Hybrid electric machine

Abstract

An electric generator incorporates a curved cylindrical combustion chamber and a curved piston that reciprocates along an arcuate path centered about the generator's axis of rotation. A rotor carrying a plurality of permanent magnets is coupled to a stator having multiple electromagnetic coils. An axially extending connector links the curved piston to the rotor so that the rotor oscillates back and forth about the axis of rotation through angular displacements of less than 360 degrees. Oscillation of the rotor in tandem with the piston produces varying magnetic flux through the stator coils, thereby generating electrical energy.

Description

HYBRID ELECTRIC MACHINECross-Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 753,647, filed February 4, 2025, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates to a machine designed to convert fuel into electricity. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the machine leverages a thermodynamic cycle enhanced by magnetic forces.Background

[0003] Traditional combustion engines, whether based on a two-stroke or four-stroke cycle, typically produce energy during only one power stroke. The other strokes — intake, compression, and exhaust — consume energy, which contributes to inefficiency. To maintain smooth functioning and compensate for this energy imbalance, engines use a flywheel to store energy during the power stroke and release it during the negative strokes. On the other hand, electric generators often address mechanical issues like cogging torque, an undesirable effect that causes jerky or irregular motion at low speeds. This torque stems from interactions between permanent magnets on the rotor and slots in the stator and varies periodically with their configuration. To minimize this, generators are designed with an uneven number of stator teeth shoe and magnetic poles. Among other aims, the innovations described herein aim to resolve such inefficiencies in both combustion engines and electric motors, enhancing overall performance and reliability. However, the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the claims rather than the ability to resolve specific problems.SUMMARY

[0004] Some disclosed embodiments of an electric generator include a rotatable shaft extending along an axis of rotation and a motor that incorporates an internal combustion engine for driving generator operation. A rotor is coupled to the shaft and carries a plurality of permanent magnets arranged to interact with an adjacent stator. The internal combustion engine is mechanically linked to the rotor through a connector that extends axially along the axis of rotation while being radially spaced from the shaft. This connector is configured to impart alternating, limited-angle rotation to the rotor — moving the rotor back and forth in oppositerotational directions through arcs of less than 360 degrees. As the rotor oscillates, the permanent magnets on the rotor move relative to at least one electromagnetic coil of the stator. The resulting change in magnetic flux induces electrical energy, enabling the generator to convert reciprocating power from the internal combustion engine into useful electrical output.

[0005] In some disclosed embodiments, an electric generator integrates a curved cylindrical combustion chamber with a curved piston that reciprocates along an arcuate path centered about the generator’s axis of rotation. Motion of the curved piston is transmitted to a rotor — carrying permanent magnets — through an axially extending connector that is radially offset from the axis of rotation. As the piston oscillates during engine operation, the connector drives the rotor to oscillate back and forth through limited angular displacements of less than 360 degrees. A stator positioned adjacent the rotor includes multiple electromagnetic coils, and the alternating rotation of the rotor’s permanent magnets relative to these coils induces electrical energy. This configuration enables efficient conversion of the piston’s reciprocating motion into oscillatory electromagnetic generation without requiring full rotation mechanical components.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, are used to explain the disclosed principles. In these drawings, where appropriate, reference numerals that illustrate the same or similar structures, components, materials, and / or elements in different figures are labeled similarly. It is understood that various combinations of the structures, components, and / or elements, other than those specifically shown, are contemplated and are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0007] For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the figures depict the general structure of the various described embodiments. Details of well-known components or features may be omitted to avoid obscuring other features, since these omitted features are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, features in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. The dimensions of some features may be exaggerated relative to other features to improve understanding of the exemplary embodiments. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the features in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and, unless indicated otherwise, should not be viewed as representing dimensions or proportional relationships between different features in a figure. Additionally, even if it is not expressly mentioned, aspects described withreference to one embodiment or figure may also be applicable to, and may be used with, other embodiments or figures.

[0008] Figs. 1 A-1H illustrate different views of an exemplary electric machine of the current disclosure;

[0009] Figs. 2A-2D are different views of the combustion section of an exemplary electric machine of the current disclosure;

[0010] Figs. 3A-3C illustrate the pistons and the swing arms of an exemplary electric machine of the current disclosure;

[0011] Fig. 4 illustrates the synchronization gear assembly of an exemplary electric machine of the current disclosure;

[0012] Fig. 5 illustrates a curved piston in a curved cylinder of an exemplary electric machine of the current disclosure;

[0013] Figs. 6A-6C are different views of a piston of an exemplary electric machine of the current disclosure;

[0014] Figs. 7A-7F are different views of a generator section of an exemplary electric machine of the current disclosure.

[0015] Figs. 8A-8H are different views of an electric generator of the current disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] Unless otherwise clear from the context, all relative terms used herein — such as “about,” “substantially,” and “approximately” — indicate a permissible variation of ±10%, unless a different tolerance is expressly stated. For example, a feature described as being about “t” units thick (or long, wide, deep, etc.) may have a thickness ranging from (t - O.lt) to (t + O.lt). In some instances, the specification provides context for how certain relative terms should be understood. For example, a surface described as being substantially flat may vary from perfect flatness to account for deviations caused in practice (e g., manufacturing, tolerance of components, etc.). Furthermore, when a numerical range is described as extending from 5 to 10 (i.e., 5-10), the range includes both endpoints — 5 and 10.

[0017] Objects and advantages of the disclosure can be realized by the elements and combinations as set forth in embodiments described herein. However, embodiments of thepresent disclosure are not necessarily required to achieve such example objects or advantages. Some embodiments can achieve a different feature or enhancement without necessarily achieving any expressly stated object or advantage.

[0018] As used herein, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “or” encompasses all possible combinations, except where infeasible. For example, if it is stated that a component can include A or B, then, unless specifically stated otherwise or infeasible, the component can include A, or B, or A and B. As a second example, if it is stated that a component can include A, B, or C, then, unless specifically stated otherwise or infeasible, the component can include A, or B, or C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C.

[0019] Unless otherwise defined, all terms of art, notations, and other scientific terms or terminology used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Some components, structures, and / or processes described or referenced herein are well understood and commonly employed using conventional methodology by those skilled in the art. These components, structures, and processes will not be described in detail. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications referred to herein as being incorporated by reference are incorporated by reference in their entirety. If a definition or description set forth in this disclosure is contrary to, or otherwise inconsistent with, a definition and / or description in these references, the definition and / or description set forth in this disclosure controls over those in references incorporated by reference. None of the references described or referenced herein is admitted as prior art relative to the current disclosure.

[0020] In the context of this disclosure, an electric machine refers broadly to any system capable of converting energy between (Fuel-Chemical energy) electrical and mechanical forms. This includes electric motors which produce mechanical motion from electrical input, and electric generators, which generate electricity from mechanical energy (e.g., by converting Fuel-Chemical energy). The term also encompasses integrated hybrid systems where an electric generator is mechanically coupled with an internal combustion engine, allowing both components to operate collaboratively. Such configurations may support standalone generation, hybrid energy conversion, or dynamic energy distribution. These machines typically include rotors, stators, magnetic assemblies, windings, and control electronics, and may operate on alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) depending on application needs. They are applicable across a wide range of applications, including automotive, industrial, medical, and power generation.

[0021] Some disclosed electric machines integrate mechanical combustion and electromagnetic principles to enhance energy conversion efficiency. Some of the disclosed machines feature one or more curved cylindrical combustion chambers, each housing a curved piston that reciprocates along an arcuate path around a central axis. These pistons are mechanically linked to rotors within an electric generator, enabling synchronized motion between combustion and electromagnetic components.

[0022] The generator includes a stator with multiple electromagnetic coils and one or more rotors equipped with circumferentially arranged permanent magnets. As the pistons move during the power stroke, mechanical energy is transferred to the rotors, which oscillate relative to the stator to generate electricity. Magnetic forces interactions also assist in the return stroke, reducing reliance on mechanical energy storage components and improving system durability.

[0023] In certain configurations, magnetic forces actively support energy-intensive phases of the thermodynamic cycle, such as compression and rebound strokes. These forces peak near stroke endpoints, inducing cogging and aligning the system for continued motion. This magnetic assistance reduces mechanical load and enhances overall system stability and efficiency.

[0024] The disclosed machines may include dual combustion chambers and rotors rotating in opposite directions around a shared stator, either radially inward or axially spaced along the rotation axis. This counter-rotational design can balance torque and minimize vibration. The rotors may oscillate over angular segments — typically less than 90 degrees — without completing full rotations. Magnetic flux flows between adjacent stator cores and magnets, inducing flux and optimizing torque output, particularly when pistons reach maximum compression or expansion.

[0025] Each rotor may be mounted on a separate shaft, with both shafts aligned along a common axis of rotation and driven by reciprocating internal combustion engines. These engines feature curved cylinders with arc-shaped central axes, and pistons that reciprocate in tandem with rotor motion. The rotors and engines may be housed within a compact enclosure, with rotors positioned near one end and engines near the other.

[0026] The stator may include multiple cores arranged in a circular pattern around the axis of rotation. These cores may span the length of the stator, supporting dynamic electromagnetic interaction with both rotors. Magnet configurations may vary, with north and south poles oriented to optimize flux flow and energy generation. In some embodiments, therotors reverse direction between adjacent stator cores, enabling oscillatory motion and efficient energy conversion.

[0027] This hybrid architecture of some of the disclosed electric machines — combining combustion, magnetic assistance, and synchronized mechanical motion — may offer a robust and compact solution for continuous energy generation with improved efficiency, reduced wear, and enhanced reliability.

[0028] Figs. 1A through 1G depict electric machines 1000A and 1000B in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, Figs. 1 A to ID show different views of electric machine 1000A, while Figs. IE to 1H illustrate electric machine 1000B. For simplicity, both machines — 1000A and 1000B — are collectively referred to as electric machine 1000. Electric machine 1000 includes a combustion section 200 and a generator section 500 integrated into a single package 1020 and aligned along an axis of rotation 100. The combustion section 200 includes multiple internal combustion engines positioned around the axis of rotation 100, while the generator section 500 includes a stator and one or more rotors also arranged around the same axis 100. The combustion section 200 transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy, while the generator section 500 converts that mechanical energy into electrical energy.

[0029] Referring to Figs. 1G through IE, in some embodiments, the combustion section 200 includes two internal combustion engines — a first engine 220 and a second engine 240 — each paired with an air pump: a first air pump 260 and a second air pump 280. These components are circumferentially spaced apart and arranged in a circular configuration around the axis of rotation 100. While two engine-air pump pairs are illustrated, this is merely exemplary. The electric machines described herein may include any number of such pairs (e.g., 1, 3, 4, 6). In some cases, the number of engines and air pumps may be equal, but this is not required, and different numbers of engines and air pumps may also be used. Additionally, although the engines 220 and 240 are shown adjacent to each other, and the air pumps 260 and 280 are similarly grouped, this arrangement is illustrative only. In other embodiments, the engines and air pumps may have other arrangements (e.g., positioned alternately, etc ).

[0030] In general, the engines and air pumps may be spaced apart circumferentially by any angle. In some embodiments, the angular spacing between adjacent components — such as between engines 220 and 240, or between engine 240 and air pump 280 — may range from approximately 40 to 50 degrees, or about 45 degrees in some embodiments. The spacingbetween adjacent components may be uniform or varied. For instance, engines 220 and 240 may be separated by one angle, while air pumps 260 and 280 may be separated by a different angle.

[0031] Each engine 220 and 240 contains a combustion chamber, and each air pump 260 and 280 contains a compression chamber. The combustion chambers are substantially similar, meaning they share the same size and shape, with only minor differences due to practical factors such as manufacturing tolerances, material variations, or assembly constraints. The compression chambers are also substantially similar. In some embodiments, the internal diameter of the compression chamber may be larger than that of the combustion chamber, resulting in a greater enclosed volume. Both the combustion and compression chambers are curved in an arc-like shape around the axis of rotation 100.

[0032] Each air pump is fluidly connected to the combustion chamber of its corresponding engine. For instance, the first air pump 260 delivers compressed air (or another gas) from its compression chamber 270 to the combustion chamber 230 of the first engine 220 via air duct 362 (see Fig. 1G). Similarly, the second air pump 280 supplies compressed air to the combustion chamber 250 of the second engine 240 through air duct 382, which has a similar geometry to duct 362. Although ducts 362 and 382 are shown positioned below the combustion section 200 — between the combustion section and the generator section 500 — this configuration is illustrative only. In other embodiments, the ducts may be located elsewhere, such as above the combustion section 200. Each air pump 260 and 280 includes an air filter (262 and 282, respectively; see Figs. IE and IF) that channels air into its compression chamber (270 and 290), and a valve (264 and 284; see Figs. 2A and 2D) that directs compressed air from the compression chamber into the corresponding air duct (362 and 382).

[0033] Referring to Fig. IF, the first engine 220 includes a fuel injector 222 that delivers fuel — such as hydrogen, gasoline, or diesel — into the combustion chamber 230, where it mixes with compressed air from air pump 260. An ignitor 224 (e g., a spark plug) is positioned to ignite the fuel-air mixture within the combustion chamber, producing high-pressure gases. Similarly, the second engine 240 includes a fuel injector 242 that supplies fuel to combustion chamber 250, and an ignitor 244 that initiates combustion of the fuel-air mixture within chamber 250.

[0034] Figs. 2A-2D show various views of the combustion section 200, with certain components removed to reveal internal details. As illustrated, two curved piston heads — piston head 232 and piston head 234 — are positioned on opposite sides of combustion chamber 230.These piston heads are designed to oscillate in an arc-like motion (i.e., angular oscillation about axis 100), moving into and out of the combustion chamber 230 from opposite ends. When piston heads 232 and 234 move inward (into combustion chamber 230), they compress the fuel-air mixture inside the chamber. This mixture is then ignited by ignitor 224, producing high-pressure exhaust gases that drive the piston heads 232, 234 outward (from combustion chamber 230) in opposite directions. For example, during inward motion, piston head 232 rotates counterclockwise about axis 100 while piston head 234 rotates clockwise. Conversely, during outward motion, piston head 232 rotates clockwise and piston head 234 rotatescountercl ockwi se .

[0035] Similarly, engine 240 includes two curved piston heads — piston head 252 and piston head 254 — positioned within combustion chamber 250. These piston heads oscillate into and out of the chamber to compress and ignite the fuel-air mixture. Since the structure and operation of engine 240 are substantially the same as those of engine 220, a detailed description is omitted for brevity.

[0036] Referring to Figs. 2A-2D, two coaxial hollow shafts — 350 and 370 — extend along the axis of rotation 100 between the combustion section 200 and the generator section 500. These shafts transmit the oscillatory motion produced by engines 220 and 240 to the generator section. Shafts 350 and 370 are designed to rotate back and forth relative to each other about the axis of rotation 100. In other words, the two coaxial shafts 350 and 370 — positioned along a shared axis of rotation 100 — undergo synchronized oscillatory motion. For example, instead of completing full rotations, each shaft rotates back-and-forth within a limited angular range. For example, shaft 350 rotates 20 degrees (or by another angle) clockwise about axis 100, while shaft 370 simultaneously rotates 20 degrees counterclockwise about the same axis. This reciprocal motion creates a dynamic balance, with both shafts mirroring each other’s angular displacement in opposite directions.

[0037] In the illustrated embodiment, although not required, shaft 370 is nested within shaft 350. A pair of swing arms — first swing arm 310 and second swing arm 330 — facilitate the transfer of oscillatory motion from the engines to the shafts. The first swing arm 310 is mounted on shaft 370 and rotates with it about the axis of rotation 100. Similarly, the second swing arm 330 is mounted on shaft 350 and rotates with it about the same axis 100. Figs. 3A-3C illustrate the shafts 350, 370 and swing arms 310, 330 separated from other components of the machine.

[0038] The combustion section 200 incorporates four curved double-headed pistons — designated as pistons 320, 340, 360, and 380 — that are evenly spaced around the axis of rotation 100 in a circular configuration. Each double-headed piston includes two piston heads located at opposite ends, which oscillate into and out of various combustion and compression chambers. Specifically, piston 320 includes piston heads 232 and 254, which engage with combustion chambers 230 and 250 of engines 220 and 240, respectively. Piston 340 features piston heads 252 and 294, which interact with combustion chamber 250 of engine 240 and compression chamber 290 of air pump 280. Piston 360 has piston heads 234 and 274, which operate within compression chamber 230 of engine 220 and compression chamber 270 of air pump 260. Lastly, piston 380 includes piston heads 272 and 292, which oscillate within compression chambers 270 and 290 of air pumps 260 and 280, respectively.

[0039] To convert the back-and-forth oscillatory motion (or reciprocating arcuate motion) of these pistons into back-and-forth rotational motion about axis 100, two swing arms — 310 and 330 — are employed. These swing arms connect pistons that are positioned diametrically opposite each other. Swing arm 310 links piston 320 at one end 312 with piston 380 at the other end 314, while swing arm 330 connects piston 340 at one end 334 with piston 360 at the opposite end 332. This configuration enables the swing arms to transmit the pistons’ back-and-forth motion into corresponding rotational movement of the coaxial shafts 350 and 370.

[0040] For reference in this example, the right end of a (combustion or compression) chamber is referred to as the first end, and the left end as the second end (see Fig. 2C). Based on this convention, piston head 232 of piston 320 oscillates into and out of the first end of combustion chamber 230, while piston head 254 reciprocates in the second end of combustion chamber 250. Piston head 252 of piston 340 operates within the first end of combustion chamber 250, and piston head 294 within the first end of compression chamber 290. Piston head 292 of piston 380 moves in and out of the second end of compression chamber 290, while piston head 272 reciprocates in the first end of compression chamber 270. Finally, piston head 274 of piston 360 oscillates within the second end of compression chamber 270, and piston head 234 within the second end of combustion chamber 230.

[0041] The coaxial shafts 350 and 370, along with their respective swing arms 310 and 330, are designed to operate in a synchronized yet opposing manner. In some embodiments, as illustrated in Fig. 4, a bevel gear mechanism is employed to enable these shafts 350, 370 to rotate simultaneously in opposite directions about the axis of rotation. Specifically, a bevel gear 390 is positioned to engage with gear 352 mounted on shaft 350 and gear 372 mounted on shaft370. When shaft 370 rotates clockwise about the axis of rotation 100, the interaction with bevel gear 390 causes shaft 350 to rotate counterclockwise. This configuration ensures synchronized, counter-rotating motion between the two shafts, facilitating balanced mechanical operation and efficient transmission of oscillatory torque.

[0042] As shafts 350 and 370 rotate back and forth in opposite directions around the axis of rotation 100, the swing arms 310 and 330 attached to the shafts also oscillate in opposing directions. For example, when swing arm 310 and shaft 370 rotate counterclockwise, swing arm 330 and shaft 350 simultaneously rotate clockwise. This coordinated motion is driven by the combustion process within the engine chambers. Specifically, ignition within combustion chamber 230 of engine 220 causes piston heads 232 and 234 to move outward in opposite directions. In response, swing arm 310 and shaft 370 rotate clockwise, while swing arm 330 and shaft 350 rotate counterclockwise.

[0043] This dual-directional rotation has a cascading mechanical effect. It drives piston heads 254 and 252 inward into combustion chamber 250 of engine 240, compressing the fuel-air mixture. Simultaneously, piston heads 274 and 272 are pushed inward into compression chamber 270 of air pump 260, compressing air. At the same time, piston heads 292 and 294 are drawn outward from compression chamber 290 of air pump 280, allowing fresh air to be taken in. This orchestrated motion ensures efficient energy transfer and fluid control across the combustion and compression systems.

[0044] Fig. 5 depicts an exemplary curved cylinder 440 from engine 240. As previously described, piston heads carrier 252 and piston head 254 oscillate in and out of ends of cylinder 440. The curved cylinder 440 may have a constant internal diameter along the axis of piston movement. This reciprocating motion defines the combustion chamber 250, which is enclosed between the inner surface of the cylinder and the crowns of piston heads 254 and piston rings 235. The dynamic interaction between the piston heads and the cylinder walls enables the compression and ignition of the fuel-air mixture within the combustion chamber during engine operation.

[0045] Fig. 6A illustrates an exemplary curved double-headed piston 320 with piston heads 232 and 254 at its opposite ends. Piston 320 includes multiple components coupled together. For example, piston 320 includes two piston heads 232 and 254 coupled to the opposite ends of a carrier portion 321. One end 312 of swing arm 310 is coupled to a central portion 960 of the carrier portion 321 of piston 320 (see Fig. 3A). Since the two piston heads 232 and 254 atthe opposite ends of piston 320 are configured to reciprocate in combustion chambers 230 and 250 of engines 220 and 240 (see Fig. 2A), they are configured to resist heat and may be similarly dimensioned.

[0046] Fig. 6B illustrates a portion of the piston 320 including piston head 232. As can be seen in Fig. 6B, the piston head 232 has an external diameter larger than the external diameter of the carrier portion 321. The external diameter of the piston head 232 may be smaller than the internal diameter of the cylinder within which the piston head 232 reciprocates allowing the piston head 232 to move freely within the bore of the cylinder. The relatively smaller external diameter of the carrier portion 321 creates an annular gap 421 (see Fig. 6C) between the carrier portion and the inner wall of the cylinder allowing blowby gases from the combustion chamber of cylinder to pass therethrough. The cylinder wall may include a blowback outlet that allows the exhaust gases to be evacuated.

[0047] In some embodiments, the piston head 232 and carrier portion 321 are made from different materials — for example, the piston head 232 may be formed of steel for strength and heat resistance, while the carrier portion 321 may be made of aluminum to reduce weight. Piston head 232 may be joined to the carrier portion 321 by two pins 233. In some embodiments, these pins 233 may also serve a dual function as rock-reducing spacers. For example, when the piston head 232 reciprocates in the cylinder, the opposite ends of the pins 233 contacts with and slides on the internal walls of the cylinder to reduced rocking of the piston head 232. In some embodiments, the opposing ends of the pins 233 are specifically designed to act as spacers. For example, the pins 233 may be made of material different from both the piston head 232 and the carrier portion 321 to optimize performance and durability. Thus, when piston head 232 reciprocates in the cylinder, the pins 233 that extend through the annular gap between the carrier portion 321 and the inner wall of the cylinder serves to stabilize the piston 320 and inhibit rocking or tilting during reciprocation. Although two pins 233 are illustrated in Figs. 6A and 6B, this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, a different number (1, 3, etc ) of pins 233 only exemplary. Fig 7A & 7B illustrates an exemplary circular stabilizer for the circular cylinders.

[0048] As shown in Fig. 6B, an annular oil seal 442 is mounted at one end of the cylinder to slidingly engage with the external cylindrical surface of the carrier portion 321 as the piston 320 reciprocates in the cylinder. In some embodiments, piston head 232 may include one or more compression rings 235 that also slidingly contact the internal wall of the cylinder to maintain compression and prevent blow-by. In this design, only the compression rings 235, the opposite ends of the pins 233, or the circular stabilizer of 7A & B) make contact with (the oil lipseal is in contact with the carrier piston only!) the cylinder wall during piston operation, minimizing friction and wear while ensuring stability and sealing integrity.

[0049] As illustrated in Fig. 2A, the four double-headed pistons — 320, 340, 360, and 380 — are configured such that the piston heads at each end of a piston operates within a separate combustion or compression chamber. Specifically, both ends of piston 320 function within combustion chambers of the two engines 220, 240, while both ends of piston 380 operate within compression chambers of the air pumps 260, 280. In contrast, pistons 340 and 360 are hybrid in function: one end of each piston operates within a combustion chamber of an engine, and the opposite end operates within a compression chamber of an air pump. Due to their identical operating environments, the piston heads at both ends of piston 320 may be structurally and dimensionally the same, and the piston heads at both ends of piston 380 may be structurally and dimensionally the same. However, because the two ends of pistons 340 and 360 serve distinct roles — one in combustion and the other in compression — their piston heads may differ in design and dimensions to suit their respective functions. For example, the piston head operating within the compression chamber may have a larger diameter than the one operating within the combustion chamber to accommodate the larger bore of the air pump cylinder. Similarly, unlike the piston heads operating in compression chambers, the piston heads operating in combustion chambers may be configured to withstand high heat and support combustion in combustion chamber.

[0050] As explained previously, the coordinated operation of the four double-headed pistons — 320, 340, 360, and 380 — causes the two coaxial shafts, 350 and 370, to rotate (or oscillate) back-and-forth simultaneously in opposite directions about the axis of rotation 100. Each of the two coaxial shafts — aligned along the common axis of rotationlOO — is connected to a corresponding rotor. For example, when shaft 350 rotates by 9 degrees clockwise about axis 100, its connected rotor also rotates 0 degrees clockwise about a fixed stator. Simultaneously, shaft 370 rotates 0 degrees counterclockwise, and its connected rotor mirrors this motion about the same stator. As a result, both rotors exhibit simultaneous, equal, and opposite oscillatory motion around the stator, precisely replicating the angular displacement of their respective shafts.

[0051] The electric generator of the disclosed electric machine 1000 is powered by the internal combustion engines of the combustion section 200. The first shaft 350 is coupled to one engine 220 that rotates it in one direction, while the second shaft 370 is coupled to anotherengine 240 that rotates it in the opposite direction. These shafts are non-integral, allowing them to rotate independently and in opposite directions during operation. These engines 220, 240 include curved cylinders and pistons that reciprocate along curved central axes extending about the axis of rotation 100.

[0052] The electric generator may include a dual-rotor configuration centered around a common stator and a shared axis of rotation 100. Connected to each shaft 350, 370 is a corresponding rotor — the first rotor to the first shaft 350 and the second rotor to the second shaft 370. Each rotor carries a set of permanent magnets which are circumferentially spaced around the axis of rotation 100. These magnets may be arranged such that the north pole of one magnet faces the stator, while the south poles of adjacent magnets also face the stator, optimizing magnetic interaction.

[0053] The common stator is positioned between or around the rotors and includes electromagnetic coils and a plurality of stator cores. These cores are annularly arranged about the axis 100 and may extend radially inward from an annular ring toward the rotors. In some embodiments, the stator cores span across both rotors and extend axially from a first end to a second end, allowing the rotors to interact with opposite ends of the stator.

[0054] The rotors are configured to undergo oscillatory motion, rotating back-and-forth by defined angular segments rather than completing full revolutions. For example, the first rotor may rotate clockwise by a first angular segment and then counterclockwise by the same segment, while the second rotor performs the inverse motion simultaneously. This synchronized motion enables efficient energy generation via the stator’s coils.

[0055] In some configurations, the rotors are radially displaced from the stator. They may be positioned either radially inward or on opposite axial sides of the stator, depending on the design. This flexibility allows for compact and efficient integration of multiple rotating elements within a single system.

[0056] In an alternative embodiment, the generator includes a single rotatable shaft driven by a motor that alternately rotates the shaft in opposite directions by less than 360 degrees. A rotor connected to this shaft carries permanent magnets, and the stator — spaced from the magnets — generates electrical energy during each oscillation. This rotor may also be part of a dual-rotor system, where both rotors rotate in opposite directions about the same axis.

[0057] Figs. 7A and 7B (and Figs. 7C and 7D) depict an embodiment of the electric machine 1000, featuring two rotors — 510 and 520 — that oscillate in opposite directions about ashared stator 600. In this configuration, both rotors 510 and 520 extend along the axis of rotation 100 and are positioned on opposite sides of the stator 600, which also extends about the same axis 600. Specifically, rotor 510 is located radially outward from stator 600, forming the outer rotor, while rotor 520 is situated radially inward of the stator 600, forming the inner rotor.

[0058] Each rotor — 510 and 520 — includes a series of permanent magnets that are spaced circumferentially around its perimeter. For instance, rotor 510 includes permanent magnets 512A, 512B, 512C, and so on (collectively referred to as 512), while rotor 520 includes permanent magnets 522A, 522B, 522C, etc. (collectively 522). These magnets 512 and 522 are arranged such that the north pole of one magnet (of each rotor 510, 520) faces the stator 600, while the south poles of adjacent magnets face the stator 600. In some embodiments, the number, shape, size, and angular spacing of the permanent magnets 512 and 522 may be identical across both rotors.

[0059] Stator 600 includes a plurality of stator cores that are circumferentially arranged around the axis of rotation 100. Each core is wrapped with an electromagnetic coil 612, enabling electromagnetic interaction with adjacent rotor-mounted permanent magnets. In this configuration, the first rotor 510 features an annular ring with permanent magnets 512 mounted on its inner surface, facing the outer cylindrical surface of the stator 600. Conversely, the second rotor 520 includes an annular ring with permanent magnets 522 on its outer surface, oriented toward the inner cylindrical surface of the stator. This radial arrangement allows both rotors to interact with the stator from opposite sides, facilitating efficient energy generation through synchronized oscillatory motion.

