, 3-oxazolinyl-2-yl, 3-oxazolinyl-4-yl, 3-oxazolinyl-5-yl, 4-oxazolinyl-2-yl, 4-oxazolinyl-3-yl, 4-oxazolinyl-4-yl and 4-oxazolinyl-5-yl. The term “isoxazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-isoxazolinyl-3-yl, 2-isoxazolinyl-4-yl, 2-isoxazolinyl-5-yl, 3-isoxazolinyl-3-yl, 3-isoxazolinyl-4-yl, 3-isoxazolinyl-5-yl, 4-isoxazolinyl-2-yl, 4-isoxazolinyl- 3-yl, 4-isoxazolinyl-4-yl and 4-isoxazolinyl-5-yl. The term “thiazolidinyl” as used herein includes thiazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl, thiazolidin-4-yl and thiazolidin-5-yl. The term “isothiazolidinyl” as used herein includes isothiazolidin-2-yl, isothiazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidin-4-yl and isothiazolidin-5-yl. The term “thiazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-thiazolinyl-2-yl, 2-thiazolinyl-4-yl, 2-thiazolinyl-5-yl, 3-thiazolinyl-2-yl, 3-thiazolinyl-4-yl, 3-thiazolinyl-5-yl, 4-thiazolinyl-2-yl, 4-thiazolinyl-3-yl, 4-thiazolinyl-4-yl and 4-thiazolinyl-5-yl. The term “isothiazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-isothiazolinyl-3-yl, 2-isothiazolinyl-4-yl, 2-isothiazolinyl-5-yl, 3-isothiazolinyl-3-yl, 3-isothiazolinyl-4-yl, 3-isothiazolinyl-5-yl, 4-isothiazolinyl-2-yl, 4-isothiazolinyl-3-yl, 4-isothiazolinyl- 4-yl and 4-isothiazolinyl-5-yl. The term “piperidyl” also known as “piperidinyl” as used herein includes piperid-1-yl, piperid-2-yl, piperid-3-yl and piperid-4-yl. The term “dihydropyridinyl” as used herein includes 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-1 -yl, 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-5-yl, 1 ,2-dihydropyridin-6-yl, 1 ,4-dihydropyridin-1 -yl, 1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 1 ,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 1 ,4-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-5-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-6-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-5-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-6-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-5-yl and 3,4-dihydropyridin-6-yl. The term “tetrahydropyridinyl” as used herein includes 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-1 -yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin- 3-yl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin- -yl , 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-5- , 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl, 1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridin-1 -yl, 1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl, 1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl, 1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl, 1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridin-5-yl, 1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl, 2.3.4.5-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl, 2.3.4.5-tetrahyd ropy rid i n-4-y I , >,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-5-yl ar I 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl. The term “tetrahydropyranyl” also known as “oxanyl” or “tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl”, as used herein includes tetrahydropyran-2-yl, tetrahydropyran-3-yl and tetrahydropyran-4-yl. The term “2H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 2H-pyran-2-yl, 2H-pyran-3-yl, 2H-pyran-4-yl, 2H-pyran-5-yl and 2H-pyran-6-yl. The term “4H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 4H-pyran-2-yl, 4H-pyran-3-yl and 4H-pyran-4-yl. The term “3,4-dihydro-2H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl. The term “3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl. The term “tetrahydrothiophenyl”, as used herein includes tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl, tetrahydrothiophenyl -3-yl and tetrahydrothiophenyl -4-yl. The term “2H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 2H-thiopyran-2-yl, 2H-thiopyran-3-yl, 2H-thiopyran-4-yl, 2H-thiopyran-5-yl and 2H-thiopyran-6-yl. The term “4H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 4H-thiopyran-2-yl, 4H-thiopyran-3-yl and 4H-thiopyran-4-yl. The term “3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-2-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-5-yl and 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-6-yl. The term “3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-2-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-5-yl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-6-yl. The term “piperazinyl” also known as “piperazidinyl” as used herein includes piperazin-1 -yl and piperazin-2-yl. The term “morpholinyl” as used herein includes morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl and morpholin-4-yl. The term “thiomorpholinyl” as used herein includes thiomorpholin-2-yl, thiomorpholin-3-yl and thiomorpholin-4-yl. The term “dioxanyl” as used herein includes 1,2-dioxan-3-yl, 1,2-dioxan-4-yl, 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxan-4-yl, 1,3-dioxan-5-yl and 1,4-dioxan-2-yl. The term “dithianyl” as used herein includes 1 ,2-dithian-3-yl, 1 ,2-dithian-4-yl, 1,3-dithian-2-yl, 1 ,3-dithian-4-yl, 1 ,3-dithian-5-yl and 1 ,4-dithian-2-yl. The term “oxathianyl” as used herein includes oxathian-2-yl and oxathian-3-yl. The term “trioxanyl” as used herein includes 1.2.3-trioxan-4-yl, 1,2,3-trioxan-5-yl, 1,2,4-trioxan-3-yl, 1,2,4-trioxan-5-yl, 1,2,4-trioxan-6-yl and 1.3.4-trioxan-2-yl. The term “azepanyl” as used herein includes azepan-1-yl, azepan-2-yl,azepan-3-yl and azepan-4-yl. The term “homopiperazinyl” as used herein includes homopiperazin-1 -yl, homopiperazin-2-yl, homopiperazin-3-yl and homopiperazin-4-yl. The term “indolinyl” as used herein includes indolin-1 -yl, indolin-2-yl, indolin-3-yl, indolin-4-yl, indolin-5-yl, indolin-6-yl, and indolin-7-yl. The term “quinolizinyl” as used herein includes quinolizidin-1 -yl, quinolizidin-2-yl, quinolizidin-3-yl and quinolizidin-4-yl. The term “isoindolinyl” as used herein includes isoindolin-1 -yl, isoindolin-2-yl, isoindolin-3-yl, isoindolin-4-yl, isoindolin-5-yl, isoindolin-6-yl, and isoindolin-7-yl. The term “3H-indolyl” as used herein includes 3H-indol-2-yl, 3H-indol-3-yl, 3H-indol-4-yl, 3H-indol-5-yl, 3H-indol-6-yl, and 3H-indol-7-yl. The term “quinolizinyl” as used herein includes quinolizidin-1 -yl, quinolizidin-2-yl, quinolizidin-3-yl and quinolizidin-4-yl. The term “quinolizinyl” as used herein includes quinolizidin-1 -yl, quinolizidin-2-yl, quinolizidin-3-yl and quinolizidin-4-yl. The term “tetrahydroquinolinyl” as used herein includes tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-2-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-3-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-5-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl and tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl. The term “tetrahydroisoquinolinyl” as used herein includes tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-5-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-6-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-yl and tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-yl. The term “chromanyl” as used herein includes chroman-2-yl, chroman-3-yl, chroman-4-yl, chroman-5-yl, chroman-6-yl, chroman-7-yl and chroman-8-yl. The term “1H-pyrrolizine” as used herein includes 1 H-pyrrolizin-1 -yl, 1 H-pyrrolizin-2-yl, 1 H-pyrrolizin-3-yl, 1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl, 1 H-pyrrolizin-6-yl and 1 H-pyrrolizin-7-yl. The term “3H-pyrrolizine” as used herein includes 3H-pyrrolizin-1 -yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-2-yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-3-yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-5-yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-6-yl and 3H-pyrrolizin-7-yl.

[0127] The term "heterocyclylalkyl" or "heterocyclyl-alkyl", as a group or part of a group, refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by at least one heterocyclyl as defined herein, and can be represented by a group of formula -Ra-R° wherein Rais alkylene and R° is heterocyclyl as defined herein. The term “3 to 10 membered heterocyclyl-Ci-6alkyl” refers to a heterocyclyl-alkyl wherein the alkylene moiety comprises from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the heterocyclyl moiety is non-aromatic, fully saturated or partially unsaturated ring system of 3 to 10 atoms including at least one N, O, S, or P.

[0128] The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic ring system comprising from 5 to 18 atoms including at least one N, O, S, orP, containing 1 or 2 rings which can be fused together or linked covalently, preferably 5 to 14 atoms (5-14 membered heteroaryl), yet more preferably 5 to 10 atoms (5-10 membered heteroaryl), each ring typically containing 5 to 6 atoms; at least one of said rings is aromatic, where the N and S heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the N heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized, and wherein at least one carbon atom of said heteroaryl can be oxidized to form at least one C=O. Fused systems of a heteroaryl ring with a cycloalkyl ring, or acycloalkenyl ring, ora cycloalkynyl ring, are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a heteroaryl ring with a heterocycle are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a hetero aryl ring with an aryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Non-limiting examples of such heteroaryl, include: pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, thiophenyl (also referred as thienyl), furanyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazol-2-yl, 1H-pyrazol-5-yl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxatriazolyl, thiatriazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazinyl, dioxinyl, thiazinyl, triazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazolyl, thieno[3,2-b]furanyl, thieno[3,2-b]thiophenyl, thieno[2,3-d][1 ,3]thiazolyl, thieno[2,3-d]imidazolyl, tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl,1,3-benzoxazolyl, 1,2-benzisoxazolyl, 2,1-benzisoxazolyl, 1,3-benzothiazolyl, 1,2-benzoisothiazolyl, 2,1 -benzoisothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, 1,2,3-benzoxadiazolyl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl, benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-benzothiadiazolyl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl, thienopyridinyl, purinyl, 9H-purinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, imidazo[5,1-a]isoquinolinyl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, 6-oxo-pyridazin-1(6H)-yl, 2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl; acridinyl, phthalazinyl, 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]-1H-pyrazolyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl, 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one, 5,6-dihydroimidazo[5,1-a]isoquinolinyl, 8H-indeno[1,2-d]thiazolyl, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one, quinolin-2(1H)-one, quinazolin-4(1H)-one, quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, benzo-[d]oxazolyl, and pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl.

[0129] The term “pyrrolyl” (also called azolyl) as used herein includes pyrrol-1 -yl, pyrrol-2-yl and pyrrol-3-yl. The term “furanyl” (also called "furyl") as used herein includes furan-2-yl and furan-3-yl (also called furan-2-yl and furan-3-yl). The term “thiophenyl” (also called "thienyl") as used herein includes thiophen-2-yl and thiophen-3-yl (also called thien-2-yl and thien-3-yl). The term “pyrazolyl” (also called 1H-pyrazolyl and 1 ,2-diazolyl) as used herein includes pyrazol-1-yl, pyrazol-3-yl or 1H-pyrazol-5-yl, pyrazol-4-yl and pyrazol-5-yl. The term “imidazolyl” as used herein includes imidazol-1-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl and imidazol-5-yl. The term “oxazolyl” (also called 1,3-oxazolyl) as used herein includes oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl and oxazol-5-yl. The term “isoxazolyl” (also called 1,2-oxazolyl), as used herein includes isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, and isoxazol-5-yl. The term “thiazolyl” (also called 1,3-thiazolyl),as used herein includes thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl and thiazol-5-yl (also called 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl and 5-thiazolyl). The term “isothiazolyl” (also called 1, 2-thiazolyl) as used herein includes isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, and isothiazol-5-yl. The term “triazolyl” as used herein includes triazol-2-yl, 1 H-triazolyl and 41-1-1,2,4-triazolyl, “1 H-triazolyl” includes 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazol-1-yl, 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazol-4-yl, 1 H-1 ,2,3-triazol-5-yl, 1 H-1 ,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 1 H-1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl and 1 H-1 ,2,4-triazol-5-yl. “4H-1,2,4-triazolyl” includes4H-1 ,2,4-triazol-4-yl, and 4H-1 ,2,4-triazol-3-yl. The term “oxadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-oxadiazol-4-yl, 1,2,3-oxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl and 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl. The term “thiadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl, 1 ,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 1 ,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl (also called furazan-3-yl) and 1 ,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl. The term “tetrazolyl” as used herein includes 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-5-yl, 2H-tetrazol-2-yl, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl. The term “oxatriazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3,4-oxatriazol-5-yl and 1,2, 3, 5- oxatri azo I -4-yl. The term “thiatriazolyl” as used herein includes 1 ,2,3,4-thiatriazol-5-yl and 1 ,2,3,5-thiatriazol-4-yl. The term “pyridinyl” (also called "pyridyl") as used herein includes pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl and pyridin-4-yl (also called 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl). The term “pyrimidyl” as used herein includes pyrimid-2-yl, pyrimid-4-yl, pyrimid-5-yl and pyrimid-6-yl. The term “pyrazinyl” as used herein includes pyrazin-2-yl and pyrazin-3-yl. The term “pyridazinyl as used herein includes pyridazin-3-yl and pyridazin-4-yl. The term “oxazinyl” (also called "1,4-oxazinyl") as used herein includes 1,4-oxazin-4-yl and 1.4-oxazin-5-yl. The term “dioxinyl” (also called "1,4-dioxinyl”) as used herein includes 1,4-dioxin-2-yl and 1 ,4-dioxin-3-yl. The term “thiazinyl” (also called "1,4-thiazinyl”) as used herein includes 1.4-thiazin-2-yl, 1 ,4-thiazin-3-yl, 1 ,4-thiazin-4-yl, 1 ,4-thiazin-5-yl and 1 ,4-thiazin-6-yl. The term “triazinyl” as used herein includes 1 ,3,5-triazin-2-yl, 1 ,2,4-triazin-3-yl, 1 ,2,4-triazin-5-yl, 1,2,4-triazin-6-yl, 1 ,2,3-triazin-4-yl and 1 ,2,3-triazin-5-yl. The term “imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazolyl” as used herein includes imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoi-2-yl, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-3-yl, imidazo[2,1-b][1 ,3]thiazol-5-yl and imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-6-yl. The term “thieno[3,2-b]furanyl” as used herein includes thieno[3,2-b]furan-2-yl, thieno[3,2-b]furan-3-yl, thieno[3,2-b]furan-4-yl, and thieno[3,2-b]furan-5-yl. The term “thieno[3,2-b]thiophenyl” as used herein includes thieno[3,2-b]thien-2-yl, thieno[3,2-b]thien-3-yl, thieno[3,2-b]thien-5-yl and thieno[3,2-b]thien-6-yl. The term “thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazolyl” as used herein includes thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazol-2-yl, thieno[2,3-d][1 ,3]thiazol-5-yl and thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazol-6-yl. The term “thieno[2,3-d]imidazolyl” as used herein includes thieno[2,3-d]imidazol-2-yl, thieno[2,3-d]imidazol-4-yl and thieno[2,3-d]imidazol-5-yl. The term “tetrazolo[1 ,5-a]pyridinyl” as used herein includes tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-yl, tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-yl, tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-yl, and tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-8-yl. The term “indolyl” as used herein includes indol-1-yl, indol-2-yl, indol-3-yl, indol-4-yl, indol-5-yl, indol-6-yl and indol-7-yl. The term “indolizinyl” as used herein includes indolizin-1 -yl, indolizin-2-yl, indolizin-3-yl, indolizin-5-yl, indolizin-6-yl, indolizin-7-yl, and indolizin-8-yl. The term “isoindolyl” as used herein includes isoindol-1 -yl, isoindol-2-yl, isoindol-3-yl, isoindol-4-yl, isoindol-5-yl, isoindol-6-yl and isoindol-7-yl. The term “benzofuranyl” (also called benzo[b]furanyl) as used herein includes benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, benzofuran-4-yl, benzofuran-5-yl, benzofuran-6-yl and benzofuran-7-yl. The term “isobenzofuranyl” (also called benzo[c]furanyl) as used herein includes isobenzofuran-1-yl, isobenzofuran-3-yl, isobenzofuran-4-yl, isobenzofuran-5-yl, isobenzofuran-6-yl and isobenzofuran-7-yl. The term “benzothiophenyl” (also calledbenzo[b]thienyl) as used herein includes 2-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 4-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 5-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 6-benzo[b]thiophenyl and -7-benzo[b]thiophenyl (also called benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, benzothien-4-yl, benzothien-5-yl, benzothien-6-yl and benzothien-7-yl). The term “isobenzothiophenyl” (also called benzo[c]thienyl) as used herein includes isobenzothien-1-yl, isobenzothien-3-yl, isobenzothien-4-yl, isobenzothien-5-yl, isobenzothien-6-yl and isobenzothien-7-yl. The term “indazolyl” (also called 1H-indazolyl or 2-azaindolyl) as used herein includes 1H-indazol-1-yl, 1H-indazol-3-yl, 1H-indazol-4-yl, 1H-indazol-5-yl, 1H-indazol-6-yl, 1H-indazol-7-yl, 2H-indazol-2-yl, 2H-indazol-3-yl, 2H-indazol-4-yl, 2H-indazol-5-yl, 2H-indazol-6-yl, and 2H-indazol-7-yl. The term “benzimidazolyl” as used herein includes benzimidazol-1-yl, benzimidazol-2-yl, benzimidazol-4-yl, benzimidazol-5-yl, benzimidazol-6-yl and benzimidazol-7-yl. The term “1,3-benzoxazolyl” as used herein includes 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl, 1,3-benzoxazol-4-yl, 1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl, 1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl and 1,3-benzoxazol-7-yl. The term “1,2-benzisoxazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-4-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-5-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl and 1,2-benzisoxazol-7-yl. The term “2,1-benzisoxazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 2,1-benzisoxazol-4-yl, 2,1-benzisoxazol-5-yl, 2,1-benzisoxazol-6-yl and 2,1-benzisoxazol-7-yl. The term “1,3-benzothiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-4-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl, 1 ,3-benzothiazol-6-yl and 1,3-benzothiazol-7-yl. The term “1,2-benzoisothiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl, 1,2-benzisothiazol-4-yl, 1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl, 1,2-benzisothiazol-6-yl and 1,2-benzisothiazol-7-yl. The term “2,1-benzoisothiazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1-benzisothiazol-3-yl, 2,1-benzisothiazol-4-yl, 2,1-benzisothiazol-5-yl, 2,1-benzisothiazol-6-yl and 2,1-benzisothiazol-7-yl. The term “benzotriazolyl” as used herein includes benzotriazol- 1-yl, benzotriazol-4-yl, benzotriazol-5-yl, benzotriazol-6-yl and benzotriazol-7-yl. The term “1,2,3-benzoxadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl, 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-6-yl and 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl. The term “2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-5-yl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-6-yl and 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl. The term “1,2,3-benzothiadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl, 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-6-yl and 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-7-yl. The term “2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-6-yl and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-7-yl. The term “thienopyridinyl” as used herein includes thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, thieno[2 ,3-c]pyridinyl, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl and thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl. The term “purinyl” as used herein includes purin-2-yl, purin-6-yl, purin-7-yl and purin-8-yl. The term “imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl”, as used herein includes imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-4-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-7-yl. The term “1,3-benzodioxolyl”, as used herein includes 1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl, 1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl, 1,3-benzodioxol-6-yl, and 1,3-benzodioxol-7-yl. The term “quinolinyl” as used herein includes quinolin-2-yl, quinolin-3-yl, quinolin-4-yl, quinolin-5-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-7-yl and quinolin-8-yl. The term “isoquinolinyl” as used herein includes isoquinolin-1 -yl, isoquinolin-3-yl, isoquinolin-4-yl, isoquinolin-5-yl, isoquinolin-6-yl, isoquinolin-7-yl and isoquinolin-8-yl. The term “cinnolinyl” as used herein includes cinnolin-3-yl, cinnolin-4-yl, cinnolin-5-yl, cinnolin-6-yl, cinnolin-7-yl and cinnolin-8-yl. The term “quinazolinyl” as used herein includes quinazolin-2-yl, quinazolin-4-yl, quinazolin-5-yl, quinazolin-6-yl, quinazolin-7-yl and quinazolin-8-yl. The term “quinoxalinyl” as used herein includes quinoxalin-2-yl, quinoxalin-5-yl, and quinoxalin-6-yl.

[0130] Heteroaryl and heterocycle or heterocyclyl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation these groups described in Paquette, Leo A. “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; Katritzky, Alan R., Rees, C.W. and Scriven, E. “Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry” (Pergamon Press, 1996); and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960) 82:5566.

[0131] The term "heteroarylalkyl" or "heteroaryl-alkyl", as a group or part of a group, refers to an alkyl as defined herein, wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by at least one heteroaryl as defined herein, and can be represented by a group of formula -Ra-Rpwherein Rais alkylene and Rpis heteroaryl as defined herein. The term “5 to 10 membered heteroaryl-Ci-6alkyl” refers to a heteroaryl-alkyl wherein the alkylene moiety comprises from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety is an aromatic ring system comprising from 5 to 10 atoms including at least one N, O, S, or P.

[0132] The term “alkylcarbonyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-C(=O)-Rb, wherein Rbis alkyl as defined herein.

[0133] The term “heterocyclyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-R°, wherein R° is heterocyclyl as defined herein.

[0134] The term “heteroaryloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula -O-Rpwherein Rpis heteroaryl as defined herein.

[0135] The term “single bond” as used herein for a linking group i.e., in a way that a certain linking group is selected from a single bond, etc. in the formulas herein, refers to a molecule wherein the linking group is not present and therefore refers to compounds with a direct linkage via a single bond between the two moieties being linked by the linking group.

[0136] The term “double bond” as used herein for a linking group i.e., in a way that a certain linking group is selected from a double bond, etc. in the formulas herein, refers to a molecule wherein the linking group is not present and therefore refers to compounds with a direct linkage via a doublebond between the two moieties being linked by the linking group.

[0137] Any substituent designation that is found in more than one site in a compound of this invention shall be independently selected.

[0138] Substituents optionally are designated with or without bonds. Regardless of bond indications, if a substituent is polyvalent (based on its position in the structure referred to), then any and all possible orientations of the substituent are intended.

[0139] Any reference to a "compound according to the invention", "compound of the invention", “compound as defined herein” or "compound of formula" also includes isomers such as stereoisomers and tautomers, salts, hydrates, solvates, or polymorphs of such compounds unless expressly indicated otherwise.