[0060] During operation, each rotor — 510 and 520 — executes oscillatory rotation about the axis of rotation 100. For example, the first rotor 510 may rotate from one stator core to an adjacent core and then reverse direction to return to its original position. This back-and-forth angular motion is mirrored by the second rotor 520, which rotates in the opposite direction in a synchronized manner. As the rotors move through these angular segments, the electromagnetic coils 612 wound around the stator cores generate electrical energy, converting mechanical motion into usable power.

[0061] The dual-rotor configuration shown in Figs. 7A and 7B is one example of the electric generator’s design. However, the generator may be implemented in various other configurations. For instance, Figs. 7C and 7D illustrate an embodiment in which both rotors 510 and 520 are positioned on the same side of the common stator 600, specifically radially inwardof the stator. In some embodiments, both rotors 510 and 520 may be positioned radially outwards of the common stator 600. In contrast, Figures 7E and 7F depict a configuration where the two rotors are axially spaced apart along the axis of rotation 100, with each rotor located on opposite axial ends of the stator 600.

[0062] In this axial configuration, the stator 600 includes cores annularly arranged around the axis and extending axially from one end of the machine to the other. The first rotor 510 features an annular ring with permanent magnets 512 facing the first axial end of the stator, while the second rotor 520 includes a similar annular ring with permanent magnets 522 facing the second axial end. This arrangement allows both rotors to interact with the stator from opposite ends, enabling efficient electromagnetic coupling and energy generation..

[0063] In each of the described configurations — whether the two rotors are positioned radially inward, axially spaced apart, or on opposite sides of the stator — rotors 510 and 520 perform synchronized oscillatory motion about the axis of rotation 100. This motion is characterized by each rotor rotating or oscillating back-and-forth within a limited angular range, rather than completing full revolutions. For example, the first rotor 510 may rotate from a position aligned with a first stator core to a position aligned with a second adjacent stator core, and then reverse direction to return to its original alignment. This reciprocal angular displacement is mirrored (at each end point there is maximum reluctance between the magnet and the core as illustrated in Fig. 7Fby the second rotor 520, which simultaneously rotates in the opposite direction, maintaining precise synchronization with the first rotor.

[0064] With reference to Fig. 7F, in some disclosed embodiments, the rotor performs a bidirectional oscillation — rotating in one direction by a defined non-reflex angle and then reversing by the same angle. This motion causes the rotor’ s permanent magnets to shift between two adjacent stator shoe, aligning beneath one stator shoe when the corresponding piston reaches its maximum compression, and beneath the adjacent shoe when the piston reaches its maximum expansion. The opposing rotor mirrors this motion in reverse. This configuration is engineered to coincide with the piston’s mechanical cycle, thereby maximizing efficiency. This exemplary system is designed to exploit the phenomenon of magnetic reluctance. Magnetic torque increases when the magnetic path between the rotor magnets and stator shoe is least favorable — such as when the magnets are misaligned or positioned between stator poles.Generally high pressure and torque coincide with maximum torque as the rotor transitions across stator positions. The reluctance gradient is deliberately amplified to modulate the magnetic field and optimize energy conversion. By aligning the rotor’s motion with high -reluctance positionsduring peak mechanical states, the disclosed generator achieves enhanced electromagnetic efficiency and dynamic control..

[0065] As both rotors move through these angular segments, their permanent magnets interact dynamically with the electromagnetic coils 612 wound around the stator cores of stator 600. This changing magnetic field induces electrical current in the coils, thereby converting the mechanical motion of the dual-headed pistons into usable electrical energy.

[0066] In some disclosed embodiments, an electric generator is disclosed. An electric generator refers to a device that transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy, typically through the principle of electromagnetic induction. An electric generator may convert motion — whether rotational or linear — into electricity that can be used for various purposes. An electric generator may consist of a moving part and a stationary part where the interaction between magnetic fields and conductive coils induces an electric current. The electric machines described above in reference to Figs. 1-7 represent specific embodiments of electric generators designed to illustrate some features and configurations. However, these examples are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosed electric generators. The principles underlying some of the disclosed generators — such as dual-rotor arrangements, oscillatory motion, and shared stator designs — can be implemented in a wide variety of mechanical and electromagnetic configurations. A person skilled in the art would readily recognize that numerous modifications, substitutions, and alternative designs are possible without departing from the disclosed concepts. These may include, among other variations, variations in rotor geometry, stator core arrangement, magnet placement, drive mechanisms, and integration with different energy sources or control systems.

[0067] Some disclosed embodiments involve a first shaft configured to rotate about an axis of rotation. A shaft is an elongated or obtruding structural component. It may be used to transmit rotational motion and torque between different parts of a machine. A shaft may transmit any type of motion, such as rotational motion or translational motion. For example, a rotary shaft is rotatable about its longitudinal axis to transmit rotational motion and energy. As another example, a shaft may have any geometrical shape and configuration. For example, solid shaft, hollow shaft, coaxial shaft are some examples of different shaft configurations. A hollow shaft is a tubular component that reduces weight while maintaining strength. A coaxial shaft refers to a shaft that shares an axis of rotation with one or more additional shafts. For example, shafts 350 and 370 of Figs. 2A-3A are coaxial shafts. The term “first” in first shaft is a designation used to identify and distinguish one shaft from another, for example, in systems that may involve multiple shafts. Whenever the term “first,” “second” or any other numerical adjective is usedherein, it is not intended to necessarily imply superior or inferior import relative to any other component, but rather is intended simply to distinguish one component from another.

[0068] Axis of rotation refers to an imaginary line around which an object rotates or spins. The axis of rotation may be an imaginary line that remains stationary while all other points on the rotating object move around it. This axis may be internal or external, and may be vertical, horizontal, or angled depending on the system's geometry and function. For example, the axis of rotation of a rotating circular shaft (e.g., of coaxial shafts 350, 370) is its longitudinal axis (e.g., axis 100) about which these shafts rotate. The term rotate refers to the motion of an object turning around a central point or axis. Rotation may describe the movement of an object in which every point of the object follows a circular path around a fixed line — the axis of rotation. This movement can be continuous or oscillatory, and it may occur in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise). For example, rotation (or rotate) may include the motion of an object that turns back-and-forth (or oscillates) within a limited angular range around its axis of rotation. In some exemplary embodiments, the first shaft configured to rotate about an axis of rotation may refer any one of shafts 350, 370 that are both configured to rotate, or oscillate back-and-forth, about axis or rotation 100. An axis of rotation may be constant or, depending on implementation, may assume more than one position over time.

[0069] In the context of a shaft configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, “configured to” refers to the shaft being designed, arranged, or capable of performing the function of rotation around an axis. This includes any structural or mechanical setup that enables such rotation, regardless of whether the shaft is actively rotating or whether all components necessary for rotation are currently present or engaged. It emphasizes functional potential rather than actual operation, and may encompass a wide variety of configurations — such as shafts with bearings, couplings, or even magnetic levitation systems — as long as they support the intended rotational capability.

[0070] Some disclosed embodiments involve a first rotor connected to and rotatable with the first shaft. In the current context, rotor refers to a rotating component of the electric generator. It may refer to the rotating part of the electric generator that interacts with the stationary part (the stator) to produce electrical energy. As mentioned, earlier, the term “first” in “first rotor” is a designation used to identify and distinguish one rotor from another, for example, in systems that may involve multiple rotors.

[0071] “Connected to” refers to being linked together. For example, a first component being connected to another component may refer to the two components being coupled (connected, interfaced, joined) together such that a movement in one component results in a movement in the other component. The connection may be the result of two parts being integrally formed together, welded together, bonded together, associated through an intermediate linkage, or otherwise mechanically interconnected, either permanently or temporarily. The movements in the two components may be of the same type or of different types. For example, a rotation of one component may result in an associated rotation, translation, or another type of motion on the second component. Similarly, the magnitude and direction of the movements in the two components may be the same or different. For example, a rotation of one component by one angle may result in the rotation of the second component in the same or a different direction by the same or different angle.

[0072] Rotatable, in the context of a rotatable shaft, refers to the shaft being capable of rotation, regardless of whether it is actively rotating or whether all components necessary for rotation are currently engaged. It emphasizes potential functionality, meaning the shaft is designed or arranged in a way that allows it to rotate under appropriate conditions. It includes configurations where the shaft may be temporarily stationary but is not structurally restricted from rotating, such as when connected to a some component that enables rotation. Rotatable may also imply that the shaft is specifically constructed and enabled to rotate, with all necessary mechanical elements in place and operational. It may indicate that the shaft is free to rotate without obstruction and integrated into a system that supports rotational movement.

[0073] By way of a non-limiting example, in Figs. 7A and 7B, rotor 520 may be operably coupled to shaft 370 such that it rotates together with shaft 370, and rotor 510 may be similarly coupled to shaft 350 for co-rotation. Either shaft 350 or shaft 370 may be designated as the first shaft. If shaft 350 is designated as the first shaft, then rotor 510, which is coupled to it, is the first rotor.

[0074] In some disclosed embodiments, a first set of permanent magnets may be attached to the first rotor. Permanent magnet refers to a magnet that generates a magnetic field without requiring an external power source. A permanent magnet may retain its magnetic properties without an external magnetizing field. Although not a requirement, it may be made of hard ferromagnetic materials such as iron, cobalt, nickel, steel, or rare-earth alloys, which exhibit high retentivity and coercivity. Each permanent magnet has two distinct regions known as the north pole and south pole, which represent the regions (ends, sides, locations) of themagnet where the magnetic field is strongest (e.g., maximum reluctance point). The north pole is the region of the magnet that, when freely suspended, points toward the Earth’s geographic north. It is conventionally considered the source of magnetic field lines. The south pole is the region of the magnet that points toward the Earth's geographic south and is considered the sink of magnetic field lines.

[0075] In the current context, a “set” refers to a group or collection. For example, a set of magnets refers to a collection or group of magnets. The group may include any number (e.g., one or more) magnets. The collection of magnets that make a set may be grouped together intentionally or randomly. For example, a set of magnets may be a collection of magnets that, for example, serve a common purpose, arranged at a common location, of the same type, of the same strength, positioned within a common housing, or having some other common feature. The term “first” in first set is a designation used to distinguish a first group of magnets from another group of magnets.

[0076] Attached refers to being physically or functionally connected, j oined, coupled, or fastened to something else, either temporarily or permanently. In some embodiments, attached may refer to being physically joined, fastened, coupled, or connected to another object temporarily or permanently. For example, a first set of permanent magnets attached to the first rotor refers to a first group of permanent magnets physically joined (fastener, coupled, or connected) to the first rotor in some manner, either directly or indirectly through one or more other components. These permanent magnets can be attached to the rotor using a variety of structural and material configurations, each chosen to optimize magnetic performance, mechanical stability, and manufacturability. One approach may involve embedding plate-shaped permanent magnets into receiving holes formed on the rotor core with circumferential spacing. These permanent magnets may be secured by end plates positioned at the axial ends of the rotor core (of the first rotor) to prevent axial displacement during rotation of the rotor. In some designs, the magnets may be inserted into slots just below the rotor surface or inset flush with the surface, allowing for a radially directed magnetic field across an air gap formed between the rotor and the stator. Other configurations may use adhesive bonding or mechanical fasteners to mount the permanent magnets onto the rotor surface.

[0077] In some embodiments, the first rotor may include magnet holder slots with defined gaps between the magnet and the slot walls. These slots containing the magnets may be filled with non-magnetic filler material to stabilize the magnet and enhance field control. The slots may be sealed by projections from the rotor core to prevent movement and maintainalignment. Some rotors may feature magnetic voids and bridge portions that interact with the magnets to form defined magnetic poles and flux paths. Generally, the method of attachment — whether via mechanical slots, adhesive bonding, embedded cavities, or structural projections — may depend on the rotor’s design, the operating environment, and the desired magnetic field characteristics.

[0078] By way of a non-limiting example, in Figs. 7A and 7B, a set of permanent magnets 512 are circumferentially spaced and affixed to rotor 510. These magnets are arranged so that their magnetic poles alternate in orientation relative to stator 600. For instance, the north poles of magnets 512A and 512C may face the stator, while the south poles of magnets 512B and 512D face the stator. This alternating pole configuration may facilitate the previously described synchronized counter-rotating motion, thereby enhancing energy conversion. As rotor 510 rotates, magnets 512 dynamically traverse the coils 612 of stator 600, and the resulting variation in magnetic reluctance may contribute to piston actuation and torque generation.

[0079] Some disclosed embodiments involve a second shaft non-integral with the first shaft, and configured to rotate about the axis of rotation. The terms “shaft,” “configured to,” “rotate,” and “axis of rotation” are described elsewhere in this document. The term “second,” as used in “second shaft,” serves as a label to distinguish one shaft from another — such as differentiating it from the “first shaft.” In the context of a second shaft that is non-integral with the first shaft, “non-integral” refers to the second shaft being separate, distinct, or not permanently unified with or not moveable with the first shaft. This includes configurations where the two shafts are physically detached, loosely coupled, or connected in a way that allows for independent movement, replacement, or disassembly. The term may encompass arrangements where the shafts interact functionally but are not manufactured or formed as a single continuous unit. Non-integral may indicate that the second shaft is not structurally or materially formed as one piece with the first shaft. For example, it may indicate that the two shafts are not fused, molded, or machined together as a single component. Non-integral may imply a deliberate design choice to maintain physical and functional separation, for example, to allow modularity, flexibility, or ease of maintenance.

[0080] In some disclosed embodiments, the first shaft and the second shaft are configured to rotate independently of each other. Independently refers to the ability to act or function without reliance on, or direct influence from, another entity. It may imply a condition of autonomy, where a component operates, either wholly or partially, free from control or coordination from another component. It may indicate that two components perform theirfunctions without being physically or functionally integrated together. In the context of two shafts that rotate independently of each other, “independently” may indicate that each shaft is capable of rotating without being mechanically or functionally constrained by the motion of the other. In other words, their rotation is not synchronized or coupled, allowing each shaft to operate according to its own input.

[0081] Some disclosed embodiments involve the electric generator being configured such that during operation the first and second rotors simultaneously rotate in opposite directions about the axis of rotation. “Simultaneously” refers to actions occurring at the same time. It may refer to two actions occurring without delay or sequence between them. It may imply temporal overlap of two actions, such as when multiple components are in motion concurrently. The term simultaneously may be used in the context of components that operate in parallel, contributing to a shared function or outcome while maintaining synchronized timing. Simultaneous actions does not necessarily require identical actions, only that the actions occur during the same or an overlapping time interval. Simultaneous rotation may include, for example, the coordinated movement of two or more components that rotate at the same time. In general, the rotation can be in the same direction or opposite directions, about the same axis or about different axes, and with synchronized timing or independent timing.

[0082] Simultaneously rotate in opposite directions about an axis of rotation may describe a dynamic motion where two components rotate at the same time but in reverse directions around a shared axis. For example, each rotor may be mounted on a separate shaft and spin, rotate, or oscillate in the opposite direction to the other, yet both revolve around the same axis. The rotors may not complete full rotations about the shared axis but instead oscillate back and forth in fractional arcs, still maintaining opposite directional movement.

[0083] During operation, means while the generator is operating. It may refer to the generator actively producing electricity. The first rotor may rotate clockwise while the second rotor rotates counterclockwise, or vice versa, depending on the design. This motion is not necessarily continuous; in some designs, each rotor oscillates back and forth in fractional arcs rather than completing full 360° rotations. The axis of rotation may serve as the central line around which both rotors pivot, and the common stator — shared by both rotors — may contain electromagnetic coils that convert the mechanical motion into electrical current. This configuration may be particularly effective in maximizing torque and magnetic reluctance.

[0084] By way of a non-limiting example, in Figs. 7A and 7B, shafts 350 and 370 are non-integral shafts that are both configured to rotate (e g., oscillate back-and-forth) about the axis of rotation 100. As explained previously, rotor 520 is operably coupled to shaft 370 such they rotate together about the axis of rotation 100. Shaft 350 coupled to rotor 510 may also rotate together about the axis of rotation 100 relative to shaft 370. The shafts 350 and 370, being non-integral, allow the rotors 510 and 520 to execute independent yet synchronized counter-rotational movement around the axis of rotation 100. This motion causes the permanent magnets connected to each rotor to dynamically pass over the coils 612 of the stator 600, thereby generating electrical current. The synchronized counter-rotation of the two rotors 510 and 520 enhances the relative motion between the magnetic fields and the stator coils 612, thereby increasing the rate of magnetic flux change and boosting energy output.

[0085] In some disclosed embodiments, the first rotor is configured to rotate in one direction by a first angular segment and then rotate in a second direction opposite to the first direction by the first angular segment, and the second rotor is configured to rotate in the second direction by a second angular segment and then rotate in the first direction by the second angular segment. Angular segment refers to an arc or a portion of a circular or rotational space defined by two radii and the arc between them. It may be measured in degrees or radians and may represent a slice of a circle or a rotational path. In some embodiments, an angular segment defines the angular range through which a component, such as a rotor, rotates or oscillates. Without limitations, an angular segment may represent any angular range. For example, a rotor may sweep an angular segment of, for example, 10°, 30°, 50°, 90° or any other angle during each cycle.

[0086] In the context of an electric generator, “first angular segment” may refer to a defined portion of rotational movement that a rotor undergoes during its operation. Specifically, when describing a system in which a first rotor is configured to rotate in one direction by a first angular segment and then rotate in a second direction opposite to the first direction by the same angular segment, it may imply that the rotor oscillates back and forth through a fixed angular range. This motion is not continuous rotation in one direction but rather a controlled, bidirectional sweep. The second rotor, in contrast, performs a mirrored motion: it begins by rotating in the second direction (opposite to the first rotor’s initial direction) by a second angular segment, and then reverses to rotate in the first direction by that same second angular segment.

[0087] Importantly, the length or magnitude of the first angular segment may be equal to or different from the second angular segment, allowing for design flexibility depending on thedesired torque, timing, or energy output characteristics. Furthermore, the described counterrotating movement of the two rotors may occur simultaneously or sequentially. That is, both rotors may rotate in opposite directions at the same time, or one rotor may complete its angular sweep before the other begins. The synchronized bidirectional rotation of the two rotors may optimize the magnetic flux interaction of the rotor within a shared stator. The flexibility in timing allows for tailored control strategies that can be adapted to different mechanical or electromagnetic requirements, enhancing the generator’s performance and versatility. This configuration is particularly useful in systems where synchronized counter-rotation enhances efficiency, balances mechanical forces, or enables novel electromagnetic interactions.

[0088] In some disclosed embodiments, the first angular segment is equal to the second angular segment. This means both rotors sweep through identical angular ranges, albeit in opposite directions and potentially at different times. Such symmetry can simplify mechanical design, improve balance, and enhance synchronization between the rotors, especially in systems where equal torque or timing is desired. Whether the rotors move simultaneously or sequentially, equal angular segments ensure consistent motion profiles and can contribute to more predictable electromagnetic interactions within the generator’s stator.

[0089] In some embodiments of an electric generator featuring dual rotors, the system is configured such that the first rotor rotates in one direction by a first angular segment, while the second rotor simultaneously rotates in the opposite direction by a second angular segment. This means that both rotors are active at the same time, each sweeping through its respective angular range in reverse directions around a shared axis of rotation. The first angular segment and second angular segment may be equal, allowing for symmetrical motion and balanced torque, or they may differ depending on the design requirements for energy output, timing, or mechanical constraints. Simultaneous counter-rotation enhances the generator’s efficiency by maximizing the relative motion between the rotors and the stator, which increases magnetic flux interaction and improves electrical generation. This synchronized movement also contributes to mechanical stability and can simplify control logic in systems where timing precision is critical. The flexibility to configure equal or unequal angular segments while maintaining simultaneous operation allows for tailored performance across a range of applications.

[0090] In some disclosed embodiments, a second rotor may be connected to and rotatable with the second shaft. The description of the terms “rotor,” “connected,” “rotatable,” and “shaft” are provided elsewhere in this document. The term “second,” as used in “second rotor,” is employed to distinguish one rotor from another — such as differentiating it from the“first rotor.” In the illustrative example previously discussed with reference to Figs. 7A and 7B, rotor 520 is operably connected to shaft 370 such that it rotates in unison with shaft 370 about axis of rotation 100, while rotor 510 is operably connected to shaft 350 and rotates about the same axis in the opposite direction relative to shaft 350.

[0091] In some disclosed embodiments, a second set of permanent magnets are attached to the second rotor. The descriptions of the terms “set,” “permanent magnets,” “attached,” and “rotor” are provided elsewhere in this document. The term “second,” as used in “second set of permanent magnets,” is intended to distinguish one group of permanent magnets from another — in this case, to differentiate it from the “first set of permanent magnets” described earlier. In the illustrative example referenced in Figs. 7A and 7B, the second set of permanent magnets includes magnets 522A, 522B, 522C, and so on, which are affixed to the second rotor 520. The first set includes magnets 512A, 512B, 512C, etc., affixed to the first rotor 510. While not a requirement, the first and second sets may include magnets that are substantially similar in type, size, shape, strength, and other relevant characteristics.

[0092] Some disclosed embodiments involve a common stator associated with the first rotor and the second rotor and including at least one electromagnetic coil, such that upon rotation of the first rotor and the second rotor, energy is generated via the common stator. The term “rotor” is described and exemplified elsewhere in this document. In the context of an electrical generator, the “stator” refers to the stationary component of the electromechanical system that interacts with the rotating rotor to enable energy conversion. Typically, the stator contains coils or windings that remain fixed while the rotor spins, rotates, or oscillates within or about it. This rotational movement induces a changing magnetic field across the stator windings, resulting in the generation of electrical current through electromagnetic induction. Stators may vary in design, material composition, geometry, and interaction method with the rotor. They may be precisely engineered as non-moving assemblies with conductive windings arranged to optimize electromagnetic performance, and are built to endure thermal, mechanical, and magnetic stresses during operation.

[0093] A common stator refers to a stationary electromagnetic component that is shared by two or more rotors within the generator system. It may serve as the central structure through which electromagnetic interaction occurs, enabling energy conversion as the rotors rotate. The common stator may encompass a wide range of configurations, including stators with multiple coil sets, segmented windings, or unified magnetic cores, that interact with more than one rotor. The emphasis is on the stator’s shared functionality, regardless of the specific design,geometry, or electrical arrangement. The common stator may refer to a single, integrated, and fixed assembly that contains electromagnetic coils or windings arranged to interact with multiple rotors simultaneously or sequentially. It may be engineered to maintain consistent magnetic coupling and electrical performance across all rotor interactions. As opposed to a generator where each rotor has its own dedicated stator, the common stator may have a unified structure that supports coordinated or counter-rotational energy generation from multiple rotors.

[0094] The term “associated with” refers to any form of connection, relationship, or linkage between two or more entities, regardless of the nature, strength, or permanence of that connection. In a general sense, “associated with” can encompass physical attachment, functional interaction, conceptual relevance, or even contextual grouping. For example, referring to a component as being “associated with” another may simply mean that it is used in conjunction with, related to in purpose, or mentioned alongside the other component, without implying direct contact or integration. In the context of a stator associated with one or more rotors, the term “associated with” may indicate a direct functional and / or spatial relationship between the stator and the rotor(s), where the stator is specifically positioned and designed to interact electromagnetically with the rotor(s) during operation. This association may involve the stator being fixed in place while the rotor(s) rotate within or around it, allowing for the induction of electrical current through the stator’s windings as a result of the motion of the rotor(s) relative to it. Thus, “associated with” may exclude indirect or incidental relationships and indicate an intentional or engineered relationship between components.

[0095] An electromagnetic coil refers to any electrical conductor that has loops or windings and is used to generate or respond to magnetic fields. When electric current flows through the coil, it produces a magnetic field. Conversely, a changing magnetic field passing through the coil induces an electric current. Although not requirements, the electrical conductor of the electromagnetic coil may be a wire and may be wound into a spiral or helical shape. The conductor of the coil may be wound around a core (such as air, iron, or other magnetic materials) and can vary in shape, size, and configuration depending on the application. An electromagnetic coil may refer to a precisely engineered winding of conductive wire, arranged around a core, and designed to interact with magnetic fields from permanent magnets or other coils to produce or receive electrical energy. The conductive wire of the coil may be insulated. The coil may be configured to optimize magnetic flux density, thermal conductivity, and mechanical stability.

[0096] The configuration and materials of an electromagnetic coil used in an electric generator are typically selected to optimize electrical performance, thermal management, and mechanical durability. The conductive wire of the coil may be made of copper, because of its high electrical conductivity and thermal efficiency. In some cases, aluminum may be used as a lighter and more cost-effective alternative although it offers lower conductivity. Any suitable conductive material may be used. Surrounding or supporting the coil, the core material may be composed of ferromagnetic metals such as iron or specialized laminated steel, which may help concentrate and guide magnetic flux while minimizing energy losses due to eddy currents. In some cases, an air core may also be used to reduce magnetic interference or simplify construction. Generally, the materials and configuration of the electromagnetic coil are chosen based on the generator’s design requirements, including power output, efficiency, and environmental conditions.

[0097] In some disclosed embodiments, upon rotation of the first rotor and the second rotor, energy is generated via the common stator. Energy refers to the capacity to perform work or produce an effect, manifested in the form of electrical output resulting from the conversion of mechanical, thermal, chemical, or other forms of input energy. “Energy” in this context encompasses not only the electrical output but also the underlying physical principles and conversion mechanisms that enable the transformation from one form of energy to another. Energy may refer to the electrical output produced through coordinated electromagnetic interaction between the two rotors- e g., the first and second rotors- and the common stator of the electric generator. Specifically, as each rotor rotates back-and-forth about the common stator, it alters the magnetic field experienced by the electromagnetic coil associated with the stator. These dynamic changes in magnetic flux induce an electric current in the coil via electromagnetic induction. In this configuration, the counter-rotating motion of the first and second rotors about the common stator enhances the efficiency or symmetry of magnetic field variation, contributing to the generator’s overall energy output. The stator, being common to both rotors, facilitates this energy conversion by interacting simultaneously with the magnetic fields produced by each rotor’s motion. Thus, in this context, energy may refer to the electrical energy generated as a direct result of the mechanical-to-electromagnetic conversion process within the electric generator.

[0098] In the illustrative example discussed previously with reference to Figs. 7 C and 7 D, when the two rotors — 510 and 520 — simultaneously rotate (or oscillate) back-and-forth about their shared axis of rotation 100 in opposite directions relative to the common stator 600,energy is generated through electromagnetic induction. As each rotor rotates, the set of permanent magnets — 512 on rotor 10 and 522 on rotor 520 — attached to the rotor moves relative to the stator’s electromagnetic coils 612. As the two rotors 510, 520 counter-rotate about the stator 600, the magnetic fields produced by their respective magnets 512, 522 dynamically change across the coils 612. These variations in magnetic flux induce electric current in the coils 612, converting the mechanical motion of the rotors 510, 520 into electrical energy. The common stator 600 serves as the stationary component that interacts simultaneously with both rotors 510, 520, enabling efficient and coordinated energy generation through their opposing movements.

[0099] In some disclosed embodiments, the first shaft is coupled to a first internal combustion engine configured to rotate the first shaft about the axis of rotation in a first direction, and the second shaft is coupled to a second internal combustion engine configured to simultaneously rotate the second shaft about the axis of rotation in a second direction opposite to the first direction. As used herein, the term “internal combustion engine” (or “IC engine”) refers to an engine in which fuel combustion occurs within a confined space — typically a cylinder — inside the engine. The IC engine may compress a mixture of air and fuel within the cylinder, and the mixture may be ignited either by a spark plug (in spark-ignition engines) or by compression alone (e.g., HCCI - homogeneous charge, compress ignition) in compression-ignition engines). The combustion event generates high-pressure gases that drive a piston in a reciprocating motion. This reciprocating motion is mechanically translated into rotational motion of a shaft via one or more linkages that connect the piston to the shaft.

[0100] In the context of a second internal combustion engine, the term “second” is used solely to distinguish this engine from the first internal combustion engine within the same system or apparatus, such as an electric generator. The designation “second” does not imply any priority, sequence, or relative importance. Rather, it serves to differentiate the two engines for descriptive clarity. For example, the first engine may be operatively coupled to a first shaft configured to rotate in a first direction, while the second engine may be operatively coupled to a second shaft configured to rotate in a second direction opposite to the first direction. This naming convention facilitates clear identification of each engine’s role, particularly in embodiments where both engines operate simultaneously to drive counter-rotating shafts.