[0140] The term "plant" as used herein refers to all plants and plant populations, crops and cultivars. The term "plant" encompasses all forms and organs of a monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant, including but not limited to the seed, the seedling, and mature plant.

[0141] The term "plant parts" refers to all physical parts and organs of plants, including saplings, roots, tubers, stems, stalks, shoot, leaves, blossoms, foliage, and fruits.

[0142] In the present invention, the term “induced resistance” refers to activation of defense responses in plants and / or plant parts by biotic and / or abiotic stresses. The terms “stress” and “stress factor” are used interchangeably herein, and may refer to biotic and / or abiotic stresses, such as those as defined herein. The induced resistance is expressed locally and / or systematically. “Induced resistance” is also used interchangeably with the terms “immune response”, “induced defense response”, and “induced defense reaction”.

[0143] Preferred statements (features) and embodiments of the compounds, processes, methods, compositions, and uses of this invention are set herein below. Each statement and embodiment of the invention so defined may be combined with any other statement and / or embodiment, unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other features or statements indicated as being preferred or advantageous. Hereto, the present invention is in particular captured by any one or any combination of one or more of the below numbered statements and embodiments, with any other aspect and / or embodiment.

[0144] 1. A compound of formula (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), or an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof,

[0145]

[0146] wherein

[0147] X1ais selected from S, CR1AR1B, or NR1A;

[0148] X2is selected from O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A;

[0149] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0150] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O;

[0151] = is an optional double bond;

[0152] R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0153] R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen;

[0154] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0155] L2ais -SO2, or -CO-;

[0156] L3is a single bond, or-CR4R5-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, alkyl, and alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or alkyl;

[0157] R6is selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl; wherein each of said alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0158] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0159] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0160]

[0161] comprising alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, , cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, arylalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;

[0162] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

[0163] 2. The compound according to statement 1 , wherein

[0164] X1ais selected from S, CR1AR1A, or NR1A;

[0165] X2is selected from O, N, CR1, CR1AR1B, or NR1A;

[0166] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0167] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O;

[0168] = is an optional double bond;

[0169] R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0170] R1Bis hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen;

[0171] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0172] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-;

[0173] L3is a single bond, or-CR4R5-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or C1-6 alkyl;

[0174] R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl; wherein each of said Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0175] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0176] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0177]

[0178] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3-ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 wa I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce- aryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;

[0179] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, Ciwalkylthio, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, C1-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-warylthio, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

[0180] The compound according to statement 1 or 2, wherein

[0181] X1ais S;

[0182] X2is selected from O, N, CR1A, or CR1AR1B;

[0183] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0184] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), or CH; = is an optional double bond;

[0185] R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0186] R1Bis hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen;

[0187] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2, preferably p is 1;

[0188] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2is -SO2-;

[0189] L3is a single bond, or-CR4R5-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl;

[0190] R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, Ce-waryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl; wherein each of said Ci-ealkyl, Ce-waryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0191] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0192] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3; preferablyn is an integer selected from 0, 1, or 2; preferably m is an integer selected from 0, 1, or 2; preferably n is an integer selected from 0 or 1 ; preferably m is an integer selected from 0 or 1;

[0193] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group(z2)m?^ xia

[0194] O^NH

[0195] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3- ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, and Ce-warylCi- ealkoxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce- warylcarbonyl, and Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, C3- ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0196] The compound according to any one of statements 1-3, having structural formula (Ia1), (Ia2), (Ib1), (Ib2), (Ic1), or (Ic2)

[0197]

[0198]

[0199] wherein X2ais O or CH2; X2bis CH or N; X3ais CH or N; X3bis S, O or NH; = is an optional double bond;

[0200] and Z1, Z2, R4, m and n have the same meaning as in any one of statements 1-3.

[0201] 5. The compound according to any one of statement 1-3, having structural formula (la), (lb), (le), or (If).

[0202] 6. A compound of formula (la), (lb), (le), or (If), or an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof,

[0203]

[0204] wherein

[0205] X1ais selected from S or NR1A;

[0206] X2is selected from O, N, or NR1A;

[0207] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0208] X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O;

[0209] = is an optional double bond;

[0210] R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen;

[0211] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0212] L2ais -SO2- or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0213] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0214] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0215]

[0216] comprising alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, ■ ' , cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, arylalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;

[0217] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

[0218] The compound according to any one of statements 1-6, wherein

[0219] X1ais S or NR1A;

[0220] X2is selected from O, N, or NR1A;

[0221] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0222] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O;

[0223] = is an optional double bond;

[0224] R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0225] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0226] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2- R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0227] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0228] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy,

[0229]

[0230] , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3-ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 -ea I koxyCi ^alkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce- aryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;

[0231] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, Ciwalkylthio, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, C1-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-warylthio, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

[0232] The compound according to any one of statement 1-7, having structural formula (la) or (le),

[0233]

[0234] wherein

[0235] X1ais selected from S or NR1A;

[0236] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0237] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O;

[0238] = is an optional double bond;

[0239] R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0240] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0241] L2ais -SO2-;n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0242]

[0243] comprising alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, ■ ' , cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, arylalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;

[0244] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

[0245] The compound according to any one of statements 1-8, wherein

[0246] X1ais S;

[0247] X2is O, or N;

[0248] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;

[0249] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), or CH; = is an optional double bond;

[0250] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2, preferably p is 1;

[0251] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2is -SO2-;

[0252] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0253] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3; preferably n is an integer selected from 0, 1, or 2; preferably m is an integer selected from 0, 1, or 2; preferably n is an integer selected from 0 or 1 ; preferably m is an integer selected from 0 or 1;

[0254] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0255] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy,

[0256]

[0257] Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ciwalkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce- warylcarbonyl, and Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, C3- ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0258] The compound according to any one of statements 1-7, 9, having structural formula (Ia1), (Ia2), (Ib1), or (Ib2),

[0259]

[0260] wherein X2ais O; X2bis N; X3ais CH or N; X3bis S, O or NH; = is an optional double bond; and Z1, Z2, m and n have the same meaning as in any one of statements 1-7, 9.The compound according to any one of statements 1-10, having structural formula (Ia1) or (Ia2),

[0261]

[0262] wherein X3ais CH or N; X3bis S, O or NH; = is an optional double bond;

[0263] and Z1, Z2, m and n have the same meaning as in any one of statements 1-10.

[0264] The compound according to any one of statements 1-11, having structural formula (Ia3) or (Ia4),

[0265]

[0266] wherein X3ais CH or N; X3bis S, O or NH;

[0267] and Z1, Z2, m and n have the same meaning as in any one of statements 1-11.

[0268] The compound according to any one of statements 1-4, wherein the compound is selected from CPD-2 to CPD-27 as listed in Table A1; preferably the compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-2: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isochroman-1 -carboxamide; CPD-3: N-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-l , 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1 -carboxamide; CPD-4: N- (Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-I -naphthamide: CPD-5: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isoquinoline-1-carboxamide; CPD-6: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2-phenylacetamideCPD-7: N- (cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetamide; CPD-8: N- (Cyclohexylsulfonyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide; CPD-9: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)benzamide; CPD-10: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide; CPD-11: N- (Phenylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-I -carboxamide; CPD-12: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide; CPD-14: N-((4-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-15: N-((4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-16: N-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-17: N-Tosylisothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-18: N-((4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-19: N-(Thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-20: N- ((Trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-21: N-((5-Chloropyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; and CPD-24: N-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-2-(methylthio)acetamide.

[0269] The compound according to any one of statements 1-13, wherein the compound is selected from CPD-2, CPD-5, CPD-10 to CPD-22 as listed in Table A1; preferably the compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-2: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-1 -naphthamide: CPD-5: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isoquinoline-1 -carboxamide; CPD-10: N- (Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-I -carboxamide; CPD-11 : N-(Phenylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide; CPD-12: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide; CPD-14: N-((4-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-15: N-((4- (Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-16: N-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-17: N-Tosylisothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-18: N-((4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-19: N-(Thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)isothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-20: N- ((Trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1-carboxamide; and CPD-21: N-((5- Chloropyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide.

[0270] Use of a compound according to any one of statements 1-14 for inducing resistance against stress(es) in plants and / or parts thereof, preferably inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof.

[0271] A method of triggering induced resistance, in a plant comprising, applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, to a plant and / or part(s) thereof thereby triggering activation of induced resistance in the plant and / or parts thereof, preferably induced resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stress in the plant and / or parts thereof. Use of a compound of formula (I), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, for inducing resistance against stress(es) in plants and / or parts thereof, preferably inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof, wherein A2

[0272] "

[0273]

[0274] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, oran alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0275] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;

[0276] R1is hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1is hydrogen;

[0277] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0278] L2is -SO2-, -CH2-, or -CO-;

[0279] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0280] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0281] and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0282] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;

[0283] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, alkylthio, and arylthio; and instance R5is selected from hydrogen, or alkyl;

[0284] or R4and one Z2together with the atom to which they are attached can form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated five or six-membered ring.

[0285] A method of triggering induced resistance, in a plant comprising, applying an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, ora polymorphthereof, to a plant and / or plant part thereby triggering activation of induced resistance in the plant, wherein

[0286] A2

[0287] i

[0288] R1

[0289] XN-^O

[0290] L2

[0291]

[0292] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0293] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;

[0294] R1is hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1is hydrogen;

[0295] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0296] L2is -SO2-, -CH2-, or -CO-;

[0297] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0298] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0299] and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0300] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;

[0301] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, alkylthio, and arylthio; and instance R5is selected from hydrogen, or alkyl;

[0302] or R4and one Z2together with the atom to which they are attached can form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated five or six-membered ring.

[0303] The use according to statement 17, or the method according to statement 18 wherein A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or a Ci-ealkyl; wherein each of said membered ring, or Ci-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0304] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, CiwalkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;

[0305] R1is hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl;

[0306] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0307] L2is -SO2-, -CH2-, or -CO-;

[0308] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or Ci-ealkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or Ci-ealkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0309] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, C1-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkylthio, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 wa I koxyCi ^alkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-warylthio, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0310] and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, Ciwalkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ciwalkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, CiwalkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Cswcycloalkyloxy, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCiwalkyl, and oxo;

[0311] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ciwalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ci-ealkoxy, Ciwalkylalkylthio, and Ce-warylthio; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ciwalkyl;

[0312] or R4and one Z2together with the atom to which they are attached can form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated five or six-membered ring.

[0313] The use according to any one of statements 17-19, or the method according to any one of statements 18-19, wherein

[0314] A1is selected from the group comprising Cswcycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ciwalkyl, and heteroaryl; wherein each of said Cswcycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ciwalkyl, and heteroaryl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0315] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ciwalkyl, Cswcycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi alkyl, Cswcycloalkyloxy, Ci alkoxyCi alkoxy, Ciwalkoxycarbonyl, Ciwalkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ciwalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;

[0316] R1is hydrogen or alkyl;

[0317] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ciwalkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0318] L2is -SO2-, -CH2-, or -CO-;

[0319] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or Ciwalkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or Ciwalkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0320] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ciwalkyl, Cswcycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci alkoxyCi alkyl, Cswcycloalkyloxy, CiwalkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ciwalkoxycarbonyl, Ciwalkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCiwalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCiwalkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCiwalkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ciwalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0321] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi- ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ce- aryl, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, and oxo;

[0322] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P-; wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl; alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl;

[0323] or R4and one Z2together with the atom to which they are attached can form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 5 or 6-membered ring; wherein said 5 or 6-membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A.

[0324] 21. The use according to any one of statements 17-1220 or the method according to any one of statements 18-20, wherein

[0325] A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-ealkyl, and 5- or 6- membered heteroaryl; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-4alkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C3- ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C3- ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

[0326] 22. The use according to any one of statements 17-21, or the method according to any one of statements 18-21, wherein L2is SO2.

[0327] 23. The use according to any one of statements 17-21, or the method according to any one of statements 18-21, wherein L2is CO.

[0328] 24. The use according to any one of statements 17-23, or the method according to any one of statements 18-23, wherein R1is hydrogen.

[0329] 25. The use according to any one of statements 17-24, or the method according to any one of statements 18-24, wherein L1is a single bond or -CR2H-; wherein R2is selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl.26. The use according to any one of statements 17-25, or the method according to any one of statements 18-25, wherein L1is a single bond.

[0330] 27. The use according to any one of statements 17-26, or the method according to any one of statements 18-26, wherein L3is a single bond.

[0331] 28. The use according to any one of statements 17-27, or the method according to any one of statements 18-27, wherein each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi- ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3- ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 wa I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi- ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce- aryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce- warylCiwalkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3- ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino.

[0332] 29. The use according to any one of statements 17-28, or the method according to any one of statements 18-28, wherein

[0333] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or Ci-ealkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or Ci-ealkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0334] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci- ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi- ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce- waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy.

[0335] 30. The use according to any one of statements 17-29, or the method according to any one of statements 18-29, wherein said compound has structural formula (11), (I2), (I3), or (I4),

[0336]

[0337] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, X5is selected from S, O, or CH2;

[0338] R6is selected from the group comprising alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl; wherein each of said alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0339] and A1, L1, L2, L3, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29.

[0340] The use according to any one of statements 17-30, or the method according to any one of statements 18-30, wherein said compound has structural formula (I1i), (I2i), (I3i), or (I4i),

[0341]

[0342] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; X5is selected from S, O, or CH2; R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkyl; wherein each of said Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0343] and A1, L1, L2, L3, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29.

[0344] The use according to any one of statements 17-31, or the method according to any one of statements 18-31, wherein A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-ealkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatoms each independently selected from N, S, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C3-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-4alkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C^cycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one S, or N; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

[0345] The use according to any one of statements 17-32, or the method according to any one of statements 18-32, wherein said compound has structural formula (Ilia), (11 ib), (11 be), (I2ia), (I3ia), ( ia), (I4ib), or (I4ic),

[0346]

[0347] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, or O; X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; = is an optional double bond; X5is selected from S, O, or CH2; R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl; wherein each of said Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; R7is Ci-ealkyl which can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3; p’ is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3;

[0348] and L1, L2, L3, Z1, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29.34. The use according to any one of statements 17-33, or the method according to any one of statements 18-33, wherein said compound has structural formula (I1id), (I1ie), (11 bf), (11 ig), (Hih), (I1bi), (Ic), (Id), (Hid), (Hie), or (I4if),

[0349]

[0350] wherein

[0351] X1bis selected from S, O, CH2, or NH; X1cis selected from S, O, N, CH; X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO; X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; = is an optional double bond; X5is selected from S, O, or CH2; R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, Ce-waryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl; wherein each of said Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; R7is Ci-ealkyl which can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, p’ is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3;

[0352] and L1, L2, L3, Z1, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29.

[0353] The use according to any one of statements 17-34, or the method according to any one of statements 18-34, wherein said compound has structural formula (11 ij), (11 ik), (Him), or (11 in),

[0354]

[0355] wherein

[0356] X1bis selected from S, O, CH2, or NH; X1cis selected from S, O, N, CH; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0357] and L1, Z1, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29.

[0358] The use according to any one of statements 17-30, or the method according to any one of statements 18-30, wherein said compound has structural formula (11),

[0359]

[0360] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0361] and A1, L1, L2, L3, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29.

[0362] 37. Use a compound of formula (11), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, for inducing resistance to biotic stress in plants and / or parts thereof,

[0363]

[0364] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0365] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0366] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;

[0367] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0368] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0369] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;

[0370] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P- ; wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl; alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl; preferably L3is a single bond; L2is -SO2, -CH2-, or -CO-; and

[0371] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2.

[0372] A method of triggering induced resistance to biotic stress, in a plant comprising, applying an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (11), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, to a plant and / or plant part thereby triggering activation of induced resistance in the plant, wherein

[0373]

[0374] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0375] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;

[0376] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0377] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0378] and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0379] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;

[0380] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P- ; wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl; alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl; preferably L3is a single bond; L2is -SO2, -CH2-, or -CO-; and

[0381] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2.

[0382] The use according to any one of statements 17-30, 36-37, or the method according to any one of statements 18-30, 36, 38, wherein said compound has structural formula (I1i)

[0383]

[0384] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0385] and A1, L1, L2, L3, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29, 37. The use according to any one of statements 37, 39, or the method according to any one ofstatements 38-39, wherein A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-ealkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatoms each independently selected from N, S, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C3- ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-4alkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C^cycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6- membered heteroaryl containing at least one S, or N; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

[0386] 41. The use according to any one of statements 17-32, 37, 39-40, or the method according to any one of statements 18-32, 36, 38-40, wherein said compound has structural formula (Ilia), (Hib), or (11 be),

[0387]

[0388] X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, or O; X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; = is an optional double bond; R7is Ci-ealkyl which can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3; p’ is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3;

[0389] and L1, L2, Z1, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29, 37.

[0390] 42. The use according to any one of statements 17-33, 37, 39-41 , or the method according to any one of statements 18-33, 36, 38-41, wherein said compound has structural formula (I1id), (I1ie), (I1bf), (Hig), (Hih), (Hbi), (Ic), (Id), (Hid), (Hie), or (I4if),

[0391]

[0392] wherein

[0393] X1bis selected from S, O, CH2, or NH; X1cis selected from S, O, N, CH; X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO; X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-memberedring), CH, N, S or O; = is an optional double bond; X5is selected from S, O, or CH2; R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl; wherein each of said Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce-warylCi-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; R7is Ci-ealkyl which can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, p’ is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3;

[0394] and L1, L2, L3, Z1, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 17-29.

[0395] The use according to any one of statements 37, 39-41, or the method according to any one of statements 38-42, wherein said compound has structural formula (I1ij), (11 ik), (Him), or (I1in),

[0396]

[0397] wherein

[0398] X1bis selected from S, O, CH2, or NH; X1cis selected from S, O, N, CH; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0399] and L1, Z1, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of statements 37-41.

[0400] The use according to any one of statements 17-43, or the method according to any one of statements 18-43, wherein the compound is selected from a compound according to any one of statements 1-14.

[0401] The use according to any one of statements 17-35, or the method according to any one of statements 18-35, wherein the compound is selected from a compound listed in Tables A1 and A2, preferably the compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-1 , CPD-2; CPD-3; CPD-4: CPD-5; CPD-6; CPD-7; CPD-8; CPD-9; CPD-10; CPD-11 ; CPD-12; CPD-14; CPD-15:; CPD-16; CPD-17; CPD-18; CPD-19; CPD-20; CPD-21; CPD-24, CPD-31, CPD-32, CPD-33, CPD-34, CPD-35, CPD-36, CPD-37, CPD-38, CPD-39, CPD-40, CPD-41, CPD-42, CPD-43, CPD-44, CPD-45, CPD-46 and CPD-47.

[0402] The use according to any one of statements 17-45, or the method according to any one ofstatements 18-45, wherein the compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-1 to CPD-5, CPD-10 to CPD22, and CPD-31 to CPD-42 as listed in Tables A1 and A2, preferably wherein the compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-1, CPD-2; CPD-3; CPD- 4: CPD-5; CPD-10; CPD-11; CPD-12; CPD-14; CPD-15:; CPD-16; CPD-17; CPD-18; CPD- 19; CPD-20; CPD-21; CPD-31, CPD-32, CPD-33, CPD-34, CPD-35, CPD-36, CPD-37, CPD- 38, CPD-39, CPD-40, CPD-41, and CPD-42.

[0403] 47. The use according to any one of statements 17-46, or the method according to any one of statements 18-46, for inducing resistance to abiotic stress in plants.

[0404] 48. The use or method according to statement 47, wherein the abiotic stress is drought, wounding, mechanical wounding, cold exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, UV light exposure, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, and / or limited or excess availability of nutrients.

[0405] 49. . The use according to any one of statements 17-48, or the method according to any one of statements 18-48, for inducing resistance to biotic stress in plants, preferably wherein the biotic stress comprises infections by one or more of fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, insects, protozoa, acari, and / or nematodes, and / or preferably wherein said biotic stress comprises herbivory and / or damage by one or more herbivores.

[0406] 50. The use according to any one of statements 17-49, or the method according to any one of statements 18-49, for inducing resistance to biotic stress in plants and / or plant parts thereof, wherein said induced resistance is induced against infections by fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, insects, protozoa, acari, and / or nematodes, and / or wherein said induced resistance is resistance to herbivory and / or herbivores.

[0407] 51. The use or method according to statement 49 or 50, wherein said induced resistance is induced against infections by fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, insects, protozoa, acari, and / or nematodes.

[0408] 52. The use or method according to any one of statements 49 to 51, wherein the fungi are selected from the group consisting of the genera Botrytis, Fusarium, Magnaporthe, Puccinia, Blumeria, Mycosphaerella, Colletotrichum, Ustilago, Phakopsora, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, Cladosporium, Leptosphaeria, and Rhizoctonia.

[0409] 53. The use or method according to any one of statement 49 to 51 , wherein the oomycetes are selected from the group consisting of the genera Peronosporaceae (e.g., Hyaloperonospora), Phytophthora, and Pythium.

[0410] 54. The use or method according to any one of statement 49 to 51, wherein the bacteria are selected from the group consisting of the genera Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium,Agrobacterium, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, Xyllela, Dickeya, Pectobacterium, Streptomyces, Clavibacter, Candidatus Liberibacter, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Burkholderia.

[0411] The use or method according to any one of statement 49 to 51 , wherein the viruses are selected from the group consisting of Soybean mosaic virus; Clover yellow vein virus; Turnip mosaic virus; Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus; Beet Severe Curly Top Virus; Citrus Tristeza Virus; Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus; Potato virus Y; Plantago Asiatica Mosaic Virus; Turnip crinckle virus; Bean common mosaic virus; Bean necrotic mosaic virus; Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus; Azuki mosaic virus; Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus; Passionfruit woodiness virus; Thailand passiflora virus; Watermelon mosaic virus; Zucchini yellow mosaic virus; Tobacco Etch Virus; Tobamovirus; Lettuce Mosaic Virus; Tobacco mosaic virus; Begomovirus; Rice yellow mottle virus; Sugarcane Mosaic Virus; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus; Tobacco vein mottling virus; Zucchini yellow mosaic virus; Tomato yellow leaf curl virus; Papaya ring-spot virus; Cucumber mosaic virus; Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus; Bean Dwarf Mosaic Virus; Potato virus X; Barley yellow mosaic virus; Barley mild mosaic virus; Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus; Bean yellow mosaic virus; Pepper mottle virus; Rice Stripe Virus; Tomato spotted wilt virus; Tomato Mosaic Virus.

[0412] The use according to any one of statements 17-50, or the method according to any one of statements 18-50, wherein said induced resistance is resistance to herbivory and / or herbivores, and preferably wherein said herbivores are selected from the group comprising herbivorous invertebrates, such as herbivorous insects, isopods or millepedes, garden snails, slugs; and herbivorous vertebrates such as those selected from the group comprising fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and herbivorous mammals.

[0413] The use according to any one of statements 17-56, or the method according to any one of statements 18-56, wherein the compound is applied on a plant and / or part(s) thereof, and / or in the growth medium of a plant.

[0414] The use according to anyone of statements 17-56, or the method according to any one of statements 18-56; wherein the compound is sprayed on the plant, watered on the plant, added to the substrate, liquid or soil in which the plant is growing, or used as a seed coating.

[0415] The use according to any one of statements 17-58, or the method according to any one of statements 18-58, wherein the compound is applied to the leaves, roots and / or seeds of the plant and / or part thereof.

[0416] The use according to anyone of statements 17-59, or the method according to any one of statements 18-59, wherein the plant can be selected from the group comprising Solanaceae (including tomato, potato, pepper, tobacco, etc.), Cucurbitaceae (including cucumber, marrow, watermelon, melon, etc.), Rutaceae (including orange, lemon, calamansi, lime,kumquat, mandarin, grapefruit, etc.), cereals (including wheat, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, oat, barley, teff, spelt, buckwheat, fonio, quinoa, etc.), rice, maize (corn), sugar cane, palm tree, banana, beet, apple, pear, plum, peach, almond, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, leguminous plants (including beans, soybeans, lentils, peas, etc.), oil plant (including oilseed rape (Brassica napus), mustard, poppy, olives, sunflowers, coconut, castor oil plants, cocoa bean, groundnuts, etc.), fiber plants (including cotton, flax, hemp, jute, etc.); spinach, lettuce, cabbages, carrots, lauraceae (including avocados, cinnamon, camphor, etc.), perilla, garlic, ginger, onion, canola, turnip rape (Brassica rapa), linseed, peanuts, cassava, nuts, coffee, tea, vines, hops, durian, natural rubber plants, and ornamentals (including flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees, evergreens, etc.).

[0417] The use according to anyone of statements 17-59, or the method according to any one of statements 18-59, wherein the compound is part of an agrochemical composition further comprising an agriculturally acceptable excipient.

[0418] A plant seed coated with at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46.

[0419] Agrochemical composition comprising at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and one or more optional agriculturally acceptable excipient.

[0420] The composition according to statement 63, which can be formulated as a wettable powder, a suspension, an emulsifiable concentrate, an emulsion, a microemulsion, a soluble concentrate, a dispersible concentrate, a water-dispersible granule, a granule, a dustable powder, a suspendable concentrate, a water-dispersible granule, a floating granule or a tablet.

[0421] Use of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or use of a composition as recited in any one of statements 62-64, in agriculture and / or horticulture; more in particular in crop production.

[0422] Use of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or use of a composition as recited in any one of statements 62-64, as plant resistance response inducer.

[0423] Use of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or use of a composition as recited in any one of statements 62-64, for inducing resistance, preferably systemic resistance, in a plant and / or plant part against biotic and / or abiotic stress factors.68. Use of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or use of a composition as recited in any one of statements 62-64, as crop protecting agent.

[0424] 69. Method for activating induced resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses in a plant and / or part thereof, comprising applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, to said plant and / or plant part.

[0425] 70. Method for activating induced resistance to biotic stresses in a plant and / or part thereof, comprising applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, to said plant and / or plant part.

[0426] 71. Method for inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, to said plant and / or plant part.

[0427] 72. Method for inducing resistance to biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, to said plant and / or plant part.

[0428] 73. Method for the production of a plant and / or plant part, including seeds, having induced resistance as compared to a control plant, which method comprises the step of

[0429] (a) applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, to said plant and / or plant part,

[0430] (b) optionally, cultivating said plant and / or plant part under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

[0431] 74. Method for the production of a plant and / or plant part, including seeds, having induced resistance against stress as compared to a control plant, preferably having induced resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses, more preferably to biotic stresses, which method comprises the step of

[0432] (a) applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, to said plant and / or plant part,

[0433] (b) optionally, cultivating said plant and / or plant part under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

[0434] 75. Method of treating or preventing, or at least inhibiting or alleviating, damage caused by biotic and / or abiotic stress in a plant, preferably by biotic stress, in particular through the activationof the plant defense mechanism, comprising applying to a plant and / or part(s) thereof or loci thereof at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46.

[0435] 76. Method according to any one of statements 69-75, wherein the stresses are as defined in any one of statements 47-56.

[0436] 77. Method according to any one of statements 69-76, wherein said compound is applied as recited in any one of statements 57-59 and 61.

[0437] 78. Method according to any one of statements 69-77, wherein said plant is as recited in statement 60.

[0438] 79. A plant treated with at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound according to any one of statements 1-14, or as recited in any one of statements 16-46, or a plant part thereof, including seed.

[0439] 80. A plant or plant part, according to statement 79, wherein said plant or part thereof, exhibits induced resistance, preferably induced resistance against biotic and / or abiotic stresses, and more preferably against biotic stresses.

[0440] 81. A plant or plant part, according to any one of statements 79 to 80, wherein the stresses are as defined in any one of statements 47-56.

[0441] 82. A plant or plant part, according to any one of statements 79 to 81 , wherein said plant or plant parts is treated with said compound or said composition as recited in any one of statements 57-59 and 61.

[0442] 83. A plant or plant part, according to any one of statements 79 to 82, wherein said plant is as recited in statement 60.

[0443] In some preferred embodiments, the present invention relates to compounds of formula (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) and any subgroups thereof as described herein, such as (I a1 ) , (Ia2), (I b1 ) , (I b2) , (Ic1), (Ic2), (Ia3) or (Ia4), or an isomer such as a stereoisomer or a tautomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, wherein

[0444] X1ais selected from S, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; preferably X1ais selected from S, or CR1AR1B; preferably X1ais S;

[0445] X2is selected from O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; preferably X2is selected from O, N, orCR1AR1B; preferably X2is selected from O, N, or CH2; preferably X2is O or CH2;

[0446] X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, or O; preferably X3is selected from CH, N, or S; preferably X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH;

[0447] X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; preferably X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, or S; preferably X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0448] = is an optional double bond;

[0449] R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0450] R1Bis hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen;

[0451] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -(CR2H)P-; wherein each instance of R2is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;

[0452] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0453] L3is a single bond, or-CR4R5-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxy; and R5is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; preferably L3is a single bond, or-CR4H-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxy;

[0454] R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkyl; wherein each of said Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0455] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0456] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0457] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0458]

[0459] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxy Ciwa I koxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, C3-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0460] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, C1-ealkylthio, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi. ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-warylthio, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, and C1-ealkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0461] In some preferred embodiments, the present invention relates to compounds of formula (la), (lb), (le), or (If), as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) and any subgroups thereof as described herein, such as (Ia1), (Ia2), (Ib1), (Ib2), (Ia3) or (Ia4), or an isomer such as a stereoisomer or a tautomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, wherein X1ais S or NR1A; preferably X1ais S;

[0462] X2is selected from O, N, or NR1A; preferably X2is selected from O, or N; preferably X2is O; X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, or O; preferably X3is selected from CH, N, or S; preferably X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH;

[0463] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; preferably X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH,N, or S; preferably X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0464] = is an optional double bond;

[0465] R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;

[0466] L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -(CR2H)P-; wherein each instance of R2is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;

[0467] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0468] L3is a single bond, or-CR4R5-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxy; and R5is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl; preferably L3is a single bond, or-CR4H-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxy;

[0469] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0470] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,

[0471] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0472]

[0473] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxy Ci-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce- aryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, C1-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, C3-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, andhydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0474] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, Ci-ealkylthio, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-warylthio, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, and Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0475] In some embodiments, X1ais selected from S, or CR1AR1B; preferably X1ais S;

[0476] X2is selected from O, N, or CR1AR1B; preferably X2is selected from O, N, or CH2; preferably X2is O or CH2;

[0477] X3is selected from CH, N, or S; preferably X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH;

[0478] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, or S; preferably X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0479] = is an optional double bond;

[0480] R1Ais hydrogen;

[0481] R1Bis hydrogen;

[0482] L1is -(CR2H)P-; wherein each instance of R2is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;

[0483] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0484] L3is a single bond, or-CR4H-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, and Ciwalkoxy;R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl; wherein each of said Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0485] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0486] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, preferably n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; preferably m is an integer selected from 0, 1, or 2, preferably 0 or 1;

[0487] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0488]

[0489] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci. ea I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0490] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, and Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0491] In some embodiments, X1ais S; X2is selected from O, N, or CH2; preferably X2is O or CH2; X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH; X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a fivemembered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0492] L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0493] L3is a single bond, or-CR4H-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, and Ci-4alkoxy;

[0494] R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl; wherein each of said Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0495] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0496] n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , or 2, preferably 0 or 1 ; each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0497] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy,

[0498]

[0499] , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0500] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0501] In some embodiments, X1ais S; X2is O or CH2; X3is CH; X4is CH; L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-; L2ais -SO2-;

[0502] L3is a single bond, or-CR4H-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, and Ci-4alkoxy;

[0503] R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl; wherein each of said Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0504] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0505] n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , or 2, preferably 0 or 1 ;each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy,

[0506]

[0507] s-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0508] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0509] In some embodiments, X1ais S; X2is selected from O, N, or CH2; preferably X2is O or CH2; X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH; X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a fivemembered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0510] L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;

[0511] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0512] L3is a single bond, or-CR4H-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, and Ci-4alkoxy;

[0513] R6is selected from the group comprising Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl; wherein each of said Ci-4alkyl, phenyl, and phenylCi-4alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0514] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0515] n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , or 2, preferably 0 or 1 ; each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0516] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br,F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0517] In some embodiments, X1ais S;

[0518] X2is O, or N; preferably X2is O;

[0519] X3is selected from CH, N, or S; preferably X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH;

[0520] X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, or S; preferably X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0521] = is an optional double bond;

[0522] L1is -(CR2H)P-; wherein each instance of R2is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;

[0523] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0524] L3is a single bond;

[0525] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0526] n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, preferably n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; preferably m is an integer selected from 0, 1, or 2, preferably 0 or 1;

[0527] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0528]

[0529] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, , Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci. ea I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, and Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0530] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the groupcomprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 wa I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, and Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce- aryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0531] In some embodiments, X1ais S; X2is selected from O; X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH; X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0532] L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;

[0533] L2ais -SO2-, or -CO-; preferably L2ais -SO2-;

[0534] L3is a single bond;

[0535] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0536] n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , or 2, preferably 0 or 1 ; each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group

[0537] comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy,

[0538]

[0539] s-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0540] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0541] In some embodiments, X1ais S; X2is O; X3is CH; X4is CH; L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integerselected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-; L2ais -SO2-; L3is a single bond;

[0542] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0543] n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , or 2, preferably 0 or 1 ; each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy,

[0544] <

[0545]

[0546] s-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0547] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0548] In some embodiments, X1ais S; X2is selected from O, or N; preferably X2is O; X3is CH or S; preferably X3is CH; X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, or S; preferably X4is CH;

[0549] L1is -(CH2)P-; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2; preferably L1is -CH2-;

[0550] L2ais -SO2-;

[0551] L3is a single bond;

[0552] R7ais methyl or halomethyl;

[0553] n is an integer selected from 0, 1 or 2; m is an integer selected from 0, 1 , or 2, preferably 0 or 1 ; each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, and Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, hydroxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0554] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br,F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0555] In some embodiments, each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the group comprising Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Cs-ecycloalkyl, hydroxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0556] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0557] The present invention also encompasses CPD-2 to CPD-27 as listed in Table A1. Preferably said compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-2: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isochroman-1-carboxamide; CPD-3: N-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-1 , 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1 -carboxamide; CPD-4: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-1 -naphthamide: CPD-5: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isoquinoline-1-carboxamide; CPD-6: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2-phenylacetamideCPD-7: N-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetamide; CPD-8: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide; CPD-9: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)benzamide; CPD-10: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1-carboxamide; CPD-11: N-(Phenylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1-carboxamide; CPD-12: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-I -carboxamide; CPD-14: N-((4- Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-15: N-((4- (Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-16: N-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-17: N-Tosylisothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-18: N-((4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-19: N-(Thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-20: N- ((Trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-21: N-((5-Chloropyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; and CPD-24: N-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-2-(methylthio)acetamide, preferably said compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-2: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isochroman-1 -carboxamide; CPD-5: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isoquinoline-1 -carboxamide; CPD-10: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1-carboxamide; CPD-11: N-(Phenylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-I -carboxamide; CPD-12: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1-carboxamide; CPD-14: N-((4-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-15: N-((4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-16: N-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-17: N-Tosylisothiochromane-1-carboxamide; CPD-18: N-((4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-19: N-(Thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; CPD-20: N- ((Trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide; and CPD-21: N-((5-Chloropyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide.

[0558] The present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (I), an isomer, a salt, ahydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, for inducing resistance against stress in plants, preferably inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses in plants. The present invention also relates to method of triggering induced resistance, in a plant comprising, applying an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I), to a plant and / or plant part thereby triggering activation of induced resistance in the plant. The present invention also relates to a method for inducing defense response in a plant, comprising applying to a plant or a plant part thereof at least one compound of formula (I).

[0559] In certain embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method for activating induced resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses as defined herein, in a plant and / or part thereof as defined herein, comprising, applying an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I), to said plant and / or plant part.

[0560] In certain embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method for inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses as defined herein, in a plant and / or part thereof as defined herein, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (I), to said plant and / or plant part.

[0561] In a preferred embodiment of compound of formula (I):

[0562] A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or a Ci-ealkyl; wherein each of said membered ring, or Ci-ealkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ci-ealkyl, and heteroaryl; wherein each of said Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ci-ealkyl, and heteroaryl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-ealkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-4alkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

[0563] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCiwalkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably wherein each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 -ea I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce- aryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino.

[0564] R1is hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl;

[0565] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0566] L2is -SO2-, -CH2-, or -CO-;

[0567] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or Ci-ealkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or Ci-ealkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0568] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkylthio, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxy Ciwa I koxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-warylthio, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, Ci-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, and C1-ealkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo,nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce- aryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl.

[0569] and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0570] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3-ecycloalkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ce- aryl, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, and oxo;

[0571] L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, Ce- aryl, Ci-ealkoxy, Ciwalkylalkylthio, and Ce-warylthio; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl;

[0572] or R4and one Z2together with the atom to which they are attached can form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated five or six-membered ring.

[0573] In some embodiments of compound of formula (I):

[0574] A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ci-ealkyl, and heteroaryl; wherein each of said Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ci-ealkyl, and heteroaryl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C3-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-ealkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-4alkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

[0575] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, C1-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylCi-ealkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylCi-ealkyl, heteroarylCi-ealkyl, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 -ea I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy, Ce- aryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino.

[0576] R1is hydrogen;

[0577] L1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0578] L2is -SO2- or -CH2-;

[0579] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 4-10 membered ring, or Ci-ealkyl, wherein each of said 4-10 membered ring or Ci-ealkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;

[0580] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkoxy, C1-ealkoxycarbonyl, Ci-ealkylcarbonyl, Ce-warylalkoxy, Ce-waryloxy, Ce-waryloxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-warylcarbonyl, and Ciwalkylcarbonyloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl. and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;

[0581] each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, C3-ecycloalkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, Ce-waryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, and oxo;

[0582] L3is a single bond, -CR4H- or -CR4H-S-(CR2H)P-; wherein R4is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, Ce-waryl, Ci-ealkoxy, Ciwalkylalkylthio, and Ce-warylthio;or R4and one Z2together with the atom to which they are attached can form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated five or six-membered ring.

[0583] In some embodiments of compound of formula (I):

[0584] A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-ealkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-4alkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

[0585] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, C 1 -ea I koxyCi -ealkoxy, Ce- arylCi-ealkoxy, Ce- aryloxy, Ce- aryloxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino; preferably each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino.

[0586] R1is hydrogen;

[0587] L1is a single bond or -(CR2H)P-; wherein each instance of R2is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0588] L2is -SO2- or -CH2-;

[0589] A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 4-10 membered ring, or Ci-ealkyl, wherein each of said 4-10 membered ring or Ci-ealkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; preferably A2is selected from the group comprising

[0590]

[0591]

[0592] , ; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyl, Ce-ioaryl, Ce-warylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Cs-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce- aryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0593] L3is a single bond, -CH2- or-CH2-S-(CH2)P-.

[0594] In some embodiments of compound of formula (I):

[0595] A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Ce-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one heteroatom each independently selected from S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

[0596] each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyCi-ealkyl, and A2-carbonylamino.

[0597] R1is hydrogen;

[0598] L1is a single bond or -(CR2H)P-; wherein each instance of R2is independently selected from hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;

[0599] L2is -SO2- or -CH2-;

[0600] A2is selected from the group comprising

[0601]

[0602] more Z2;

[0603] each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, Ce-ecycloalkyl, Ce- aryl, Ce- arylCi-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy, haloCi-ealkoxy, hydroxyCi-ealkyl, Ci-ealkoxyCi-ealkyl, Ce-ecycloalkyloxy, and Ce-waryloxy; preferably each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo (for example selected from Br, F, Cl), cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, Ci-ealkyl, haloCi-ealkyl, alkoxy,haloCi-ealkoxy, and hydroxyCi-ealkyl;

[0604] L3is a single bond, -CH2- or-CH2-S-(CH2)P-.

[0605] The present invention also encompasses the use or method as defined herein wherein the compound is selected from the compounds listed in Tables A1 and A2. Preferably the compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-1, CPD-2; CPD-3; CPD-4: CPD-5; CPD-6; CPD-7; CPD-8; CPD-9; CPD-10; CPD-11; CPD-12; CPD-14; CPD-15; CPD-16; CPD-17; CPD-18; CPD-19; CPD-20; CPD-21; CPD-24, CPD-31, CPD-32, CPD-33, CPD-34, CPD-35, CPD-36, CPD-37, CPD-38, CPD-39, CPD-40, CPD-41, CPD-42, CPD-43, CPD-44, CPD-45, CPD-46 and CPD-47. The present invention also compasses a composition / formulation, preferably an agrochemical composition / formulation, comprising at least one compound of formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein). The terms “composition” and “formulation” are used interchangeably herein.

[0606] The composition will typically contain effective amounts of a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein).

[0607] Any reference to a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) also includes isomers such as stereoisomers and tautomers, salts, hydrates, solvates, polymorphs of such compounds unless expressly indicated otherwise.

[0608] The term "isomers" as used herein means all possible isomeric forms, including tautomeric and stereochemical forms, which the compounds of formulae herein may possess, but not including position isomers. Typically, the structures shown herein exemplify one tautomeric or resonance form of the compounds, but the corresponding alternative configurations are contemplated as well.

[0609] Depending on its substitution pattern, the compounds as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) may or may not have one or more optical stereocenters and may or may not exist as different enantiomers or diastereomers. Any such enantiomers, diastereomers or other optical isomers are encompassed by the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, the chemical designation of compounds denotes the mixture of all possible stereochemically isomeric forms, said mixtures containing all diastereomers and enantiomers (since the compounds of formulae herein may have at least one chiral center) of the basic molecular structure, as well as the stereochemically pure or enriched compounds. More particularly, stereogenic centers may have either the R- or S-configuration, and multiple bonds may have either cis- or frans-configuration. The terms R- or S-configuration are used herein in accordance with Chemical Abstracts nomenclature. The terms cis and trans are used herein in accordance with Chemical Abstracts nomenclature and include reference to the position of thesubstituents on a ring moiety. The absolute stereochemical configuration of the compounds described herein may easily be determined by those skilled in the art while using well-known methods such as, for example, X-ray diffraction.

[0610] Separation of stereoisomers can be accomplished by standard methods known to those in the art. One enantiomer of a compound can be separated substantially free of its opposing enantiomer by a method such as formation of diastereomers using optically active resolving agents ("Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds," (1962) by E. L. Eliel, McGraw Hill; Lochmuller, C. H., (1975) J. Chromatogr., 113:(3) 283-302). Separation of isomers in a mixture can be accomplished by any suitable method, including: (1) formation of ionic, diastereomeric salts with chiral compounds and separation by fractional crystallization or other methods, (2) formation of diastereomeric compounds with chiral derivatizing reagents, separation of the diastereomers, and conversion to the pure enantiomers, or (3) enantiomers can be separated directly under chiral conditions. Under method (1), diastereomeric salts can be formed by reaction of enantiomerically pure chiral bases such as brucine, quinine, ephedrine, strychnine, a-methyl-b-phenylethylamine (amphetamine), and the like with asymmetric compounds bearing acidic functionality, such as carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid. The diastereomeric salts may be induced to separate by fractional crystallization or ionic chromatography. For separation of the optical isomers of amino compounds, addition of chiral carboxylic or sulfonic acids, such as camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, or lactic acid can result in formation of the diastereomeric salts. Alternatively, by method (2), the substrate to be resolved may be reacted with one enantiomer of a chiral compound to form a diastereomeric pair (Eliel, E. and Wilen, S. (1994) Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 322). Diastereomeric compounds can be formed by reacting asymmetric compounds with enantiomerically pure chiral derivatizing reagents, such as menthyl derivatives, followed by separation of the diastereomers and hydrolysis to yield the free, enantiomerically enriched compound. A method of determining optical purity involves making chiral esters, such as a menthyl ester or Mosher ester, a-methoxy-a-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetate (Jacob III. (1982) J. Org. Chem. 47:4165), of the racemic mixture, and analyzing the NMR spectrum for the presence of the two atropisomeric diastereomers. Stable diastereomers can be separated and isolated by normal- and reverse-phase chromatography following methods for separation of atropisomeric naphthyl-isoquinolines (Hoye, T., WO 96 / 15111). Under method (3), a racemic mixture of two asymmetric enantiomers can be separated by chromatography using a chiral stationary phase. Suitable chiral stationary phases are, for example, polysaccharides, in particular cellulose or amylose derivatives. Commercially available polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases are ChiralCel™ CA, OA, OB5, OC5, OD, OF, OG, OJ and OK, and Chiralpak™ AD, AS, OP(+) and OT(+). Appropriate eluents or mobile phases for use in combination with said polysaccharide chiral stationary phases are hexane and the like, modified with an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol, and the like. ("Chiral LiquidChromatography" (1989) W. J. Lough, Ed. Chapman and Hall, New York; Okamoto, (1990) "Optical resolution of dihydropyridine enantiomers by High-performance liquid chromatography using phenylcarbamates of polysaccharides as a chiral stationary phase", J. of Chromatogr.