[0101] In some embodiments, both the first and second internal combustion engines may operate in a similar manner, wherein fuel combustion occurs within the cylinder of each engine. The combustion process produces high-pressure gases that act directly on mechanicalcomponents such as pistons, thereby generating motion. The energy released from the combustion of fuel is converted into mechanical energy, which is used to rotate the shaft to which the engine is coupled.

[0102] Any suitable fuel may be used in the internal combustion engines, and the selection of fuel may depend on factors such as engine design, intended application, and desired performance characteristics. Common fuel types include gasoline, which is typically used in spark-ignition engines found in passenger vehicles and motorcycles, and diesel, which is commonly used in compression-ignition engines for trucks, buses, and industrial equipment. Other fuels may include natural gas in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which may be selected for cleaner combustion and reduced emissions. Additionally, biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel may be used, either alone or in combination with conventional fuels. Gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methanol may also be suitable for use in internal combustion engines, depending on the specific engine configuration and operating requirements.

[0103] In some embodiments, hydrogen may be the fuel source. A hydrogen internal combustion engine works by burning hydrogen gas (H2) with air inside the engine’s cylinders, creating high-pressure combustion gases that push the pistons and produce mechanical power. Even though hydrogen behaves differently from gasoline, the basic engine cycle (intake — > compression power exhaust) stays the same. By way of example, hydrogen may be delivered in two ways: port injection (IL injected into intake air), or direct injection (IL injected directly into the cylinder). Direct injection may help avoid pre-ignition and may improve efficiency, depending on implementation.

[0104] In some embodiments, the generator includes a first shaft and a second shaft, each configured to rotate about a common axis of rotation. The first shaft is operatively coupled to a first internal combustion engine. The first internal combustion engine is configured to rotate the first shaft about the axis of rotation in a first direction during operation. The second shaft is operatively coupled to a second internal combustion engine. The second internal combustion engine is configured to simultaneously rotate the second shaft about the axis of rotation in a second direction, wherein the second direction is opposite to the first direction. The simultaneous counter-rotation of the first and second shafts enables enhanced magnetic flux interaction within a shared stator, thereby improving energy conversion efficiency. In certain embodiments, the first and second internal combustion engines may be independently controlled or synchronized to optimize torque balance, power output, or mechanical stability.

[0105] In this embodiment, the electric generator is designed with two distinct shafts — each mechanically linked to its own internal combustion engine. The first shaft is coupled to the first internal combustion engine, which is configured to rotate the shaft around a central axis in a first direction, such as clockwise. Simultaneously, the second shaft is coupled to the second internal combustion engine, which rotates the second shaft around the same axis but in the opposite direction, such as counterclockwise. This counter-rotational configuration is executed simultaneously, meaning both engines drive their respective shafts at the same time but in reverse directions. The dual-engine setup allows for enhanced torque generation and magnetic flux interaction within the generator’s stator, which may be shared by both rotors. This design is particularly advantageous for hybrid-cycle generators, where synchronized but opposing motion improves energy conversion efficiency and mechanical balance. The simultaneous operation of two engines also enables dynamic control over power output and can be tuned for applications requiring high responsiveness or redundancy.

[0106] In some disclosed embodiments, the first internal combustion engine includes a first curved cylinder having a first curved central axis that extends about the axis of rotation and a first curved piston configured to reciprocate in the first curved cylinder along the first curved central axis, and the second internal combustion engine includes a second curved cylinder having a second curved central axis that extends about the axis of rotation and a second curved piston configured to reciprocate in the second curved cylinder along the second curved central axis. As used herein, the term “curved cylinder” refers to a chamber having an internal geometry that follows an arc-shaped or circular path, as opposed to a conventional straight cylindrical form. In the context of an internal combustion engine, a curved cylinder may define a combustion chamber configured to guide the motion of one or more pistons along a curved trajectory. The curvature of the cylinder may be functional in nature and may be configured to accommodate pistons that reciprocate along a common arc, which may correspond to a segment of a circle or a full circular path. Unlike conventional pistons that move linearly along a straight axis, pistons within a curved cylinder may be configured to travel along the arc defined by the cylinder’s curvature.

[0107] The curvature of the cylinder may enhance combustion dynamics by concentrating the fuel-air mixture and directing combustion energy within a compact and controlled volume. In some embodiments, the curved cylinder may include inlet and exhaust ports positioned at opposing ends of the arc, thereby facilitating efficient gas exchange during the engine cycle. The curved cylinder may be implemented in various configurations, includingbut not limited to single- or multi-cylinder arrangements, and may be used in conjunction with curved pistons, dual-headed pistons, or other piston geometries adapted to follow the arc of the cylinder.

[0108] As used herein, the term “curved central axis” refers to an arc-shaped imaginary geometric reference line that defines the centerline along which a curved cylinder is formed. In contrast to conventional cylinders that are aligned along a straight axis, a curved cylinder is configured to follow a portion of a circular or arcuate path, and the curved central axis serves as the guiding trajectory for the motion of one or more pistons housed within the cylinder.

[0109] In some embodiments, the curved central axis may be configured to extend about the axis of rotation. The phrase “extends about” indicates that the curved central axis is arranged in a manner that partially or fully encircles, surrounds, or follows a path around the axis of rotation. This configuration may include a circular or arcuate layout in which the curved central axis is offset from, but geometrically oriented around, the axis of rotation. The curved central axis may define the shape and orientation of a curved combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.

[0110] As used herein, the term “curved piston” refers to a piston having a body or motion path that conforms to an arc-shaped or circular geometry, rather than a conventional linear form. Curved piston may refer to a piston having an arc-shaped body. The curvature of the piston may be defined by the trajectory along which the piston travels during operation. A curved piston may include a piston head and a carrier (or a piston body). The piston head may be shaped to conform to the internal surface of the curved cylinder wall.

[0111] The curved piston may be configured to reciprocate within a curved cylinder that is defined along a curved central axis, such as a segment of a circle or a full circular path. “Reciprocate” refers to a type of motion in which a component, such as a piston, moves back and forth along a defined path. This path may be linear, arcuate, or otherwise shaped depending on the geometry of the chamber or mechanism in which the component operates. Reciprocating motion typically involves alternating movement in two directions — such as toward and away from a central point, or along opposing ends of a cylinder or axis. In internal combustion engines and air pumps, a piston may reciprocate within a combustion or compression chamber to compress gases, facilitate combustion, or transfer mechanical energy. The reciprocating motion may be driven by pressure changes, mechanical linkages, or other actuating forces, and may be translated into rotational motion through coupling mechanisms such as shafts or arms.Reciprocate, or reciprocation, encompasses both full-stroke and partial-stroke movements, including oscillatory or angular reciprocation in curved geometries. The curved piston may be configured to reciprocate or move toward and away from a central combustion region or compression zone of the curved cylinder, depending on whether the curved cylinder is part of an internal combustion engine or an air pump.

[0112] In some embodiments, the piston may be dual-headed, with opposing piston heads configured to operate in separate curved cylinders arranged along a common arc. The curved piston may include one or more compression rings and oil seals that interact with the curved cylinder wall and the piston head carrier outer surface to maintain pressure and seal, reduce friction during reciprocation. The piston may also be supported by guide pins or round skirts to stabilize its motion and minimize rocking or lateral displacement. In some configurations, the curved piston may be actuated by combustion forces, compressed air, or mechanical linkages, and may contribute to the generation of rotational motion in a shaft or rotor.

[0113] As discussed earlier, as used herein, the terms “first” and “second,” when referring to components such as curved cylinders, curved central axes, and curved pistons, are intended solely to distinguish between two separate and distinct elements of the same type within a system or apparatus. These designations do not imply any sequence, priority, or relative importance. Rather, they are used for clarity and ease of reference when describing the structure, function, or interaction of multiple components. For example, a first curved cylinder may be positioned at one location of a generator assembly, while a second curved cylinder may be positioned at a different location. Similarly, a first curved central axis and a second curved central axis may each define the arc-shaped path of a corresponding curved cylinder, and in some embodiments, both axes may be arcs or segments of a common imaginary circle. This naming convention facilitates precise identification of components in embodiments where symmetry, counter-motion, or coordinated operation is involved.

[0114] The use of curved pistons that operate in curved cylinders enables compact and efficient engine architectures, particularly in systems where multiple pistons are arranged radially or concentrically about a central axis. This design may reduce the need for conventional crankshaft mechanisms and may improve torque balance, combustion efficiency, and mechanical stability.

[0115] The piston or pistons within the combustion chamber may be configured to 1000 reciprocate along the curved central axis, thereby compressing a fuel-air mixture and facilitating combustion within the chamber. In other embodiments, the curved central axis may define the geometry of a curved compression chamber of an air pump, wherein the piston or pistons compress air along the same arcuate path. The curvature of the central axis enables the pistons to move toward and away from one another or from a central region, depending on the1005 configuration of the system.

[0116] In some embodiments, the curved central axis may be shared by multiple curved cylinders arranged in a radial or circular layout, and may support dual-headed pistons or other specialized piston configurations. The curvature of the axis may also influence the placement of inlet and exhaust ports, which may be positioned at opposing ends of the curved cylinder to 1010 facilitate efficient gas exchange. The use of a curved central axis allows for compact engine designs, synchronized piston motion, and improved mechanical balance, and may reduce the need for conventional crankshaft mechanisms.

[0117] As a non-limiting example, the combustion section 200 of the exemplary electric generator 1000 shown in Figs. 1A-1F includes internal combustion engines 220 and 1015 240, each featuring curved cylinders and curved pistons. These pistons are designed to reciprocate along respective curved central axes that revolve around a shared axis of rotation 100. Shaft 350 is operatively connected to engine 220 and rotates back and forth around axis 100 in one direction (e.g., clockwise). Conversely, shaft 370 is operatively connected to engine 240 and rotates back and forth around the same axis in the opposite direction (e.g.,1020 counterclockwise). The shafts 350 and 370 are separate non-integral components, allowing independent counter-rotation during operation.

[0118] Rotor 510 is mechanically linked to shaft 350 and rotates in sync with it around axis 100. Similarly, rotor 520 is linked to shaft 370 and rotates back and forth in unison with shaft 370. This counter-rotating motion of rotors 510 and 520 relative to the common stator 600 1025 causes permanent magnets 512 and 522, mounted on the respective rotors, to move dynamically past coils 612 of stator 600. This relative movement induces electrical current in the coils, thereby generating electrical power.

[0119] Some disclosed embodiments involve an annular oil seal coupled to an end of the first curved cylinder, the annular oil seal being configured to slidingly contact an external 1030 cylindrical wall of a carrier portion of the first curved piston when the first curved pistonreciprocates in the first curved cylinder. An annular oil seal is a sealing component designed to prevent or minimize oil leakage and maintain lubrication integrity within an internal combustion engine. It may refer to a ring-shaped component. “Slidingly contact” refers to a type of physical interaction where one surface maintains continuous or intermittent contact with another surface 1035 while moving along it. This type of contact may describe how a component like a seal, ring, or piston maintains a close-fitting, movable interface with another part, such as a cylinder wall or shaft. The term implies that the contact is not fixed or rigid; instead, it allows for relative motion between the two surfaces, usually in a reciprocating direction. This sliding contact may maintaining a seal, reducing leakage, and managing friction, all while accommodating1040 movement. Materials and surface finishes are often selected to ensure that this contact is smooth, durable, and resistant to wear under operating conditions like heat, pressure, and vibration.

[0120] An external cylindrical wall refers to the outer surface of a cylindrical structure. This surface may be shaped like a cylinder and may form the boundary that interacts with other parts, such as seals, bearings, or sleeves. As described previously, the cylinder may assume an 1045 arc-shape, and if so, the cylinder wall may likewise be arc-shaped. In the context of an internal combustion engine, the external cylindrical wall of a piston or carrier portion is the surface that comes into contact with sealing elements like an annular oil seal. This contact allows for controlled movement (often sliding) while maintaining a barrier to prevent fluid leakage and ensure proper pressure containment. The geometry and finish of the external cylindrical wall 1050 may be selected to minimize friction, wear, and ensuring a reliable seal during operation.

[0121] In the context if a piston, carrier portion refers to a structural segment of the piston that supports or connects functional components such as the piston head, sealing elements, or spacers. In some internal combustion engine configurations, the carrier portion may be integrally formed with or coupled to the piston body and may be configured to slidingly 1055 engage with surrounding surfaces, such as the internal wall of a cylinder or sealing interfaces.The carrier portion may have a reduced external diameter relative to the piston head, thereby defining a clearance or gap that accommodates additional components such as annular oil seals or rock-reducing spacers. This portion serves to stabilize the piston during reciprocating motion, reduce lateral displacement, and facilitate controlled sealing and lubrication The carrier portion 1060 may be composed of materials selected for thermal compatibility, mechanical strength, or wear resistance, and may be shaped to conform to curved or non-linear geometries depending on the engine design.

[0122] An annular oil seal, positioned at the end of a first curved cylinder in an internal combustion engine, serves as a sealing element designed to maintain lubrication integrity and 1065 prevent fluid leakage during piston operation. This seal is configured to slidingly contact the external cylindrical wall of a carrier portion of the first curved piston, meaning it maintains a dynamic interface with the piston’s outer surface as the piston reciprocates within the cylinder. The sliding contact ensures that the seal remains engaged with the piston throughout its motion, adapting to the curved geometry and maintaining a barrier against oil escape and contamination.1070 This arrangement is particularly relevant in curved piston-cylinder assemblies, where the nonlinear motion and surface profiles require a seal that can flexibly conform to the piston’s path while preserving consistent sealing performance. The annular oil seal supports engine efficiency, reducing wear, and ensuring the reliability of the combustion and lubrication systems.

[0123] The annular oil seal improves engine efficiency by maintaining a reliable and 1075 dynamic seal between the moving piston and the stationary cylinder wall, particularly in curved piston-cylinder configurations. By slidingly contacting the external cylindrical wall of the carrier portion of the piston, the seal prevents oil from leaking out of the lubrication zone and blocks combustion gases from entering it. This containment ensures that the engine maintains optimal lubrication, reducing friction and wear between components. Additionally, by minimizing oil 1080 loss and contamination, the seal helps preserve oil quality and reduces the need for frequent maintenance. Overall, the annular oil seal plays an important role in enhancing mechanical reliability, reducing energy losses, and extending the operational life of the engine.

[0124] In some disclosed embodiments, only one or more compression rings, at least one rock-reducing spacer, and the annular seal make contact with the at least one cylinder when 1085 the first curved piston reciprocates in the first curved cylinder. A compression ring may be a metallic, synthetic, or ceramic sealing element that may be positioned within a groove near the top of a piston in an internal combustion engine. Its primary function may be to form a gas-tight seal between the piston and the inner wall of the cylinder, thereby preventing combustion gases from escaping into the crankcase during the engine’s power stroke. This sealing capability is 1090 valuable for maintaining the engine’s compression ratio, which directly influences combustion efficiency and power output. In addition to gas containment, the compression ring may facilitates thermal management by conducting heat away from the piston head via piston ring and into the cylinder wall, helping to prevent overheating and material degradation.Compression rings may be manufactured from wear-resistant alloys and may feature surface 1095 treatments or coatings to enhance durability under high-pressure and high-temperatureconditions. In advanced engine configurations, such as those incorporating curved pistons and cylinders, the compression ring may be shaped or positioned to conform to non-linear geometries while maintaining consistent sealing performance throughout the piston’s reciprocating motion.1100

[0125] A rock-reducing spacer is a structural component configured to inhibit lateral or angular displacement — commonly referred to as “rocking” — of a piston within a cylinder during reciprocating motion. In certain internal combustion engine architectures, particularly those involving curved pistons and curved cylinders of the current disclosure, the carrier portion of the piston may have a reduced external diameter relative to the piston head, thereby defining a 1105 clearance between the piston body and the inner wall of the cylinder. The rock-reducing spacer is positioned within this clearance and is configured to selectively contact the cylinder wall, thereby stabilizing the piston and minimizing oscillatory movement caused by combustion forces or mechanical imbalance. This stabilization improves alignment, reduces wear on sealing components such as compression rings and oil seals, and enhances overall engine efficiency. 1110 The spacer may be formed from materials selected for low friction, high durability, and thermal resilience, and may be shaped to conform to the curvature of the piston and cylinder surfaces. In some embodiments, only the compression rings, and rock-reducing spacer are configured to contact the cylinder wall, thereby reducing frictional losses and preserving the integrity of the sealing interface.1115

[0016] When the first curved piston reciprocates within the first curved cylinder, only a limited set of components are configured to make contact with the inner wall of the cylinder. Specifically, one or more compression rings, at least one rock-reducing spacer, are selectively positioned and dimensioned to engage the cylinder surface during piston motion. The compression rings, located near the piston head, provide a gas-tight seal to contain combustion 1120 pressure and facilitate heat transfer. The rock-reducing spacer, positioned within the clearance between the carrier portion of the piston and the cylinder wall, serves to stabilize the piston and inhibit lateral rocking or tilting during reciprocation. The annular oil seal, coupled to the end of the cylinder, maintains a sliding interface with the external cylindrical wall of the piston’s carrier portion, thereby preventing oil leakage and preserving lubrication integrity. This selective 1125 contact arrangement minimizes frictional losses, reduces wear on non-contacting surfaces, and enhances overall engine efficiency by ensuring that only essential sealing and stabilizing components interact with the cylinder wall during operation.

[0127] As illustrated in the non-limiting examples of Figs. 6 A and 6B, an annular oil seal 442 is mounted at one end of the cylinder and is configured to slidingly engage the external 1130 cylindrical surface of the carrier portion 321 as the piston 320 reciprocates within the cylinder.In certain embodiments, the piston head 232 may include one or more compression rings 235 that also slidingly contact the internal wall of the cylinder to maintain compression and prevent blow-by. In this configuration, only the compression rings 235, the opposing ends of the pins 233, and the annular oil seal 442 are designed to contact the cylinder wall during piston 1135 operation, thereby minimizing friction and wear while preserving sealing integrity and mechanical stability. In some embodiments, the compression rings may be omitted entirely. The piston head 232 is joined to the carrier portion 321 via two pins 233, which may also serve a dual function as rock-reducing spacers. Specifically, as the piston head 232 reciprocates, the opposing ends of the pins 233 are configured to contact and slide along the internal cylinder 1140 wall, thereby reducing rocking motion of the piston head. In certain implementations, the ends of the pins 233 are purposefully designed to act as spacers and may be fabricated from materials distinct from those used in the piston head 232 and carrier portion 321 to optimize durability and performance. As the piston 320 moves within the cylinder, the pins 233 extend through the annular gap between the carrier portion 321 and the cylinder wall, functioning to stabilize the 1145 piston and inhibit tilting or lateral displacement during operation.

[0128] In some disclosed embodiments, a first rotor is configured to rotate back-and- forth about an axis of rotation in tandem with a first piston, and a second rotor is configured to rotate back-and-forth about the axis of rotation in tandem with a second piston. The terms “rotor,” “rotate,” “axis of rotation,” and “piston” are described and exemplified elsewhere in this 1150 document. Rotate “back-and-forth” refers to a motion where an object turns alternately in opposite directions around a central axis. This type of movement may be described as being oscillatory, meaning the object does not complete a full rotation but instead swings or pivots between two angular positions. Unlike continuous rotation, this movement oscillates between two angular positions. The phrase “in tandem” refers to two or more elements operating 1155 simultaneously or in coordination with one another. It may imply a synchronized relationship where actions or movements are aligned in time or purpose, e.g., to achieve a shared goal. The term “in tandem” may indicate that each rotor’s motion is linked to and mirrors the motion of its respective piston. As explained previously, the terms “first” and “second” are merely used for ease of reference to distinguish between different components elements of the same type, and do 1160 not imply any sequence, priority, or relative importance.

[0129] As a non-limiting example, and with reference to Figs. 2A-2B and 3A-3B, rotors 510 and 520 are mechanically linked and synchronized with pistons 320 and 340, respectively, through swing arms 310 and 330. These swing arms serve to transmit the oscillatory motion of the pistons to shafts 350 and 370. Specifically, swing arm 310 is mounted 1165 on shaft 370 and oscillates (or rotate back-and-forth) with it about the axis of rotation 100, while swing arm 330 is mounted on shaft 350 and oscillates with it about the same axis. Each piston includes two piston heads positioned at opposite ends, which move in and out of designated combustion and compression chambers. For instance, piston 320 includes piston heads 232 and 254, which reciprocate in combustion chambers 230 and 250 of engines 220 and 240,1170 respectively. Piston 340 includes piston heads 252 and 294, which reciprocate in combustion chamber 250 of engine 240 and compression chamber 290 of air pump 280. As piston 320 travels along its curved path, it drives the corresponding rotor to oscillate in synchrony around the shared axis of rotation. Likewise, piston 340 drives its associated rotor in a mirrored, synchronized oscillation. This tandem motion ensures efficient transfer of energy from the 1175 pistons’ reciprocating movement to the rotors, which can then be harnessed to generate electrical power.

[0130] Some disclosed embodiments involve the first rotor and second rotor being radially displaced from the stator. The terms “rotor” and “stator” are described and exemplified elsewhere in this document. “Radially displaced” refers to a position or movement that occurs 1180 along a radius — meaning outward or inward from a central point or axis. It may refer to locations or positions that extend directly away from or toward the center of a circle or cylinder. Radially displaced may indicate that a component or location is positioned at a different distance from the center, without necessarily changing its angular position. Radially displaced components may indicate that the components are offset from the center — not aligned1185 concentrically — but instead placed at varying radial distances.

[0131] The first and second rotors being radially displaced from the stator may indicate a spatial arrangement in which the two rotors are positioned different distances from the central stator, for example, along a radius extending from a shared axis of rotation. For example, the two rotors are not at the same radial distance from the axis as the stator. Instead, they are 1190 radially offset from it, allowing for dynamic interaction between the rotors and the stator’s electromagnetic elements. This radial separation may enable the two rotors — each carrying permanent magnets — to pass by the stator coils during their back-and-forth rotational motion. The relative movement between the radially displaced rotors and the stator induces electricalcurrent in the coils, thereby facilitating power generation. This configuration supports efficient 1195 energy transfer while accommodating the mechanical design of counter-rotating shafts and synchronized piston-driven motion.

[0132] In some disclosed embodiments, the first rotor and second rotor are positioned radially inwards of the stator. “Radially inwards" refers to a direction or positioning that is toward the center or axis of a circular or cylindrical system. In geometric terms, it means along a 1200 radius heading inward — from the outer edge toward the central point. For example, if a rotor is said to be positioned “radially inwards” of a stator, it means that the rotor is located closer to the axis of rotation than the stator is. This inward placement can influence how components interact, such as affecting magnetic coupling, mechanical balance, or spatial configuration within a device.1205

[0133] When two rotors are positioned radially inwards of the stator, it means that both rotors are located closer to the axis of rotation than the stator is. In other words, the stator surrounds the rotors in terms of radial placement. This inward positioning allows the rotors to oscillate within the stator’s magnetic field, enabling the permanent magnets on the rotors to pass by the stator coils and induce electrical current. The configuration supports efficient energy 1210 transfer while maintaining a compact and balanced mechanical design.

[0134] As illustrated in the non-limiting examples of Figs. 7A-7D, rotors 510 and 520 are radially displaced from stator 600. In the configurations shown in Figs. 7A and 7B, both rotors 510, 520 are radially displaced not only from stator 600 but also from each other — meaning each component occupies a distinct radial location relative to the axis of rotation 100.1215 In this arrangement, stator 600 is situated between the two rotors, with rotor 510 and rotor 520 oscillating on opposite sides of the stator 600 about the shared axis 100. In contrast, the configuration shown in Figs. 7C and 7D features rotors 510 and 520 radially displaced from the stator 600 but not from each other. Here, both rotors are located on the same side of the stator 600 and oscillate in opposite directions about axis 100 on the same side of stator 600.1220 Specifically, in this example, the rotors 510 and 520 are positioned radially inward of the stator 600. However, in alternative embodiments, the rotors 510 and 520 may instead be positioned radially outward of the stator 600.

[0135] In some disclosed embodiments, the first rotor and the second rotor are spaced apart along the axis of rotation. “Spaced apart” refers to two or more objects being positioned at 1225 a distance from each other, rather than being in direct contact. In general, this separation can bephysical, structural, or functional, and may vary in magnitude depending on the context. It may indicate that the objects spaced apart objects are deliberately arranged with a gap or interval between them to allow for movement, insulation, airflow, interaction, or to prevent interference. Importantly, this separation can occur in any direction — not just horizontally or vertically, but 1230 also radially, axially, or along any spatial axis depending on the system’s geometry.

[0136] The phrase spaced apart along an axis means that two or more objects are separated by a distance in the direction of the axis — such as a vertical, horizontal, or rotational axis. Importantly, the objects themselves do not need to be located directly on the axis; they may be offset from it (for example, radially displaced), but the distance between them is measured 1235 along the axis. Rotors that are spaced apart along an axis may also be described as axially spaced apart rotors. This terminology emphasizes that the separation between the rotors occurs in the direction of the axis, rather than radially or tangentially.

[0137] The first rotor and the second rotor are spaced apart along the axis of rotation (or axially spaced apart first and second rotors) indicates that the two rotors are positioned at 1240 different locations in the direction of the axis around which they rotate. This spacing between the two rotors is measured along the axis. The rotors are not necessarily (but can be) on the axis. For example, the two rotors may be radially offset from the axis — meaning they are located outward from the center — but the distance between them is aligned with the axis.

[0138] As illustrated in the examples of Figs. 7C-7F, rotors 510 and 520 are spaced 1245 apart along the axis of rotation 100, meaning they are positioned at different locations in the direction of axis 100. Although both rotors are radially offset from the axis — such as by a common radial distance — they are separated from each other along the axis. In other words, the distance between the rotors 510 and 520 is along axis 100. In these configurations, rotors 510 and 520 extend annularly (i.e., in a ring-like fashion) around the axis of rotation 100. The 1250 relative positioning of the rotors 510 and 520 with respect to the stator 600 varies across examples. In Figs. 7C and 7D, both rotors 510 and 520 are located on the same side of the stator 600, such as radially inward of it. However, in alternative embodiments, both rotors may be positioned radially outward of the stator. In contrast, the configuration shown in Figs. 7E and 7F places the rotors 510 and 520 on opposite sides of the stator 600, further emphasizing their 1255 spatial separation along the axis.

[0139] Generators with radially spaced apart rotors and axially spaced apart rotors may offer distinct advantages based on their spatial configurations. Radially spaced apart rotors arepositioned at different distances from the central axis of rotation, allowing for flexible magnetic field interactions and efficient use of surrounding space. This arrangement can improve cooling, 1260 reduce interference between components, and support compact designs where rotors operate at varying radial levels. On the other hand, axially spaced apart rotors are separated along the direction of the axis itself. This axial separation enables modular construction, smoother mechanical operation, and better load distribution It also allows for strategic placement of stators between or around the rotors, enhancing magnetic coupling and energy conversion. 1265 Together, these configurations provide design versatility and performance optimization in electric generator systems.

[0140] In some disclosed embodiments, the first rotor includes a first plurality of permanent magnets circumferentially spaced apart from each other and arranged about the axis of rotation, and the second rotor includes a second plurality of permanent magnets1270 circumferentially spaced apart from each other and arranged about the axis of rotation. In some disclosed embodiments, the magnets of first plurality of permanent magnets are circumferentially spaced apart from each other and the magnets of the second plurality of permanent magnets are circumferentially spaced apart from each other. The terms “rotor,” “permanent magnets,” and “axis of rotation” are described and exemplified elsewhere in this 1275 document. “Circumferentially spaced apart” refers to two or more objects being positioned at different locations around the circumference of a circle or cylinder (real or imaginary). This may indicate that the separation between the objects is measured along the circular path, rather than radially (toward or away from the center) or axially (along the central axis). The objects may be located at the same radial distance from the center and at the same or different axial distances, 1280 but they are distributed at different angular positions around the perimeter of a circle or a cylinder. As explained previously, the terms “first” and “second” are merely used for ease of reference to distinguish between different components elements of the same type, and do not imply any sequence, priority, or relative importance.