[0611] 513:375-378).

[0612] The term “salts” relates to any salts that the compounds may form, and which are suitable for administration to plants, also referred herein as agriculturally acceptable salt. For example, Na+, Li+, K+, Ca2+and Mg2+. Such salts may include those derived by combination of appropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions or ammonium and quaternary amino ions with an acid anion moiety, typically a carboxylic acid. The compounds may bear multiple positive or negative charges. The net charge of the compounds may be either positive or negative. Any associated counter ions are typically dictated by the synthesis and / or isolation methods by which the compounds are obtained. Typical counter ions include, but are not limited to ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, halides, acetate, trifluoroacetate, etc., and mixtures thereof. Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, and the like. It will be understood that the identity of any associated counter ion is not a critical feature of the invention, and that the invention encompasses the compounds in association with any type of counter ion. Moreover, as the compounds can exist in a variety of different forms, the invention is intended to encompass not only forms of the compounds that are in association with counter ions (e.g., dry salts), but also forms that are not in association with counter ions (e.g., aqueous or organic solutions). Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein). Examples of metal salts which are prepared in this way are salts containing Li+, Na+, and K+. A less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by addition of the suitable metal compound. In addition, salts may be formed from acid addition of certain organic and inorganic acids to basic centers, typically amines, or to acidic groups. Examples of such appropriate acids include, for instance, inorganic acids such as hydrohalogen acids, e.g., hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, 2-hydroxypropanoic, 2-oxopropanoic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic (i.e., ethanedioic), malonic, succinic (i.e., butanedioic acid), maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic (i.e., 2-hydroxybenzoic), p-aminosalicylic and the like. Furthermore, this term also includes the solvates which the compounds as well as their salts are able to form, such as for example hydrates, alcoholates and the like.The present invention includes within its scope solvates of the compounds as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein). The term “solvates” refers to crystals formed by an active compound and a second component (solvent) which, in isolated form, is liquid at room temperature. Such solvates may be formed with common organic solvents, e.g., hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene or toluene; chlorinated solvents such as chloroform or dichloromethane; alcoholic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol; ethereal solvents such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; or ester solvents such as ethyl acetate. Alternatively, the solvates of the compounds may be formed with water, in which case they will be hydrates.

[0613] The compounds as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) may be amorphous or may exist in one or more different crystalline states (polymorphs) which may have different macroscopic properties such as stability or show different biological properties such as activities. The present invention relates to amorphous and crystalline forms of the compounds as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) as well as mixtures of different crystalline states of the respective compounds.

[0614] The term “polymorph” refers to a particular crystalline form of a chemical compound that can crystallize in different crystalline forms, these forms having different arrangements and / or conformations of the molecules in the crystal lattice. Different crystalline forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Although polymorphs can have the same chemical composition, they can also differ in composition due to the presence or absence of co-crystallized water or other molecules, which can be weakly or strongly bound in the lattice. Polymorphs can differ in such chemical, physical and biological properties as crystal shape, density, hardness, color, chemical stability, melting point, hygroscopicity, suspensibility, dissolution rate and biological availability. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a polymorph of a compound described herein can exhibit beneficial effects (e.g., suitability for preparation of useful compositions, improved biological performance) relative to another polymorph or a mixture of polymorphs of the same compound. Preparation and isolation of a particular polymorph of a compound can be achieved by methods known to those skilled in the art including, for example, crystallization using selected solvents and temperatures. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Various polymorphs of a compound can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions. For a comprehensive discussion of polymorphism see Rolf Hilfiker, Ed., Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006.

[0615] The present invention also encompasses a method of treating or preventing, or at least inhibiting or alleviating, pathogen or pest damage in a plant, in particular through the activation of the plant defense mechanism, comprising applying to a plant and / or part(s) thereof and / or loci thereof atleast one compound of formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein).

[0616] In certain preferred embodiments, the present invention also encompasses a method of treating or preventing, or at least inhibiting or alleviating, damage caused by biotic and / or abiotic stress, as defined herein, in a plant, in particular through the activation of the plant defense mechanism, comprising applying to a plant and / or part(s) thereof or loci thereof at least one compound of formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein).

[0617] The compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) can achieve this protecting effect in the whole plant even when sprayed only on a part of the plant, or when sprayed at relatively low concentrations, and without being directly toxic to said plant pathogen. Of particular advantage is that the compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) could be used pre-emptively (e.g., to seedlings or noninfected plants or plants having no visible signs of infection) and can require only a simple formulation.

[0618] As used herein, the terms “abiotic stress” or “abiotic stress factor” are used herein as synonym and refer to the exposure of a plant, plant part, plant cell, or the like, to a non-living (“abiotic”) physical or chemical agent that has an adverse effect on metabolism, growth, development, propagation, or survival of the plant.

[0619] The terms “biotic stress" or “biotic stress factor” are used herein as synonym and refers to the exposure of a plant, plant part, plant cell, or the like, to a pest or pathogen that can produce adverse effects on metabolism, growth, development, propagation, and / or survival of the plant.

[0620] The compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) can also be used for improving tolerance and increasing the plant’s resistance to stress factors. This means that certain traits are improved qualitatively or quantitatively when compared with the same trait in a control plant which has been grown under the same conditions in the absence of a compound application.

[0621] The choice of suitable “control plants” is a routine part of an experimental setup and may include corresponding plants that have not been treated with the compound of interest. The control plant is typically of the same plant species or even of the same variety as the plant to be assessed. A "control plant" as used herein may refer not only to whole plants, but may also refer to plant parts, including seeds and seed parts.

[0622] Such traits include, but are not limited to, an increased tolerance and / or resistance to abiotic stress factors which cause sub-optimal growth conditions such as drought (e.g. any stress which leads to a lack of water content in plants, a lack of water uptake potential or a reduction in thewater supply to plants), wounding (e.g. mechanical wounding), cold exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, UV light exposure, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, and / or limited availability of nutrients or excess presence of nutrients (e.g. nitrogen and / or phosphorus nutrients). A plant with improved resistance to stress factors may have an increase in any of the aforementioned traits or any combination of two or more of the aforementioned traits.

[0623] The term "wounding" or "wound" as used herein refers to any cut or breach in any part of the plant that involves laceration, perforation, cracking or breaking of the outer layer of the plant or plant part, and may also include damage to underlying tissues. The wounding may occur due to an external agent, which is a biotic stressor (such as birds, pests and insects and herbivores) or an abiotic stressor (such as drought, sub-optimal humidity or temperature, impaired accumulation of soluble solids and impaired calcium nutrition).

[0624] Non-limiting examples of biotic stresses include pathogens or pests, e.g., fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, insects, protozoa, nematodes or acari. Preferably, biotic stresses comprise infections by one or more of fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, insects, protozoa, acari, and / or nematodes, such as those provided herein.

[0625] Examples of phytopathogenic fungi (including biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic, necrotrophic fungi) include fungi from the genera Botrytis, Fusarium, Magnaporthe, Puccinia, Blumeria, Mycosphaerella, Colletotrichum, Ustilago, Phakopsora, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, Cladosporium, Leptoshaeria and Rhizoctonia. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method to reduce and / or prevent infection of a plant with the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum.

[0626] Examples of phytopathogenic bacteria include bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, Xyllela, Dickeya, Pectobacterium, Streptomyces, Clavibacter, Candidatus Liberibacter, Bacillus, Corynebacterium and Burkholderia.

[0627] Examples of phytopathogenic oomycetes (formerly classified as fungi) are oomycetes species of the genera Peronosporaceae (e.g., Hyaloperonospora), Phytophtora, Pythium and in particular Phytophtora and Peronosporaceae.

[0628] Examples of plant parasitic nematodes include "cyst nematodes" (genera Heterodera and Globodera ) and "root-knot nematodes" (genus Meloidogyne). Examples of cyst nematodes include, H. schachtii (sugar beet cyst nematode), H. avenae (cereal cyst nematodes), H. glycines (soybean cyst nematode), H. sacchari (sugarcane cyst nematode), H. carotae (carrot cyst nematode), G. pallida (white potato cyst nematode) and G. rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode). Root-knot nematodes include, for example, M. graminicola, M. javanica, M. incognita,M. arenaria, M. chitwoodi, M. artiellia, M. fallax, M. hapla, M. microtyla, M. partityla, M. panyuensis, M. naasi, M. exigua, M. enterolobii and M. paranaensis. Other nematodes that cause significant damage include the "root-lesion" nematodes such as Pratylenchus, particularly P. penetrans, which infects maize, rice and vegetables, P. brachyurus which infects pineapple, P. zeae, which infects cereals, sugarcande and coffee, P. coffeae, which infects coffee and banana, and P. thornei, which infects wheat. In some embodiments, "plant parasitic nematodes" include micro-organisms from the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Globodera, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Xiphinema, Radopholus, Bursaphelenchus, Rotylenchulus, Nacobbus, Longidorus, Ditylenchus and Trichodorus, and in particular from the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera and Pratylenchus.

[0629] The biotic stresses according to the invention may include stress caused by any one of the following: Botrytis cinerea; Fusarium oxysporum; Xanthomonas campestris; Lasiodiplodia theobromae Phytophthora capsid; Phytophthora sojae; Phytophthora infestans; Albugo Candida; Bremia lactucae; Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; Phytophthora parasitica; Meloidogyne incognita; Globodera rostochiensis; Heterodera avenae; Heterodera glycines; Heterodera schachtii; Globodera pallida; Meloidogyne; Nilaparvata lugens; Bemisia tabaci; Aphis gossypii; Callosobruchus chinensis; Diabrotica virgifera; Manduca sexta; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Cladosporium fulvum (Syn. Passalora fulva); Magnaporthe oryzae; Alternaria alternate / ; Sclerotinia sclerotorium; Erysiphe cichoracearum (Syn. Golovinomyces cichoracearum); Phakopsora pachyrhizi; Alternaria brassicicola; Blumeria graminis; Golovinomyces orontii; Verticillium dahliae; Cercospora zeae-maydis; Cercospora zeina; Cochliobolus heterostrophus; Setosphaeria turcica; Cochliobolus carbonum; Venturia inaequalis; Exserohilum turcicum; Melampsora Uni; Leptosphaeria maculans; Cochliobolus victoriae; Puccinia triticina; Puccinia striiformis; Puccinia graminis; Erysiphe graminis; Diplocarpon rosae; Heterobasidion parviporum; Pantoea stewartii; Setosphaeria turcica (Syn. Exserohilum turcicum); Periconia circinata; Magnaporthe grisea; Bipolaris maydis; Fusarium graminearum; Aspergillus niger; Glomerella graminicola ((Syn. Colletotrichum graminicola); Colletotrichum trifolii; Pyrenophora graminea; Alternaria brassicae; Puccinia sorghi; Colletotrichum higginsianum; Golovinomyces cichoracearum; Stagonospora nodorum; Zymoseptoria tritici; Cercospora beticola; Puccinia recondita; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Sclerotium rolfsii; Moniliophthora perniciosa; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; Sphacelotheca reiliana; Pseudomonas syringae; Xanthomonas axonopodis; Xanthomonas gardneri; Ralstonia solanacearum; Xanthomonas oryzae; Xanthomonas citri; Xanthomonas perforans; Xanthomonas fuscans; Xanthomonas gardneri; Xanthomonas arboricola; Pseudomonas savastanoi; and Burkholderia andropogonis; Soybean mosaic virus; Clover yellow vein virus; Turnip mosaic virus; Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus; Beet Severe Curly Top Virus; Citrus Tristeza Virus; Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus; Potato virus Y; Plantago Asiatica Mosaic Virus; Turnip crinckle virus; Bean common mosaic virus; Bean necrotic mosaicvirus; Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus; Azuki mosaic virus; Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus; Passionfruit woodiness virus; Thailand passiflora virus; Watermelon mosaic virus; Zucchini yellow mosaic virus; Tobacco Etch Virus; Tobamovirus; Lettuce Mosaic Virus; Tobacco mosaic virus; Begomovirus; Rice yellow mottle virus; Sugarcane Mosaic Virus; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus; Tobacco vein mottling virus; Zucchini yellow mosaic virus; Tomato yellow leaf curl virus; Papaya ring-spot virus; Cucumber mosaic virus; Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus; Bean Dwarf Mosaic Virus; Potato virus X; Barley yellow mosaic virus; Barley mild mosaic virus; Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus; Bean yellow mosaic virus; Pepper mottle virus; Rice Stripe Virus; T omato spotted wilt virus; Tomato Mosaic Virus. By acting via the plant, the compounds have a minimal impacton beneficial soil organisms, thereby making them more suitable crop protection agents.

[0630] Biotic stresses may also comprise herbivory and / or herbivores. In other words, biotic stresses may also comprise injury or damage caused by herbivory and / or by one or more herbivores. The present invention thus also encompasses the use of at least one compound as provided herein for inducing resistance to biotic stress in plants and / or plant parts wherein the biotic stress comprises herbivory and / or damage caused by one or more herbivores. The present invention also provides for a use or a method as described herein for inducing resistance to biotic stress in plants and / or plant parts thereof, wherein said induced resistance is resistance to herbivory and / or herbivores.

[0631] The term “herbivory” as used herein, refers to the process whereby a herbivore feeds on a plant and / or plant part. The term “herbivore” is used herein to refer to a herbivorous animal that are adapted to eat or feed on plant material, for example animals eating foliage, fruits, seeds, stems, roots, and / or any other plants parts, and / or animals feeding on plant sap. Herbivory and / or herbivores may cause damage or injury to a plant and / or plant parts, and cause biotic stress. Herbivores may be selected from the group comprising herbivorous invertebrates, such as insects, isopods or millepedes, garden snails, slugs; and herbivorous vertebrates such as those selected from the group comprising fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and herbivorous mammals. Herbivorous insects include for instance herbivorous insects selected from the orders of Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Collembola, Thysanoptera and any combinations thereof.

[0632] Non-limiting examples of herbivorous insects include for instance herbivorous insects selected from the order of Orthoptera, such as e.g. grasshoppers, locusts and crickets;

[0633] from the order of the Coleoptera (beetles), such as Gonocephalum spp. (false wire worms), Limonius spp. (wireworms), Heteronychus spp. (white grubs), Cosmopolites spp. (root weevils); Diabrotica spp. (corn rootworms), e.g. Hypothenemus hampei (coffee berry borer), Anthonomus grandis (cotton boll weevil), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle), Phaedoncochleariae (mustard beetle), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (rice water weevil);

[0634] from the order of the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), such as Heliothis spp., Chloridea spp. e.g. Chloridea virescens (tobacco budworm); Spodoptera spp. e.g. S. exempta, S. littoralis (Egyptian cotton worm), S. eridania (southern army worm); Mamestra spp. e.g. Mamestra configurata (bertha army worm); Helicoverpa spp, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera (corn earworm); Earias spp. e.g. E. insulana (Egyptian bollworm), Pectinophora spp. e.g. Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm), Ostrinia spp. such as O. nubilalis (European cornborer), Pieris spp. (cabbage worms), Laphygma spp. (army worms), Agrotis and Amathes spp. (cutworms), Wiseana spp. (porina moth), Chilo spp. (rice stem borer), Tryporyza spp. and Diatraea spp. (sugar cane borers and rice borers), Archips spp. (fruit tree tortrix moth), Plutella spp, e.g. Plutella xylostella (diamond back moth); Lymantria spp., Euxoa spp.;

[0635] from order of the Hemiptera, such as e.g. cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, aphids, and whiteflies, e.g. Trialeurodes vaporariorum;

[0636] from the order of Collembola e.g. Sminthurus spp. and Onychiurus spp. (springtails); Periplaneta spp. and Blattela spp. (roaches);

[0637] from the order of Thysanoptera such as Thrips tabaci and Hercinothrips femoralis.

[0638] Other non-limiting examples of herbivorous invertebrates, include for instance Isopoda, such as e.g. Oniseus asellus, Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio scaber, Millepedes; Bagheera kiplingi (jumping spider); garden snails; slugs.

[0639] Examples of herbivorous vertebrates include herbivorous mammals, such as e.g. rabbits and hares, sheep, goats, cows, etc. The present invention generally relates to a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), that can be used as biological control agent for local and / or systemic defense activation against biotic stresses, such as various plant pathogens. The compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), can be used to stimulate the defenses of a plant by inducing its resistance to such biotic stresses in a systemic way. Systemic effects are defined as those effects occurring in tissues distant from the site of contact.

[0640] The methods, compounds or compositions of the present invention may be applied to any monocot or dicot plant.

[0641] In some embodiments, the methods, compounds or compositions as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) may be applied to a plant and / or part(s) thereof selected from the group comprising Solanaceae (including tomato, potato, pepper, tobacco, etc.), Cucurbitaceae (including cucumber, marrow, watermelon, melon, etc.), Rutaceae (including orange, lemon, calamansi, lime, kumquat, mandarin, grapefruit, etc.), cereals (including wheat,millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, oat, barley, teff, spelt, buckwheat, fonio, quinoa, etc.), rice, maize (corn), sugar cane, palm tree, banana, beet, apple, pear, plum, peach, almond, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, leguminous plants (including beans, soybeans, lentils, peas, etc.), oil plant (including oilseed rape (Brassica napus), mustard, poppy, olives, sunflowers, coconut, castor oil plants, cocoa beans or groundnuts, etc.), fiber plants (including cotton, flax, hemp or jute, etc.); spinach, lettuce, cabbages, carrots, lauraceae (including avocados, cinnamon, camphor, etc.), perilla, garlic, ginger, onion, canola, turnip rape (Brassica rapa), linseed, peanuts, cassava, nuts, coffee, tea, vines, hops, durian, natural rubber plants, and ornamentals (including flowers, shrubs, broad-leaved trees, evergreens, etc.).

[0642] The compounds as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), can also be used to prevent or treat, or at least inhibit or alleviate, plant diseases, and can be provided in an agrochemical composition.

[0643] In certain preferred embodiments, the present invention also encompasses a method of treating or preventing, or at least inhibiting or alleviating, plant diseases, for instance caused by biotic and / or abiotic stresses, as defined herein, in particular through the activation of the plant defense mechanism, comprising applying to a plant and / or part(s) thereof or loci thereof at least one compound of formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic), (Id), (le), or (If), as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) and / or applying an agrochemical composition as defined herein comprising such compound(s).

[0644] An "agrochemical composition” or “agrochemical formulation” as used herein means a composition or formulation for agrochemical use, such as use in the agrochemical industry, including agriculture, horticulture, floriculture, arboriculture and home and garden uses for stimulating plant / root growth and / or for protecting plants and / or parts of plants, crops, bulbs, tubers, fruits (e.g. from harmful organisms, diseases or pests) as herein defined, comprising at least one compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), and at least one agriculturally and / or horticulturally acceptable excipient.

[0645] The term "agriculturally acceptable" indicates that the composition is preferably non-toxic and otherwise acceptable for application to a plant, whether applied indoors (e.g., in a contained environment) or outdoors (e.g., in a non-contained environment that is exposed to other plant, animal and human life).

[0646] Said composition may optionally be supplemented with one or more additives favoring optimal dispersion, atomization, deposition, leaf wetting, distribution, retention and / or uptake of the active compound(s). Typically, such composition further comprises at least one additional component or excipient such as a surfactant, a (solid or liquid) diluent and / or an emulsion stabilizer, which serves as a carrier.The composition will typically contain effective amounts of the compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein). An “effective amount” means that they are used in a quantity which allows to obtain the desired effect but which does not give rise to any phytotoxic symptom on the treated plant.

[0647] The (agrochemical) composition can generally comprise at least 0.1 parts per billion (ppb) by weight of a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) based on the total weight of the composition, such as at least 0.3, for example at least 0.5, for example at least 0.8, for example at least 0.9, for example at least 1.0, for example at least 3.0, for example at least 5.0, for example at least 10.0, for example at least 50.0, for example at least 100.0, for example at 150.0, for example at least 200.0 ppb by weight of a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) based on the total weight of the composition.

[0648] A particular embodiment, the compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), can advantageously be administered in concentrations up to 500 mM, for example up to 600 mM, for example up to 700 mM, for example up to 800 mM, for example up to 900 mM, for example up to 1000 mM; for example in concentrations ranging from about 0.1 pM to about 1000 mM, more specific at concentrations ranging from about 1.0 pM to about 800 mM, even more specific from about 2.0 pM to about 500 mM, and more in particular at concentrations of at least 3.0 pM, for example at least 5.0 pM, for example at least 10.0 pM, for example at least 15.0 pM, for example at least 20.0 pM, for example at least 25.0 pM, for example at least 30.0 pM, for example at least 35.0 pM, for example at least 40.0 pM, for example at least 45.0 pM, for example at least 50.0 pM, for example at least 55.0 pM, for example at least 60.0 pM, for example at least 65.0 pM, for example at least 70.0 pM, for example at least 75.0 pM, for example at least 80.0 pM, for example at least 85.0 pM, for example at least 90.0 pM, for example at least 95.0 pM, for example at least 100 pM, for example at least 150 pM, for example at least 200 pM, for example at least 300 pM, for example at least 400 pM, for example at least 500 pM, for example at least 600 pM, for example at least 700 pM, for example at least 800 pM, for example at least 900 pM.

[0649] The concentration of the excipient in the agrochemical composition can generally ranges up to 99.0% by weight, for example up to 90.0% by weight, for example up to 50.0 % by weight.

[0650] An additive, a plant (micro) nutrient, a buffer, a crop oil, a drift inhibitor and / or an (inert) substratum can also be part of the composition. Typically, the compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), may be administered to a plant in a suitable agriculturally acceptable composition, including but not limited to, a growing medium such as soil or hydroponic liquid medium, dusts, granules, solution concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates and wettable powders.The administration step could be performed according to various embodiments. For instance, the compound or composition as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) could be sprayed on the plant, watered on the plant, added to the substrate, such as hydroponics, soil, peat, compost, vermiculite, perlite, sand or clay, in which the plant is growing, etc. In the alternative, the compound or composition can be used as a seed coating.

[0651] Sprayable formulations are typically extended in a suitable medium before spraying. Such liquid and solid formulations are formulated to be readily diluted in the spray medium, usually water, but occasionally another suitable medium like an aromatic or paraffinic hydrocarbon or vegetable oil. Spray volumes can range from about one to several thousand liters per hectare, but more typically are in the range from about ten to several hundred liters per hectare. Sprayable formulations can be tank mixed with water or another suitable medium for foliar treatment by aerial or ground application, or for application to the growing medium of the plant. Liquid and dry formulations can be metered directly into drip irrigation systems or metered into the furrow during planting.

[0652] The present invention in particular provides an agrochemical composition, as described herein, for inducing resistance against stress in plants and / or parts thereof, and preferably for inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses, as defined herein, in plants and / or parts thereof, and more preferably for inducing resistance to biotic stresses, as defined herein in plants and / or parts thereof.

[0653] The present invention in particular provides the use of a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), in agriculture and / or horticulture; more in particular in crop production. In the context of the present invention, the term “agriculture” is meant to be the cultivating of plants with the purpose of producing food, feed, and other desired products obtained from the cultivation of plants; including large-scale crop production. In the context of the present invention, the term “horticulture” is meant to be the cultivation of plants such as for foods or materials; specifically, it is meant to be the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables. It also includes arboriculture, which is meant to be the cultivation of trees, shrubs, vines and other kinds of woody plants.

[0654] The method, compound or composition as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) can be applied once to a plant (part) / crop, or it can be applied two or more times after each other with an interval between every two applications as can be determined by the person skilled in the art.

[0655] The method, compound or composition as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) can be applied to a plant, directly or indirectly. Any appropriate plant part can be treated or used including plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seeds, and plant cellsand progeny of the same. In the alternative, the compound or composition can be applied to the soil surrounding the plant, however with direct contact with the roots. The applying of the compound can be prior to planting, at planting, or after planting. In some embodiments, contacting includes direct application to a plant. All or part of a plant including, without limitation, leaves, stems, roots, propagules (e.g., cuttings), fruit, seeds etc., may be contacted with the compound. Contacting may also be carried out indirectly, via application, e.g., to soil or other plant substrates but making uptake by the plant possible.

[0656] Suitable application methods include high or low-pressure spraying, immersion, atomizing, foaming, fogging, coating, and encrusting. Other suitable application procedures can be envisioned by those skilled in the art. In a particular embodiment, the compound can be applied to the parts of the plant above ground or to the foliage of the plant by spraying e.g., by the use of mechanical sprayers. Sprayers convert a formulation which can be mixed with a liquid carrier, such as water or fertilizer, into droplets. The droplets can be any size. Boom sprayers and air blast sprayers can also be used to apply formulations to pre-emerging or post-emerging crops. Air blast sprayers can inject formulations mixed with a liquid carrier into a fast-moving air stream. Boom sprayers, aerial sprayers, ultra-low volume sprayers, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and foggers can also be used to apply the formulations. Where the formulations are in a solid, powder or granule form, they can be applied with granule or dust application equipment. Formulations can also be applied as a fumigant to soil, plant media, plants, or plant tissues.

[0657] In another embodiment, seeds of a plant can be coated with the compound or a composition thereof (“coated seeds”). Any appropriate seed coating method known the skilled person can be used. E.g., seeds can be treated with the compound or composition in multiple ways including, without limitation, via spraying or dripping, drenching, or pellet application. Spray and drip treatment can be conducted, for example, by formulating an effective amount of the compound in an agronomical acceptable carrier, typically aqueous in nature, and spraying or dripping the composition onto seed via a continuous treating system (which can be calibrated to apply treatment at a predefined rate in proportion to the continuous flow of seed), such as a drum-type of treater. Such methods include those that can advantageously employ relatively small volumes of carrier so as to allow for relatively fast drying of the treated seed. Large volumes of seeds can be efficiently treated. Batch systems, in which a predetermined batch size of seed and signal molecule compositions are delivered into a mixer, can also be employed. Systems and apparatuses for performing these processes are commercially available from numerous suppliers.

[0658] The present invention also provides a seed coated with the compound / composition as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein).

[0659] In another aspect, the compound or composition can be applied to the substrate of the plant (e.g.,in hydroponics) or to the soil directly, e.g., by drip irrigation or drench application (soil drench). A soil drench applies the compound, optionally mixed with water, to the soil around the base of a plant so that its roots can absorb the compound.

[0660] In a specific embodiment, the compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) can be applied to a plant as provided herein alone, in combination or in a mixture with other compounds. Suitable other compounds include effective amounts of other agricultural or horticultural biologicals and / or chemicals, such as herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, molluscicides, bactericides, acaricides, fungicides, and / or plant growth regulators or fertilizers. Additionally, or alternatively, in certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound(s) as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein) can also be applied to a plant as provided herein alone, in combination or in a mixture with one or more other biocontrol agent(s), including beneficial micro-organism. The term “beneficial” in this context is used as synonym for “non-pathogenic”. Examples of beneficial micro-organisms may include beneficial fungi, such as certain Trichoderma species (e.g., Trichoderma gamsii).

[0661] In yet another embodiment the invention provides a method for the manufacture of (‘or the production of’ which is equivalent wording) an agrochemical composition according to the invention, comprising formulating the compound together with at least one acceptable agrochemical auxiliary agent. Suitable manufacturing methods are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, high or low shear mixing, wet or dry milling, drip-casting, encapsulating, emulsifying, coating, encrusting, pilling, extrusion granulation, fluid bed granulation, co-extrusion, spray drying, spray chilling, atomization, addition or condensation polymerization, interfacial polymerization, in situ polymerization, coacervation, spray encapsulation, cooling melted dispersions, solvent evaporation, phase separation, solvent extraction, sol-gel polymerization, fluid bed coating, pan coating, melting, passive or active absorption or adsorption. Customary agrochemical auxiliary agents are well-known in the art and include, but are not limited to aqueous or organic solvents, buffering agents, acidifiers, surfactants, wetting agents, spreading agents, tackifiers, stickers, carriers, fillers, thickeners, emulsifiers, dispersants, sequestering agents, antisettling agents, coalescing agents, rheology modifiers, defoaming agents, photo-protectors, antifreeze agents, biocides, penetrants, mineral or vegetable oils, pigments and drift control agents or any suitable combination thereof.

[0662] In yet another embodiment the invention also provides for the use of an agrochemical composition according to the invention, for inducing resistance against stress in plants and / or parts thereof, preferably for inducing resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses, as defined herein, in plants and / or parts thereof, and more preferably for inducing resistance to biotic stresses, as defined herein in plants and / or parts thereof.

[0663] The present invention also encompasses a method to produce a plant having induced resistance,preferably induced systemic resistance, comprising the steps of providing a coated seed and growing that seed to a plant, wherein the coating composition comprises at least one compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein).

[0664] The present invention also encompasses a method to produce a plant having induced resistance, preferably induced systemic resistance, comprising the steps of providing a plant and / or part(s) thereof and spraying the plant and / or part(s) thereof with a compound as defined herein (including all embodiments thereof as described herein), ora composition comprising said compound. In another embodiment, the present invention also provides a method for the production of a plant and / or plant part, including seeds, having induced resistance against stress as compared to a control plant, preferably having induced resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses, which method comprises the step of

[0665] (i) applying an effective amount of at least one compound as defined herein, or a suitable amount of an agrochemical composition, as defined herein, to said plant and / or plant part, and

[0666] (ii) optionally, cultivating said plant and / or plant part under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

[0667] The present invention further provides a plant produced or treated with at least one compound as defined herein, or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound as defined herein, or a plant part thereof, including seed. A plant produced or treated as provided herein is capable of exhibiting induced resistance to stress as compared to a control plant which has not been treated or produced as defined herein, and preferably is capable of exhibiting induced resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses, as defined herein, and more preferably is capable of exhibiting induced resistance to biotic stresses as defined herein.

[0668] The following examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and by no means should be interpreted to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0669] EXAMPLES

[0670] Tables A1 and A2: show the structures of compounds of the invention and / or used in the invention and their respective codes.

[0671] Table A1

[0672]

[0673]

[0674]

[0675] &

[0676]

[0677] TABLE A2

[0678] "

[0679] >

[0680] >

[0681]

[0682]

[0683]

[0684] >

[0685]

[0686] Part A represents the preparation of the compounds (intermediates and final compounds) whereas Part B represents the biological examples.

[0687] Part A

[0688] All starting materials and compounds which are not explicitly described were either commercially available (the details of suppliers such as for example Sigma-Aldrich (US), MolPort (Latvia), Enamine Ltd (Ukraine), Molecular Dimensions (UK), etc. can be found in the SciFinder® Database for example) or the synthesis thereof has already been described precisely in the specialist literature (experimental guidelines can be found in the Reaxys® Database or the SciFinder® Database respectively, for example) or can be prepared using the conventional methods known to the person skilled in the art. The antifungal compound imazalil and the antibiotics tetracycline and rifampicin were from Sigma-Aldrich (US). The antifungal compound Copper(ll) chloride (CuCh) was from Molecular Dimensions (UK) and was stored as stock solution of 0.1 M at4°C.

[0689] All compounds were stored at -20°C as stock solutions of 100 mM dissolved in 100% DMSO. The reactions were, if necessary, carried out under an inert atmosphere (mostly argon and N2). The number of equivalents of reagents and the amounts of solvents employed as well as the reaction temperatures and times can vary slightly between different reactions carried out by analogous methods. The work-up and purification methods were adapted according to the characteristic properties of each compound and can vary slightly for analogous methods. The yields of the compounds prepared are not optimized.

[0690] Abbreviations used in the description, particularly in the Schemes and Examples, are as follows: ACN - Acetonitrile, DCM - Dichloromethane, DMAP - N,N-Dimethylpyridin-4-amine, DMF - N,N-Dimethylformamide, DMSO - Dimethylsulfoxide, EtOAc- Ethyl acetate, Eq. - Equivalent, h - Hour, ESI-HRMS - Electrospray Ionization High-resolution mass spectrometry, LG - Leaving group, MeOH - Methanol, m.p. - melting point, min. - Minute, MTP - microtiter plate, NMR - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, o.n. - overnight, RT - Room temperature, THF - Tetrahydrofuran, pTSA -para-Toluenesulfonic acid.SYNTHESIS OF INTERMEDIATES

[0691] Intermediate 6i: isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid

[0692] Intermediate 6i was prepared according to the general procedures outlined in Scheme 1.

[0693]

[0694] Scheme 1: Synthesis of isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i starting from (2- bromoethyl)benzene 1i

[0695] Step 1: Ethyl 2-(phenethylthio)acetate 3i

[0696]

[0697] In a 500 mL flame dried 2-neck flask, equipped with a stir bar, potassium carbonate (20.73 g, 150 mmol) and ethyl 2-mercaptoacetate 2i (12.1 mL, 110 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (150 mL) under argon atmosphere. After stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature, (2-bromoethyl)benzene 1i (18.51 gr, 100 mmol) was added and stirred overnight. Diethyl ether (200 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and was washed with water and brine. The diethyl ether layer was separated, dried over Na2SC>4, filtered and concentrated affording the title compound in quantitative yield.

[0698] 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) 8 (ppm) 7.51 - 7.06 (m, 5H), 4.22 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (s, 2H), 2.94 (s, 4H), 1.31 (t, J = 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 8 (ppm) 170.5, 140.1, 128.5, 126.5, 61.4, 35.7, 34.0, 33.7, 14.1.

[0699] Step 2: Ethyl 2-(phenethylsulfinyl) acetate 4i

[0700]

[0701] To a 100 mL flask, equipped with a stir bar, ethyl 2-(phenethylthio)acetate 3i (11.22 g, 50 mmol) and acetonitrile (50 mL) were added and cooled in an ice bath to 0 °C. When the temperature was reached, iron(lll) chloride (0.24 g, 1.5 mmol) was added. After stirring for 10 minutes at 0 °C, periodic acid (12.54 g, 55 mmol) was slowly added portion wise. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and ethyl acetate (300 mL) was added. Sodium thiosulfate (125 mL) was added to quench the reaction. After addition of water (150 mL), the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated affording the title compound 4i (10.75 g, 44 mmol, 90%).

[0702] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 8 (ppm) 7.37 - 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.30 - 7.23 (m, 3H), 4.27 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.61 -3.51 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.14 (m, 2H), 1.32 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCh) 8 (ppm) 163.2, 137.2, 129.1, 128.7, 127.4, 62.9, 57.8, 54.9.

[0703] Step 3: Ethyl isothiochromane-1 -carboxylate 5i

[0704]

[0705] COOEtsj

[0706] To a 500 mL flame dried 2-neck flask, equipped with a stir bar and a Dean-Stark trap, p-toluenesulfonic acid (8.61 g, 50 mmol) and toluene (220 mL) were added. pTSA was dehydrated under Dean-Stark conditions for 2 hours, and an argon atmosphere. Next, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and ethyl 2-(phenethylsulfinyl)acetate 4i (6.01 g, 25 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux under Dean-Stark conditions. After 4 hours, the reaction mixture cooled to room temperature, partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase and washed with water and brine. The ethyl acetate layer was separated, dried over Na2SC>4, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and filtered over silica using 5% EtOAc / PE. The crude material was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using 0 - 30% DCM / isohexane to afford the title compound 5i (2.78 g, 12.5 mol, 65%) as a clear oil.

[0707] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 8 (ppm) 7.40 - 7.08 (m, 4H), 4.50 (s, 1 H), 4.25 - 4.09 (m, 2H), 3.41 - 3.30 (m, 1H), 3.19 - 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.78 - 2.69 (m, 1H), 1.27 (t, J= 7.1 Hz, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCh) 8 (ppm) 172.3, 136.7, 131.0, 130.5, 129.1, 127.9, 126.3, 61.7, 43.1, 30.4, 24.1, 14.2. Step 4: lsothiochromane-1 -carboxylic acid 6i

[0708]

[0709] To a 100 mL flask, equipped with a stir bar, ethyl isothiochromane-1 -carboxylate 5i (2.5 g, 11.25 mmol), THF (50 mL) and water (15 mL) were added. Following complete dissolution of the starting material, LiOH (2.36 g, 56.23 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After completion was observed by TLC, the reaction mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel using ethyl acetate and acidified with 1 N HCI till pH = 1. The crude material was extracted with ethyl acetate, followed by an extraction with NaHCCh. The combined water layer was transferred to a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask, equipped with a stir bar, and ethyl acetate (65 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath to 0 °C under heavily stirring. After acidifying with 1 N HCI till pH = 1 , the crude material was again extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were wash with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4 filtered and concentrated affording the title compound 6i (1.90 g, 9.80 mmol, 87%).

[0710] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 8 (ppm) 10.18 (br. s, 1H), 7.38 - 7.08 (m, 4H), 4,51 (s, 1H), 3.42 -3.24 (m, 1H), 3.17 - 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.74 (dt, J= 12.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 8 (ppm) 178.5, 136.6, 130.5, 130.0, 129.3, 128.3, 126.5, 42.8, 30.3, 24.1.

[0711] Intermediate 7i: 2-Chloro-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide

[0712]

[0713] To a 70 mL reaction tube, equipped with a stir bar, chloroacetyl chloride (24 mL, 300 mmol) and benzenesulfonamide (15.72 g, 100 mmol) were added. After refluxing overnight with vigorous stirring and cooling down to room temperature, 35 mL of heptane was added. The reaction tube was capped and put in the freezer. Precipitation was observed after 2 h and filtered under vacuum. The formed crystals were washed with heptane and pentane yielding 2-chloro-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide 7i (20.69 g, 88.54 mmol, 88.5%) as an amorphous white solid.

[0714] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 8.96 (br. s, 1H), 8.13 - 8.07 (m, 2H), 7.69 (tt, J = 7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.61 - 7.54 (m, 2H), 4.03 (s, 2H).

[0715] Intermediate 8i: 2-chloro-N-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide

[0716]

[0717] To a 8 mL reaction tube, equipped with a stir bar, chloroacetyl chloride (1.1 mL, 14.25 mmol) and 3,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (516 mg, 2.37 mmol) were added. After refluxing for 8 h under vigorous stirring the mixture was cooled down to room temperature, and 1.7 mL of heptane was added. The reaction tube was capped and put in the freezer. A precipitate was observed after 2 h, which was collected via vacuum filtration. The obtained crystals were washed with heptane and pentane yielding 2-chloro-N-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide 8i (641 mg, 2.18 mmol, 91.8%) as amorphous white solid.

[0718] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 8.80 (br. s, 1H), 7.73 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 6H).

[0719] SYNTHESIS OF THE COMPOUNDS

[0720] General procedure A:

[0721] In some embodiments, compounds of formula (II) were prepared according to the general procedure A outlined in Scheme 2.

[0722] Mukaiyama reagent

[0723] "

[0724]

[0725] Scheme 2: Mukaiyama coupling of carboxylic acids with (sulfon)amides To a flame dried 8 mL screw capped nitrogen-flushed reaction tube, equipped with a stir bar, DMAP (5 mol%), 2-chloro-1-methylpyridin-1-ium iodide (Mukaiyama reagent) (1.2 mmol), carboxylic acid (1 mmol) and a sulfonamide (1.5 mmol) and DCM (2.0 mL) were added. After stirring for 5 minutes at room temperature, triethylamine (3 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction was again stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction solvent was concentrated in vacuo and the crude residue was taken up in ethyl acetate, washed with 1 N HCI (1 mL), water, and brine. The ethyl acetate layer was separated, dried over Na2SC>4, filtered and concentrated. The crude material was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in hexane from 0 to 30% to give the desired product.

[0726] Compound CPD-1 : N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide

[0727]

[0728] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (97 mg, 0.50 mmol), cyclohexanesulfonamide (122 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-1 (125 mg, 0.18 mmol, 74%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0729] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.86 (brs, 1H), 7.29-7.16 (m, 4H), 4.52 (s, 1H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.14 (t, J= 12.8 Hz, 2H), 1.92- 1.88 (m, 2H), 1.72 - 1.54 (m, 3H), 1.31-1.16 (m, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 170.2, 136.2, 130.2, 130.1, 129.9, 128.7, 126.9, 61.5, 46.1, 30.2, 25.9, 25.8, 25.2, 25.1, 25.0. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd. for C16H21N1O3S2: 362.0855; found: 362.0864.

[0730] Compound CPD-2: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isochroman-1 -carboxamide

[0731]

[0732] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isochromane-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (86 mg, 0.50 mmol), and cyclohexanesulfonamide (61 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-2 (29 mg, 0.18 mmol, 48%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0733] 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) 68.58 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J= 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.21 - 7.13 (m, 2H), 7.07 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 1 H), 4.17 - 4.12 (m, 1 H), 3.84 - 3.77 (m, 1 H), 3.48 - 3.41 (m, 1H), 3.06 - 2.96 (m, 1 H), 2.68 (d, J = 16.5 Hz, 1 H), 2.12 - 2.08 (m, 1 H), 1.93 - 1.74 (m, 3H), 1.64 - 1.40 (m, 3H), 1.25 - 1.07 (m, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 170.1, 136.1, 130.1, 130.0, 129.8, 128.5, 126.7, 61.4, 45.9, 30.1, 25.8, 25.7, 25.1, 24.8, 24.9. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd for C16H21NO4S1: 346.1083; found: 346.1085

[0734] Compound CPD-3: N-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1 -carboxamide

[0735]

[0736] Prepared according to the general procedure A using 1,2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1 -carboxylic acid (88 mg, 0.50 mmol), and cyclohexanesulfonamide (122 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-3 (109 mg, 0.18 mmol, 68%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0737] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 67.72 (brs, 1H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 3H), 7.12 (d, J= 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.64 - 3.56 (m, 1H), 2.92 - 2.77 (m, 2H), 2.25 - 2.07 (m, 4H), 1.93 - 1.71 (m, 5H), 1.57-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.37 - 1.18 (m, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 174.0, 138.0, 131.6, 130.3, 129.5, 128.2, 126.8, 61.3, 48.0, 29.0, 27.3, 25.8, 25.7, 25.1, 25.0, 20.6. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd. for C17H23N1O3S1: 344.1291; found: 344.1290.

[0738] Compound CPD-4: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-1 -naphthamide

[0739]

[0740] Prepared according to the general procedure A using 1 -naphthoic acid (97 mg, 0.50 mmol), and cyclohexanesulfonamide (86 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-4(117 mg, 0.18 mmol, 75%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0741] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.82 (s, 1 H), 8.39 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.87 - 7.85 (m, 1 H), 7.78 - 7.76 (m, 1 H), 7.59 - 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.47- 7.43 (m, 1 H), 3.83 - 3.76 (m, 1 H), 2.23 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 2H), 1.89 - 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.70 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 1.60 - 1.50 (m, 2H), 1.40 - 1.29 (m, 2H), 1.16 - 1.05 (m, 1H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 167.4, 133.8, 133.2, 130.2, 129.9, 128.7, 128.1, 127.0, 125.0, 124.5, 61.6, 25.9, 25.0, 25.0. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z):

[0742] [M+Na]+calcd. for C17H19N1O3S1,: 340.0978; found: 340.0974.