[0141] A plurality of permanent magnets circumferentially spaced apart from each 1285 other and arranged about an axis of rotation describes a configuration in which multiple permanent magnets are distributed around the axis of rotation, in a circular pattern, with each magnet positioned at a distinct angular location along the circumference. The magnets may be separated from one another around the perimeter of a circle or cylindrical structure rather than along the radius or the axis. This arrangement may ensures that the magnets are evenly (or 1290 otherwise) distributed around the axis of rotation, which may assist in maintaining balance,optimizing magnetic field interactions, and enabling consistent performance in an electric generator. For example, by being arranged in this manner, the magnets may effectively interact with surrounding components like stator coils to induce electrical current during rotation.

[0142] As shown in the illustrative examples of Figs. 7A-7D, rotor 510 includes 1295 permanent magnets 512A, 512B, and 512C that are circumferentially spaced around the axis of rotation 100. Likewise, rotor 520 features circumferentially spaced permanent magnets 522A, 522B, and 522C arranged about the same axis.

[0143] In some disclosed embodiments, a first plurality of permanent magnets and a second plurality of permanent magnets are spaced apart from each other along an axis of 1300 rotation. This means that the first plurality of permanent magnets of the first rotor and the second plurality of permanent magnets of the second rotor are positioned at different locations along the length of the axis 100 around which the rotors rotate. This spatial separation can help achieve specific design goals, such as improving magnetic interaction, balancing forces, or optimizing performance in systems like motors or generators. For example, in the example 1305 illustrated in Figs. 7C-7F, the permanent magnets 512 of rotor 510 and the permanent magnets of rotor 520 are spaced apart from each other along axis 100.

[0144] In some disclosed embodiments, a generator further includes an internal combustion engine and an air pump, wherein a first curved cylinder defines a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and a second curved cylinder defines a compression 1310 chamber of the air pump. As explained and exemplified previously, “internal combustion engine” (or “IC engine”) refers to an engine in which fuel combustion occurs within a confined space — typically a cylinder — inside the engine. An air pump is a mechanical component configured to compress air. An air pump may compress and deliver compressed air into a designated region of an internal combustion engine system, such as a combustion chamber or 1315 intake manifold. In some embodiments, the air pump may be integrated with or driven by a reciprocating piston assembly, wherein the compression of air occurs during the expansion stroke of the piston. The compressed air is then routed through a conduit and / or valve system to a separate combustion chamber of an IC engine, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited to generate power. The air pump may operate in a synchronized cycle with the combustion 1320 chamber, such that when the combustion chamber is in its expanded state, the air pump is in its compressed state, thereby facilitating efficient air transfer. The air pump may include structural features such as an air filter, directional valves, and a compression cavity, and may be fabricated from materials selected for thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical durability.This configuration enhances engine performance by increasing the availability of pressurized air 1325 for combustion, improving fuel efficiency, and supporting reliable operation under varying environmental conditions, including low ambient pressure scenarios..

[0145] A combustion chamber is a confined volume within an internal combustion engine in which a mixture of air and fuel is ignited to produce high-pressure gases that drive mechanical motion. In piston-based engine architectures, the combustion chamber is typically 1330 formed between the top surface of the piston and the cylinder head, and may include integrated components such as intake and exhaust ports, spark plugs, fuel injectors, and valves. The chamber is configured to permit transition between expanded and compressed states during the engine cycle, with ignition occurring at or near maximum compression to optimize energy conversion. The geometry of the combustion chamber — whether planar, hemispherical, wedge- 1335 shaped, or curved — directly influences fuel-air mixing, flame propagation, and thermal efficiency. In certain embodiments, the combustion chamber may be fluidly coupled to an air pump or pre-compression system that delivers pressurized air during the intake phase, thereby enhancing combustion performance. Materials and surface treatments used in the chamber are selected to withstand high temperatures, pressures, and chemical exposure resulting from 1340 repeated combustion events. The design and operation of the combustion chamber are critical to achieving desired engine output, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.

[0146] A compression chamber is a defined volume within an air pump configured to receive and compress air. Compressed air from the compression chamber may be delivered to a combustion chamber or other functional region of the engine system. In some embodiments, the 1345 compression chamber may be formed by the space between a reciprocating piston and the surrounding cylinder wall, wherein the piston’s motion reduces the chamber volume to increase the pressure and temperature of the contained air. The compressed air may be routed through a conduit or valve system to a combustion chamber, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited to generate power. In advanced engine architectures, the compression chamber may be operated in 1350 a synchronized cycle with a paired combustion chamber, such that when the combustion chamber (by virtue of piston movement) is in its expanded state, the compression chamber is in its compressed state, thereby facilitating efficient air transfer The compression chamber may include structural features such as directional valves, seals, and flow control elements, and may be fabricated from materials selected for high thermal resistance, mechanical durability, and 1355 sealing integrity. The design and operation of the compression chamber may be selected to optimize engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.

[0147] For example, as shown in the non-limiting examples of Figs. 1G-2B, each engine — 220 and 240 — includes a combustion chamber, while each corresponding air pump — 260 and 280 — houses a compression chamber. Each air pump is fluidly connected to the 1360 combustion chamber of its respective engine. Specifically, the first air pump 260 delivers compressed air from its compression chamber 270 to the combustion chamber 230 of the first engine 220 via air duct 362 (see Fig. 1G). Similarly, the second air pump 280 supplies compressed air to the combustion chamber 250 of the second engine 240 through air duct 382, which shares a similar geometry with duct 362.1365

[0148] In some embodiments, a gear assembly is configured such that when the first shaft rotates in one direction about an axis of rotation, the second shaft rotates in an opposite direction. A gear assembly refers to a mechanically integrated configuration having multiple intermeshing gears. It may be engineered to transmit torque, synchronize rotational motion, and regulate directional movement between mechanical elements. The gear assembly may be 1370 designed to maintain a fixed or controlled relationship between the rotational axes of connected parts, enabling precise coordination of motion. In some embodiments, the gear assembly may include a central gear interposed between two swing arms or shafts, such that rotation of one arm induces a corresponding and constrained rotation of the other. This configuration ensures that the relative angular displacement between the arms remains constant, thereby enforcing 1375 synchronized or mirrored movement. The gear assembly may be implemented using various gear types — such as spur, bevel, or helical gears — depending on the desired transmission characteristics, load conditions, and spatial constraints of the system.

[0149] In the non-limiting example illustrated in Fig. 4, coaxial shafts 350 and 370 — each coupled to respective swing arms 310 and 330 — are configured to operate in a1380 synchronized yet oppositional manner. A bevel gear mechanism is employed to facilitate simultaneous counter-rotation of the shafts about a common axis of rotation. Specifically, bevel gear 390 is positioned to engage gear 352 affixed to shaft 350 and gear 372 affixed to shaft 370. Upon clockwise rotation of shaft 370 about axis 100, the meshing interaction with bevel gear 390 induces counterclockwise rotation of shaft 350. This arrangement ensures coordinated, 1385 counter-rotating motion between the shafts, thereby promoting balanced mechanical dynamics and efficient transmission of oscillatory torque.

[0150] Some exemplary hybrid electric machines integrate internal combustion and electromagnetic systems to enhance energy conversion efficiency. Central to such exemplary designs is a novel generator architecture featuring two rotors that counter-rotate around a shared1390 stator, each equipped with circumferentially arranged permanent magnets. These rotors oscillate over limited angular segments — typically less than 90 degrees — without completing full rotations, enabling balanced torque output and reduced vibration. A switchable reluctance mechanism is incorporated via a segmented ring structure that short-circuits the electromagnetic field between stator shoes, allowing dynamic modulation of magnetic resistance and power 1395 output.

[0151] These exemplary combustion system employ curved pistons operating within arc-shaped cylinders, with dual-headed pistons reciprocating in opposing directions to compress and ignite fuel-air mixtures. CNC machining techniques may be used to fabricate these non- uniform curved components, ensuring precise alignment and sealing. A hybrid piston design 1400 combines a hot combustion end with a cold pump / compressor end, facilitating compact integration of air compression and combustion functions. Piston heads may be connected to carriers via friction-reducing spacers — often made from bearing-grade materials like phosphor bronze — to minimize rocking and wear. Sealing is achieved through annular oil seals and compression rings, which manage blow-by gases and water byproducts from hydrogen 1405 combustion, reducing maintenance requirements.

[0152] A gear-based synchronization mechanism may coordinate the motion of opposed pistons, ensuring precise timing of compression, expansion, and port operations. Sensor systems, such as Hall-effect sensors, may detect piston position to enable accurate control of fuel injection and ignition timing, supporting both spark-ignition and compression-ignition 1410 modes. Thermodynamic analysis indicates significant efficiency gains over conventional engines, with reduced friction and improved fuel economy, positioning the design as a compact and efficient range extender for electric vehicles.

[0153] Some aspects of the current disclosure introduce a novel and innovative machine designed to convert fuel into electricity by leveraging a thermodynamic cycle enhanced 1415 by magnetic forces. Traditional combustion engines, whether operating on a two-stroke or four- stroke cycle, typically have only one positive power stroke that generates energy. The other strokes — intake, compression, and exhaust — are considered negative strokes because they consume energy rather than produce it, excluding the effects of friction and other parasitic losses. To maintain smooth operation and provide the necessary energy for these negative 1420 strokes, a flywheel is commonly attached to store energy between the positive power strokes.

[0154] In a standard electric generator, permanent magnets and stator teeth are arranged in an uneven number to minimize or smooth out the phenomenon known as cogging torque. Cogging torque is an undesirable effect that occurs in electrical motors due to the interaction between the permanent magnets on the rotor and the slots in the stator. This torque is 1425 dependent on the position of the rotor and has a periodic nature that varies with the number of magnetic poles and stator teeth. Cogging torque is particularly problematic at low speeds, where it causes jerkiness or irregular motion in the motor. Although the motor's inertia at high speeds can mitigate the impact of cogging torque, it still results in fluctuations in torque and speed that are undesirable for smooth operation.1430

[0155] In some exemplary embodiments described in this disclosure, the negative strokes of the thermodynamic cycle are powered and assisted by a generator magnet. As the pistons expand and reach the midpoint of their travel, swing arms, which are positioned perpendicular to each other, experience a decline in gas pressure and force. This midpoint is also the equilibrium point of the magnetic field between two magnets. At this stage, the magnetic 1435 forces begin to contribute increasingly to the rotation of the system, peaking at the endpoint of the stroke on either side, a process that induces cogging.

[0156] The magnetic forces at play align the system, attracting it toward the next magnet in the sequence, effectively pulling the entire system in that direction. As the magnets engage, they assist the thermodynamic cycle by providing the necessary energy to complete the 1440 compression stroke and manage the air transfer in and out of the air pumps. This preparation assists the subsequent rebound cycle, ensuring that the system is ready to continue the cycle with optimal efficiency.

[0157] This innovative approach of using magnetic forces to aid in the negative strokes not only enhances the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle but also reduces the reliance on 1445 mechanical energy storage, such as flywheels, to maintain smooth operation. The result is a more efficient and reliable machine capable of converting fuel into electricity with greater effectiveness.

[0158] In some embodiments described herein, the hybrid cycle electric generator is an advanced system designed to convert fuel energy into electrical energy with enhanced efficiency 1450 by integrating both mechanical and magnetic forces. It may include a uniquely shaped curved cylindrical combustion chamber, which houses a curved piston. This piston is specificallyengineered to move along the chamber's curved path, providing a unique operational dynamic compared to traditional straight-line pistons.

[0159] During the power stroke, combustion occurs within the curved cylindrical 1455 combustion chamber, pushing the curved piston in a first direction along its predefined curved path. This movement is the result of the explosive energy generated by the fuel combustion, which drives the piston forward, thereby performing useful work.

[0160] The system also includes an electric generator, which consists of a stator and a rotor. The generator is equipped with multiple electromagnetic coils and permanent magnets, 1460 forming the core of its energy conversion mechanism. These components generate electricity as they interact during the piston’s movement.

[0161] One aspect of some exemplary aspects of a hybrid generator of this disclosure is the connector that links the curved piston to the electric generator. This connector ensures that the mechanical energy from the piston’s movement is efficiently transferred to the generator, 1465 enabling it to produce electricity.

[0162] Another exemplary aspect of the disclosed system is the way it manages the return stroke of the curved piston. Instead of relying solely on mechanical or kinetic energy stored in a flywheel or other traditional means, the system harnesses magnetic forces generated by the electric generator. After the power stroke, the magnetic force from the interaction 1470 between the generator’s electromagnetic coils and permanent magnets is used to pull the curved piston back in the opposite direction, initiating the return stroke. This return stroke moves the piston in a second direction, opposite to the initial movement, within the curved cylindrical combustion chamber. In some embodiments, the return stroke may be completely or substantially responsible for the return stroke. In other embodiments, other forces such as 1475 momentum from the power stroke and / or air pressure may contribute to the return stroke.

[0163] This integration of magnetic forces for the return stroke not only reduces the wear and tear on mechanical components but also increases the overall efficiency of the system by minimizing energy losses typically associated with the return stroke in conventional engines. The result is a highly efficient, hybrid cycle electric generator that effectively combines the 1480 strengths of both combustion and electromagnetic principles to produce electricity.

[0164] Some of the exemplary embodiments described herein detail advanced hybrid generator systems (or components thereof) that integrate combustion and electromagnetic principles to optimize energy generation.

[0165] Some exemplary embodiments features an electric generator configured such 1485 that as the rotor moves in a third direction, a permanent magnet within the rotor shifts from a first position to a second position relative to the stator. When the rotor reverses direction, the magnet returns from the second position to the first. This back-and-forth motion generates the necessary magnetic forces that assist the piston's reciprocation.

[0166] The stator of some exemplary embodiments is fixed at a static point, with its 1490 shoes aligned to face the magnets on the rotors near two points (A and B) of the rotational path.The rotors and stator can be designed in either axial or radial configurations, depending on the specific design requirements. The position where the magnets align with the stator shoes is known as the equilibrium point, an intermediate position in the machine's operation.

[0167] Some exemplary embodiments include two curved cylindrical combustion 1495 chambers, each containing a curved piston. These pistons are connected to separate rotors within the electric generator. The two chambers are circumferentially spaced apart, allowing the first and second rotors to rotate in opposite directions relative to the stator. This counter-rotational design balances the system, enhancing efficiency and reducing vibrations.

[0168] The curved piston travels along a first arcuate path about a central axis, while 1500 the rotor moves in a second arcuate path around the same axis. This synchronized motion ensures efficient energy transfer between the mechanical and electromagnetic components.

[0169] Some exemplary embodiments include four arcuate cylinders arranged around the central axis. Two of these cylinders are monoblocks with gas exchange ports, while the other two are larger in diameter and include ports for gas exchange valves. The larger cylinders are 1505 designed to minimize pumping losses, ensuring that the air pump's efficiency complements the combustion process.

[0170] The connector in this system is designed to translate the motion of a curved piston within a curved cylindrical combustion chamber into the movement of a rotor relative to a stator in the electric generator. Specifically, when the piston moves in its first direction during a 1510 power stroke, this movement drives the rotor in a third direction. As the rotor moves back in the fourth direction — opposite to the third direction — it generates magnetic force that aids in the return stroke of the piston.

[0171] The connector may include a swing arm attached to the curved piston and a shaft connected to the rotor. Both the swing arm and the shaft are designed to oscillate back and 1515 forth around the central axis as the piston moves in its first and second directions. The shaftextends perpendicular to the swing arm, and together they form an integral unit that synchronizes the movement of the piston with the rotor's rotation.

[0172] Some disclosed embodiments include a central shaft with two swing arms on one end and a magnetic rotor on the other end (or another side). Such an exemplary system may 1520 also include a second shaft with a similar configuration, both sharing the same axis. The pistons are attached to the ends of these swing arms, and the shafts are connected to gears that are perpendicular to the axis. Pinion gears engage with these main gears, ensuring precise movement and alignment.

[0173] In some exemplary embodiments, during operation, a sensor (Sensor 1) 1525 determines whether the system is at position A or B, which triggers the next phase of operation.An electric current is then applied to the stator coils, creating an electromagnetic force that drives the rotors toward the opposite endpoint, initiating the pistons' movement. As the rotors and shafts rotate, the connected arms and pistons move accordingly. A cam located on the shaft arm activates the fuel pump, generating the necessary fuel pressure. Another sensor (Sensor 2) 1530 then detects when the piston closes the exhaust port, signaling that fuel can be safely injected without risk of it escaping through the exhaust.

[0174] In some exemplary embodiments, the pistons move inward during the compression phase, compressing the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders, which increases in temperature. The compressed mixture is then ignited (with a spark plug or it self-ignites), 1535 generating high-pressure gas that forces the piston outward, reversing the cycle. The system is designed so that the maximum gas pressure generated during combustion coincides with the maximum magnetic force from the rotors at the stator shoes, creating maximum torque. As the piston moves outward, both the gas pressure and magnetic force decrease until they reach the equilibrium point. Beyond this point, the magnetic force from the opposite side increases, 1540 pulling the system toward the other endpoint.

[0175] As the piston reaches the end of its stroke, it exposes the exhaust ports, allowing the spent gases to escape. The continued outward movement of the piston then opens the inlet ports, allowing fresh air from the air pump to enter the cylinder, preparing it for the next cycle.

[0176] The air pump's larger diameter compared to the combustion cylinder is designed 1545 to offset pumping losses, ensuring that the volume of air introduced into the cylinder is sufficient for efficient combustion. A lip oil-seal is used to prevent contamination between the air in the pump and the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder.

[0177] To prevent the pistons from rocking within the cylinders, a cross-pin made from a soft material is pressed across the piston, or additional rings may be used to stabilize the 1550 pistons.

[0178] For fuels with a high self-ignition temperature, a spark plug can be added to initiate combustion.

[0179] The oscillating motion of the pistons and the magnetic interaction between the rotor and stator generate an electric current, which can be stored or used as needed. The system 1555 may also include a magnetically coupled flywheel to smooth out the power output and store energy for use during the return stroke or other operational phases.

[0180] This hybrid generator system exemplifies the integration of mechanical and electromagnetic principles to create a highly efficient and balanced energy generation machine, with advanced features designed to optimize every phase of its operation. Specific aspects of the 1560 disclosed system will now be described.

[0181] In some embodiments, an electric machine includes an electric generator with two rotors that share the same stator. The rotors may be connected to separate shafts and both rotors use the same stator to produce electricity. The two stators may simultaneously rotate in opposite directions. For example, when one rotor rotates in the clockwise direction, the other 1565 rotates in the counterclockwise direction. One rotor may turn in one direction by a segment of a circle and the other rotor then turns in the opposite direction by a segment of a circle. In some embodiments, both rotors are positioned on one side (e.g., radially inwards) of the stator, and in some embodiments, the rotors are positioned on opposite sides (see Fig. 1C, above) of the stator in the axial direction (e.g., in the direction of the axis of rotation). For example, the electric 1570 machine may feature a stator that encircles an axis of rotation. Surrounding this axis are two rotors: a first rotor and a second rotor. Both rotors share the same stator, allowing for a compact and efficient design that integrates multiple rotating elements within a single system.

[0182] In some cases, the first rotor and the second rotor are positioned radially inwards of the stator. In some cases, the first rotor and the second rotor are spaced apart along 1575 the axis of rotation and positioned on opposite sides of the stator. The first rotor and the second rotor may be configured to rotate in opposite directions during operation of the electric machine. The first rotor and the second rotor may be configured to simultaneously rotate in opposite directions. For example, during a time period, the first rotor rotates in one direction by a first angular segment and then rotates in a second direction opposite to the first direction by the first1580 angular segment. Meanwhile, during the same time period, the second rotor rotates in the second direction by a second angular segment and then rotates in the first direction by the second angular segment. The first angular segment may be equal to the second angular segment. The first rotor may include a first plurality of permanent magnets circumferentially spaced apart from each other and arranged about the axis of rotation. And the second rotor may include a 1585 second plurality of permanent magnets circumferentially spaced apart from each other and arranged about the axis of rotation.

[0183] In some cases, the first plurality of permanent magnets and the second plurality of permanent magnets may be spaced apart from each other along the axis of rotation. In some cases, in each of the first and second plurality of permanent magnets, a north pole of one 1590 permanent magnet faces the stator and a south pole of permanent magnets on both sides of, and adjacent to, the one permanent magnet faces the stator. The stator may include a plurality of stator cores that extend radially inwards towards the first and second rotors from an annular ring that extends about the axis of rotation. And each stator core of the plurality of stator cores may extend over both the first and second rotors. The stator may include a plurality of stator cores 1595 annularly arranged about the axis of rotation and extending along the axis of rotation from a first end to a second end. The first rotor may include a first annular ring extending around the axis of rotation and a first plurality of permanent magnets facing the first end of the stator. And the second rotor may include a second annular ring extending around the axis of rotation and include a second plurality of permanent magnets facing the second end of the stator.1600

[0184] The stator may include a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged about the axis of rotation. Wherein the first rotor may be configured to rotate in one direction about the axis of rotation from a first stator core of the plurality of stator cores to an adjacent second stator core and then rotate in an opposite direction back to the first stator core. The stator may include a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged about the axis of rotation.1605

[0185] In some embodiments, the first shaft may be coupled to a first reciprocating engine configured to rotate the first shaft about the axis of rotation in a first direction. And the second shaft may be coupled to a second reciprocating engine configured to simultaneously rotate the second shaft about the axis of rotation in a second direction opposite to the first direction. The first reciprocating engine may include a first curved cylinder having a first curved 1610 central axis that extends about the axis of rotation, and a first piston configured to reciprocate in the first cylinder along the first curved central axis. And the second reciprocating engine may include a second curved cylinder having a second curved central axis that extends about the axisof rotation, and a second piston configured to reciprocate in the second cylinder along the second curved central axis.1615

[0186] The first rotor may be configured to rotate back-and-forth about the axis of rotation in tandem with the first piston. And the second rotor may be configured to rotate back- and-forth about the axis of rotation in tandem with the second piston. The electric machine may include a housing extending along the axis of rotation from a first end to a second end and enclose the first and second rotors and the first and second reciprocating engines. The first and 1620 second rotors may be positioned proximate the first end of the housing and the first and second reciprocating engines may be positioned proximate the second end of the housing.

[0187] In some disclosed embodiments, an electric generator is designed with two separate shafts, each capable of rotating around a common axis. The first shaft is connected to a first rotor, which carries a set of permanent magnets. Similarly, the second shaft, distinct from 1625 the first, is connected to a second rotor with its own set of permanent magnets. Both rotors interact with a shared stator that includes at least one electromagnetic coil. As the first and second rotors rotate, they induce energy generation through this common stator, leveraging the electromagnetic interaction between the rotating magnets and the stationary coils.

[0188] Various embodiments of the disclosed generator may additionally or1630 alternatively include one or more of the previously described or following features. The first shaft and the second shaft may be configured to rotate independently of each other. The electric generator may be configured such that during operation the rotors simultaneously rotate in opposite directions about the axis of rotation. The first rotor may be configured to rotate in one direction by a first angular segment and then rotate in a second direction opposite to the first 1635 direction by the first angular segment, and the second rotor is configured to rotate in the second direction by a second angular segment and then rotate in the first direction by the second angular segment.

[0189] The first shaft may be coupled to a first internal combustion engine configured to rotate the first shaft about the axis of rotation in a first direction, and the second shaft is 1640 coupled to a second internal combustion engine configured to simultaneously rotate the second shaft about the axis of rotation in a second direction opposite to the first direction. The first internal combustion engine may include a first curved cylinder having a first curved central axis that extends about the axis of rotation and a first curved piston configured to reciprocate in the first curved cylinder along the first curved central axis. And the second internal combustion1645 engine may include a second curved cylinder having a second curved central axis that extends about the axis of rotation and a second curved piston configured to reciprocate in the second curved cylinder along the second curved central axis. The first rotor may be configured to rotate back-and-forth about the axis of rotation in tandem with the first piston, and the second rotor may be configured to rotate back-and-forth about the axis of rotation in tandem with the second 1650 piston.

[0190] The first rotor and second rotor may be radially displaced from the stator. The first rotor and second rotor may be positioned radially inwards of the stator. The first rotor and the second rotor may be spaced apart along the axis of rotation and positioned on opposite sides of the stator. The first rotor may include a first plurality of permanent magnets circumferentially 1655 spaced apart from each other and arranged about the axis of rotation, and the second rotor may include a second plurality of permanent magnets circumferentially spaced apart from each other and arranged about the axis of rotation. The first plurality of permanent magnets and the second plurality of permanent magnets may be spaced apart from each other along the axis of rotation. The first plurality of permanent magnets and the second plurality of permanent magnets may be 1660 circumferentially spaced apart from each other.

[0191] In some disclosed embodiments, the rotor rotates in one direction by an angle (a non-reflex angle) and then rotates in the opposite direction by the same angle. The permanent magnets of the rotor move from a first stator tooth to the adjacent stator tooth and then back to the first stator tooth. When the piston of one combustion chamber is at its maximum compressed 1665 state, a permanent magnet of the rotor is positioned below one stator tooth and when the piston of that combustion chamber is at its maximum expanded state, that permanent magnet is positioned below the other stator tooth. The other stator moves in the same manner but in the opposite direction. This configuration results in maximum torque and maximum magnetic reluctance.1670

[0192] In some embodiments, the electric generator features a rotatable shaft connected to a rotor that holds multiple permanent magnets. A motor is designed to alternately rotate the shaft in both directions by less than 360 degrees each time. This movement causes the rotor, and consequently the magnets, to move relative to a stator that houses at least one electromagnetic coil. As the shaft oscillates within this limited range, electrical energy is generated through the 1675 interaction between the moving magnets and the stationary coil in the stator.

[0193] The rotor may be designed to rotate around the shaft's axis by a specific first angle in one direction, before reversing to rotate by the same angle in the opposite direction. This first angle may be less than 45 degrees. In some cases, it may correspond to the division of 360 degrees by the number of stator cores arranged in a circular pattern around the axis. An 1680 electric generator may also feature a second rotor attached to a second shaft, sharing the same axis of rotation as the first. The second rotor may be positioned apart from the first and similarly configured to rotate back and forth by less than 360 degrees around the shared axis, but in the opposite direction.

[0194] Both rotors may be engineered to move simultaneously in opposite directions 1685 along this common axis. The first shaft is connected to a first internal combustion engine that drives it in one direction, while the second shaft is connected to a second internal combustion engine that drives it in the opposite direction. Each engine features a curved cylinder with a central axis encircling the shared rotation axis, along which a curved piston reciprocates. The first rotor mirrors the movement of the first piston, rotating back and forth in sync with its 1690 motion, while the second rotor similarly follows the movement of the second piston.

[0195] In some embodiments, the electric machine features a stator that encircles a central axis of rotation. Additionally, it includes at least one rotor, which is also arranged around this axis. When the machine is in operation, the rotor is designed to oscillate back and forth around the axis of rotation.1695

[0196] The electric machine involves a rotor designed to rotate in one direction around an axis of rotation by a specified angle during a particular time period and then reverse direction to rotate back by the same angle. This first angle of rotation is defined to be less than 90 degrees. The stator of this machine is composed of multiple stator cores arranged in a circular manner around the axis of rotation, with the first angle closely approximating the value obtained by 1700 dividing 360 degrees by the total number of stator cores.

[0197] In some embodiments, the rotor includes several permanent magnets also arranged around the axis of rotation. During operation, one of these permanent magnets rotates from a position near one stator core to a position near an adjacent stator core, before returning to its original position by reversing the rotation direction.1705

[0198] In one variation, the machine includes two rotors spaced apart along the axis of rotation but sharing the same stator. These rotors are positioned at the same radial distance from the axis, although they can also be arranged at different radial positions relative to the axis. Thetwo rotors are capable of rotating in opposite directions simultaneously, and each can oscillate back and forth by a specified angle, which is generally less than 90 degrees. This oscillation 1710 corresponds to the distance between the stator cores divided by the number of cores.

[0199] Further, each rotor may be connected to its own shaft, both shafts being concentric and extending along the axis of rotation. Each shaft may be driven by its own reciprocating engine, with the engines configured to rotate their respective shafts in opposite directions. These engines each feature a curved cylinder with a piston that reciprocates along a 1715 curved central axis encircling the main axis of rotation. The rotors oscillate in tandem with the pistons' motion within these cylinders.