[0743] Compound CPD-5: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)isoquinoline-1 -carboxamide

[0744]

[0745] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isoquinoline-1 -carboxylic acid (86 mg, 0.50 mmol), cyclohexanesulfonamide (61 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-5 (29 mg, 0.18 mmol, 48%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0746] 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) 6 10.45 (s, 1H), 9.51 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.73 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.65 (m, 1H), 2.30 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 2H), 1.95-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.41-1.18 (m, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 164.2, 144.3, 140.3, 137.8, 131.3, 130.1, 127.4, 127.4, 127.0, 126.8, 61.7, 26.0, 25.2. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z):

[0747] [M+Na]+ calcd. for C16H18N2O3S1: 341.0930; found: 341.0995.

[0748] Compound CPD-6: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2-phenylacetamide

[0749]

[0750] Prepared according to the general procedure A using benzyl carboxylic acid (68 mg, 0.50 mmol), cyclohexanesulfonamide (86 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-6 (84 mg, 0.18 mmol, 60%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0751] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.36 (s, 1 H), 7.38 - 7.31 (m, 3H), 7.28 - 7.26 (m, 2H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 3.52 - 3.45 (m, 1H), 2.06-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.87- 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.69 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (t, J = 17.1 Hz, 2H), 1.35 - 1.11 (m, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 170.1, 132.7, 129.4, 129.3, 128.1, 61.4, 43.8, 25.7, 25.0, 24.9. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd. for C14H19N1O3S1,: 304.0978; found: 304.0974.

[0752] Compound CPD-7: N-(cyclohexylsulfonyl)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetamide

[0753]

[0754] Prepared according to the general procedure A using 2-methoxy-2-phenylacetic acid (83 mg, 0.50 mmol), cyclohexanesulfonamide (61 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-7 (74 mg, 0.18 mmol, 48%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0755] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 8.82 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.35 (m, 5H), 4.71 (s, 1H), 3.47-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.16 - 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.95 - 1.76 (m, 3H), 1.66 - 1.46 (m, 3H), 1.29 - 1.12 (m, 3H).

[0756] 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 169.5, 134.9, 129.2, 128.9, 126.9, 83.5, 61.4, 57.4, 25.8, 25.5, 24.9, 24.9, 24.8. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd. for C15H21N1O4S1: 334.1083; found: 334.1082.

[0757] Compound CPD-8: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

[0758]

[0759] Prepared according to the general procedure A using cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (64 mg, 0.50 mmol), cyclohexanesulfonamide (61 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-8 (61 mg, 0.18 mmol, 45%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0760] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.60 (s, 1H), 3.59 - 3.51 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.81 - 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.59 - 1.40 (m, 4H), 1.35-1.14 (m, 6H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6174.8, 61.3, 45.6, 29.1, 25.9, 25.6, 25.4, 25.1, 25.0. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+: calcd. for C13H23N1O3S1, 296.1291; found: 296.1292.

[0761] Compound CPD-9: N-(Cyclohexylsulfonyl)benzamide

[0762]

[0763] Prepared according to the general procedure A using benzoic acid (68 mg, 0.50 mmol), cyclohexanesulfonamide (61 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-9 (93 mg, 0.18 mmol, 70%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0764] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 69.09 (s, 1H), 7.92-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.61 (t, J= 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.81 - 3.73 (m, 1H), 2.23 (dd, J= 13.2, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 1.92-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.72 - 1.56 (m, 3H), 1.38-1.10 (m, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 5 165.7, 133.8, 131.2, 129.1, 128.2, 61.6, 25.9, 25.1, 25.0. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd. for C13H17N1O3S1,: 290.0821; found: 290.0821.

[0765] Compound CPD-10: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide

[0766]

[0767] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (97 mg, 0.50 mmol), methanesulfonamide (73 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-10 (95 mg, 0.35 mmol, 70%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0768] 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 12.00 (br. s, 1H), 7.50 - 7.07 (m, 4H), 4.57 (s, 0.7H), 3.29 (s, 0.4H), 3.25 (s, 0.6H), 3.24 (s, 2H), 3.20 - 2.93 (m, 2.3H), 2.84 (s, 0.7H), 2.82 - 2.74 (m, 0.7H).

[0769] 13C NMR (101 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5170.7, 136.9, 130.3, 130.1, 128.9, 127.7, 126.0, 42.2, 40.8,29.4, 23.0.

[0770] Compound CPD-11: N-(Phenylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide

[0771]

[0772] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (97 mg, 0.50 mmol), benzenesulfonamide (117 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-11 (103 mg, 0.18 mmol, 62%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0773] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 69.40 (s, 1 H), 8.07 - 8.05 (m, 2H), 7.66 - 7.62 (m, 1 H), 7.54 - 7.51 (m, 2H), 7.25 - 7.21 (m, 1H), 7.17 - 7.05 (m, 3H), 4.41 (s, 1H), 3.07 - 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.94 - 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.85 - 2.77 (m, 1H), 2.72 - 2.66 (m, 1H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 168.9, 138.1, 136.1, 134.2, 130.3, 130.0, 129.8, 129.1, 128.6, 128.6, 128.5, 126.7, 46.0, 29.9, 25.1. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd for C16H15N1O3S2: 356.0386; found: 356.0381.

[0774] Compound CPD-12: N-(Benzylsulfonyl)isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide

[0775]

[0776] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (97 mg, 0.50 mmol), phenylmethanesulfonamide (128 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded the title compound CPD-12 (72 mg, 0.18 mmol, 42%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0777] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 68.60 (s, 1 H), 7.40 - 7.22 (m, 7H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 4.44 (s, 1 H), 3.09 - 3.01 (m, 1 H), 2.91 - 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.72 - 2.65 (m, 1 H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 170.2, 136.2, 130.8, 130.2, 130.2, 129.8, 129.4, 129.1, 128.8, 128.0, 127.0, 58.9, 46.2, 30.2, 25.2. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): [M+Na]+calcd for C17H17N1O3S2: 370.0542; found: 370.0544.

[0778] Compound CPD-13: N-(4-(N-(isothiochroman-1-carbonyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl) isothiochroman-1 -carboxamide

[0779]

[0780] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (97 mg, 0.50 mmol), 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (129 mg, 0.75 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using EtOAc / petroleum ether 10-30% yielded (92 mg, 0.18 mmol, 35 %) as a white amorphous solid.

[0781] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) 5 12.34 (s, 1H), 10.74 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 - 7.09 (m, 7H), 7.01 - 6.99 (s, 1H), 4.72 (s, 1H), 4.51 (s, 1H), 3.29 - 3.25 (m, 3H), 3.20-3.11 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.88 (m, 4H), 2.81 -2.76 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.62 (m, 1H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 170.7, 169.4, 143.7, 136.8, 136.7, 132.7, 131.6, 130.24, 130.1, 128.9, 128.8, 127.7, 127.4, 125.9, 118.6, 43.1, 42.2, 29.7, 29.3, 23.2, 22.8. HRMS (ESI-HRMS) (m / z): Calcd for C26H24N2O4S3Na, (M+Na)+: 547.0790; Found: 547.0810.

[0782] Compound CPD-14: N-((4-Nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide

[0783]

[0784] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (291 mg, 1.5 mmol), and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (0.202 mg, 1 mmol). Reaction time was 1 h 30 min. After flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether, the crude material was recrystallized from ethanol (7 mL). The reaction solvent was concentrated in vacuo yielding the title compound CPD-14 (182 mg, 0.48 mmol, 48.1%) as a white amorphous solid. M.p. 201 -203°C.

[0785] 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DSMO) 5 (ppm) 12.79 (brs, 1H), 8.43 -8.41 (m, 2H), 8.18 -8.16 (m, 2H), 7.20 - 7.04 (m, 4H), 4.54 (s, 1 H), 2.93 - 2.90 (m, 2H), 2.86 - 2.80 (m, 1 H), 2.68 - 2.63 (m, 1 H).

[0786] 13C NMR (101 MHz, d6-DSMO) 6 (ppm) 169.8, 150.3, 144.1, 136.8, 130.1, 129.9, 129.1, 129.0,127.8, 125.9, 124.5, 42.4, 29.3, 22.9.

[0787] Compound CPD-15: N-((4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1-carboxamide

[0788]

[0789] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (194 mg, 1 mmol), and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide (338 mg, 1.5 mmol). Reaction time was 1 h. Flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-15 (307 mg, 0.76 mmol, 76.5%) as a white amorphous solid. M.p. 131 - 136 °C.

[0790] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 9.35 (brs, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J= 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.27 - 7.18 (m, 1H), 7.11 - 7.08 (m, 2H), 7.00 - 6.98 (m, 1H), 4.41 (s, 1H), 3.03 - 2.96 (m, 1H), 2.89 -2.72 (m, 2H), 2.66 -2.58 (m, 1H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 169.4, 141.5, 136.2, 135.6 (q, J = 33.2 Hz), 130.1, 129.8, 129.7, 129.1, 128.6, 126.6, 126.2 (q, J = 3.6 Hz), 123.1 (q, J = 273.2 Hz), 45.5 (d, J = 4.0 Hz), 29.8, 24.7.19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 63.18 (s, 3F).

[0791] Compound CPD-16: N-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide

[0792]

[0793] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (194 mg, 1 mmol), and 4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (287 mg, 1.5 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-16 (170 mg, 0.46 mmol, 46.2%) as a white amorphous solid. M.p. 130 - 132 °C.

[0794] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 9.34 (brs, 1 H), 8.00 - 7.98 (m, 2H), 7.50 - 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.30 - 7.06 (m, 4H), 4.40 (s, 1 H), 3.09 - 3.02 (m, 1 H), 2.96 - 2.90 (m, 1 H), 2.86 - 2.64 (m, 2H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 168.9, 141.0, 136.5, 136.1, 130.2, 130.1, 129.9, 129.4, 128.7, 126.9, 46.2, 30.0, 25.3.Compound CPD-17: N-Tosylisothiochromane-1-carboxamide

[0795]

[0796] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (194 mg, 1 mmol), and 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (257 mg, 1.5 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h 30 min. Flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-17 (205 mg, 0.59 mmol, 59%) as a white amorphous solid. M.p. 99 - 102 °C.

[0797] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 9.33 (brs, 1 H), 7.94 - 7.92 (m, 2H), 7.31 - 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.25 - 7.05 (m, 4H), 4.40 (s, 1 H), 3.07 - 3.00 (m, 1 H), 2.97 - 2.91 (m, 1 H), 2.85 - 2.79 (m, 1 H), 2.72 - 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 168.8, 145.3, 136.1, 135.2, 130.5, 130.0, 129.9, 129.7, 128.7, 128.6, 126.7, 46.2, 30.0, 25.2, 21.8.

[0798] Compound CPD-18: N-((4-Methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide

[0799]

[0800] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (194 mg, 1 mmol), and 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (281 mg, 1.5 mmol). Reaction time was 1 h 30 min. Flash chromatography using 0-5% MeOH / DCM yielded the title compound CPD-18 (167 mg, 0.46 mmol, 45.9%) as a white amorphous solid. M.p. 128 - 130 °C.

[0801] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 9.21 (brs, 1H), 7.99- 7.97 (m, 2H), 7.24 -7.27 (m, 2H), 7.13 - 7.08 (m, 2H), 6.98 - 6.96 (m, 2H), 4.39 (s, 1 H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.09 - 3.02 (m, 1 H), 2.98 - 2.92 (m, 1H), 2.85 -2.70 (m, 2H).

[0802] Compound CPD-19: N-(Thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide

[0803]

[0804] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (194 mg, 1 mmol), and thiophene-2-sulfonamide (245 mg, 1.5 mmol). Reaction time was 2 h. Flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-19 (213 mg, 0.63 mmol, 62.8%) as a white amorphous solid. M.p. 129 - 132 °C.

[0805] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 6 (ppm) 9.44 (brs, 1 H), 7.88 - 7.87 (m, 2H), 7.66 - 7.65 (m, 2H), 7.27 -7.06 (m, 5H), 4.44 (s, 1H), 3.07 - 2.93 (m, 2H), 2.87 - 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.71 - 2.65 (m, 1H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCh) 6 (ppm) 169.0, 138.2, 136.2, 135.7, 134.3, 130.3, 130.0, 129.8, 128.5, 127.5, 126.7, 45.9, 29.9, 25.1.

[0806] Compound CPD-20: N-((Trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide

[0807]

[0808] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (194 mg, 1 mmol), and trifluoromethanesulfonamide (224 mg, 1.5 mmol). Reaction time was 1 h. Flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-20 (132 mg, 0.41 mmol, 40.6%) as a white amorphous solid, m.p. 110 - 120 °C.

[0809] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 6 (ppm) 8.46 (brs, 1H), 7.32 - 7.24 (m, 1H), 7.20 -7.15 (m, 2H), 7.10 - 7.08 (m, 1H), 4.52 (s, 1H), 3.12 - 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.99 - 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.81 - 2.74 (m, 1H).13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCh) 6 (ppm) 169.1, 136.3, 130.3, 129.8, 129.2, 128.8, 126.8, 119.3 (q, J = 322.4 Hz), 45.9, 29.9, 24.7.19F NMR (377 MHz, CDCh) 6 (ppm) 75.52 (s, 3F).

[0810] Compound CPD-21 : N-((5-Chloropyridin-3-yl)sulfonyl)isothiochromane-1 -carboxamide

[0811]

[0812] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (136 mg, 0.70 mmol), and 5-chloropyridine-3-sulfonamide (202 mg, 1.05 mmol). Reaction time was 14 h. Flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-21 (132 mg, 0.36 mmol, 35.7%) as a white amorphous solid, m.p. 196 - 203 °C.

[0813] 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 12.88 (br. s, 1H), 9.10 - 8.90 (m, 2H), 8.37 - 8. 31 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.30 - 7.05 (m, 4H), 4.54 (s, 1H), 2.97 - 2.88 (m, 2H), 2.85 - 2.75 (m, 1H), 2.74 -2.61 (m, 2H).13C NMR (101 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 152.9, 146.1, 136.7, 134.8, 131.3, 130.0, 129.0, 128.4, 128.3, 127.7, 42.5, 29.2, 22.8.

[0814] Compound CPD-22: N-Benzoylisothiochromane-1 -carboxamide

[0815]

[0816] Prepared according to the general procedure A using isothiochroman-1 -carboxylic acid 6i (194 mg, 1 mmol), and benzamide (363 mg, 3 mmol). Reaction time was 20 h. Flash chromatography using 0-25% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-22 (39 mg, 0.13 mmol, 13.1%) as a white amorphous solid, m.p. 192 - 197 °C.

[0817] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 (ppm) 9.20 (s, 1 H), 7.92 - 7.82 (app. d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.62 - 7.55 (app. t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.47 - 7.40 (app. t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30 - 7.10 (m, 4H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 3.21 - 3.07 (m, 3H), 2.77 - 2.67 (m, 1 H).

[0818] General procedure B for nucleophilic substitution of a chloroacetamide with a thiol To a flame dried 40 mL N2-flushed reaction tube, equipped with a stir bar, a chlorosulfonylacetamide (1 mmol), a thiol (3 mmol), anhydrous methanol (10 mL) and NaOH (3 mmol) were added. After stirring for 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was heated to 100 °C in a closed system and stirred for 24 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo (acidic rotavap). The residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and washed with acidic water and brine. The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude material was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in hexane to give the desired product.

[0819] Compound CPD-23: 2-(Methylthio)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide

[0820]

[0821] Prepared according to the general procedure B using 2-chloro-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide 7i (935 mg, 4 mmol) and sodium methanethiolate (841 mg, 12 mmol) without sodium hydroxide. Reaction time was 24 h. Flash chromatography using 0-30% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-23 (444 mg, 1.81 mmol, 45.2%) as a white amorphous solid.

[0822] 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 12.25 (br. s, 1H), 7.96 - 7.90 (m, 2H), 7.75 - 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.67 -7.60 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 2H), 1.93 (s, 3H).

[0823] Compound CPD-24: N-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-2-(methylthio)acetamide

[0824]

[0825] Prepared according to the general procedure B using 2-chloro-N-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)acetamide 8i (587 mg, 2 mmol) and sodium methanethiolate (420 mg, 6 mmol) without sodium hydroxide. Reaction time was 24 h. Flash chromatography using 0-30% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-24 (197 mg, 0.64 mmol, 32.3%) as a white amorphous solid, m.p. 130 - 131 °C.

[0826] 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 12.06 (br. s, 1H), 7.56 - 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.40 - 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.13 (app. d, J= 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 2H), 1.96 (s, 3H).13C NMR (101 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 167.8, 153.0, 148.3, 130.5, 121.7, 111.1, 110.0, 56.0, 55.7, 36.4, 15.0.

[0827] Compound CPD-25: N-(Phenylsulfonyl)-2-(phenylthio)acetamide

[0828]

[0829] Prepared according to the general procedure B using 2-chloro-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide 7i (467 mg, 2 mmol) and benzenethiol (661 mg, 6 mmol). Reaction time was 24 h. Flash chromatography using 0-30% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-25 (388 mg, 1.26 mmol, 63.1%) as a white amorphous solid, m.p.: 106- 108 °C.

[0830] 1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 12.38 (br. s, 1H), 7.90-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.72 (tt, J = 7.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.13 (m, 5H), 3.72 (s, 2H).13C NMR (101 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 167.3, 139.0, 134.6, 133.7, 129.1, 129.0, 128.7, 127.5, 126.5, 36.8.Compound CPD-26: 2-(Benzylthio)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide

[0831]

[0832] Prepared according to the general procedure B using 2-chloro-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide 7i (467 mg, 2 mmol) and phenylmethanethiol (745 mg, 6 mmol). Reaction time was 24 h. Flash chromatography using 0-30% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-26 (418 mg, 1.30 mmol, 65%) as a white amorphous solid, m.p. 84 - 86 °C.

[0833] 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 12.25 (br. s, 1 H), 8.00 -7.90 (m, 2H), 7.80 - 7.71 (m, 1 H), 7.70 - 7.61 (m, 2H), 7.33 - 7.20 (m, 3H), 7.18 - 7.11 (m, 2H), 3.59 (s, 2H), 3.08 (s, 2H).

[0834] Compound CPD-27: 2-(Phenethylthio)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide 12

[0835]

[0836] Prepared according to the general procedure B using 2-chloro-N-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamide 7i (467 mg, 2 mmol) and 2-phenylethane-1 -thiol (829 mg, 6 mmol). Reaction time was 24 h. Flash chromatography using 0-30% EtOAc / petroleum ether yielded the title compound CPD-27 (250 mg, 0.745 mmol, 37.3%) as a white amorphous solid, m.p. 70 - 72 °C.

[0837] 1H NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO) 5 (ppm) 12.29 (br. s, 1H), 7.94 - 7.87 (m, 2H), 7.71 - 7.54 (m, 3H), 7.31 - 7.09 (m, 5H), 3.18 (s, 2H), 2.75 - 2.57 (m, 4H).

[0838] Part B

[0839] B.1. Materials and methods

[0840] B.1.1. Biological materials and growth conditions

[0841] B.1.1.1 Plants

[0842] Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) ecotype Colombia-0 (Col-0) and A. thaliana knockout (KO) mutants npr1-1 (hereafter npr1), myc2, ein2-1 (hereafter ein2), wrky33, and pad3-1 (hereafter pad3) were obtained from the European Nottingham A. thaliana Stock Centre (NASC) (accession numbers N6000 (Col-0), N3726 npr1), N655309 (myc2), N3071 (e / n2), N506603 (wrky33), and N3805 (pad3)). Seeds of A. thaliana KO mutants sid2-1 (hereafter sid2) (as described in Wildermuth et al. 2001, Nature 414, pages 562-565, https: / / doi.org / 10.1038 / 35107108), aoxla (as described in Watanabe et al. 2008. Plant. Cell Environ. 31, pages 1190-1202, https: / / doi.Org / 10.1111 / j.1365-3040.2008.01834.x) and thedouble mutant ein3-1 eil1-1 (hereafter ein3 eil1) (as described in Alonso et al. 2003. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, pages 2992-2997, https: / / doi.org / 10.1073 / pnas.0438070100), were used herein. For A0X1D (At1g32350), two T-DNA insertion lines, SALK_203986 (accession number N692539) and GK_529D11 (accession number N450735) were obtained from NASC. All aforementioned A. thaliana mutants are in the Col-0 background. Seeds of the eds1 mutant in the A. thaliana ecotype Wassilewskija (Ws-0) were used herein and were as described in Parker et al. (1996) (Plant Cell 8, 2033-2046, https: / / doi.Org / 10.1105 / tpc.8.11.2033).

[0843] Seeds of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. Castlemart were used (Tomato Genetics Resource Center (TGRC) with accession number LA2400 (https: / / tgrc.ucdavis.edu / Data / Acc / AccDetail. aspx?AccessionNum=LA2400). Plants were grown in a growth chamber at 21 °C, under 70% humidity, and under a 12h day-night cycle with a light intensity of approximately 100 pmol / m2s, unless stated otherwise.

[0844] The transgenic pAOX1D::GUS A. thaliana line was generated as described below.

[0845] (I) Construction of plasmids

[0846] Promoter fragments were selected as maximum 1.5 kb upstream of the translation start codon if there was no overlap with other genes in this area. Otherwise, the upstream region was reduced to the position where the previous gene started / ended. Primers used for amplification of the A0X1D promoter from genomic DNA were developed using Primer3 (Rozen and Skaletsky, 2000, In: Misener, S., Krawetz, S.A. (eds) Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 132. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. Pages 365-386, https: / / doi.org / 10.1385 / 1-59259-192-2:365) and are represented in Table S1. The promoter fragment was cloned in the pENTR-D-TOPO vector and transferred to pBGWFS7 using Gateway technology (Karimi et al., 2002, Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 7, Issue 5, pages 193-195, https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / S1360-1385(02)02251-3). Proper integration in the vectorwas verified with PCR, restriction analysis and DNA sequencing.

[0847] (II) Plant transformation and selection of transformants

[0848] A. thaliana Col-0 plants were transformed via floral dip (Clough and Bent, 1998, The Plant Journal, 16(6), pages 735-743, https: / / doi.Org / 10.1046 / j.1365-313x.1998.00343.x). Briefly, the flower buds of the plants were dipped in a suspension of A. tumefaciens bacteria (containing the appropriate plant transformation vector) supplemented with 50 g / l sucrose and 250 pl / l silwett (silwett-L77; Lehle seeds, Round Rocks, USA). Next, plants were kept at 100% humidity overnight. After seed setting and collection, transgenic seedlings (first generation transgenic plants, T1) were selected on a sand / perlite mixture (1 / 3 sand, 2 / 3 perlite) irrigated with H2O containing the BASTA herbicide (Bayer NV, Belgium) at a final concentration of 25 pM for the active constituent phosphinotricin. Primary transformants of 6-10 days old were transferred to soil (“DCM potgrond voor Zaaien en Stekken”, DCM, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium) and grown in agrowth chamber with 21 °C temperature, 75% humidity and a 12 h day-light cycle with a light intensity of approximately 120 pmol / m2s. Self-pollination resulted in the generation of T2 transgenic lines. T2 lines exhibiting 75% BASTA resistance were selected since they only contain one copy of the transgene. Subsequently, third generation (T3) transgenic plants were obtained after another round of self-pollination. T3 transgenic lines homozygous for the T-DNA insertion were selected by screening for 100% BASTA resistance.

[0849] Table S1 Primers used for promoter amplification of A0X1D

[0850]

[0851] B.1.1.2. Micro-organisms

[0852] The fungal strains used were Botrytis cinerea B05.10, B. cinerea R16, Fusarium oxysporum Fo5176 (as described in Thatcher et al, 2009. Plant J. 58, pages 927-939, https: / / doi.Org / 10.1111 / j.1365-313X.2009.03831.x, and Trichoderma gamsii strain A5MH (as described in Stummer et al 2020. J. Appl. Microbiol. 129, pages 971-990. https: / / doi.org / 10.1111 / jam.14670). B. cinerea B05.10 is a haploid derivative of strain SAS56 (as described in Buttner et al., 1994, Curr. Genet. 25, 445-450. https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / BF00351784). B. Cinerea strain R16 results from the cross SAS56 x SAS405 (see Faretra and Pollastro, 1991, Mycol. Res. 95, 943-951. https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / S0953-7562(09)80091-9).

[0853] Cultivation and spore harvesting of fungi was performed as previously described (Broekaert, W.F., et al., 1990. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 69, 55-59. https: / / doi.Org / 10.1111 / j.1574-6968.1990. tb04174.x). Fungal spores were stored in 25% glycerol at -80°C, until further use, at a concentration of 2 x 107spores / ml for B. cinerea and F. oxysporum, and at 2 x 108spores / ml for Trichoderma species.

[0854] The oomycete strains used were Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis isolate Noksl, and Phytophthora cactorum. The Noksl isolate was derived from an oospore of Noco2 (described in Botella et al. (1998) Plant Cell 10, 1847-1860. https: / / doi.org / 10.1105 / tpc.10.11.1847), and its interaction phenotype matches that of Noco2 (as described in Holub, 1994, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7, 223. https: / / doi.org / 10.1094 / MPMI-7-0223). H. arabidopsidis Noksl was maintained on susceptible Ws-eds1 plants and fresh spores were collected weekly, as previously described (Tor, M., et al, 2002. Plant Cell 14, 993-1003. https: / / doi.org / 10.1105 / tpc.001123). P. cactorum was cultivated on clarified V8 (cV8) agar medium (5% (v / v) cV8, 0.5 g / l CaCCh, 15 g / l agar) at 25°C.B.1.2. Antimicrobial activity assays

[0855] B.1.2.1. Antifungal activity assays

[0856] The antifungal activity against the pathogens B. cinerea B05.10, B. cinerea R16, and F. oxysporum Fo5176, and the BCOs T. gamsii A5MH was assessed according to the Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Subcommittee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2022, Performance standards for antimicrobial testing. 32nd ed. CLSI supplement M100) with some minor adaptations. Two-fold dilutions series of the compounds were prepared at a 100x final concentration in 100% DMSO. These series were then diluted 1:10 in 14 potato dextrose broth (PDB) (Difco™; Becton, Dickinson and Company; France) medium. Next, 10 pl of the 10x concentrated dilutions were transferred to a 96-well MTP and further diluted 1:10 by adding 90 pl of 14 PDB containing the fungal spores with a final concentration of 5 x 104spores / ml. The 1 % DMSO solvent was included as mock treatment. The antifungal imazalil was included as positive control treatment (Siegel et al., 1977. Netherlands J. Plant Pathol. 1977 831 83, 121-133; Zhifang et al., 2011, Plant Prot. 37, 193-195). The MTP was sealed and incubated for 48 -72 h at room temperature (RT) without agitation. The antifungal activity was determined by scoring the mycelial growth relative to the mock treatment (%) under the microscope.

[0857] B.1.2.2. Anti-oomycete activity assay

[0858] The anti-oomycete activity against the broad-spectrum pathogen Phytophthora cactorum was assessed in a mycelial growth inhibition assay based on the in vitro dual culture plate setup and adapted from Guevara-Avendano et al. (Guevara-Avendano, E., et al., 2018. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol. 111, 563-572. https: / / doi.org / 10.1007 / S10482-017-0977-5 / FIGURES / 6). The center of a round petri dish containing cV85% medium was inoculated with an agar plug of approximately 3 mm diameter taken from the edge of fresh growing P. cactorum mycelium. Droplets of 5 pl compound solution were spotted 2 cm away from the center of the plug. Two different concentrations of compound were tested on each plate. The 1 % DMSO solvent was included as mock treatment, and the anti-oomycete compound CuCh at a concentration of 100 mM in 1% DMSO was included as positive control treatment (Lawrence, S.A., Armstrong, C.B., Patrick, W.M., Gerth, M.L., 2017. Front. Microbiol. 8, 1340. https: / / doi.org / 10.3389 / FMICB.2017.01340 / BIBTEX), and they were both tested on each plate. Every plate was tested in triplicate. The plates were incubated in the dark at 25°C. On day eight, pictures of the plates were taken and the mycelial growth was measured using the Imaged software (National Institutes of Health, US) (Schneider, C., Rasband, W. & Eliceiri, K. NIH Image to Imaged: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9, 671-675 (2012). https: / / doi.org / 10.1038 / nmeth.2089). The percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth wascalculated using Formula 1, where R is the radius of fungal growth from the center of the plate towards the 1% DMSO mock treatment, and r is the radius of fungal growth towards the compound treatment.

[0859] Growth inhibition (

[0860]

[0861] Formula 1

[0862] B.1.3. pAOX1D::GUS in vitro marker assay

[0863] Surface-sterilized seeds of the transgenic pAOX1D::GUS A. thaliana line were sown in 96-well MTPs (4-6 seeds / well) containing liquid 14 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.4% (w / v) sucrose (150 pl medium / well). The MTPs were sealed and the seeds were allowed to germinate in the growth chamber on a shaker at 200 rpm under controlled conditions (21 °C, 70% humidity, continuous light with an intensity of approximately 100 pmol / m2s). After six days, the 14 MS medium was refreshed and the chemical compounds were added to a final concentration of 10 pM in 1% DMSO. The mock treatment, being the solvent 1% DMSO, was added as well. The MTPs were sealed again and incubated for two days in the growth chamber on a shaker at 200 rpm under the same controlled conditions. Subsequently, the histochemical staining for GUS activity was performed by replacing the 14 MS medium by 200 pl / well GUS staining solution (0.1 M NaPO4, 10 mM EDTA, 0.1% Triton X-100, 1 mM K3Fe(CN)e, and 1 mM X-Gluc dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide), making sure the plants were completely submerged. The plates were kept in the dark at 37°C for six hours, after which the staining solution was replaced by 50% ethanol to remove the chlorophyll. The plates were scanned using a high-resolution flatbed scanner (Expression 11000 XL, Epson, Japan) and the total stained area, being the total amount of pixels of the blue colored area per well, was assessed using an image analysis pipeline in Imaged (National Institutes of Health, US) (Schneider, C., Rasband, W. & Eliceiri, K. NIH Image to Imaged: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9, 671-675 (2012). https: / / doi.org / 10.1038 / nmeth.2089). The threshold for significant induction was based on the 1% mock treatment and was calculated using Formula 3.

[0864] threshold = mean total stained area mock + (3 x standard deviation mock) Formula 3

[0865] In some cases, the activity of the compounds was expressed relative to one of the compounds, and was calculated using Formula 4.

[0866] / mean total stained area lead compound \ Relative marker — inducing activity (%) = - - - - - - - x 100% \ mean total stained area analogue / Formula 4

[0867] B.1.4. Disease assaysB.1.4.1. A. thaliana - B. cinerea in vitro assay

[0868] In this assay, surface-sterilized A. thaliana Col-0 seeds were sown in square petri dishes (6 seeds / dish) containing 14 MS medium (Duchefa Biochemie, The Netherlands) supplemented with 0.8% (w / v) sucrose and 1.1% (w / v) Gelrite™ (Duchefa Biochemie, The Netherlands), and with pH 5.7 from which the upper part (approximately 14) was removed. The petri dishes were sealed with Micropore™ Surgical Tape (3M, Germany) and grown vertically in the growth chamber under controlled conditions. After 21 days, the plants were treated with the chemical compounds by applying droplets of 2 pl compound solution on four different places on the roots of each plant: at the base of the primary root, at the tip of the primary root, at a side root, and at a root branching point between the primary root and a side root. Treatment with sterile dH2O and the solvent (1% or 20%) DMSO were included as mock treatments. Treatment with T. gamsii A5MH spore suspensions with a final concentration of 2 x 105spores / ml was included as positive controls, and they were performed by applying 10 droplets of 5 pl spore suspension at the bottom of the petri dish. Three days after treatment, two leaves per plant were inoculated with 3 pl droplets of a B. cinerea B05.10 spore suspension of 5 x 105spores / ml in 14 PDB. The disease symptoms were quantified by measuring the diameter parallel to the midrib of the developing, necrotic lesions at 3 three days after inoculation (dpi). For each compound treatment, the percentage of symptom reduction compared to the mock treatment was calculated using Formula 5:

[0869] > > / mean lesion diameter compound \

[0870] Symptom reduction (%) = - - - - - - - l x 100%

[0871] \ mean lesion diameter mock /

[0872] Formula 5

[0873] In some cases, the activity of the compounds was expressed relative to one of the compounds, and was calculated using Formula 6:

[0874] > > / mean lesion diameter lead compound \

[0875] Relative IR — inducing activity (%) = - - - - - - - x 100%

[0876] \ mean lesion diameter analogue /

[0877] Formula 6

[0878] Alternatively, disease quantification was performed via qPCR as described below and adapted from Gachon and Saindrenan (Gachon, C., Saindrenan, P., 2004. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42, 367-371. https: / / doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.plaphy.2004.04.001). Samples were collected 3 dpi. A biological replicate consisted of four inoculated leaves, each originating from another plant. The primer sets used for detection of A. thaliana and B. cinerea DNA are listed in Table S2.

[0879] Table S2 Primer list. Fw = forward, Rv = reverse.

[0880]

[0881]

[0882] B.1.4.2. A. thaliana - H. arabidopsidis soil assay

[0883] The A. thaliana - H. arabidopsidis disease assay was adapted from Tor et al. (Tor, M., et al, 2002. Plant Cell 14, 993-1003. https: / / doi.Org / 10.1105 / tpc.001123). A. thaliana Col-0 seeds were sown on moist, unsterilized and untreated soil (“Potgrond voor professionals”, DCM, Belgium) in little pots (approximately 40 seeds / pot). After two days of stratification at 4°C, the seeds were grown in the growth chamber under controlled conditions. Five to seven days after sowing, seedlings were selected so that 20 well-developed, freestanding seedlings were retained in each pot. Eight days after sowing, the plants were treated with the chemical compounds by spraying the leaves with compound solution until run-off (10 ml was used for 7 pots or biological replicates). T reatment with the solvent (1% or 0.1%) DMSO was included as mock treatment. Alternative to leaf application, root application was performed five or eight days after sowing by pipetting 10 pl of compound solution at the stem base of each seedling. Again, treatment with the solvent 0.1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Five (in case of root application on day 5) or one (other cases) day(s) after treatment, the leaves of the plants were inoculated by spraying them with a H. arabidopsidis Noksl spore suspension of 5 - 7x 104spores / ml in cold dH2O until run-off. Plants were placed in a closed infection box with high humidity and the infection box was placed in a growth chamber under controlled conditions (16°C, 70% humidity, 12h day-night cycle, light intensity of approximately 100 pmol / m2s). The disease quantification was done by counting the number of newly-formed spores on a hemacytometer (Neubauer improved with 0.100 mm depth and 0.0025 mm2surface, Marienfeld Superior, Germany) under the light microscope at 7 dpi. For this, 15 seedlings / replicate were cut-off, rinsed in 250 pl dH2O and vortexed vigorously to release the spores from the sporangiophores. For each compound treatment, the percentage of spore number reduction compared to the mock treatment was calculated using Formula 7:

[0884] / mean number of spores compound \

[0885] Spore number reduction (%) = - - - - - - - l x 100%

[0886] \ mean number of spores mock / Formula 7

[0887] In some cases, the activity of the compounds was expressed relative to one of the compounds, and was calculated using Formula 8:

[0888] > > / mean number of spores lead compound \ Relative IR — inducing activity (%) = - - - - - - - x 100%

[0889] \ mean number of spores analogue / Formula 8

[0890] Alternatively, disease quantification was performed via qPCR as described below and adapted from Anderson and Mcdowell (Anderson, R.G., Mcdowell, J.M., 2015. Mol. Plant Pathol. 16, 893-898. https: / / doi.org / 10.1111 / mpp.12247). Samples were collected 3 dpi. A biological replicate consisted of 15 inoculated seedlings, originating from one pot. The primer sets used for detection of A. thaliana and H. arabidopsidis DNA are listed in Table S2.

[0891] B.1.4.3. Tomato - B. cinerea hydroponics assay

[0892] In this assay, tomato plants were grown in a lab-scale hydroponics setup (Araponics Liege, Belgium). The hydroponics tanks were filled with 1.6 I plant nutrient solution containing the macronutrients MgSO4.7H2O (500 mg / l), KH2PO4(270 mg / l), KNO3(200 mg / l), K2SO4(100mg / l), Ca(NO3)2.4H2O (500 mg / l), and FeEDTA sodium salt (25 mg / l), as well as the micronutrients H3BO3(4.1 mg / ), MnSO4.H2O (3.7 mg / l), CuCI2.2H2O (0.2 mg / l), (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O (0.0825 mg / l with 81.2% MOO3), and ZnSO4.7H2O (0.649 mg / l). Tomato cv. Castlemart seeds were sown in the hydroponic systems in seed holders (18 seeds / system) containing a solidified 0.65% (w / v) agar in water solution. The hydroponic tanks were covered with plastic lids and placed in the plant growth chamber. One week later, the seeds had germinated so the lids were removed and aeration pumps were installed to aerate the root compartments. After 21 days, 12 plants were selected per system and were treated with the chemical compounds by spraying the leaves with compound solution until run-off (15 ml / system). All treatments were supplemented with 0.02% TWEEN® 20 (Sigma-Aldrich, US). Treatment with the solvent 0.5% DMSO was included as mock treatment. At this point, the nutrient solution in the tanks was replenished to 1.6 I. Three days after treatment, five leaflets per plant were inoculated with 5 pl droplets of a B. cinerea R16 spore suspension of 5 x 105spores / ml in 1 PDB. The hydroponics tanks were placed inside an infection box, containing a moist mat to obtain high humidity, in the growth chamber. The disease symptoms were quantified by measuring the diameter parallel to the midrib of the developing, necrotic lesions at 3 dpi.

[0893] B.1.5. Isolation of plant genomic DNA

[0894] Isolation of plant genomic DNA (gDNA) was performed according to Edwards et al. (Edwards, K., Johnstone, C., Thompson, C., 1991. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 1349.) with small adaptations. Plant samples were collected in sterile 2 ml Eppendorf tubes, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and grindedusing the Precellys 24 tissue homogenizer at 6000 rpm for 10 seconds. After homogenization, 400 pl of Edwards buffer, containing 200 mM Tris-HCI pH 7.5, 250 mM NaCI, 25 mM EDTA, and 0.5% (v / v) SDS, was added to each sample. The samples were vortexed and incubated at 55°C for 15 min. After incubation, the samples were centrifuged for2 min at 13000 rpm. Subsequently, 300 pl of the supernatant was transferred to a new, sterile 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube and an equal amount of isopropanol was added to precipitate the gDNA. The mixture was incubated for 10 min at RT, after which it was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 13000 rpm. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was washed with 70% ethanol. After another centrifugation round of 10 min at 13000 rpm, the ethanol was discarded and the pellet was dried for one hour at 37°C. The pellet, containing the isolated gDNA, was resuspended in 50 pl sterile Milli-Q® water. The concentration of gDNA was determined using the NanoDrop™ One Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, US) by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm. The gDNA samples were diluted to 10 ng / pl and stored at -20°C.

[0895] B.1.6. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for pathogen growth quantification

[0896] The protocol for pathogen growth quantification via qPCR was adapted from Anderson and Mcdowell (Anderson, R.G., Mcdowell, J.M., 2015. Mol. Plant Pathol. 16, 893-898. https: / / doi.org / 10.1111 / mpp.12247) and Gachon and Saindrenan (Gachon, C., Saindrenan, P., 2004. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42, 367-371. https: / / doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.plaphy.2004.04.001). Samples for qPCR were prepared by mixing 5 pl gDNA (= 50 ng) with 12.5 pl 2X SYBR® Green Mastermix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, US) and 500 nM of the reverse and forward primer each. The final volume was adjusted to 25 pl using sterile Milli-Q® water. The samples were loaded in an MicroAmp™ Fast Optical 96- Well Reaction Plate (Thermo Fischer Scientific, US) and the plate was shortly centrifuged. The qPCR was performed in triplicate for each biological sample on the StepOnePlus™ Real-Time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, US). After 10 min at 95°C, samples were run for 40 cycles of 15 s at 95°C, 15 s at 57°C and 15 s at 72°C. After each run, melting curves were acquired to check for amplification specificity by heating the samples from 60°C to 95°C. The Ct values were determined by the included StepOne™ software. For each biological replicate, the relative amount of pathogen gDNA over plant gDNA was calculated using Formula 10 (adapted from Livak and Schmittgen (Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., 2001. Methods 25, 402-408. https: / / doi.org / 10.1006 / meth.2001.1262)).

[0897] Relative amount §DNAPat^ogen= 2- ct= 2-(ctPathogen-ct plant)

[0898] gDNA plant

[0899] Formula 10

[0900] B.2. Results

[0901] B.2.1. A. thaliana- H. arabidopsidis disease assayB.2.1.1. Leaf application

[0902] Leaves of eight-day-old soil-grown A. thaliana Col-0 seedlings were sprayed with 100 pM 1% DMSO compound solutions one day before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation. 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Newly-formed spores on the cotyledons were counted 7 dpi. The results are shown in Tables B1 and B2.

[0903] Table B1

[0904]

[0905] Each value represents the mean number (two independent experiments) of spores (x104) / ml (±95% Cl) of seven sets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 7)

[0906] Table B2

[0907]

[0908] Each value represents the mean number (two independent experiments) of spores (x104) / ml (±95% Cl) of six sets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 6)

[0909] The effect of some of the compounds was calculated relative to the effect of compound CPD-31 , using Formula 8. The results are shown in Table B3.

[0910] Table B3

[0911]

[0912] Table B4 shows the average spore number reductions (%) relative to the 0.1% DMSO mock treatment for compounds CPD-1 to CPD-9 (applied at a concentration of 50 pM in 0.1% DMSO). Table B5 shows the average spore number reductions (%) relative to the 0.1% DMSO mock treatment for compounds CPD-10 to CPD-13 (applied at a concentration of 50 pM in 0.1% DMSO). Table B6 shows the average spore number reductions (%) relative to the 0.1% DMSO mock treatment for compounds CPD-14 to CPD-20 (applied at a concentration of 50 pM in 0.1% DMSO). Each value represents the mean spore number reduction (± SEM) of at least two independent experiments with each at least seven sets of 15 seedlings (n = 7).

[0913] Table B4

[0914]

[0915] Table B5

[0916]

[0917] Table B6

[0918]

[0919] Table B7 shows the average spore number reductions (%) relative to the 0.1% DMSO mock treatment for compounds CPD-14, CD-16, and CD-17 to CPD-19 when applied at a lower concentration of 6.25 pM in 0.1% DMSO. Each value represents the mean spore number reduction (± SEM) of two independent experiments with each at least six sets of 15 seedlings (n = 6).

[0920] Table B7

[0921]

[0922] Table B8 shows results when a qPCR-based disease quantification method was used for some of the compounds. The amount of H. arabidopsidis gDNA, normalized to the amount of A. thaliana gDNA, in the inoculated leaves was determined by qPCR as a measure for pathogen proliferation. Leaves of eight-day-old soil-grown A. thaliana Col-0 seedlings were sprayed with 6.25 pM 0.1% DMSO compound solutions, one day before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation. 0.1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Disease quantification was done by qPCR on leaf samples collected 3 dpi. Each value represents the mean amount of H. arabidopsidis gDNA over A. thaliana gDNA (± 95% Cl) of six biological samples per treatment (n = 6).