[0200] The machine may be enclosed within a housing that spans the length of the axis of rotation, with the rotors located near one end of the housing and the reciprocating engines near the opposite end. In some cases, the housing may be a multi-part housing (e g., multiple 1720 sub-housing coupled or connected together). Additionally, the machine may include a short- circuit element that can move along the axis of rotation to electrically short certain stator cores. This short-circuit element may be a ring designed to simultaneously short all stator cores by making contact as it moves along the axis. The purpose of short-circuiting is to electrically short multiple stator cores and reduce the magnetic reluctance of the stator path. When the ring shorts 1725 the cores, it provides a low-reluctance bypass path for the magnetic flux. This reduces the magnetic coupling between the rotor magnets and the electromagnetic coils of the stator resulting in a reduction in electromagnetic forces. Doing so reduces resistance on the engine, saving fuel in situations where electricity generation is not needed.

[0201] In some embodiments, the electric machine may feature a stator composed of 1730 multiple stator cores arranged in a circular pattern around a central axis of rotation. Alongside the stator, there is at least one rotor, which is fitted with several permanent magnets also positioned in a circular formation around the same axis. During the machine's operation, magnetic flux flows between pairs of adjacent stator cores and adjacent permanent magnets.

[0202] The machine may also feature a configuration with two rotors sharing the same 1735 stator. These rotors are designed to rotate in opposite directions around the axis of rotation. They can be positioned either at the same radial distance from the axis or spaced apart along the axis in either a longitudinal or radial direction. During operation, each rotor is capable of rotating back and forth by a specific angle, which may be equal for both rotors and may be generally lessthan 90 degrees. This angle corresponds to the division of 360 degrees by the number of stator 1740 cores.

[0203] Each rotor may be connected to a separate shaft, with both shafts extending along the axis of rotation and arranged concentrically. These shafts are driven by reciprocating engines, with one engine causing its respective shaft to rotate in one direction while the other engine drives the opposite shaft in the opposite direction. Each engine may feature a curved 1745 cylinder with a central axis that follows the curve around the axis of rotation. Within each cylinder, a piston reciprocates along this curved path, causing the connected rotor to oscillate back and forth in tandem with the piston's motion.

[0204] The entire system may be enclosed within a housing that runs along the axis of rotation. The rotors are situated near one end of this housing, while the reciprocating engines are 1750 located closer to the opposite end. This arrangement allows for compact and efficient operation of the electric machine.

[0205] In some embodiments, the electric machine includes an internal combustion engine with curved cylinders arranged about a common arc so that the pistons reciprocate along the common arc. In the preferred embodiment, the cylinders are arranged in a circle.1755

[0206] In some embodiments, the internal combustion engine is designed with a first curved cylinder that houses a corresponding curved piston. Additionally, the engine includes at least a second curved cylinder, which also contains its own curved piston. Both the first and second curved cylinders are positioned along a shared arc, allowing the pistons within them to move back and forth along this common curved path. This arrangement ensures that the pistons 1760 reciprocate smoothly along the same arc, enhancing the engine's functionality.

[0207] The common arc described in this embodiment represents a segment of a circle. In some embodiments, this arc outlines a full circle, with both the first and second curved cylinders arranged around it. In some embodiments, the engine features a total of four curved cylinders, including three in the second set and one in the first set, all positioned around this 1765 circular arrangement.

[0208] Among the pistons, at least two may be dual-headed, with one end featuring a hot piston head and the other end a cold piston head. The hot head may operate within a combustion chamber while the cold head may operate within an air compressor. Additionally, among the pistons, there may be at least two that are dual-headed with opposing hot heads, both 1770 for operation within one or more combustion chambers. Each of these hot-headed pistons isdesigned to reciprocate within two of the four curved cylinders, facilitating the engine's operation around the circle.

[0209] In some embodiments, the electric machine may be designed with a stator that encircles a central axis of rotation. It may include two rotors - a first rotor and a second rotor.1775 These rotors may be arranged so that they rotate in opposite directions around the axis, each moving in a direction counter to the other.

[0210] The two rotors may be spaced apart along the axis of rotation and located on opposite sides of the stator. They may share the stator and are configured to rotate simultaneously in opposite directions. During operation, the first rotor rotates in one direction by 1780 a certain angular segment, then reverses to rotate in the opposite direction by the same segment.Concurrently, the second rotor rotates in the opposite direction by a different angular segment, and then reverses to rotate in the initial direction by the same segment. The angular segments for both rotors may be equal and less than 90 degrees.

[0211] The first rotor may be equipped with a series of permanent magnets arranged 1785 circumferentially around the axis of rotation, as is the second rotor. These magnets may be spaced apart along the axis of rotation, with each magnet’s north pole facing the stator and the south poles of the adjacent magnets also facing the stator.

[0212] The stator may be composed of multiple stator cores that extend radially inward from an annular ring encircling the axis of rotation. These stator cores may extend over both 1790 rotors. Alternatively, the stator may consist of cores arranged annul arly around the axis and extending from one end of the machine to the other. In this configuration, the first rotor features an annular ring with permanent magnets facing one end of the stator, while the second rotor has a similar ring facing the opposite end.

[0213] In operation, the first rotor can rotate from one stator core to an adjacent core 1795 and then return in the opposite direction. The machine may also include a short-circuit element that moves along the axis of rotation to contact and electrically short at least two stator cores. This short-circuit element may be a ring designed to short all stator cores simultaneously. Doing so reduces resistance on the engine, saving fuel in situations where electricity generation is not needed.1800

[0214] The first rotor may be mounted on a shaft extending along the axis of rotation, and the second rotor is mounted on a concentric shaft. Each shaft may be driven by its own reciprocating engine: the first engine rotates the first shaft in one direction, while the secondengine rotates the second shaft in the opposite direction. Each engine may include a curved cylinder with a piston that reciprocates along a curved axis. The first and second rotors rotate 1805 back and forth in tandem with their respective pistons.

[0215] The entire system may be enclosed within a housing that extends along the axis from one end to the other. This housing contains the rotors near one end and the reciprocating engines near the opposite end, ensuring a compact and organized design.

[0216] In some embodiments, a disclosed machine features an internal combustion 1810 engine with a uniquely curved cylinder. This cylinder has an arc-shaped central axis and two opposing ends, with a central combustion region situated within it. Inside the curved cylinder, there is a first piston positioned on one side of the combustion region. This piston is designed to move along the arc-shaped central axis, with its head oriented towards the combustion region. On the opposite side of the combustion region, a second piston is located, also moving along the 1815 arc-shaped central axis. This piston is configured such that its head faces the head of the first piston. As the two pistons move toward each other within the curved cylinder, their heads approach, causing compression to occur in the combustion region. Conversely, when the pistons move away from each other, they travel along opposing paths defined by the arc-shaped central axis.1820

[0217] The machine may include an internal combustion engine where both the first and second pistons are designed to reciprocate in tandem within a curved cylinder. This cylinder is defined by an arc-shaped central axis, which forms a sector of a circle. Both pistons are curved, sharing a common radius of curvature.

[0218] The machine may also feature an additional internal combustion engine. In this 1825 setup, the third and fourth pistons are arranged so that as the first and second pistons move toward each other, the third and fourth pistons move in the opposite direction, away from each other.

[0219] At one end of the curved cylinder is an inlet port, while the opposite end is equipped with an exhaust port. Additionally, each end of the cylinder may have an annular oil 1830 seal - a first annular oil seal at one end that rubs against the external sidewall of the first piston as it moves, and a second annular oil seal at the other end that performs the same function for the second piston.

[0220] Each piston head — both the first and the second — may feature a cylindrical external side wall with one or more compression rings mounted on it. These rings are designed1835 to slide in contact with the internal wall of the curved cylinder during the pistons' reciprocation. The first piston consists of a piston body attached to the piston head, and similarly, the second piston has its own piston body connected to its head. An annular clearance exists between the external side walls of these piston bodies and the internal wall of the curved cylinder.

[0221] Each piston is connected to a swing arm; the first piston is linked to a first 1840 swing arm, which in turn is connected to a first shaft. This shaft rotates about a longitudinal axis when the first piston moves. The second piston is attached to a second swing arm, which is coupled to a second shaft that also rotates about the same longitudinal axis with the second piston’s movement. This longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the plane in which both pistons move within the curved cylinder. Both shafts are coaxial and are configured to rotate1845 simultaneously in opposite directions about the longitudinal axis.

[0222] In some embodiments, the top portion of the cylindrical housing has two internal combustion engines and two air pumps, and the bottom portion has the generator or an Air, hydraulic pump. Each engine includes a curved cylinder in which two curved pistons moves along a curved axis towards and away from each other. The curved cylinder has an inlet port at 1850 one end and an exhaust port at the opposite end. The walls of the cylinder and the pistons heads of the two pistons that reciprocate in the cylinder define a combustion chamber.

[0223] The only contact between the piston and the walls of the cylinder may be two compression rings on the piston head and an oil seal at the opposite end. Therefore, friction between the piston and the cylinder is low. Notably, in some embodiments there is no oil ring 1855 between the piston and the cylinder wall. The oil seal keeps the oil out of the cylinder. There may be a small clearance (about 2 mm in some embodiments) between the piston wall and the cylinder wall. Any blow-by gases that enter this clearance from the compression chamber through the two compression rings are prevented from escaping by the oil seal. The piston is prevented from rocking by two pins or Rings that connect the piston head to the piston body. 1860 The cavity on the front face of the piston head concentrates the compressed mixture into a very small area for ignition.

[0224] In some embodiments, the engine features one or more curved cylinders, each defined by an arc-shaped central axis. Inside these cylinders, a pair of pistons is designed to move reciprocally towards and away from each other along the arc-shaped central axis. The 1865 engine may additionally or alternatively include one or more of the above-described or below- described features.

[0225] The engine may be equipped with one or more curved cylinders that extend along an arc-shaped central axis from one end to the other. Near the first end of each curved cylinder, the cylinder wall features an inlet port, while the wall near the second end includes an 1870 exhaust port. The engine also includes a pair of annular oil seals, strategically positioned at both ends of each curved cylinder. Each oil seal is designed to rub against the external sidewall of one of the pistons as it moves within the cylinder.

[0226] Each piston may include a piston head attached to a piston body. The cylindrical side wall of the piston head is fitted with one or more compression rings that contact 1875 the cylinder wall during the piston’s reciprocation. An annular clearance is maintained between the external sidewall of each piston and the cylinder wall, extending from the piston head to the oil seals. In some embodiments, during operation, as each piston reciprocates within the curved cylinder, the only points of contact between the piston and the cylinder wall are the compression rings and the oil seals. The arc-shaped central axis of the cylinder is a sector of a circle, and each 1880 piston is curved, sharing a common radius of curvature.

[0227] In this engine design, each piston is linked to a corresponding swing arm: the first piston connects to the first end of the first swing arm, and the second piston connects to the first end of the second swing arm. The first swing arm is attached to a shaft that rotates about a longitudinal axis, which is perpendicular to the plane in which the pistons move. Similarly, the 1885 second swing arm connects to a separate shaft that also rotates about the same longitudinal axis, but independently of the first shaft. Both swing arms are engineered to rotate in opposite directions around the longitudinal axis simultaneously.

[0228] In some exemplary embodiments, an engine incorporates two curved cylinders: a first cylinder that forms a combustion chamber and a second cylinder that forms a separate 1890 combustion chamber. The first piston is attached to one side of the first end of the first swing arm, while a third piston is attached to the opposite side of the same swing arm. The first piston moves within the first curved cylinder, and the third piston moves within the second curved cylinder. The diameters of the first and third pistons are the same.

[0229] The second piston connects to one side of the first end of the second swing arm, 1895 with a fourth piston attached to the opposite side. Additionally, the engine includes an air pump featuring a third curved cylinder, in which the fourth piston operates to compress air. The engine is equipped with an air manifold that channels compressed air from the third curved cylinder to the other curved cylinders.

[0230] At the second end of the first swing arm, there is a second pair of pistons, each 1900 designed to move within different curved cylinders of an air pump for air compression. The second end of the second swing arm supports a fifth piston and a sixth piston on opposite sides. The fifth piston reciprocates in a curved cylinder of an air pump, while the sixth piston operates within a curved cylinder that serves as a combustion chamber. The diameter of the fifth piston is larger than that of the sixth piston.1905

[0231] Additionally, an exemplary engine may include at least one fuel injector to introduce fuel into the combustion chamber and at least one spark plug to ignite the combustible mixture that has been pressurized by the pair of pistons in the combustion chamber.

[0232] In some embodiments, the disclosed machine may include a rigid swing arm interconnecting pistons. The swing arms allow multiple interconnected pistons to 1910 simultaneously do useful work in differing cylinders.

[0233] In this engine design, the first and second pistons are separated by a gap, which is bridged by a rigid swing arm. This swing arm features a pivot portion, from which extends a first swing arm portion on one side and a second swing arm portion on the opposite side. The pivot portion includes an opening that allows the swing arm to pivot around a shaft, 1915 with the first and second pistons positioned on either side of this shaft.

[0234] The first swing arm portion is linked to a combustion chamber within a first curved cylinder, while the second swing arm portion is connected to a combustion chamber in a second curved cylinder. Alternatively, the first cylinder portion can be part of a compression chamber in a first air pump, and the second cylinder portion can be part of a compression 1920 chamber in a second air pump.

[0235] In another configuration, the first cylinder portion serves as a combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine, and the second cylinder portion acts as a compression chamber in an air pump. The first cylinder portion is a segment of a first curved cylinder, with the first piston moving along an arc-shaped path within this portion. Similarly, the second 1925 cylinder portion is part of a second curved cylinder, with the second piston moving along a different arc-shaped path. Both arc-shaped paths are aligned along a common arc.

[0236] In some embodiments, multiple pistons are arranged on a common circumference and connected to each other by swing arms. Two pairs of pistons are connected to opposite ends of a first swing arm and two additional pairs of pistons are connected to opposite 1930 ends of a second swing arm For example, 1st and 2nd pistons are connected to opposite sides ofthe first end of a 1st swing arm, and 5th and 6th pistons are connected to opposite sides of the second end of the 1st swing arm. Similarly, 3rd and 4th pistons are connected to opposite sides of the first end of the 2nd swing arm, and 6th and 7th pistons are connected to opposite sides of the second end of the 2nd swing arm. A synchronization mechanism enables the two swing arms 1935 to rotate or oscillate about a common longitudinal axis in a synchronized manner. When one swing arm rotates in a clockwise direction, the other swing arm simultaneously rotates in the counterclockwise direction. A connector, as used herein may refer to one swing arm, two swing arms, or any other mechanism or mechanical structure that translates motion from one or more pistons to one or more rotors of one or more generators.1940

[0237] In some embodiments, the disclosed engine features a pair of curved pistons that are positioned along a shared circumference and connected by a swing arm. Each piston is designed to move back and forth within its respective cylinder, with each cylinder serving as the housing for one of the pistons.

[0238] In some embodiments, the disclosed machine consists of two mechanical 1945 engines, each featuring a cylindrical component and a piston. In the first engine, a piston is housed within its corresponding cylinder, designed to move back and forth within this space. Similarly, the second engine has its own cylinder and piston, also configured for reciprocal motion. Connecting these two pistons is a rigid swing arm, which links the first piston to one end and the second piston to the other. This swing arm is engineered to oscillate within a range 1950 of less than 180 degrees around a fixed axis, effectively synchronizing the movements of the pistons within their respective cylinders. The engine may alternatively or additionally include one or more of the above-described or the below-described features.

[0239] The first and second pistons may be positioned with a gap between them, which is spanned by a rigid swing arm. This swing arm may feature a pivot point, from which two 1955 portions of the arm extend in opposite directions. The pivot point itself has an opening that allows the swing arm to rotate around a shaft, with the pistons situated on either side of this shaft.

[0240] In one configuration, the first piston operates within a cylinder that forms the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, while the second piston functions within 1960 a similar cylinder that also forms a combustion chamber for a second engine. Alternatively, these cylinders could define compression chambers for air pumps, with each piston working within its respective pump chamber.

[0241] In another configuration, one cylinder serves as the combustion chamber for an internal combustion engine, and the other acts as a compression chamber for an air pump. Both 1965 pistons move along curved paths within their respective cylinders, which are part of a larger arc.These paths are aligned along the same arc, ensuring coordinated movement between the pistons.

[0242] In some embodiments, a rigid swing arm connects the first piston at one end and the second piston at the other. This swing arm is designed to move back and forth in an arc of 1970 less than 180 degrees around a fixed axis. By linking the two pistons, the swing arm ensures that their movements within their respective cylinders are precisely coordinated, allowing them to function in harmony.

[0243] The first and second pistons may be designed as parts of a single, unified component. In some configurations, these pistons share the same external diameter, while in 1975 others, they may have distinct external diameters. The first piston operates within a cylinder that serves as the combustion chamber for an internal combustion engine, and similarly, the second piston functions within its own combustion chamber for a second engine. Alternatively, both cylinders may form compression chambers for air pumps.

[0244] In another configuration, the first piston works within a combustion chamber, 1980 while the second piston operates within a compression chamber of an air pump. These pistons are designed to move along arc-shaped paths within their respective curved cylinders. The first piston follows a curved path aligned with a specific arc-shaped central axis, while the second piston moves along a similar arc-shaped path defined by its own central axis.

[0245] In some disclosed embodiments, the machine employs a dual headed piston, 1985 with a first head in a first combustion chamber acting in a manner like a traditional internal combustion engine piston, and the opposite head serving as a piston of an air compressor. The compressed air from the air compressor can then be used to supercharge combustion in a second combustion chamber.

[0246] The machine may feature a first cylinder that contains a hot combustion 1990 chamber (e.g., a combustion chamber that is relatively hotter when the machine is operating) and a second cylinder that houses a cold air pump region (e.g., relative colder than the hotter combustion chamber). A single piston, with a hot head on one end and a cold head on the other, is designed to operate within both cylinders. The hot head moves back and forth within the first cylinder’s combustion chamber, while the cold head reciprocates in the second cylinder’s air1995 pump region. The first cylinder is equipped with an inlet to supply fuel to the combustion chamber, while the second cylinder has an outlet designed to release compressed air.

[0247] The piston in this machine is designed with a curved shape, following an arcshaped central axis. The first cylinder portion is similarly curved, allowing the hot head of the piston to move along a curved path within it. Likewise, the second cylinder portion is curved to 2000 guide the cold head of the piston along its own curved path. These cylinder portions are arranged so that when the hot head of the piston moves inward, compressing a combustible mixture in the hot combustion chamber, the cold head simultaneously moves outward in the second cylinder, evacuating compressed air from the cold air pump region.

[0248] The piston itself may be a single, integrated component, with the hot head and 2005 cold head as integral parts of this structure. The external diameter of the hot head is smaller than that of the cold head. The hot head is attached to a primary piston body, and when it moves within the first cylinder, at least part of this body is received inside. The hot head has an external diameter larger than the cylinder portion, and its cylindrical external wall is fitted with compression rings designed to slide against the internal wall of the cylinder during2010 reciprocation.

[0249] In some embodiments, this machine may include additional components.Alongside the first piston with its hot and cold heads, there may be a second piston, which also features a hot head and a cold head. The second piston operates within a third cylinder portion, containing a second hot combustion chamber, and a fourth cylinder portion, housing a second 2015 cold air pump region. The first and second pistons are connected by a rigid swing arm, which rotates about an axis perpendicular to the plane in which the pistons reciprocate.

[0250] In some embodiments, the piston is designed with a curved shape, featuring a central axis that forms an arc. The first cylinder section may be similarly curved, allowing the hot head of the piston to move back and forth along a curved path within this section. Likewise, 2020 the second cylinder section may also be curved so that the cold head of the piston reciprocates along its own curved path.

[0251] The arrangement of the first and second cylinder sections is such that when the hot head of the piston moves inward into the first cylinder section, it compresses a combustible mixture in the hot combustion chamber. Simultaneously, the cold head of the piston moves 2025 outward in the second cylinder section, evacuating compressed air from the cold air pumpregion.

[0252] In some embodiments, the piston may be a unified, integral component with the hot head and cold head as distinct parts of this single structure. In some embodiments, the hot head and the cold head may be attached together to form a unified piston. Notably, the external 2030 diameter of the cold head is smaller than that of the hot head. The hot head is attached to a first piston body, which partially resides within the first cylinder section during the reciprocation process. The external diameter of the hot head exceeds that of the first cylinder section, and the cylindrical outer surface of the hot head is equipped with one or more compression rings. These rings are designed to contact the internal wall of the first cylinder section as the hot head moves 2035 back and forth.

[0253] In some embodiments, the piston described is referred to as the first piston, with its corresponding hot and cold heads being the first hot head and the first cold end, respectively. The system also includes a third cylinder section with a second hot combustion chamber and a fourth cylinder section with a second cold air pump region. A second piston, equipped with its 2040 own hot head and cold end, operates within these third and fourth sections.

[0254] The first and second pistons are interconnected by a swing arm, which is designed to rotate around an axis that is perpendicular to the plane in which the pistons reciprocate. This swing arm is one of two in the system, with a second swing arm connecting a third and fourth piston, both of which rotate in tandem with the first swing arm around the same 2045 axis. Furthermore, the machine incorporates a third and a fourth piston, connected by a second rigid swing arm, which also rotates about the same axis, ensuring synchronized movement across the system.

[0255] In some embodiments, the piston diameter in the region of the piston head is greater than the piston diameter of the remaining portion of the piston. This may reduce friction 2050 and permit escape of blowback gasses.

[0256] In some disclosed embodiments, the internal combustion engine consists of at least one cylinder with a uniform internal diameter along the axis of the piston's movement. Within this cylinder, there is at least one piston. This piston features a head portion with an external diameter that is slightly smaller than the constant internal diameter of the cylinder. 2055 Attached to this head portion is a carrier section, which has an even smaller external diameter.The difference between the carrier's external diameter and the cylinder's internal diameter creates a gap. Within this gap, a spacer is positioned, or rings designed specifically to reduce any rocking motion of the piston as it moves within the cylinder, ensuring smoother operation.

[0257] The piston head portion may be crafted from a different material than that of the 2060 carrier portion. These two components are joined together by at least one pin, with portions of this pin acting as spacers to minimize the rocking motion of the piston within the cylinder. The pin itself is made from a material distinct from both the piston head and the carrier portion. The ends of the pin serve as the rock-reducing spacers. Specifically, the piston head is made of steel, while the carrier portion is constructed from aluminum.2065

[0258] The engine also features a blowback outlet located on the cylinder wall, designed to evacuate gases from the gap between the piston components. An annular oil seal is attached to the end of the cylinder, ensuring that it maintains sliding contact with the external cylindrical surface of the carrier portion as the piston moves within the cylinder. The external cylindrical wall of the piston head is equipped with one or more compression rings, which are 2070 designed to slide against the internal wall of the cylinder during the piston's movement.

[0259] Only the compression rings, the rock-reducing spacer, and the annular seal contact the cylinder as the piston reciprocates. Additionally, the piston itself is curved, following an arc-shaped path as it moves within the cylinder. Correspondingly, the cylinder is also curved, allowing the piston to travel along this curved path during operation.2075

[0260] In some embodiments, a single piston unit simultaneously reciprocates in two separate cylinders. The machine includes a first cylinder and a second cylinder, with a clearance region separating them. In this machine, there is a piston unit composed of a first piston head positioned within the first cylinder and a second piston head situated in the second cylinder. These two piston heads are mechanically connected by a rigid connecting portion that spans the 2080 clearance region, ensuring that both piston heads move together in unison. Attached to this rigid connecting member is a power output linkage. This linkage is designed to transfer the mechanical power generated by the movement of either or both of the piston heads, allowing the machine to harness and utilize this power effectively.

[0261] The rigid connecting portion of the machine consists of a tubular structure that 2085 links the first piston head to the second piston head. The power output linkage is attached to this rigid connecting member at an intermediate point, allowing it to effectively transfer mechanical power.

[0262] In one configuration, the first cylinder forms the combustion chamber of a first internal combustion engine, while the second cylinder serves as the combustion chamber for a 2090 second internal combustion engine. Alternatively, the first cylinder may define the combustionchamber of an internal combustion engine, with the second cylinder acting as the compression chamber of an air pump. Another possibility is that both the first and second cylinders function as compression chambers for two separate air pumps. One or more air pumps may feed air into the one or more combustion chambers, essentially acting as a super charger.2095

[0263] Both the first and second cylinders are curved, with the first piston head moving along a curved path within the first cylinder and the second piston head doing the same within the second cylinder. Additionally, the machine includes a second piston unit, which features a third piston head within a third cylinder and a fourth piston head within a fourth cylinder. These two piston heads are also interconnected by another rigid connecting portion. The power output 2100 linkage connects the first and second piston units, ensuring coordinated operation and power transfer.

[0264] In some embodiments, to form a sufficient seal between a curved piston and a curved cylinder, the piston ring may have a non-uniform curvature. The piston ring is designed specifically for use in a curved cylinder combustion engine. It features a first outer edge portion 2105 that is curved in a particular way (e.g., first curvature) to align with the maximum curvature of the curved cylinder. On the opposite side, there is a second outer edge portion, curved differently (e.g., second curvature) to match the minimum curvature of the cylinder. Connecting these two outer edges, the piston ring includes a third outer edge portion on one side and a fourth outer edge portion on the other side, forming a complete ring that fits snugly within the curved 2110 cylinder.

[0265] The piston ring may be designed with the first outer edge portion having a different radius of curvature compared to the second outer edge portion. These two outer edge portions are positioned on opposite sides of the piston ring, spaced 180 degrees apart. The first outer edge portion is convex (looking down), while the second outer edge portion is concave 2115 (looking up), creating a variation in curvature across the outer surface of the ring from one edge to the other.

[0266] To help distinguish between these edges, the piston ring may feature an alignment mark near either the first or second outer edge portion. The third and fourth outer edges of the ring run parallel to each other, contributing to the overall structure. When installed 2120 on a curved piston, which is designed to move back and forth within a curved cylinder of the combustion engine, the first outer edge portion of the ring aligns with the top surface of the piston, and the second outer edge portion aligns with the bottom surface. The piston ring isspecifically designed for unidirectional assembly, ensuring it fits correctly on the curved piston. When viewed from a plane perpendicular to the first and second outer edges, the perimeter of 2125 the piston ring forms a circular shape.

[0267] In some embodiments, the piston ring is designed with two distinct outer edge portions, each having a different radius of curvature. In some embodiments, the first outer edge portion has a radius of curvature of approximately 202 mm, while the second outer edge portion has a radius of about 172 mm. Meanwhile, the overall outer diameter of the piston ring is around 2130 60 mm. These two outer edge portions are positioned on opposite sides of the piston ring, spaced 180 degrees apart. The first outer edge is convex, while the second outer edge is concave, creating a varying curvature along the outer surface of the ring. To help distinguish between these edges, an alignment mark is placed near the first outer edge portion.

[0268] The third and fourth outer edges of the piston ring may be parallel to each other, 2135 contributing to the ring's structural integrity. When installed on a curved piston within a curved cylinder combustion engine, the first outer edge portion of the ring is positioned on the top surface of the piston, while the second outer edge portion sits on the bottom surface. The piston ring is designed for unidirectional assembly, ensuring it fits correctly on the curved piston. Despite the varying curvatures, the perimeter of the piston ring forms a circular shape when 2140 viewed from a plane perpendicular to the first and second outer edges.

[0269] In some embodiments, in a disclosed machine with an arcuate engine geometry, at least two swing arms simultaneously counter-rotate at a prescribed timing. To avoid out-of- sync lag, a synchronization mechanism is employed.

[0270] The machine features a first curved combustion chamber with at least one 2145 curved piston that moves in an arc within this chamber. Similarly, there is a second curved combustion chamber housing at least one second curved piston, which also reciprocates in an arcing motion. Connected to the first curved piston is a first swing arm, designed to swing back and forth around an axis of rotation, with a movement of less than 180 degrees. The second curved piston is linked to a second swing arm, which also swings back and forth by less than 2150 180 degrees around the same axis, synchronized with the first swing arm. To ensure this coordination, a gear is positioned between the first and second swing arms, mechanically synchronizing their movements as they rotate together.

[0271] A gear in the machine may be designed so that when the first swing arm rotates in one direction around the axis of rotation, the second swing arm rotates in the opposite 2155 direction. Both swing arms rotate simultaneously, ensuring synchronized movement.

[0272] The central axes of the first curved piston and the second curved piston may be aligned in the same plane and equidistant from the axis of rotation. The first swing arm is attached to a first shaft, which rotates back and forth by less than 180 degrees along with the swing arm around the axis of rotation. Similarly, the second swing arm is connected to a second 2160 shaft that also rotates in the same manner. These two shafts share the same axis, and a bevel gear is used to mechanically connect them.

[0273] The first curved piston is attached to one end of the first swing arm, while the opposite end is connected to a third piston that moves in an arc within a curved cylinder. The axis of rotation is positioned between the two ends of the first swing arm. This curved cylinder 2165 may either be the second curved combustion chamber or a compression chamber of an air pump.

[0274] Similarly, the second curved piston is connected to one end of the second swing arm, with the opposite end attached to a fourth piston that also reciprocates within a curved cylinder. Again, the axis of rotation is located between the two ends of the second swing arm. The additional curved cylinder can function as a compression chamber for an air pump.2170

[0275] In conventional engines, a significant portion of fuel — up to 20% — is lost as waste in the exhaust. This inefficiency occurs because fuel injection timing is often not perfectly aligned with the optimal position of the pistons, leading to incomplete combustion. Some disclosed embodiments addresses this issue by incorporating a sophisticated rotation sensor that precisely detects when the pistons reach the exact position where fuel injection should occur. By 2175 ensuring that fuel is injected at the most effective moment, the engine achieves a more complete burn of the fuel. As a result, the disclosed engine significantly reduces fuel waste, leading to greater overall efficiency and improved performance. This innovation not only conserves fuel but also contributes to lower emissions and more environmentally friendly operation.

[0276] In some embodiments, the disclosed machine features a first curved combustion 2180 chamber, where at least one curved piston is designed to move in an arc within this chamber.Similarly, a second curved combustion chamber houses at least one second curved piston, which also reciprocates in an arcing motion. To ensure precise operation, the machine may be equipped with a first rotation sensor that detects the exact arcuate position of the first curved piston within the first combustion chamber and outputs a corresponding position signal. Likewise, a second2185 rotation sensor monitors the position of the second curved piston within the second combustion chamber and generates a second position signal.

[0277] These position signals are processed by a circuit that receives both the first and second signals. The circuit is responsible for triggering fuel injection into the first curved combustion chamber when the signals indicate that the first curved piston has reached its 2190 optimal ignition position. Similarly, the circuit triggers fuel injection into the second curved combustion chamber when the signals confirm that the second curved piston is in its injection ignition position. This coordinated system ensures that fuel is injected precisely when needed, optimizing combustion and enhancing the machine's overall efficiency.

[0278] The first ignition position may be defined as the point at which the first curved 2195 piston is located within the first curved combustion chamber when the exhaust port of that chamber is completely closed. Similarly, the second ignition position may correspond to the position of the second curved piston within the second curved combustion chamber when its exhaust port is fully closed.

[0279] Both the first and second rotation sensors used in this exemplary system may be 2200 Hall effect sensors, which accurately detect the position of the pistons. The first curved piston is connected to a first shaft, which rotates around a central axis, while the second curved piston is connected to a second shaft, also rotating around the same central axis. These two shafts are coaxial, sharing the same axis of rotation. At least one of the rotation sensors is attached to the first shaft, and in some configurations, both the first and second rotation sensors are coupled to 2205 this shaft. The central axes of the first and second curved pistons are aligned in the same plane and are equidistant from the axis of rotation, ensuring synchronized and efficient operation.

[0280] In some embodiments of the disclosed machine, the motor and generator are seamlessly integrated within a single housing, with both components connected via a shared, common shaft. This design allows for the efficient transfer of torque from the motor directly to 2210 the generator, optimizing the energy conversion process. By coupling the motor and generator on the same shaft, the system minimizes energy losses and ensures that the maximum amount of torque produced by the motor is effectively transmitted to the generator. This integrated setup not only enhances the overall efficiency but also contributes to a more compact and streamlined configuration, reducing the need for additional components and improving performance.2215

[0281] In some exemplary embodiments, a machine includes an internal combustion engine that features at least one piston housed within a cylinder. This piston is designed to moveback and forth along a specific travel path of a defined length within the cylinder. The machine also includes an electric generator, which includes a stator and a mover, with the mover designed to reciprocate relative to the stator. Connecting these components is a rotatable shaft 2220 that mechanically links the piston to the mover. As the piston moves back and forth within the cylinder, the shaft rotates back and forth around an axis. This rotational movement of the shaft is then transferred to the mover, causing it to reciprocate in sync with the piston's motion. This coordinated action effectively converts the linear movement of the piston into the reciprocating motion of the mover, driving the operation of the electric generator.2225

[0282] The back-and-forth motion of the mover is directly proportional to the predefined length of the piston's travel path within the cylinder. The cylinder itself is curved, guiding the piston along an arcuate, or curved, travel path, and the piston is likewise curved to fit this unique configuration. The electric generator in this machine can take on different forms depending on its design. If it is a rotary generator, the mover functions as a rotor, which 2230 undergoes reciprocating rotational motion. Alternatively, if the generator is a linear type, the mover is designed to move back and forth in a straight line.

[0283] The internal combustion engine is situated on a first plane, while the electric generator is positioned on a second plane parallel to the first. The shaft that connects them extends perpendicularly between these two planes, facilitating the transfer of motion.2235

[0284] In another configuration, the machine includes a second internal combustion engine, spaced apart from the first, with its own piston driving a second mover within the electric generator. These two movers are designed to reciprocate simultaneously but in opposite directions, creating a balanced and efficient system.

[0285] In certain embodiments of the disclosed machine, a pair of internal combustion 2240 engines and a pair of air pumps are strategically interconnected to enhance performance. The air pumps are designed to supercharge the engines by increasing the air intake pressure, thereby boosting the engines' power output and overall efficiency. In return, the engines are configured to drive the air pumps, supplying the mechanical energy needed for their operation. This symbiotic relationship creates a closed-loop system where the air pumps and engines mutually 2245 enhance each other's performance, resulting in a more powerful and efficient machine. This setup not only optimizes the combustion process within the engines but also ensures that the air pumps operate at their peak efficiency, contributing to the overall effectiveness of the machine.

[0286] Some exemplary machines include a first internal combustion engine chamber that houses a piston designed to move between a first expansion stroke and a first compression 2250 stroke. During the expansion stroke, this piston is connected to an air pump that compresses air as the piston moves. There is also a second internal combustion engine chamber containing a second piston, which similarly operates between a second expansion stroke and a second compression stroke. A conduit links the air pump to the second internal combustion chamber. This conduit is arranged in such a way that, during the first expansion stroke, the compressed air 2255 is delivered through the conduit to the second combustion chamber just before the second piston completes its compression stroke. This timing ensures that the second chamber receives the compressed air at the optimal moment for efficient combustion.

[0287] This exemplary machine features a first piston, which is curved and designed to move along an arcuate path between a first expansion stroke and a first compression stroke. 2260 Similarly, the second piston is also curved, following a second arcuate path between its own expansion and compression strokes. These two arcuate paths are coplanar, meaning they lie in the same plane and are equidistant from a shared central point.

[0288] The first internal combustion engine chamber of this exemplary embodiment is formed as a curved cylinder with a central axis that follows a curved path, and the second 2265 internal combustion engine chamber is similarly constructed with its own curved central axis.Both of these central axes are coplanar and equally spaced from a common center point, ensuring symmetry and balance in the machine's design.

[0289] The air pump associated with the first piston is just one of two; this exemplary machine also includes a second air pump connected to the second piston. This second air pump 2270 is configured to deliver compressed air to the first internal combustion engine chamber just before the first piston completes its compression stroke. Both air pumps feature curved compression chambers that match the overall design of the engine's curved components.

[0290] When the first internal combustion engine chamber shifts from the compression stroke to the expansion stroke, the associated air pump simultaneously compresses air. This air 2275 pump includes a compression chamber and a third piston that operates within it to compress air.Notably, the diameter of this compression chamber is larger than that of the first internal combustion engine chamber, allowing for greater air compression and efficiency in the overall system.

[0291] In some embodiments, the disclosed hybrid cycle electric generator integrates 2280 both combustion and electromagnetic systems to maximize efficiency and performance. The machine consists of a uniquely designed curved cylindrical combustion chamber. Within this chamber, a curved piston is housed, specifically shaped to match the chamber's curvature.During operation, this piston moves in a first direction along the chamber's curved path during the power stroke, which is the phase where fuel combustion occurs, generating mechanical 2285 energy.

[0292] Some exemplary embodiments include an electric generator, which is composed of a stator or two and a rotor. The stator is stationary and contains a series of electromagnetic coils, while the rotor, which moves relative to the stator, is equipped with several permanent magnets. These components work together to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy 2290 when the system is in operation.

[0293] In some exemplary embodiments, a machine includes a connector that links the curved piston to the electric generator. This connector ensures that the mechanical energy generated during the piston's power stroke is effectively transferred to the electric generator. After the power stroke, as the piston completes its movement in the first direction, the electric 2295 generator takes over. The magnetic forces generated by the interaction between the electromagnetic coils and the permanent magnets within the generator create a force that pulls the piston back in the opposite direction, initiating the return stroke.

[0294] This return stroke moves the piston in the second direction, opposite to the first, within the curved cylindrical combustion chamber. The integration of the magnetic forces to 2300 assist in the piston's return stroke not only enhances the efficiency of the machine but also reduces the reliance on traditional mechanical components, making the system more streamlined and effective in converting fuel into electricity. This innovative design combines the benefits of both combustion and electromagnetic technologies, creating a powerful and efficient hybrid electric generator.2305

[0295] The connector in this embodiment is designed so that when the curved piston moves in the first direction during its power stroke, it causes the rotor to move relative to the stator in a third direction. This movement of the rotor generates magnetic force when the rotor subsequently moves in a fourth direction, opposite to the third direction.

[0296] In some embodiments, the electric generator is configured in such a way that as 2310 the rotor moves in the third direction, a permanent magnet within the rotor shifts from a firstposition to a second position. When the rotor moves back in the fourth direction, the magnet returns from the second position to its original first position. The curved piston travels along a first arcuate path around a central axis, while the rotor follows a second arcuate path around the same axis, ensuring synchronized motion.2315

[0297] The connector between the piston and the generator in some embodiments includes a swing arm attached to the curved piston and a shaft connected to the rotor. Both the swing arm and the shaft are designed to oscillate back and forth around the central axis as the piston moves in its first and second directions. The shaft is oriented perpendicular to the swing arm, and together, they function as a unified system, moving in tandem.2320

[0298] In this setup, the curved cylindrical combustion chamber described is the first of its kind, housing a first curved piston and connected to a first rotor. The electric generator also includes a second curved cylindrical combustion chamber with a second curved piston, positioned circumferentially apart from the first chamber. The second chamber is linked to a second rotor. The combustion process in the first chamber drives the first rotor in the third 2325 direction, while combustion in the second chamber drives the second rotor in the fourth direction, opposite to the third. This counter-rotational design ensures balanced and efficient operation of the system.

[0299] In certain embodiments, the torque transmission components, such as swing arms (e g., first swing arm 310 and second swing arm 330 shown in Fig 3A) and shafts (e g., 2330 first shaft 350 and second shaft 370), are positioned radially inward relative to the pistons (e.g., pistons 320, 340, 360, and 380). The shafts extend axially along a common central axis 100, which serves as the rotational or oscillation axis for both the pistons and the rotors (see, for example, Figs. 3A and 3B). Each swing arm projects radially inward from its corresponding piston toward the central axis 100 and couples the piston to the shaft. In this configuration, 2335 oscillatory motion generated by a piston is transmitted to a rotor through an intermediate linkage including the swing arm and the shaft. This arrangement represents one example of a radial connection mechanism and is not intended to be limiting.

[0300] In certain embodiments, as illustrated in Figs. 8A through 8F, the connection between a piston and a rotor is achieved using an axially extending connector positioned 2340 substantially at the same radial location as the piston relative to the central axis 100. In this configuration, the connector provides a direct linkage between the piston and the rotor without requiring intermediate components such as swing arms or shafts for torque transfer. Forexample, connectors 840 and 860 couple pistons 340 and 360, which are arranged diametrically opposite each other, to rotor 510. Similarly, connectors 820 and 880 couple pistons 320 and 380, 2345 also positioned diametrically opposite each other, to rotor 520. Each connector extends axially along the central axis 100 from its respective piston to the corresponding rotor. For instance, connectors 840 and 860 extend from pistons 340 and 360 to rotor 510, while connectors 820 and 880 extend from pistons 320 and 380 to rotor 520.

[0301] As previously described, each piston may be configured as a dual -headed piston 2350 having two piston heads coupled to opposite ends of a carrier portion (see, for example, Fig.6A). The connectors attach to a central portion 960 of the carrier portion of the piston, thereby providing a robust and balanced connection point. For example, connector 860 is coupled to the central portion 960 of piston 360, connector 840 is coupled to the central portion of piston 340, and so forth. This arrangement ensures that axial forces are evenly distributed and that the 2355 oscillatory motion of the piston is efficiently transmitted to the rotor.

[0302] In some embodiments, the connectors may be positioned at substantially the same radial location as the pistons with respect to the central axis 100. However, it is contemplated that alternative configurations may position the axially extending connectors radially outward or radially inward relative to the pistons, depending on design considerations 2360 such as space constraints, load distribution, and manufacturing requirements..

[0303] In some previously discussed embodiments, the components responsible for transmitting torque between a piston and a rotor — such as swing arms (e.g., first swing arm 310 and second swing arm 330) and shafts (e g., first shaft 350 and second shaft 370) — are positioned radially inward relative to the pistons. In these configurations, each swing arm 2365 extends radially inward from its associated piston toward the central axis 100 and couples to an axially extending shaft. The shaft runs along the central axis and conveys the oscillatory motion of the piston to the rotor. This arrangement is referred in this disclosure as a radial connection mechanism because the torque transfer path includes a radial linkage (piston — swing arm — shaft — > rotor).2370

[0304] Conversely, in other embodiments, the torque transfer mechanism between a piston and a rotor is primarily axial. In such configurations, one set of connectors extends axially along the central axis 100 to couple a pair of combustion chamber pistons to a first generator rotor, while another set of connectors extends axially to couple a second pair of combustion chamber pistons to a different rotor. These connectors may be configured with an arc-like2375 geometry about the central axis to accommodate spatial constraints and optimize load distribution (see, for example, Fig. 8C). This axial arrangement eliminates intermediate radial components that transfer torque, enabling a more direct and efficient transfer of torque from the pistons to the rotors.

[0305] One difference between embodiments utilizing a radial connection mechanism 2380 and those employing an axial connection mechanism lies in the number of components required for torque transmission. Axial configurations generally incorporate fewer parts compared to radial configurations. This reduction in component count results in decreased overall weight and lower manufacturing costs. Furthermore, in axial embodiments, each connector provides a direct linkage between a piston and a rotor, thereby eliminating intermediate elements such as swing 2385 arms and shafts that are present in radial configurations. Consequently, torque and energy generated by the piston are transmitted directly to the rotor, minimizing mechanical losses and improving overall efficiency. This direct transfer path enhances performance by reducing frictional interfaces and simplifying the motion conversion process. In both radial and axial configurations, the pistons and rotors continue to oscillate back and forth about the central axis 2390 100 in the same manner previously described.

[0306] In some embodiments, a connector may be positioned either radially outward of the pistons or substantially at the same radial location as the pistons relative to the central axis 100. This connector extends axially from the piston to the corresponding rotor, thereby providing a direct torque transfer path. For example, as illustrated in Fig. 8B, a first connector 2395 820 connects a first dual-headed piston 320 — including an integrated pair of a combustion chamber piston and an air pump piston — to a first rotor 520, which may be configured as a lower rotor. Similarly, a second connector 840 connects a second dual-headed piston 340, also including an integrated pair of a combustion chamber piston and an air pump piston, to a second rotor 510, which may be configured as an upper rotor. In addition, a third connector 880, 2400 positioned diametrically opposite the first connector 820, connects a third dual-headed piston to the same rotor 520 as the first piston, thereby forming a balanced linkage. Likewise, a fourth connector 860, positioned diametrically opposite the second connector 840, connects a fourth dual -headed piston to the same rotor 510 as the second piston. This arrangement ensures that each rotor receives torque from a pair of diametrically opposed pistons, promoting balanced 2405 operation and reducing vibrational loads on the system..

[0307] In some embodiments that utilize axial connectors, the previously described swing arms 310, 330 may still be incorporated into the design to provide structural support andmaintain alignment of the pistons, as illustrated in Fig. 8E. For example, swing arm 310 couples an opposing pair of dual-headed pistons 320 and 380 to shaft 350, while swing arm 330 couples 2410 another opposing pair of dual-headed pistons 340 and 360 to shaft 370. These swing arms extend between the pistons and the central shaft and serve primarily as stabilizing elements rather than torque-transmitting components. In such configurations, the swing arms do not convey motion or torque from the pistons to the rotors. Instead, each swing arm is mounted on the shaft in a manner that permits free rotation or oscillation about the shaft without being 2415 rigidly fixed to it. This arrangement allows the swing arms to pivot or oscillate independently of the shaft, thereby preventing any transfer of motion between the two. In other words, the shaft and the swing arms are capable of oscillating relative to one another, ensuring that the swing arms function solely as structural supports while preserving the efficiency of the axial torque transfer mechanism.2420

[0308] Some embodiments include an electric generator. An electric generator may be understood as described and exemplified elsewhere in this disclosure. For example, electric generators 1000A and 1000B described with reference to Figs. 1A-1H and electric generator 2000 of Figs. 8A-8G are exemplary disclosed electric generators. In various embodiments, the electric generator may include or be associated with a rotatable shaft extending along an axis of 2425 rotation. A shaft refers to an elongated element (e.g., having a cylindrical or rod-like shape)..See, for example, shafts 350 and 370 of Figs. 3A and 8A. The shaft may serve as a support for rotating elements or a structure that spins a rotor. A rotatable shaft refers to a shaft that is capable of rotation. It does not require the shaft to be actively rotating. Instead, it only means that the shaft is capable of doing so when operated as intended. An axis of rotation may be 2430 understood as explained and exemplified previously. For example, central axis 100 of Figs. 3A and 8A is an axis of rotation along which the shafts 350, 370 extend.

[0309] A rotatable shaft extending along an axis of rotation may refer to a structural member, which may be cylindrical, that is capable of rotation and is elongated about an axis of rotation. The shaft may be elongated along its longitudinal axis. This axis of rotation may define 2435 the central line around which the shaft turns and serves as the primary reference for the rotational motion of associated components. In the embodiments described with reference to Figs. 2A-7F, the shaft may function as a torque-transmitting element, transferring rotational energy from a driving source, such as an internal combustion engine or electric motor, to a driven component, such as a rotor. In the embodiments described with reference to Figs. 8A-8H, 2440 the shaft does not transmit torque. Instead, it provides structural support and alignment forrotating elements mounted along its length, including bearings, gears, or rotors. The shaft may be solid or hollow to optimize strength and weight, and may be fabricated from metals, alloys, or composite materials suitable for high-load applications.

[0310] Although the shaft may be capable of rotating continuously through 360 2445 degrees, it may be arranged (or configured to) oscillate back and forth by less than 360 degrees in alternating directions in some embodiments. The shaft may be configured as a single piece or as multiple coaxial shafts sharing a common axis of rotation to accommodate complex generator architectures. The shafts may have different dimensions, profiles, and configurations, provided they are capable of performing the intended function.2450

[0311] Some disclosed embodiments may comprise a motor including an internal combustion engine. An internal combustion engine may be understood as described and exemplified previously. A motor refers to any device or assembly configured to convert energy from one form into mechanical motion. A motor may utilize various energy sources, including electrical energy, chemical energy, thermal energy, hydraulic energy, or pneumatic energy, to 2455 produce motion, e.g., rotation about an axis. The motor may be designed for continuous rotation, intermittent rotation, or oscillatory motion depending on the application. A motor may include structural and functional components such as housings, shafts, bearings, and control systems, as well as auxiliary systems for cooling, lubrication, and power regulation. Examples of motors include internal combustion engines, electric motors, hybrid motors, and other energy 2460 conversion devices. Motors may be of various sizes, configurations, and operating principles, provided they are capable of generating mechanical motion for driving associated components within a system.

[0312] A motor including an internal combustion engine may refer to a powergenerating assembly that converts chemical energy from fuel into mechanical motion, e.g., 2465 rotational motion, through controlled combustion processes. In some embodiments, the motor includes an internal combustion engine (see, e.g., engines 220, 240 of Fig. 8E) having one or more cylinders in which a fuel-air mixture is ignited to produce high-pressure gases. These gases drive pistons or similar reciprocating components, which in turn impart torque connector or connecting element. The internal combustion engine may operate on various fuel types, such as 2470 gasoline, diesel, hydrogen, natural gas, or alternative fuels, and may employ different combustion cycles, including two-stroke, four-stroke, or rotary configurations. The motor may also incorporate auxiliary systems such as intake and exhaust manifolds, cooling systems, lubrication systems, and ignition or fuel injection mechanisms to ensure efficient operation. Insome embodiments, the motor may be integrated with additional components, such as 2475 connectors or couplings, to transmit oscillatory or continuous rotational motion to a generator rotor. The motor may encompass engines of various sizes, orientations, and configurations, provided they are capable of generating mechanical power for driving associated components within the system.

[0313] By way of an example, Figs. 1G through IE, depict the combustion section 200 2480 of an electric machine that includes two internal combustion engines — a first engine 220 and a second engine 240, each paired with an air pump, and circumferentially spaced apart and arranged in a circular configuration around an axis of rotation 100.

[0314] Some embodiments may include a rotor coupled to the rotatable shaft. A rotor may be understood as described and exemplified previously. The term coupled refers to any 2485 form of association, connection, or linkage between two or more components such that they interact or cooperate to perform a function. This coupling may be direct (e.g., physical attachment) or indirect (e.g., through intermediate elements, mechanisms, or systems). Coupling can include rigid connections, flexible connections, or connections that allow relative movement, such as rotational, translational, or oscillatory motion. For example, two components 2490 may be coupled together such that the components can move (e.g., rotate) relative to each other.

[0315] A rotor coupled to the rotatable shaft refers to a rotatable component mechanically associated with a shaft in such a way that the rotor and the shaft share a functional relationship. As used herein, the coupling may be direct or indirect and can include various mechanical arrangements such as keyed connections, splines, couplings, bearings, or other 2495 linkage mechanisms. As used herein, the rotor may be configured to rotate in response to the shaft’s motion, rotate independent of the shaft, or remain stationary relative to the shaft depending on the design and operational requirements. For example, in some embodiments, the rotor and the shaft may be rigidly coupled such that rotation of the shaft imparts corresponding rotation or oscillation to the rotor about a common axis of rotation. In other embodiments, the 2500 rotor may be mounted on the shaft in a manner that allows the shaft to rotate freely without transmitting motion to the rotor, such as when the rotor is supported by bearings or when the coupling is designed for selective engagement.

[0316] The rotor may serve various functional roles, including generating electrical energy when interacting with a stator, providing mechanical work, or acting as a structural 2505 component within a larger assembly. The rotor may include additional elements such aspermanent magnets, windings, or blades, and may be configured for continuous rotation or oscillatory motion. The rotor may be of different shapes, sizes, and configurations, including single-piece rotors, segmented rotors, and rotors arranged for axial or radial flux systems. The coupling mechanism may also allow relative movement between the rotor and the shaft for 2510 purposes such as damping, alignment, or controlled engagement, thereby providing flexibility in design and operation.

[0317] By way of an example, Figs. 7A-7D illustrates two rotors 510 and 520. Each of these rotors 510, 520 may be coupled to one of the two rotatable shafts 350, 370 that extend along the axis of rotation 100 (see Fig. 8A). For example, rotor 510 may be rotatably coupled to 2515 shaft 350 and rotor 520 may be rotatably coupled to shaft 370, or vice versa.

[0318] Some embodiments may include a plurality of permanent magnets connected to the rotor. Permanent magnets may be understood as described and exemplified previously. See, e.g., permanent magnets 512 connected to rotor 520 in Fig. 8C. As used herein, “connected” broadly refers to any form of physical, structural, or operational association between two or 2520 more components. Components that are “connected” may be in direct physical contact or may be indirectly connected through one or more intermediate parts, structures, interfaces, materials, or fasteners. The connection may be permanent or removable, rigid or flexible, fixed or adjustable. Importantly, unless indicated otherwise, connected does not require the ability to transfer of force, motion, torque, or energy between the associated components. Rather, it simply denotes 2525 that the components are linked, joined, or otherwise arranged so that they are part of the same system, assembly, or structure.

[0319] Some embodiments may include a connector connecting the internal combustion engine to the rotor and configured to alternately rotate the rotor in opposite directions about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in each of the opposite directions.2530 As used herein, a connector refers to any component, element, or structure that provides a link, interface, or association between two or more components or parts of the system. A connector may establish a mechanical or structural relationship between the components it connects. The connector may be a single, unitary piece or may be formed from multiple interconnected parts, and it may be rigid, flexible, articulating, deformable, segmented, curved, linear, or otherwise 2535 shaped to accommodate system requirements. A connector may be configured to transmit forces, torque, motion, or energy between components. It may also maintain spatial alignment, support, or positional stability between components. A connector may join components directly or indirectly through intermediate structures and may provide permanent, semi-permanent, orremovable attachment. In some cases, the connector may also be configured to permit or 2540 accommodate relative movement — such as rotation, oscillation, or translation — between the components it connects. The term connector is intended to cover any structure capable of forming a linking relationship between components, regardless of specific geometry, material composition, or attachment technique, unless expressly limited otherwise.

[0320] In the present context, “alternately rotate” refers to rotational movement in 2545 which a component — such as the rotor — is driven to rotate back and forth about an axis between two rotational directions. Alternating rotation involves sequential motion in a first rotational direction followed by motion in an opposite rotational direction, typically over a limited angular range. The rotation in each direction may be equal or unequal in magnitude and may be less than 360 degrees, exactly 360 degrees, or more than 360 degrees unless expressly limited otherwise.2550

[0321] The alternating motion may be continuous, periodic, intermittent, oscillatory, reciprocating, or driven according to a programmed or variable pattern. This motion may be produced by any suitable actuator, including a motor, internal combustion engine, linkage system, or electromechanical device. Alternating rotation does not require that the component complete a full revolution; instead, the component may oscillate through small or large angles 2555 depending on the application. The alternating rotational movement may be used to generate electrical energy, actuate mechanical components, modulate torque transfer, or synchronize system operation. This configuration encompasses any arrangement in which rotary motion reverses direction at least once, regardless of angle, speed, amplitude, frequency, or specific mechanism used to initiate or control the back-and-forth motion.2560

[0322] As used herein, the phrase a connector connecting the internal combustion engine to the rotor and configured to alternately rotate the rotor in opposite directions about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in each of the opposite directions broadly refers to a component or assembly that provides a mechanical or functional linkage between the internal combustion engine and the rotor and is designed to impart back-and-forth rotational motion to 2565 the rotor. The connector may be any structure capable of transmitting motion, torque, or oscillatory forces, including but not limited to rods, arms, linkages, shafts, couplers, or combinations thereof. The connector extends between the engine and the rotor in a manner that enables the cyclical or alternating rotation of the rotor in both rotational directions about the axis of rotation, with each rotation in either direction being limited to an angular displacement of less 2570 than one full revolution. The alternating rotation may result from reciprocating motion of apiston, an oscillating crank mechanism, a curved or linear piston assembly, or any other motion-producing element of the internal combustion engine.

[0323] In some embodiments, the connector converts linear or curved reciprocating piston motion into rotational oscillation of the rotor. In other embodiments, the connector may 2575 act directly on the rotor, applying torque first in a forward direction and then in a reverse direction during each engine cycle. The connector may also incorporate joints, pivots, bearings, curved paths, or compliant elements to accommodate angular motion, structural loads, or displacement constraints. The connector may be configured to operate over a wide range of oscillation angles and frequencies and may produce equal or unequal angular displacement in 2580 each direction. The connector may be rigid, flexible, segmented, arcuate, or otherwise shaped to follow an axial, radial, or helical path relative to the axis of rotation.

[0324] Broadly, a connector that converts non-rotational motion to rotational oscillations encompasses any mechanism that establishes a functional relationship between the internal combustion engine and the rotor such that the engine’s cyclic output causes the rotor to 2585 rotate alternately in opposing rotational directions by less than 360 degrees, regardless of the specific geometry, mechanical arrangement, coupling style, or conversion mechanism used.

[0325] By way of an example, with reference to Fig. 8A-8E, one internal combustion engine 240 is connected to rotor 510 by connector 840, and another internal combustion engine 220 is connected to rotor 520 by a connector 820. As pistons reciprocate in the combustion 2590 chambers of these engines back and forth about the axis of rotation 100, the connector connecting these pistons to the rotors, alternately rotate these rotor in opposite directions about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in each of the opposite directions.