[0923] Table B8

[0924]

[0925] Table B9 shows the number of spores relative to the 0.1% DMSO mock treatment when applying compound CPD-41. Leaves of eight-day-old A. thaliana Col-0 seedlings were sprayed with CPD-41 50 pM 1% DMSO compound solution. Treatment with the 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. One day after treatment, H. arabidopsidis Noksl spore suspension was sprayed onthe leaves of the seedlings. Disease progression was analyzed 7 dpi by counting the number of newly-formed spores on the cotyledons of 15 seedlings per biological replicate. Each value represents the mean number of spores (x 104) / ml (± 95% Cl) of seven sets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 7).

[0926] Table B9

[0927]

[0928] Table B10 shows the results when a qPCR-based disease quantification method was used. Leaves of eight-day-old soil-grown A thaliana Col-0 seedlings were sprayed with 50 pM 1% DMSO compound solution of CPD-41 one day before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation. 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Disease quantification was done by qPCR on leaf samples collected 3 dpi. Each value represents the mean amount of H. arabidopsidis gDNA over A. thaliana gDNA (± 95% Cl) of eight biological samples per treatment (n = 8). IR induction could thus also be confirmed using qPCR quantification.

[0929] Table B10

[0930]

[0931] T able B11 shows the number of spores relative to the 0.1 % DMSO mock treatment when applying compound CPD-41 when applied at different concentrations. Leaves of eight-day-old soil-grown A. thaliana Col-0 seedlings were sprayed with a two-fold dilution series of CPD-41 , ranging from 6.25 pM to 100 pM (all in 0.1% DMSO), one day before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation. 0.1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Newly-formed spores on the cotyledons were counted 7 dpi. Each value represents the mean number of spores (x 104) / ml (± 95% Cl) of eight sets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 8). Results are representative of two independent experiments.

[0932] Table B11

[0933]

[0934] T able B12 shows the number of spores relative to the 0.1 % DMSO mock treatment when applying compound CPD-11 when applied at different concentrations. Leaves of eight-day-old soil-grown A. thaliana Col-0 seedlings were sprayed with a two-fold dilution series of CPD-11, ranging from 1.5625 pM to 50 pM (all in 0.1% DMSO), one day before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation.

[0935] 0.1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Newly-formed spores on the cotyledons were counted 7 dpi. Each value represents the mean number of spores (x 104) / ml (± 95% Cl) of sixsets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 6). Results are representative of two independent experiments.

[0936] Table B12

[0937]

[0938] B.2.1.2. Root application

[0939] Roots of five-day-old soil-grown A thaliana Col-0 seedlings were treated with 50 pM and 100 pM (both 0.1% DMSO) compound solutions of CPD-41 by pipetting 10 pl / seedling at the stem base, four days before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation. 0.1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Disease quantification was done by counting the newly-formed spores on the cotyledons 7 dpi. The results are shown in Table B13. Each value represents the mean number of spores (x 104) / ml (± 95% Cl) of at least seven sets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 7). Results are representative of two independent experiments

[0940] Table B13

[0941]

[0942] Disease quantification was also done by qPCR on leaf samples collected 3 dpi. The results are shown in Table B14. Each value represents the mean amount of H. arabidopsidis gDNA over A. thaliana gDNA (± 95% Cl) of at least eight biological samples per treatment (n = 8). CPD-41 was found to also be able to induce IR via root application. IR induction could thus also be confirmed using qPCR quantification.

[0943] Table B14

[0944]

[0945] Table B15 shows the number of spores relative to the 0.1% DMSO mock treatment for root application of CPD-41 at different concentrations. Roots of five-day-old soil-grown A. thaliana Col-0 seedlings were treated with a two-fold dilution series of CPD-41 , ranging from 6.25 pM to 100 pM (all in 0.1% DMSO), by pipetting 10 pl / seedling at the stem base, four days before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation. 0.1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Newly-formed spores on the cotyledons were counted 7 dpi. Each value represents the mean number of spores (x104) / ml (± 95% Cl) of eight sets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 8). Results are representative of two independent experiments.Table B15

[0946]

[0947] Table B16 shows the number of spores relative to the 0.1% DMSO mock treatment for root application of CPD-41 and CPD-1. Roots of five-day-old soil-grown A thaliana Col-0 seedlings were treated with 50 pM 0.1% DMSO compound solutions of CPD-41 and CPD-11 by pipetting 10 pl / seedling at the stem base, four days before H. arabidopsidis Noksl inoculation. 0.1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Newly-formed spores on the cotyledons were counted 7 dpi. Each value represents the mean number of spores (x 104) / ml (± 95% Cl) of eight sets of 15 seedlings per treatment (n = 8). Results are representative of two independent experiments.

[0948] Table B16

[0949]

[0950] B.2.2. A. thaliana - B. cinerea disease assay:

[0951] B.2.2.1 Root application

[0952] Roots of three-week-old in vitro-grown A. thaliana Col-0 plants were treated with 50 pM 1% DMSO solutions of the compounds, three days before B. cinerea B05.10 inoculation. 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Lesion diameters were measured 3 dpi. The results are shown in Table B17. Each bar represents the mean lesion diameter (± 95% Cl) of 18 plants / treatment with two lesions / plant (n = 36).

[0953] Table B17

[0954]

[0955] The effect of some of the compounds was calculated relative to the effect of compound CPD-31 , using Formula 6. The results are shown in Table B18.

[0956] Table B18

[0957]

[0958] Table B19 shows the number of spores relative to the 1% DMSO mock treatment for root application of CPD-41.Disease quantification was done by measuring the lesion diameters 3 dpi. Roots of three-week-old in v / tro-grown A. thaliana Col-0 plants were treated with 50 pM 1% DMSO CPD-41 compound solution on four specific places: at the top and the tip of the primary root, on a side root, and at a root branching point between the primary root and a side root. Treatment with the 1% DMSO solvent was included as mock treatment. Three days after treatment, B. cinerea B05.10 spore suspension was inoculated on two leaves per plant. Each value represents the mean lesion diameter (± 95% Cl) of at least 35 plants / treatment with two lesions / plant (n = 70). Results are representative of two independent experiments.

[0959] Table B19

[0960]

[0961] Disease quantification was also done by qPCR. With this method, the amount of B. cinerea genomic DNA (gDNA) in the inoculated leaves, normalized to the amount of A. thaliana gDNA, was determined 3 dpi using primer sets for a single-copy gene of both B. cinerea (cutinase A) and A. thaliana (a-Shaggy kinase) (Table S2). As the relative amount of B. cinerea gDNA is directly related to the amount of B. cinerea biomass present in the plant tissue, it represents a quantitative measure for the pathogen proliferation. Induction of IR in the plant inhibits pathogen proliferation and can consequently be observed as a reduction in the amount of pathogen gDNA. Both quantification methods thus represent two different parameters of disease severity, being symptom development in case of lesion diameter measurement and pathogen proliferation in case of qPCR. Both parameters can be intrinsically linked with each other as it is expected that a decrease in pathogen proliferation automatically results in less symptom development.

[0962] The qPCR quantification was performed on the same plants treated with CPD-41 or 1% DMSO after lesion diameter measurement (Table B19), and results are presented in Table B20. Each value represents the mean amount of B. cinerea gDNA over A. thaliana gDNA (± 95% Cl) of ten biological samples per treatment (n = 10). Results are representative of two independent experiments. Treatment with the compound significantly reduced the relative amount of B. cinerea gDNA with -45.9%. IR induction could thus also be confirmed using qPCR quantification.

[0963] Table B20

[0964]

[0965] Table B21 shows the lesion diameters relative to the 1% DMSO mock treatment for root application of CPD-41 at different concentrations. Roots of three-week-old in v / tro-grown A. thaliana Col-0 plants were treated with a two-fold dilution series of CPD-41, ranging from 6.25pM to 400 pM (all in 1% DMSO), three days before B. cinerea B05.10 inoculation. 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. Lesion diameters were measured 3 dpi. Each value represents the mean lesion diameter (± 95% Cl) of 24 plants / treatment with two lesions / plant (n = 48).

[0966] Table B21

[0967]

[0968] B.2.3. pAOX1D::GUS marker line assay

[0969] The activity of the compounds was also tested on pAOX1D::GUS marker line. Seeds of the transgenic pAOX1D::GUS A. thaliana line were sown in 1 MS medium in a 96-well MTP. Six days after sowing, compounds were added to a final concentration of 10 pM 1 % DMSO. 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment. After two days of incubation, GUS staining was performed overnight. Afterwards, the seedlings were washed with 50% ethanol, the MTP was scanned, and the total stained area was determined for each well. The results are shown in Tables B22, B23A and B23B. For Table B22 each bar represents the mean total stained area (±95% Cl) of 16 wells per treatment (n = 16). For Tables B23A and B23B, each bar represents the mean total stained area (± 95% Cl) of at least 12 wells per treatment divided over six MTPs.

[0970] Table B22

[0971]

[0972] Table B23A

[0973]

[0974] Table B23B

[0975]

[0976] The effect of some of the compounds was calculated relative to the effect of compound CPD-31 , using Formula 4. The results are shown in Table B24. Good, quantitative correlation was found between the results of the marker assay and the A. thaliana - H. arabidopsidis (Table B3).Table B24

[0977]

[0978] B.2.4. Tomato- B. cinerea disease assay

[0979] In the tomato - B. cinerea disease assay, tomato plants cv. Castlemart were grown in lab-scale hydroponic systems.

[0980] Leaves of three-week-old hydroponically-grown tomato cv. Castlemart plants were sprayed with 100 pM 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20 compound solution of CPD-41, three days before B. cinerea R16 inoculation. 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20 was included as mock treatment. One hydroponic system containing 12 plants was used per treatment. During the treatment, one leaf per plant, which would later be used for pathogen inoculation, was covered to exclude potential direct antagonistic effect of CPD-41 on the infecting pathogen. Three days after treatment, B. cinerea was inoculated on five leaflets per plant. Disease quantification was done 3 dpi by measuring the diameter of the developing, necrotic lesions. The results are presented in Table B25. Each value represents the mean lesion diameter (± 95% Cl) of at least 10 plants / treatment with five lesions / plant (n = 50). Results are representative of two independent experiments. Treatment with CPD-41 on the leaves of tomato resulted in a symptom reduction of -27.0% that was significantly different from the mock treatment (p < 0.0001).

[0981] Table B25

[0982]

[0983] Leaves of three-week-old hydroponically-grown tomato cv. Castlemart plants were sprayed with a four-fold dilution series of CPD-11 , ranging between 6.25 pM and 100 pM (all in 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20), three days before B. cinerea R16 inoculation. 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20 was included as mock treatment, none of the leaves were covered during spray treatment. Lesion diameters were measured 3 dpi. Results are shown in Table B26. Each value represents the mean lesion diameter (± 95% Cl) of 12 plants / treatment with five lesions / plant (n = 60). Results are representative of two independent experiments. Treatment with CPD-11 resulted in significant (p < 0.0084) IR induction at all three tested concentrations.

[0984] Table B26

[0985]

[0986] Durability of-CPD-11-IR: was shown by prolonging the time between treatment and B. cinerea inoculation. Leaves of three-week-old hydroponically-grown tomato cv. Castlemart plants were sprayed with 25 pM 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20 compound solution of CPD-11, three (3 dpt), ten (10 dpt), or 13 (13 dpt) days before B. cinerea R16 inoculation. 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20 was included as mock treatment. Inoculation with B. cinerea was done on the standard time point, being 3 days post treatment (dpt) or on later time points, being 10 dpt or 13 dpt. In all cases, disease severity was quantified 3 dpi by measuring lesion diameters and results are shown in Table B27. Each value represents the mean lesion diameter (± 95% Cl) of 12 plants / treatment with five lesions / plant (n = 60).

[0987] Table B27

[0988]

[0989] Plant growth: four-fold dilution series of CPD-11, covering all concentrations tested in tomato -B. cinerea disease assay (6.25 pM - 400 pM) (all in 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20) was sprayed on three-week-old hydroponically-grown tomato cv. Castlemart plants.0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20 and 10 pM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in 0.5% DMSO + 0.02% TWEEN20 were included as mock and positive control treatment, respectively. After treatment, the plant growth and development were visually monitored for three consecutive weeks, after which the shoot length and fresh weight were determined. Shoot length of the tomato plants was measured 21 dpt. Shoot fresh weight of the tomato plants was determined 21 dpt. The result are shown in Table B28. Each value represents the mean shoot fresh weight (± 95% Cl) of 12 plants / treatment (n = 12).

[0990] Table B28

[0991]

[0992] Stunted growth resulted in reduced mean fresh weight (-24.2%) of the 2,4-D-treated plants, although the difference with the mock treatment was not significant (p = 0.3842). The shoot length of the 2,4-D-treated plants could not be determined (ND) as the stems were severely bended. Treatment with CPD-11, on the other hand, did not cause pronounced phytotoxic effects.Treatment with CPD-11 did not significantly affect either growth parameter in a negative way at any of the tested concentrations.

[0993] B.2.5. Antifungal activity assays

[0994] CPD-31 and CPD-41 were tested against pathogens Botrytis cinerea strains B05.10 and R16, and Fusarium oxysporum Fo5176. The assays were performed in 96-well MPTs in which twofold dilution series, ranging from 0.98 pM to 500 pM in 1% DMSO, from the compounds were added to the fungal spore suspensions of the pathogens in liquid 1 PDB medium. 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment and the antifungal imazalil, tested at 10x lower concentrations, was included as positive control treatment. After 48 - 72 h of co-incubation, the fungal growth relative to the 1% DMSO mock treatment was determined under the microscope and results are shown in Tables B29, B30, B31. Each value represents the mean relative growth of 2 wells per treatment (n = 2). Results are representative of at least two independent experiments. CPD-31 and CPD-41 did not exhibit antifungal activity against the two B. cinerea strains, nor the F. oxysporum strain at the tested concentrations.

[0995] Table B29

[0996]

[0997] Table B30

[0998]

[0999]

[1000] Table B31

[1001]

[1002] CPD-31 and CPD-41 were tested against a beneficial fungus, namely the BCO T. gamsii A5MH. The assays were performed in the same way as for the fungal pathogens. The results are shown in Table B32. Each value represents the mean relative growth of 2 wells per treatment (n = 2).Results are representative of two independent experiments. CPD-31 and CPD-41 did not exhibit antifungal activity against the BCO in the range of 0.98 pM to 500 pM.

[1003] Table B32

[1004]

[1005] CPD-1 and CPD-11 were also tested against B. cinerea R16 and F. oxysporum Fo5176. Two-fold dilution series of CPD-1 and CPD-11, ranging from 0.98 pM to 500 pM (all in 1% DMSO), were co-incubated with fungal spore suspensions (final concentration 5 x 104spores / ml) in 1 PDB medium in 96-well MTPs. 1% DMSO was included as mock treatment and the antifungal imazalil, tested at 10x lower concentrations, was included as positive control treatment. After 48 - 72 h of co-incubation, fungal growth relative to 1% DMSO mock treatment (%) was determined under the microscope.

[1006] Results are shown in Tables B33 and B34. Each value represents the mean relative growth of 2 wells per treatment (n = 2). Results are representative of two independent experiments. These compounds did not exhibit antifungal activity against the two pathogens at the tested concentrations.

[1007] Table B33

[1008]

[1009]

[1010] Table B34

[1011]

[1012] B.2.6. Anti-oomycete activity assay

[1013] CPD-41 and CPD-11 were tested against P. cactorum. Droplets of 5 pl of two-fold serial dilutions of the tested compounds were spotted on solid cV8 5% medium. A mycelium agar plug of P. cactorum was inoculated in the center of the petri dish. Copper (II) chloride (CuCh), with provenanti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora species (Lawrence et al., 2017 Front. Microbiol. 8, 1340) was included as positive control and tested at 100 mM in 0.1% DMSO. The mock and the positive control treatment were tested on each plate, together with two consecutive dilutions of the test compounds. The assay was done in triplicate. After eight days of co-incubation, the mycelial growth was measured using Imaged software digital image analysis and the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition was calculated relative to the 1% DMSO mock treatment using Formula 1. Results are show in Table B35. Each value represents the mean growth inhibition of 3 plates per treatment (n = 3). None of the tested compounds exhibited anti-oomycete activity. The positive control treatment CuCh was tested at 100 mM in 1% DMSO gave an average inhibition percentage of...

Claims

Claims1. A compound of formula (la), (lb), (le), or (If), or an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof,> whereinX1ais selected from S or NR1A;X2is selected from O, N, or NR1A;X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, orO;X4is selected from a bond (i.e. , it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O;= is an optional double bond;R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen;L1is -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2;L2ais -SO2- or -CO-;R7ais methyl or halomethyl;n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, or from the groupcomprising alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, ■ ' , cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, arylalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl,alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy;each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and heteroaryloxy.

2. The compound according to claim 1, having structural formula (Ia1), (Ia2), (Ib1), or (Ib2),wherein X2ais O; X2bis N; X3ais CH or N; X3bis S, O or NH; = is an optional double bond; and Z1, Z2, m and n have the same meaning as in claim 1.

3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from CPD-2, CPD-5, CPD-10 to CPD-22 as listed in Table A1.

4. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1-3 for inducing resistance against stress in plants and / or parts thereof, preferably inducing resistance to biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof.

5. Use a compound of formula (11), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, for inducing resistance to biotic stress in plants and / or parts thereof, whereinX1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P- ; wherein R4is selected from hydrogen,Ci-ealkyl; alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl; preferably L3is a single bond; L2is -SO2, -CH2-, or -CO-; andL1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2.

6. A method of triggering induced resistance to biotic stress, in a plant comprising, applying an effective amount of at least one compound of formula (11), an isomer, a salt, a hydrate, a solvate, or a polymorph thereof, to a plant and / or plant part thereby triggering activation of induced resistance in the plant, whereinX1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,A1is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or an alkyl; wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1;each instance of Z1is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy, and A2-carbonylamino;A2is selected from an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-10 membered ring, or alkyl, wherein each of said 3-10 membered ring or alkyl, can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2;each instance of Z2is independently selected from halo, cyano, oxo, nitro, or from the group comprising hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio,aryloxyalkyl, arylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclyloxy, heteroaryloxy; each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;and / or two instance of Z2Atogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached can be joined to form an aromatic, partially unsaturated, or saturated 3-6 membered ring; wherein 3-6 membered ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2A;each instance of Z2Ais independently selected from the group comprising halo, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, aryl, arylalkyl, and oxo;L3is a single bond, -CR4R5- or -CR4R5-S-(CR2R3)P- ; wherein R4is selected from hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl; alkoxy; and R5is selected from hydrogen, or Ci-ealkyl; preferably L3is a single bond; L2is -SO2, -CH2-, or -CO-; andL1is a single bond or -(CR2R3)P-; wherein each instance of R2and R3is independently selected from hydrogen or alkyl; and p is an integer selected from 1 or 2.

7. The use according to claim 5, or the method according to claim 6, wherein said compound has structural formula (I1i)X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or Ci-ealkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; = is an optional double bond; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3,and A1, L1, L2, L3, and Z2have the same meaning as in claim 5 and claim 6.

8. The use according to any one of claims 5, 7, or the method according to any one of claims 6, 7, wherein A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-ealkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing one or two heteroatoms each independently selected from N, S, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising Cs-ecycloalkyl, phenyl, Ci-4alkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing at least one S, N, or O; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1; preferably A1is selected from the group comprising C^cycloalkyl, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing atleast one S, or N; wherein each of said group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z1.

9. The use according to any one of claims 5, 7-8, or the method according to any one of claims 6-8, wherein said compound has structural formula (Ilia), (11 ib), or (11 be),X1is selected from S, O, N, CR1A, CR1AR1B, or NR1A; R1Ais hydrogen or alkyl, preferably R1Ais hydrogen; R1Bis hydrogen or alkyl; preferably R1Bis hydrogen; X3is selected from CH, N, NH, S, or O; X4is selected from a bond (i.e., it is absent, so as to form a five-membered ring), CH, N, S or O; = is an optional double bond; R7is Ci-ealkyl which can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more Z2; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3, m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3; p’ is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, or 3;and L1, L2, Z1, and Z2have the same meaning as in any one of claims 5-8.

10. The use according to any one of claims 5, 7-9, or the method according to any one of claims 6-9, wherein the compound is selected from a compound according to any one of claims 1-3.

11. The use according to any one of claims 5, 7-9, or the method according to any one of claims 6-9, wherein the compound is selected from the group comprising CPD-1 to CPD-5, CPD-10 to CPD22, and CPD-31 to CPD-42 as listed in Tables A1 and A2.

12. The use according to any one of claims 4-5, 7-11, or the method according to any one of claims 6-11, wherein said induced resistance is induced against infections by fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, insects, protozoa, acari, and / or nematodes.

13. The use according to any one of claims 4-5, 7-12, or the method according to any one of claims 6-12, wherein said induced resistance is resistance to herbivory and / or herbivores.

14. A plant seed coated with at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-3, or as recited in any one of claims 5-11, or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-3, or as recited in any one of claims 5-11.

15. Agrochemical composition comprising at least one compound according to any one ofstatements claims 1-3, or as recited in any one of claims 5-11, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and one or more optional agriculturally acceptable excipient.

16. Method for inducing resistance to biotic stresses in plants and / or parts thereof, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-3, or as recited in any one of claims 5 to 11 , to said plant and / or plant part.

17. Method for the production of a plant and / or plant part, including seeds, having induced resistance against stress as compared to a control plant, preferably having induced resistance to biotic stresses, which method comprises the step of(a) applying an effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of claims 1- 3, or as recited in any one of claims 5 to 11 , to said plant and / or plant part,(b) optionally, cultivating said plant and / or plant part under conditions promoting plant growth and development.

18. A plant treated with at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-3, or as recited in any one of claims 5 to 11 , or with a coating composition comprising at least one compound according to any one of claims 1-3, or as recited in any one of claims 5-11, or a plant part thereof, including seed.

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