[0326] In some embodiments, the connector extends axially along the axis of rotation and is radially spaced apart from the rotatable shaft. Extending axially along the axis of rotation 2595 indicates that a component (e.g., the connector) is arranged, oriented, or positioned so that it follows, parallels, or generally aligns with the axis of rotation. A connector that “extends axially” may run wholly or partially in the axial direction and may span the full length or only a portion of the axial distance between two points. The component need not be perfectly linear, coaxial, or colinear with the axis of rotation; it may be straight, curved, segmented, offset, or 2600 follow an arcuate, helical, or otherwise non-linear path, provided it generally extends in the direction of the axis.

[0327] Importantly, axially extending does not require direct overlap with the axis of rotation. The component may be radially spaced apart from the axis while still being considered as extending axially, so long as its primary orientation or projection is generally parallel to the 2605 axis. The term encompasses structures that are rigid or flexible, continuous or discontinuous, and single-piece or multi-part assemblies. Additionally, the connector may extend axially even if it also has radial, circumferential, or other directional components to its geometry or function. Accordingly, the phrase extends axially along the axis of rotation is intended to cover all structures whose orientation generally follows or corresponds to the axial direction of the 2610 rotational axis, regardless of specific shape, offset, curvature, or degree of alignment, unless expressly restricted otherwise.

[0328] Radially spaced apart refers to two or more components that are positioned at different radial distances from a common central axis, such that each component occupies its own distinct radial location with respect to that axis. The term is intended to convey separation 2615 in the radial direction only, without imposing any requirement for angular separation, equal spacing, concentricity, circular geometry, or uniform distribution. In other words, components are “radially spaced apart” when they are not located at the same radius, regardless of whether they align along the same or different angular positions. This terminology is used broadly to encompass a wide range of structural arrangements and should not be construed as limiting 2620 unless expressly specified otherwise. A connector that is radially spaced apart from the rotatable shaft indicates that the connector is positioned at a distance away from the shaft in the outward radial direction, rather than being in contact with the shaft or mounted directly on its surface. In other words, the connector occupies a location that is offset from the shaft along a line extending outward from the shaft’s central axis 100 (see, e.g., Fig. 8A), leaving a gap or clearance R (see 2625 Figs. 8A and 8C) between the two components. The specific value of the clearance will depend on the application (e.g., the size of the generator, etc.). However, in some embodiments, the value of R may vary between 3-18 inches (preferably between 6-12 inches) based on engine volume and consideration like torque vs frequency. For example, smaller values of R will result in a higher frequency and larger values of R will result in a greater torque.2630

[0329] A connector that extends axially along the axis of rotation and is radially spaced apart from the rotatable shaft may mean that the connector runs generally in the same longitudinal direction as the axis, but it does not lie directly on that axis. Instead, the connector is positioned at a radial offset — i.e., at a perpendicular distance away from the axis — such that the connector follows the axis’s lengthwise direction while remaining physically separated from2635 it in the radial direction. This language indicates only that the connector and the axis of rotation share an axial orientation, while the connector occupies a different radial position, and does not impose any particular constraint on how far apart they are or require any specific geometry beyond that radial separation.

[0330] Some embodiments include a stator having at least one electromagnetic coil 2640 spaced from the permanent magnets such that when the rotor rotates by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions, electrical energy is generated. A stator is the stationary, non-moving part of an electric machine — such as a motor or generator — that provides the magnetic environment needed for the machine to operate. It is positioned adjacent to a moving rotor and contains, for example, iron cores and windings arranged so that when electricity flows through them, they 2645 produce a magnetic field. In a generator, this magnetic field is what the rotor moves against to create electricity; in a motor, it provides the magnetic forces that cause the rotor to turn.

[0331] Electromagnetic coils are coils of conductive wire (e.g., copperjwound into spirals or loops that generate a magnetic field when an electric current passes through them. The strength and behavior of the magnetic field can be controlled by adjusting factors such as the 2650 number of wire turns or the level of current. Electrical energy may be understood as explained and exemplified previously.

[0332] A stator including at least one electromagnetic coil spaced from the permanent magnets such that when the rotor rotates by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions, electrical energy is generated may mean that the stator carries one or more electromagnetic coils 2655 positioned at a distance from the permanent magnets mounted on the rotor, rather than being in direct contact with them. This spacing allows a magnetic field interaction to occur across the gap between the coils and the magnets. As the rotor oscillates — moving back and forth through an angular range that is less than a full revolution — the changing relative positions of the magnets and coils induce variations in magnetic flux through the coils. These flux changes are sufficient 2660 to generate electrical energy even though the rotor does not complete a full 360-degree rotation, relying instead on repeated, partial-rotation motion in opposite directions to produce the necessary electromagnetic induction.

[0333] By way of example only, Figs. 7A and 7B depict a stator 600 having multiple stator cores arranged circumferentially about the axis of rotation 100. Each stator core carries an 2665 electromagnetic coil 612, which facilitates electromagnetic interaction with permanent magnets mounted on the adjacent rotors. During operation, each of the rotors — 510 and 520 — undergoesoscillatory rotation about the axis of rotation 100. For instance, the first rotor 510 may pivot from one stator core to the next and then reverse direction to return to its initial position. This reciprocating angular motion is mirrored by the second rotor 520, which moves in the opposite 2670 direction in a synchronized fashion. As the rotors sweep through these angular intervals, the electromagnetic coils 612 wound around the stator cores induce electrical energy, thereby converting the mechanical oscillation into usable power.

[0334] In some embodiments, the rotor is configured to rotate in one direction about the axis of rotation by a first angle and then rotate in an opposite direction by the first angle. 2675 This means that the rotor does not spin continuously in a single direction but instead oscillates back and forth around the same rotational axis (e.g., central axis 100). In this context, the term “first angle” does not mean a specific, predetermined numerical value. Rather, it functions as a label that this disclosure uses to identify a particular angular magnitude — whatever that magnitude may be — so that the same magnitude can be referenced consistently throughout. The 2680 first angle could be 5°, 20°, 30°, 60°, 70° or any other value chosen by the designer. In some embodiments, the first angle is less than 45°. Limiting the angular displacement to a value, for example, less than 45° may reduce mechanical stress, minimize frictional losses, and allow for rapid oscillatory cycles, thereby increasing the frequency of electrical energy generation.

[0335] In operation, the rotor (e.g., rotors 510, 520) turns through a predefined angular 2685 distance in one rotational direction (e.g., an angle < 45°), stops, and then reverses to rotate the same or similar angular distance back in the opposite direction. This back-and-forth motion creates a controlled, repeatable oscillatory rotation rather than full 360-degree rotation. This back-and-forth oscillation may be synchronized with the reciprocating motion of a piston within the internal combustion engine, allowing direct mechanical coupling and improved energy 2690 transfer.

[0336] In some embodiments, the stator includes a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged the axis of rotation, and the first angle is substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by a number of stator cores in the plurality of stator cores. A stator core refers to the structural, typically ferromagnetic body within the stator that provides the magnetic pathway for flux and 2695 supports the stator windings. In an electric machine, the stator core is the metal component (e.g., laminated steel) that forms the stationary magnetic circuit. Coils or windings are placed around or within this core, and when energized, they generate magnetic fields that interact with the rotor. The core’s role is to efficiently channel magnetic flux, minimize losses, and provide mechanical rigidity for the stator assembly. It is distinct from the windings themselves: the core2700 is the metal framework, while the windings are the conductive coils that produce the electromagnetic effect.

[0337] In this context, annularly arranged means that the plurality of stator cores are positioned in a ring-like pattern around a central axis (e.g., central axis 100). In other words, the cores are distributed circumferentially so that each one occupies a location along an imaginary 2705 circular path surrounding the axis of rotation (central axis 100). This arrangement forms an annulus — essentially a circle or ring — ensuring that the cores are evenly or intentionally spaced around that axis for functional, geometric, or electromagnetic interaction.

[0338] Substantially equal to 360 degrees means that the value is intended to approximate 360 degrees closely, but not necessarily match it with mathematical exactness. The 2710 term “substantially” signals that minor deviation from the ideal or theoretical value is acceptable and expected. In engineering contexts, especially those involving rotating machinery, electromagnetic assemblies, or precision mechanical structures, perfect angular conformity is often unattainable due to real-world limitations (e g., manufacturing variations, tolerances, etc.). Thus, “substantially equal to 360 degrees” covers variations that still allow the system to 2715 perform its intended function in essentially the same way as if the angle were exactly 360 degrees.

[0339] The stator may include a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged about the axis of rotation. The first angle may be substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by a number of stator cores in the plurality of stator cores describes a geometric relationship between the 2720 rotor’s oscillatory motion and the physical layout of the stator. The stator cores are positioned in a circular ring around the central rotational axis (central axis 100), with each core occupying a defined angular segment of that 360-degree circle. The first angle is substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by the total number of stator cores indicates that the rotor is designed to move through an angular span corresponding to exactly one stator-core interval. In practical terms, the 2725 rotor swings from a position aligned with one stator core to a position aligned with the next adjacent core. This relationship ensures consistent electromagnetic interaction between the rotor’s magnetic elements and the stator cores, supports predictable oscillatory behavior, and ties the mechanical travel of the rotor directly to the structural periodicity of the stator.

[0340] In some embodiments, the rotor is a first rotor, the shaft is a first shaft, and the 2730 connector is a first connector. The term “first” in first rotor, first shaft, and first connector serves a purely labeling function: it identifies one element so it can be distinguished from anothersimilar element — typically a “second” rotor, “second” shaft, or “second” connector. Importantly, it does not mean that these components are special, primary, or superior in any technical sense. In some embodiments, the electric generator further includes a second rotor coupled to a second 2735 shaft. “Second” rotor and “second” shaft refer to a rotor and a shaft that are distinct from the first rotor and the first shaft respectively.

[0341] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, a second shaft may be concentric with the first shaft and may have a common axis of rotation as the first shaft. In this context, concentric means that the first and second shafts have common center or central axis. When first 2740 and second shafts are concentric, one is arranged around the other in such a way that — even if their diameters, sizes, or shapes differ — they are aligned about the same geometric center. This describes a relationship of geometric symmetry rather than physical contact: the elements may be spaced apart, nested, or separated by intervening components, as long as they remain centered on the same point or axis. Common axis of rotation means that the two shafts, the first and 2745 second shafts, have the same axis of rotation.

[0342] When two shafts are described as concentric and as having a common axis of rotation, it means that both shafts are aligned around the same central rotational line (e.g., central axis 100). Even though the shafts may be separate physical components — such as shafts 350 and 370 — they are positioned so that their geometric centers lie along the very same straight 2750 axis (e.g., central axis 100) in space. Because they share this common axis, any rotation of either shaft occurs about the same imaginary line, ensuring that both shafts turn around the same center regardless of their relative orientation, spacing, or function. This relationship does not require the shafts to touch, be the same diameter, or rotate in the same direction or at the same speed. For example, they may be independently rotatable and one shaft may rotate in one direction 2755 while the other shaft rotates in the other direction.

[0343] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, the second rotor may be spaced apart from the first rotor and configured to alternately rotate about the common axis of rotation in the opposite directions by less than 360 degrees. In this context, spaced apart means that the two rotors are physically separated from one another by a distance, rather than being in direct 2760 contact or occupying the same physical location. The separation can occur along the axis of rotation (central axis 100), radially outward from the axis, or in another defined spatial direction, depending on the configuration. Spaced apart refers to there being a physical clearance between the two rotors — sufficient to allow independent movement, prevent interference, and accommodate structural or magnetic design constraints.2765

[0344] In other words, in addition to a first shaft, first rotor, and a first connector, the electric generator includes a distinct second rotor coupled to a second shaft, where the second shaft is arranged concentrically with the first shaft so that both shafts share the same axis of rotation, even though they are physically distinct parts. The second rotor being spaced apart from the first rotor may mean that it is physically separated by a distance sufficient to allow 2770 independent rotation without mechanical interference. The second rotor is additionally configured to oscillate, rather than fully spin, by alternately rotating in opposite directions about the common axis through angular segments of less than 360 degrees. Altogether, this defines a system in which two separate rotor-shaft assemblies are aligned along a shared rotational axis, separated in space, and capable of complementary oscillatory motion.2775

[0345] By way of example only, Figs. 7E and 7F illustrate an arrangement in which the two rotors 510 and 520 are positioned axially apart along the axis of rotation 100, with each rotor located at opposite axial ends of the stator 600. In contrast, Figs. 7C and 7D show an embodiment where both rotors 510 and 520 are radially spaced from one another and situated on the same side of the common stator 600, specifically radially inward of the stator. In some 2780 embodiments, both rotors 510 and 520 may instead be radially spaced apart and positioned radially outward of the common stator 600. Regardless of whether the two rotors are arranged with radial spacing or axial spacing, rotors 510 and 520 execute synchronized oscillatory motion about the axis of rotation 100. This motion involves each rotor 510 and 520 rotating or oscillating back and forth within a limited angular interval rather than completing full 2785 revolutions. For example, the first rotor 510 may move from a position aligned with a first stator core to a position aligned with an adjacent stator core and then reverse direction to return to its initial alignment. This reciprocal angular movement is mirrored by the second rotor 520, which simultaneously oscillates in the opposite direction, maintaining synchronized operation with the first rotor.2790

[0346] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, a first rotor and a second rotor are configured to simultaneously rotate about a common axis of rotation in opposite directions. In this context, simultaneously rotate means that two components — the first and second rotors — are configured to rotate at the same time, during the same period of operation, rather than sequentially or in separate phases. Unless expressly stated, the rotation need not occur at the 2795 same speed, with the same angular displacement, or even in the same direction; rather, simultaneously refers to both rotating elements being active concurrently, at least during some portion of their movement cycles. For example, two rotors may rotate concurrently but inopposite directions, or may rotate through different angular segments, yet their rotational movements overlap in time. The term does not impose any requirement for perfect2800 synchronization, identical timing, or mechanical coupling beyond the fact that their rotational motion occurs during overlapping intervals while the machine is operating.

[0347] That the first rotor and the second rotor are configured to simultaneously rotate about the common axis of rotation in opposite directions may describe an arrangement in which the first rotor and the second rotor are both designed to rotate at the same time around the same 2805 central axis — the shared or common axis of rotation 100 — but to do so in opposite rotational directions. In practical terms, the rotors are aligned concentrically so that they turn about the same geometric axis, yet one rotates clockwise while the other rotates counterclockwise during overlapping periods of operation. This configuration enables coordinated, counter-rotating behavior that can enhance dynamic balance, torque generation, or electromagnetic coupling, 2810 depending on the embodiment.

[0348] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, an internal combustion engine is a first internal combustion engine configured to rotate the first rotor about the common axis of rotation in a first direction, and the second shaft is coupled to a second internal combustion engine configured to simultaneously rotate the second rotor about the common axis of rotation 2815 in a second direction opposite to the first direction. This describes a system that employs two separate internal combustion engines, each coupled to a different shaft and configured to rotate a different rotor in an opposite direction while both shafts share a common axis of rotation.

[0349] In other words, some disclosed embodiments include a dual-engine arrangement where each engine independently drives its own rotor assembly, but both assemblies are 2820 arranged concentrically so that they rotate about the same geometric axis. When the system is operating, both internal combustion engines produce rotational motion at the same time, with each driving its corresponding rotor in a direction counter to the other. This structure enables counter-rotating motion that can balance mechanical forces, enhance torque characteristics, or improve the electromagnetic interaction with a shared stator.2825

[0350] In some embodiments, a first shaft may be configured to rotate independent of a first rotor and a second shaft may be configured to rotate independent of a second rotor. This means that each shaft and its corresponding rotor are not required to move as a single, rigidly tied unit. Instead, the first shaft may be capable of rotating without causing rotation of the first rotor, and likewise the second shaft may be capable of rotating without causing rotation of the2830 second rotor. In other words, although each rotor is coupled to its respective shaft, this coupling does not mandate rotational dependence. The design may include bearings or other mechanisms that allow a shaft to turn while the rotor remains stationary or moves differently.

[0351] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, a second connector connects a second internal combustion engine to a second rotor, a second connector being spaced apart 2835 from a first connector and extending axially along a common axis of rotation, and wherein the second connector is configured to alternately rotate the second rotor in first and second directions. The second connector may function as the mechanical linkage through which the second internal combustion engine drives the second rotor, while also defining its physical arrangement and the nature of the motion it imparts. A second connector connects the second 2840 internal combustion engine to the second rotor indicates that this connector provides the mechanical coupling needed for torque generated by the second internal combustion engine to be transmitted to the second rotor.

[0352] The second connector spaced apart from the first connector indicates that it is physically separated — whether by axial distance, radial offset, or intervening structure — from 2845 the first connector used to drive the first rotor. This ensures that the two connectors do not interfere with each other, and that each can independently transmit motion from its respective engine to its respective rotor.

[0353] By way of example only, in some embodiments, as illustrated in, for example, Fig. 8B and 8C, the connectors 820, 840, 860, and 880 are spaced apart from each other. In this 2850 illustrated embodiment, the connectors are radially spaced apart from each other and the axis of rotation. In some embodiments, the connectors 820, 840, 860, and 880 may be equally spaced from, and symmetrically arranged about, the axis of rotation 100.

[0354] The second connector extends axially along the common axis of rotation, indicating that this connector is arranged lengthwise along the same central axis 100 shared by 2855 both the first and second shafts and rotors. This axial orientation may provide efficient, directed torque transmission from the second engine to the second rotor, while also permitting the compact stacking of multiple rotating components around a shared axis.

[0355] In some embodiments, the first and the second connectors are curved about the common axis of rotation. In this context, “curved about” an axis means that the first and second 2860 connectors are shaped so that its curvature follows, surrounds, or is arranged around the referenced axis (the common axis or rotation). For example, as best seen in Fig. 8C and 8D, theconnectors (e.g., connectors 820, 840, 860, and 880) have an arc-like shape in a plane perpendicular to the common axis (central axis 100). In other words, instead of being straight (linear or planar) in this plane, the component has an arcuate, bowed, or partially circular 2865 geometry, where the center of that curvature is the common axis of rotation 100. Curved about an axis may indicate that at least a portion of the connector traces a path that is arcuate, partially circular, or otherwise conforms to a curved trajectory centered on the common axis of rotation. This curvature may allow the connectors to follow the geometry of surrounding elements — such as curved cylinders or curved pistons of the internal combustion engines — and to transmit 2870 motion efficiently while maintaining compactness around the axis.

[0356] Both connectors being curved about the same common axis of rotation may indicate that these connectors are geometrically coordinated so that their curves share a common center. This may provide balanced forces, reduce mechanical interference, and maintain alignment with curved cylinders and curved pistons. This encompasses a design in which both 2875 connectors have curvature intentionally matched to the geometry of the machine, enabling them to operate harmoniously around the same rotational center and facilitating the desired transmission of motion to their respective rotors.

[0357] In some embodiments, first and second connectors are configured to oscillate back-and-forth about a common axis of rotation. For example, the first connector may oscillate 2880 back-and-forth about the central axis 100 to transmit motion from the first internal combustion engine to the first rotor, and the second connector may oscillate back-and-forth about the central axis 100 to transmit motion from the second internal combustion engine to the second rotor. Oscillate back-and-forth means that the connector alternately rotates about the common axis of rotation in the opposite directions by less than 360 degrees — that is, rotation back-and-forth 2885 about the common axis through limited angular displacement.

[0358] First and second connectors configured to oscillate back-and-forth about the common axis of rotation may indicate that each connector is designed to alternately rotate in a first rotational direction and then in the opposite direction, with the magnitude of each rotational sweep being less than a full revolution (less than 360 degrees). This oscillatory motion allows 2890 the connectors to convert (curved) reciprocating or cyclic motion produced by the internal combustion engines into a corresponding alternating rotational motion that is transmitted to their respective rotors. The example clarifies that the first connector oscillates about the central axis to transmit the alternating drive forces from the first internal combustion engine to the first rotor, and the second connector performs the same function for the second rotor. In practical terms,2895 this back-and-forth rotation allows the system to synchronize or coordinate engine-driven oscillatory strokes with rotor oscillations, enables opposed-direction operation, and supports embodiments where the rotors generate electrical energy through alternating angular motion rather than continuous spinning.

[0359] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, a first internal combustion engine 2900 includes a first curved cylinder having a first curved central axis that extends about a common axis of rotation and a first curved piston configured to reciprocate in the first curved cylinder along a first curved central axis, and a second internal combustion engine includes a second curved cylinder having a second curved central axis that extends about the common axis of rotation and a second curved piston configured to reciprocate in the second curved cylinder 2905 along the second curved central axis. This indicates that the internal combustion engines have cylinders and pistons that are not straight, but curved, and whose curvature is arranged about the common axis of rotation shared by the generator components. The first internal combustion engine includes a first curved cylinder having a first curved central axis that extends about the common axis of rotation means that the geometry of the first cylinder is bent or arcuate in a 2910 manner that partially surrounds, follows, or wraps around the central rotational axis of the machine. The first curved central axis is the path through the middle of this curved cylinder, and because this axis “extends about” the common axis of rotation, the cylinder’s shape is arranged along an arc whose center is aligned with the machine’s primary rotational axis. The first curved piston is shaped and constrained to move — or reciprocate — within this curved cylinder along 2915 that same curved central axis, thereby producing reciprocating motion that follows the arc of the cylinder rather than a straight line.

[0360] The second internal combustion engine has a corresponding architecture: a second curved cylinder, also having its own curved central axis that “extends about” the same common axis of rotation, and a second curved piston configured to reciprocate along that curved 2920 axis. This establishes that both engines employ curved reciprocating chambers arranged around the same central axis, but each with its own dedicated curved cylinder-and-piston pair. Because the pistons travel along curved paths centered on the common axis, their reciprocating motion can be efficiently coupled to rotors through oscillatory connectors that also move about that axis. This configuration encompasses any configuration in which two (or more) separate internal 2925 combustion engines include curved combustion chambers whose geometry conforms to arcs around a shared axis, with correspondingly curved pistons that follow those arcs during operation.

[0361] By way of example, and with reference to Figs. 1 A-1F, 2A-2B, and 3A-3B, the depicted electric generator incorporates internal combustion engines 220 and 240, each equipped 2930 with curved cylinders and corresponding curved pistons. These pistons are configured to reciprocate along respective curved central axes that extend around a shared axis of rotation 100. For instance, piston 320 includes piston heads 232 and 254, which reciprocate within combustion chambers 230 and 250 of engines 220 and 240, respectively. Similarly, piston 340 includes piston heads 252 and 294, which reciprocate within combustion chamber 250 of 2935 engine 240 and compression chamber 290 of air pump 280. As piston 320 advances along its curved trajectory, it drives the associated rotor to oscillate in synchrony about the shared axis of rotation 100. Likewise, piston 340 imparts a mirrored, synchronized oscillatory motion to its corresponding rotor.

[0362] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, torque between a first piston and 2940 a first rotor is transferred via a first connector, and torque between a second piston and a second rotor is transferred via the second connector. Torque refers to a rotational force — that is, the tendency of a force applied to an object to cause that object to rotate about an axis. In mechanical systems, torque represents the turning effect produced when a force acts at a distance (a moment arm) from a pivot or rotational center. The greater the force applied, or the 2945 longer the moment arm through which it acts, the larger the resulting torque. Torque is often described as the rotational counterpart to linear force, and it underlies how shafts, rotors, engines, and other rotational components generate, resist, or transmit motion. In the present context, when the first piston reaches its power stroke, combustion pressure pushes the curved piston along its curved cylinder. Because the piston’s range of action is offset from the common 2950 axis of rotation, this force produces torque — a turning moment — about that axis. The first connector engages with the piston at a point spaced radially from the axis, so the torque generated by the piston’s motion is transmitted through the connector and causes the first rotor to rotate back-and-forth.

[0363] The first connector may function somewhat like a lever arm. As the piston 2955 moves along its arc, the connector — having a curved geometry arranged about the common axis — experiences a tangential force. This tangential component creates torque, which the connector delivers directly to the first rotor. Thus, the piston’s reciprocal movement causes oscillatory rotation of the rotor through the connector. In another example, the piston’s curved reciprocation produces a moment about the common axis because its motion has a rotational 2960 component relative to that axis. The first connector, being mechanically linked to both the pistonand the rotor, channels this moment into the rotor. As the piston moves toward one end of its stroke, the connector forces the rotor to rotate in a first direction; as the piston moves toward the opposite end, it imparts torque in the opposite direction.

[0364] When the piston reverses direction at the end of each stroke, the change in 2965 momentum generates reaction forces. Because the connector is rigidly or pivotally attached to the piston at a location offset from the rotational axis, these reaction forces again create torque that the connector transmits to the rotor. In this example, torque transfer occurs not only during the power stroke but during compression or expansion transitions as well. If the rotor is experiencing magnetic loading, cogging effects, or electromagnetic resistance from the stator, 2970 this load produces a counter-torque at the rotor. This torque is transmitted backward through the first connector to the piston. This illustrates bidirectional torque transfer: the piston drives the rotor, and the rotor’s reaction forces return torque through the connector to the piston. This is fully consistent with torque being the rotational counterpart to linear force.

[0365] Because the connector is curved about the axis of rotation, its geometry can 2975 provide a longer effective moment arm at certain positions. As the piston slides along the curved cylinder, the connector experiences a force at a location that is inherently offset from the axis, allowing the connector to deliver torque to the rotor even when piston motion is not purely tangential. The curvature effectively ensures that piston forces resolve into torque around the common axis.2980

[0366] By way of example only, and as shown in Fig. 8B, piston 320 is coupled to rotor 520 through connector 820, while piston 340 is coupled to rotor 510 through connector 840. When piston 320 reciprocates within combustion chambers 230 and 250 of engines 220 and 240, connector 820 — linking piston 320 to rotor 520 — transmits torque to rotor 520. Likewise, when piston 340 reciprocates within combustion chamber 250 of engine 240, connector 840 transfers 2985 torque to rotor 510.

[0367] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, a first rotor is configured to rotate back-and-forth about a common axis of rotation in tandem with a first piston, and a second rotor is configured to rotate back-and-forth about the common axis of rotation in tandem with a second piston. In this context, “in tandem” means that two components operate together 2990 or at overlapping times, whether in a coordinated or corresponding manner, such that the motion of one occurs at the same time. In such operation there may be a functional linkage between one motion and the other. When used to describe the first rotor moving “in tandem” with the firstpiston (and likewise for the second rotor and second piston), the term indicates that the rotor’s back-and-forth rotational motion corresponds to, and / or is driven by or synchronized with, the 2995 piston’s reciprocating motion. The two components do not necessarily move with identical timing, amplitude, or mechanical coupling requirements; rather, “in tandem” simply conveys that their motions are interrelated and / or coordinated, with the rotor responding to or following the piston’s stroke in a way that maintains a functional relationship between the two.

[0368] Each rotor configured to rotate back-and-forth about the common axis of 3000 rotation in tandem with its corresponding piston may describe, for example, a coordinated mechanical relationship in which each rotor moves in synchrony with the reciprocating motion of its corresponding piston. The first rotor is configured to rotate back-and-forth about the common axis of rotation in tandem with the first piston may indicate that the rotational motion of the first rotor directly matches or corresponds to the oscillatory movement of the first piston 3005 within its curved cylinder. As the first piston moves through its reciprocal stroke — driven by combustion pressure or other engine dynamics — the mechanical linkage between the piston and the first rotor (such as the first connector) converts that reciprocating motion into an alternating rotational displacement of the rotor about the shared axis, causing the rotor to swing in one rotational direction during one portion of the piston’s stroke and in the opposite direction during 3010 the return portion. The second rotor operates in an analogous manner with the second piston.The second rotor rotates back-and-forth about the same common axis of rotation, and its oscillatory rotational movement occurs in timed correspondence with the reciprocation of the second piston. In this way, each rotor is driven in an oscillatory fashion that mirrors or “tracks” the reciprocating motion of its associated piston, thereby enabling the engine’s piston strokes to 3015 be directly translated into alternating rotational motion of the rotors for energy generation, torque balancing, or other functional purposes.

[0369] In some disclosed embodiments, an electric generator of the current disclosure may be driven by a curved-path internal combustion mechanism. The system incorporates a curved cylindrical combustion chamber in which a curved piston reciprocates along an arcuate 3020 path centered about the generator’s axis of rotation. Through an axially extending connector, the piston’s motion drives a rotor carrying permanent magnets, causing the rotor to oscillate back and forth by less than a full revolution relative to an adjacent stator including electromagnetic coils. This oscillatory motion is controlled, with the rotor sweeping substantially equal angular displacements in opposite directions, positioning the permanent magnets relative to stator cores 3025 in a manner that enables efficient electromagnetic energy conversion. Various refinementsinclude limiting the oscillation angle (e.g., to less than 45 degrees or to an angle tied to the number of stator cores), adjusting the connector’s geometry (radial spacing or curvature), and implementing multi-rotor or multi-engine configurations in which multiple curved pistons and corresponding rotors oscillate cooperatively or in opposite directions. In certain embodiments, 3030 additional connectors, a swing arm, or multiple internal combustion engines are incorporated to transfer torque and coordinate oscillatory motion, thereby enhancing power generation and mechanical integration within the system.

[0370] Some electrical generator embodiments may include a curved cylindrical combustion chamber. Consistent with previous description, a combustion chamber can be 3035 understood as a confined, enclosed space designed to contain and support the controlled burning of a fuel-air mixture. In serves as the site where combustion occurs, allowing chemical energy stored in the fuel to be released as heat and pressure. The chamber’s structure ensures that the reaction takes place safely and efficiently, providing the necessary environment for ignition, sustaining the flame, and directing the resulting high-energy gases toward whatever component 3040 converts that energy into useful work — such as a piston. Its geometry, materials, and internal features are typically engineered to promote proper mixing, stable combustion, and durability under high temperatures and pressures.

[0371] A curved cylindrical combustion chamber is a combustion chamber whose internal wall follows a cylindrical surface that is bent along an arc, rather than being straight like 3045 a conventional cylinder. In other words, instead of defining a linear bore for piston motion, the chamber’s geometry traces a curved, tube-like path shaped around a radius of curvature. This design still provides an enclosed space in which fuel-air combustion occurs, but the chamber’s curvature forces the associated piston or movable element to travel along an arcuate trajectory rather than a straight line. The curvature can be engineered to match the motion needs of an 3050 associated mechanical system — such as an oscillating generator rotor — allowing combustion forces to be translated more efficiently into rotational or oscillatory output. Despite having a non-linear shape, the chamber continues to perform the essential functions of any combustion chamber: confining the fuel-air charge, sustaining ignition, containing high-pressure gases, and directing generated force in a controlled manner.3055

[0372] By way of an example, Figs. 1A-1G illustrate exemplary curved cylindrical combustion chambers. For example, first engine 220 has a curved cylindrical combustion chamber 230 and second engine 240 has another such combustion chamber 250.

[0373] Some embodiments include a curved piston configured to reciprocate along an arcuate travel path within the curved cylindrical combustion chamber, the arcuate travel path 3060 being curved about an axis of rotation of the generator. A curved piston is a piston whose body and motion path are shaped to match a curved cylinder rather than a straight, conventional one. Instead of moving linearly, its geometry follows an arc so that it can slide smoothly within a curved cylindrical combustion chamber. To reciprocate means to move back-and-forth repeatedly — much like a standard piston — but here the movement is not straight; it follows the 3065 chamber’s curvature. An arcuate travel path is simply the curved route that the piston follows as it moves; instead of moving up and down along a straight line, it travels along an arc defined by the chamber’s geometry.

[0374] A curved piston configured to reciprocate along an arcuate travel path within the curved cylindrical combustion chamber, the arcuate travel path being curved about an axis of 3070 rotation of the generator may indicate that the piston is shaped and positioned so that it slides back and forth along a curved path that is wrapped around, or centered on, the generator’s axis of rotation. Its motion follows the curvature of the surrounding combustion chamber, and this back-and-forth arc is geometrically tied to the same central axis 100 about which the generator’s rotor oscillates. In essence, the piston’s curved reciprocation is mechanically coordinated with 3075 the generator’s rotational axis so that combustion forces directly produce the desired oscillatory rotational movement.

[0375] For example, as described previously with reference to Figs. 2A-2D and 3 A, some embodiments of the disclosed system includes four curved, double-headed pistons arranged evenly around the generator’s axis of rotation 100. Each piston has two heads that 3080 move in and out of different curved combustion and compression chambers. For example, piston 320 engages the combustion chambers of two separate engines; piston 340 operates between a combustion chamber and a compression chamber (of an air pump); piston 360 works within two different compression chambers; and piston 380 oscillates between two additional compression chambers.3085

[0376] Some embodiments include a stator having a plurality of electromagnetic coils.Stator and electromagnetic coils may be understood as previously described and exemplified. For example, in the exemplary embodiment previously describer with reference to Figs. 7A and 7B, a stator 600 includes a plurality of stator cores that are circumferentially arranged around the axis of rotation 100. Each core is wrapped with an electromagnetic coil 612, enabling 3090 electromagnetic interaction with adjacent rotor-mounted permanent magnets.

[0377] Some embodiments include a rotor having a plurality of permanent magnets. Rotor and permanent magnets may be understood as previously described and exemplified. For example, in the embodiment shown in Figs. 7A and 7B, the system includes two rotors — 510 and 520 — each carrying a series of permanent magnets (512 on rotor 510 and 522 on rotor 520) 3095 arranged circumferentially around their outer edges. In this configuration, the magnets are oriented so that the north pole of each magnet on both rotors faces the stator 600, while the adjacent magnets are oriented with their south poles facing the stator.

[0378] Some disclosed embodiments include a connector axially extending along the axis of rotation and connecting the curved piston to the rotor such that the rotor is configured to 3100 oscillate about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions in tandem with the curved piston. To oscillate means to move back and forth around a central position in a repeating manner. In this context, it refers to the rotor rotating or shifting in one direction, reversing course, and returning in the opposite direction without completing a full revolution. In other words, an oscillating rotor does not spin continuously; instead, it swings to and fro (or 3105 back-and-forth) within a limited angular range. In tandem means two components operating together, in coordination, or in a linked sequence of motion. When something operates “in tandem” with another part, it may mean their movements are synchronized or mechanically coupled so that when one moves, the other moves in a corresponding way.

[0379] A connector axially extending along the axis of rotation and connecting the 3110 curved piston to the rotor such that the rotor is configured to oscillate about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions in tandem with the curved piston describes how the curved piston and the rotor are mechanically linked so their motions correspond. More specifically, the connector extends along the generator’s rotational axis and physically couples the piston to the rotor. As the curved piston moves back and forth along its arcuate path within 3115 the curved cylindrical combustion chamber, this motion is transferred through the connector to the rotor. Because of this linkage, the rotor does not rotate continuously, instead, it swings back and forth — oscillates — by a limited angle (less than a full turn) around the same axis. In one example, “in tandem” can mean that whenever the piston moves in one direction, the rotor simultaneously moves in the corresponding rotational direction, and when the piston reverses, 3120 the rotor reverses as well. In this example, the piston’s reciprocating curved motion directly drives an oscillatory rotational motion of the rotor, with both components moving synchronously as a unified mechanical system.

[0380] In some disclosed embodiments, the connector is configured to transfer torque between the curved piston and the rotor. Torque may be understood and described and 3125 exemplified previously. The connector may be designed or arranged to convey the mechanical turning force generated by the motion of the curved piston to the rotor. It may also convey the rotor’s reaction forces back to the piston. As the curved piston reciprocates along its arcuate travel path within the curved cylindrical combustion chamber, it produces an oscillatory mechanical input that the connector receives and converts into a corresponding oscillatory 3130 rotational movement of the rotor. Because the connector is mechanically coupled to both the piston and the rotor, the torque generated during the piston’s movement is transferred through the connector to drive the rotor’s back-and-forth rotation about the axis of rotation. Conversely, the rotor’s response torque, including magnetic resistance forces generated during interaction with the stator, is likewise transmitted back through the connector to the piston assembly. Thus, 3135 the connector may serve as a bidirectional mechanical transmission element that ensures coordinated motion between the piston and rotor, enabling the oscillatory energy of the internal combustion engine to be efficiently converted into oscillatory rotation of the rotor for electric power generation.

[0381] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, a rotor is configured to oscillate 3140 such that the rotor rotates in a first direction about an axis of rotation by a first angle and then rotates in an opposite second direction about the axis of rotation by the first angle. As previously explained, the word “first” in “first direction,” “second direction,” and “first angle” function is used only as a label, not as an indication of sequence, priority, or chronology. For example, it does not imply that the “first” direction must always occur before the “second,” or that the 3145 “first” angle is inherently primary or comes before a “second” angle. Instead, “first” and “second” simply differentiate between two directions or angles that would otherwise be confusing if described repeatedly without labels.

[0382] The rotor is configured to oscillate such that the rotor rotates in a first direction about the axis of rotation by a first angle and then rotates in an opposite second direction about 3150 the axis of rotation by the first angle describes a rotor that does not spin continuously but instead performs a controlled back-and-forth rotational movement. The rotor rotates through a limited angular displacement — referred to as the “first angle” — in one direction, then reverses and rotates back through that same angular displacement in the opposite direction. It may indicate that the rotor executes a symmetrical oscillatory motion around the axis of rotation, sweeping an 3155 equal arc in each opposing direction. This back-and-forth movement is driven by, andmechanically linked to, the reciprocating motion of a curved piston, such that both components operate in coordinated oscillation as part of the overall generator mechanism.

[0383] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, a rotor is configured such that, when the rotor rotates in the first direction, a first permanent magnet of a plurality of permanent 3160 magnets moves from a first position to a second position, and when the rotor rotates in the second direction, the first permanent magnet moves from the second position back to the first position. In this context, this describes how one of the rotor’s permanent magnets changes position during the rotor’s limited-angle oscillatory motion. It indicates that the rotor is designed so that when it swings in one rotational direction — referred to here as the first direction — a 3165 selected permanent magnet travels from a defined first position to a defined second position.When the rotor then reverses direction and rotates back the other way — the second direction — that same magnet retraces its path, moving from the second position back to the first. These “positions” generally correspond to angular locations relative to nearby stator structures, such as individual stator teeth or electromagnetic coil regions, and serve as reference points to describe 3170 how the magnet shifts between two discrete magnetic alignments during each half of the rotor’s oscillation. The passage as a whole conveys that the rotor’s motion is not continuous but instead consists of back-and-forth angular displacement; during each swing, the magnet moves to one of two stable or relevant positions before returning on the reverse swing. This description helps define the coordinated electromagnetic behavior of the generator: as the rotor oscillates, the 3175 relative alignment between its magnets and the stator’s electromagnetic features alternates in a predictable pattern, enabling energy generation and magnetic interaction timed to the piston’s reciprocating motion.

[0384] In some disclosed embodiments, the first angle is less than 45 degrees. This indicates that the rotor’s oscillatory rotation is limited to a less than 45° angular sweep on either 3180 side of its neutral position. This limited angular displacement may assist in improving timing, efficiency, magnetic alignment, mechanical durability, or synchronization with the motion of the curved piston.

[0385] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, as explained previously, the stator includes a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged about the axis of rotation, and 3185 wherein the first angle is substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by a number of stator cores in the plurality of stator cores. For example, the stator may be made up of several stator cores positioned in a ring (annular) around the generator’s axis. Because those cores are evenly spaced, the full circle around the axis (360 degrees) can be divided by the number of stator coresto determine the angular spacing between any two adjacent cores. When the first angle is equal 3190 to this value, the rotor’s oscillation range corresponds to the angular distance from one stator core to the next. In other words, the rotor swings far enough for a permanent magnet to move from alignment with one stator core to alignment with the next adjacent core.

[0386] In some embodiments, the connector is radially spaced apart from the axis of rotation. This means that the connector is positioned at some distance away from the central 3195 rotational axis (e.g., axis 100) rather than lying directly on, or coincident with, that axis. For example, if an imaginary line extends outward from the axis of rotation like the spoke of a wheel, the connector sits somewhere along that radial line — not at the center — so its location is defined by how far it is from the axis in the outward radial direction. In the exemplary embodiment, illustrated in Fig. 8C, connectors 820 and 880 are positioned radially away from 3200 the axis of rotation 100 by a distance of “R.” This indicates that the connector is mounted offset from the rotational axis, forming part of the mechanism that translates the curved piston’s arcuate movement into the rotor’s oscillatory rotation. By placing the connector radially outward, the system ensures proper leverage and mechanical coupling between the piston and rotor, avoids interference with components located along the axis itself, and supports smooth 3205 oscillatory motion consistent with the geometry of the curved cylindrical combustion chamber and the generator assembly.

[0387] In some embodiments, as described previously, the connector is curved about the axis of rotation. The connector is shaped to follow a curved path that wraps around, or is formed along an arc centered on, the system’s rotational axis (e.g., axis 100). For example, with 3210 reference to the example in Fig. XX, when viewed in a plane perpendicular to axis 100, the cross-section of the connector AA in this plane is curved rather than being straight. In some embodiments, the curvature of the connector may be defined with respect to the axis of rotation. The connector’s shape may trace an arc lying at some radial distance from that axis. The connector is not only positioned away from the axis but may also be curved. The curved 3215 configuration may allow the connector to accommodate and transmit the piston’s arcuate motion into the corresponding oscillatory rotation of the rotor while preserving alignment and mechanical efficiency within the circular geometry of the system.

[0388] Consistent with some embodiments, the electric generator a second rotor spaced apart from the first rotor, the first rotor and the second rotor being configured to concurrently 3220 oscillate about the axis of rotation in mutually opposite rotational directions. In this embodiment, the generator may include at least two separate rotors which are spaced apart fromeach other. They may be spaced apart in the radial direction or in the axial direction. Both rotors may move at the same time, with each performing a limited-angle back-and-forth rotation, but with each rotor swinging in the opposite rotational direction relative to the other. For example, 3225 when the first rotor oscillates clockwise through its defined angular segment, the second rotor concurrently oscillates counterclockwise through a corresponding angular segment, and vice versa when the direction reverses. Such an arrangement enables a coordinated dual-oscillation mechanism in which each rotor contributes to electromagnetic coupling with the stator during its respective swing. The opposite-direction motion can enhance magnetic interaction, balance 3230 mechanical loads, or increase effective relative motion between magnets and coils compared to a single-rotor system.

[0389] Consistent with some disclosed embodiments, the electric generator includes two rotors and two internal combustion engines, both with curved pistons configured to reciprocate along different arcuate travel paths within their respective curved cylindrical 3235 combustion chambers. Respective connectors axially extend along the axis of rotation connecting the pistons and the rotors so that they oscillate about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions and in tandem.

[0390] For example, as previously described, one rotor may be mechanically coupled to an associated connector. Another rotor may be positioned at a distance from the first rotor, 3240 such as along the axis of rotation or otherwise spatially separated (e g., radially separated) to avoid mechanical interference. The first rotor and the second rotor are each supported and driven such that they are configured to oscillate simultaneously about the axis of rotation, with each rotor executing its limited-angle rotational motion in a direction opposite that of the other. In other words, when the first rotor oscillates in one rotational direction, the second rotor 3245 concurrently oscillates in the opposite rotational direction, and upon reversal of motion, the rotors again move in mutually opposing directions. This configuration enables coordinated dual-oscillation of the rotor pair and enhances the interaction between the permanent magnets of the rotors and the stator during generator operation.

[0391] In some embodiments, the first rotor and the second rotor are spaced apart along 3250 the axis of rotation and the first connector and the second connector are radially spaced apart from the axis of rotation. For example, the two rotors are positioned at different locations axially — that is, one is located farther down the length of the rotational axis 100 than the other. The gap between these rotors is in the direction of the axis 100. Meanwhile, the two connectors are spaced apart radially (that is, in a direction perpendicular to axis 100). See, for example,3255 Figs. 18B and 8C, where connectors 820 and 880 are radially spaced apart and rotors 510 and 520 are axially spaced apart. As

[0392] In some embodiments, a disclosed generator may further include a shaft extending along the axis of rotation and a radially extending swing arm coupling the curved piston to the shaft. Shaft and swing arm may be understood as described previously. In some 3260 embodiments, the shaft is arranged such that its longitudinal axis coincides with the axis of rotation, allowing the shaft to rotate or oscillate about that axis without lateral displacement. A swing arm extends radially from the shaft and mechanically links the curved piston to the shaft. In certain embodiments, the swing arm is coupled to the shaft in a manner that allows the swing arm to rotate relative to the shaft. For example, as the piston reciprocates within the curved 3265 cylinder, the swing arm may rotate about the shaft without imparting rotation to the shaft. In other embodiments, the swing arm is coupled to the shaft such that reciprocation of the piston causes the swing arm to rotate the shaft. In some such embodiments, rotation of the shaft does not cause the rotor mounted on the shaft to rotate; rather, the rotor may be supported on the shaft so that it rotates independently of the shaft. Stated differently, in these embodiments the swing 3270 arm does not transmit torque to the rotor. Instead, as the piston reciprocates in the curved cylinder, the connector linking the piston to the rotor moves through an arcuate path about the axis of rotation and directly causes the rotor to rotate.

[0393] Some embodiments may further be described using the following clauses:Clause 1. An electric generator, comprising:3275 a rotatable shaft extending along an axis of rotation;a motor including an internal combustion engine,a rotor coupled to the rotatable shaft;a plurality of permanent magnets connected to the rotor;a connector connecting the internal combustion engine to the rotor and 3280 configured to alternately rotate the rotor in opposite directions about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in each of the opposite directions, wherein the connector extends axially along the axis of rotation and is radially spaced apart from the rotatable shaft; anda stator including at least one electromagnetic coil spaced from the permanent 3285 magnets such that when the rotor rotates by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions, electrical energy is generated.Clause 2. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the rotor is configured to rotate in one direction about the axis of rotation 3290 by a first angle and then rotate in an opposite direction about the axis of rotation by the first angle.Clause 3. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the first angle is less than 45 degrees.3295Clause 4. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the stator includes a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged the axis of rotation, and the first angle is substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by a number of stator cores in the plurality of stator cores.3300Clause 5. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the rotor is a first rotor, the shaft is a first shaft, and the connector is a first connector, and wherein the electric generator further includes a second rotor coupled to a second shaft, the second shaft being concentric with the first shaft 3305 and having a common axis of rotation as the first shaft, the second rotor being spaced apart from the first rotor and configured to alternately rotate about the common axis of rotation in the opposite directions by less than 360 degrees.Clause 6 The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, 3310 wherein the first rotor and the second rotor are configured to simultaneously rotate about the common axis of rotation in opposite directions.Clause 7. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses,wherein the internal combustion engine is a first internal combustion engine 3315 configured to rotate the first rotor about the common axis of rotation in a first direction, and wherein the second shaft is coupled to a second internal combustion engine configured to simultaneously rotate the second rotor about the common axis of rotation in a second direction opposite to the first direction.3320 Clause 8. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses,wherein a second connector connects the second internal combustion engine to the second rotor, the second connector being spaced apart from the first connector and extending axially along the common axis of rotation, and wherein the second connector is configured to alternately rotate the second rotor in the first and the 3325 second directions.Clause 9. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the first and the second connectors are curved about the common axis of rotation.3330Clause 10. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the first internal combustion engine includes a first curved cylinder having a first curved central axis that extends about the common axis of rotation and a first curved piston configured to reciprocate in the first curved cylinder 3335 along the first curved central axis, and the second internal combustion engine includes a second curved cylinder having a second curved central axis that extends about the common axis of rotation and a second curved piston configured to reciprocate in the second curved cylinder along the second curved central axis3340 Clause 11. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses,wherein torque between the first piston and the first rotor is transferred via the first connector, and torque between the second piston and the second rotor is transferred via the second connector.3345 Clause 12. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses,wherein the first rotor is configured to rotate back-and-forth about the common axis of rotation in tandem with the first piston, and the second rotor is configured to rotate back-and-forth about the common axis of rotation in tandem with the second piston.3350Clause 13. An electric generator, comprising:a curved cylindrical combustion chamber;a curved piston configured to reciprocate along an arcuate travel path within the curved cylindrical combustion chamber, the arcuate travel path being curved 3355 about an axis of rotation of the generator;a stator including a plurality of electromagnetic coils;a rotor including a plurality of permanent magnets; anda connector axially extending along the axis or rotation and connecting the curved piston to the rotor such that the rotor is configured to oscillate about the 3360 axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions in tandem with the curved piston.Clause 14. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the rotor is configured to oscillate such that the rotor rotates in a first 3365 direction about the axis of rotation by a first angle and then rotates in an opposite second direction about the axis of rotation by the first angle.Clause 15. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the rotor is configured such that, when the rotor rotates in the first 3370 direction, a first permanent magnet of the plurality of permanent magnets moves from a first position to a second position, and when the rotor rotates in the second direction, the first permanent magnet moves from the second position back to the first position.3375 Clause 16. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses,wherein the first angle is less than 45 degrees.Clause 17. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the stator includes a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged about the 3380 axis of rotation, and wherein the first angle is substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by a number of stator cores in the plurality of stator cores.Clause 18. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the connector is radially spaced apart from the axis of rotation.3385Clause 19. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, where in the connector is curved about the axis of rotation.Clause 20. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, 3390 wherein the rotor is a first rotor and the connector is a first connector, and wherein the electric generator further includes a second rotor spaced apart from the first rotor, the first rotor and the second rotor being configured to concurrently oscillate about the axis of rotation in mutually opposite rotational directions.3395Clause 21. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, wherein the rotor is a first rotor, the connector is a first connector, the curved cylindrical combustion chamber and the curved piston are part of a first internal combustion engine, and the arcuate travel path of the curved piston is a first 3400 arcuate travel path, the electric generator further including a second rotor and a second internal combustion engine having a second curved piston configured to reciprocate along a second arcuate travel path within a second curved cylindrical combustion chamber, the second arcuate travel path being curved about the axisof rotation, and wherein a second connector axially extending along the axis of 3405 rotation connects the second curved piston to the second rotor such that the second rotor is configured to oscillate about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions in tandem with the second curved piston.3410 Clause 22. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses,wherein the first rotor and the second rotor are spaced apart along the axis of rotation and the first connector and the second connector are radially spaced apart from the axis of rotation.3415 Clause 23. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, further including a shaft extending along the axis of rotation and a radially extending swing arm coupling the curved piston to the shaft.Clause 24. The generator of any of the foregoing or following clauses, 3420 wherein the connector is configured to transfer torque between the curved piston and the rotor.

[0394] Although the current disclosure (including the disclosed processes) are described with reference to an electric generator, this is only exemplary. As would be 3425 recognized by persons skilled in the art, the current disclosure may be used in other applications also. For example, the disclosed embodiments may be used with any electric machine.Furthermore, although in the description above, some features were disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, a person skilled in the art would recognize that this is only exemplary, and these features may also be applicable to other (or all) disclosed embodiments. Other 3430 embodiments of the disclosed system will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the disclosure herein.CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:34351. An electric generator, comprising:a rotatable shaft extending along an axis of rotation;a motor including an internal combustion engine,a rotor coupled to the rotatable shaft;3440 a plurality of permanent magnets connected to the rotor;a connector connecting the internal combustion engine to the rotor and configured to alternately rotate the rotor in opposite directions about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in each of the opposite directions, wherein the connector extends axially along the axis of rotation and is radially spaced apart from the rotatable shaft; and3445 a stator including at least one electromagnetic coil spaced from the permanent magnets such that when the rotor rotates by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions, electrical energy is generated.2. The generator of claim 1, wherein the rotor is configured to rotate in one 3450 direction about the axis of rotation by a first angle and then rotate in an opposite direction about the axis of rotation by the first angle.3. The generator of claim 2, wherein the first angle is less than 45 degrees.3455 4. The generator of claim 2, wherein the stator includes a plurality of stator cores annularly arranged the axis of rotation, and the first angle is substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by a number of stator cores in the plurality of stator cores.5. The generator of claim 1, wherein the rotor is a first rotor, the shaft is a first shaft, 3460 and the connector is a first connector, and wherein the electric generator further includes a

Claims

second rotor coupled to a second shaft, the second shaft being concentric with the first shaft and having a common axis of rotation as the first shaft, the second rotor being spaced apart from the first rotor and configured to alternately rotate about the common axis of rotation in the opposite directions by less than 360 degrees.34656. The generator of claim 5, wherein the first rotor and the second rotor are configured to simultaneously rotate about the common axis of rotation in opposite directions.

7. The generator of claim 5, wherein the internal combustion engine is a first 3470 internal combustion engine configured to rotate the first rotor about the common axis of rotation in a first direction, and wherein the second shaft is coupled to a second internal combustion engine configured to simultaneously rotate the second rotor about the common axis of rotation in a second direction opposite to the first direction.3475 8. The generator of claim 7, wherein a second connector connects the second internal combustion engine to the second rotor, the second connector being spaced apart from the first connector and extending axially along the common axis of rotation, and wherein the second connector is configured to alternately rotate the second rotor in the first and the second directions.34809. The generator of claim 8, wherein the first and the second connectors are curved about the common axis of rotation.

10. The generator of claim 8, wherein the first internal combustion engine includes a 3485 first curved cylinder having a first curved central axis that extends about the common axis of rotation and a first curved piston configured to reciprocate in the first curved cylinder along the first curved central axis, and the second internal combustion engine includes a second curved cylinder having a second curved central axis that extends about the common axis of rotation and a second curved piston configured to reciprocate in the second curved cylinder along the second 3490 curved central axis.

11. The generator of claim 10, wherein torque between the first piston and the first rotor is transferred via the first connector, and torque between the second piston and the second rotor is transferred via the second connector.349512. The generator of claim 10, wherein the first rotor is configured to rotate back- and-forth about the common axis of rotation in tandem with the first piston, and the second rotor is configured to rotate back-and-forth about the common axis of rotation in tandem with the second piston.350013. An electric generator, comprising:a curved cylindrical combustion chamber;a curved piston configured to reciprocate along an arcuate travel path within the curved cylindrical combustion chamber, the arcuate travel path being curved about an axis of rotation of 3505 the generator;a stator including a plurality of electromagnetic coils;a rotor including a plurality of permanent magnets; anda connector axially extending along the axis or rotation and connecting the curved piston to the rotor such that the rotor is configured to oscillate about the axis of rotation by less than 3510 360 degrees in opposite directions in tandem with the curved piston.

14. The generator of claim 13, wherein the rotor is configured to oscillate such that the rotor rotates in a first direction about the axis of rotation by a first angle and then rotates in an opposite second direction about the axis of rotation by the first angle.351515. The generator of claim 14, wherein the rotor is configured such that, when the rotor rotates in the first direction, a first permanent magnet of the plurality of permanent magnets moves from a first position to a second position, and when the rotor rotates in thesecond direction, the first permanent magnet moves from the second position back to the first 3520 position.

16. The generator of claim 14, wherein the first angle is less than 45 degrees.

17. The generator of claim 14, wherein the stator includes a plurality of stator cores 3525 annularly arranged about the axis of rotation, and wherein the first angle is substantially equal to 360 degrees divided by a number of stator cores in the plurality of stator cores.

18. The generator of claim 13, wherein the connector is radially spaced apart from the axis of rotation.353019. The generator of claim 13, where in the connector is curved about the axis of rotation.

20. The generator of claim 13, wherein the rotor is a first rotor and the connector is a 3535 first connector, and wherein the electric generator further includes a second rotor spaced apart from the first rotor, the first rotor and the second rotor being configured to concurrently oscillate about the axis of rotation in mutually opposite rotational directions.

21. The generator of claim 13, wherein the rotor is a first rotor, the connector is a 3540 first connector, the curved cylindrical combustion chamber and the curved piston are part of a first internal combustion engine, and the arcuate travel path of the curved piston is a first arcuate travel path, the electric generator further including a second rotor and a second internal combustion engine having a second curved piston configured to reciprocate along a second arcuate travel path within a second curved cylindrical combustion chamber, the second arcuate 3545 travel path being curved about the axis of rotation, and wherein a second connector axially extending along the axis of rotation connects the second curved piston to the second rotor such that the second rotor is configured to oscillate about the axis of rotation by less than 360 degrees in opposite directions in tandem with the second curved piston.Ill22. The generator of claim 21, wherein the first rotor and the second rotor are spaced apart along the axis of rotation and the first connector and the second connector are radially spaced apart from the axis of rotation.3555 23. The generator of claim 13, further including a shaft extending along the axis of rotation and a radially extending swing arm coupling the curved piston to the shaft.

24. The generator of claim 13, wherein the connector is configured to transfer torque between the curved piston and the rotor.3560

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