Establishing reference time for beam management predictions

Abstract

Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for establishing a reference time for beam management predictions. A method may include measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The method may further include receiving, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the method may include adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

Description

ESTABLISHING REFERENCE TIME FOR BEAM MANAGEMENT PREDICTIONSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION:

[0001] This application claims priority from, and the benefit of US Provisional Application No.63 / 754985, filed February 6, 2025, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.FIELD:

[0002] Some example embodiments may generally relate to mobile or wireless telecommunication systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) access technology, or 5G beyond, or sixth generation (6G) access technology, or other communications systems. For example, certain example embodiments may relate to establishing a reference time for beam management predictions.BACKGROUND:

[0003] Examples of mobile or wireless telecommunication systems may include the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Long Term Evolution (LTE) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), LTE-Advanced (LTE- A), MulteFire, LTE-A Pro, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology or new radio (NR) access technology and / or sixth generation (6G) radio access technology. Fifth generation (5G) and sixth generation (6G) wireless systems refer to the next generation (NG) of radio systems and network architecture. 5G and 6G network technology is mostly based on new radio (NR) technology, but the 5G / 6G (or NG) network can also build on E-UTRAN radio. It is estimated that NR may provide bitrates on the order of 10-20 Gbit / s or higher, and may support at least enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) as well as massive machine-type communication (mMTC). NR is expected to deliver extreme broadband and ultra-robust, low-latency connectivity and massive networking to support the Internet of Things (loT).SUMMARY:

[0004] Some example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The method may further include receiving, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the method may include adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel stateinformation reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0005] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor, and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least measure transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The apparatus may also be caused to transmit, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The apparatus may further be caused to receive, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may be caused to adjust, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0006] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The apparatus may also include means for transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The apparatus may further include means for receiving, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may include means for adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0007] In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The method may further include receiving, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the method may include adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0008] Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channelstate information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The method may further include receiving, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the method may include adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0009] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to measure transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to transmit, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The apparatus may further include circuitry configured to receive, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to adjust, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0010] Further example embodiments may be directed to a method. The method may include receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The method may further include transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the method may include dynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0011] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include at least one processor, and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least receive, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The apparatus may also be caused to determine, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The apparatus may further be caused to transmit, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may be caused to dynamically update the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0012] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus. The apparatus may include means for receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block.The apparatus may also include means for determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The apparatus may further include means for transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may include means for dynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0013] In accordance with other example embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium may be encoded with instructions that may, when executed in hardware, perform a method. The method may include receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The method may further include transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the method may include dynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0014] Other example embodiments may be directed to a computer program product that performs a method. The method may include receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The method may further include transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the method may include dynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0015] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that may include circuitry configured to receive, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The apparatus may also include circuitry configured to determine, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The apparatus may further include circuitry configured to transmit, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may include circuitry configured to dynamically update the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

[0016] For proper understanding of example embodiments, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an example signal diagram, according to certain example embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain example embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 3 illustrates an example flow diagram of another method, according to certain example embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 4 illustrates a set of apparatuses, according to certain example embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a 5G / 6G network and system architecture, according to certain example embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 6 illustrates an example 6G architecture, according to certain example embodiments.

[0023] FIG. 7 illustrates an example 6G radio access network (RAN) protocol stack, according to certain example embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION:

[0024] It will be readily understood that the components of certain example embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. The following is a detailed description of some example embodiments of systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for establishing a reference time for beam management predictions.

[0025] The features, structures, or characteristics of example embodiments described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “in some embodiments,” “in other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification do not necessarily refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. Further, the terms “base station”, “cell”, “node”, “gNB”, “network” or other similar language throughout this specification may be used interchangeably.

[0026] As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or,” mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0027] In the specifications of the 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP), the application of artificial intelligence / machine learning ( AI / ML) techniques may be applied to new radio (NR) airinterface. In beam management for user equipment (UE) within the 3GP ecosystem, there is a need for a precise reference time for channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) and synchronization signal block (SSB) measurements. Currently, the reference time for the earliest predicted results may be aligned with the latest transmission occasion of the CSI-RS / SSB resource. This alignment may be important to ensure that the predicted time instances accurately reflect the most recent measurement data, which may be essential for effective beamforming decisions. The reference time may be the earliest time instance for the predicted results in the UE-side model for beam management. For example, the reference time may correspond to a starting location of the N future time instances where there will be an associated prediction of the quality of the beam. In other words, the reference time may refer to the starting time associated with the N predictions of the beam quality, and the starting time may refer to the time after which the provided N predictions are valid. Additionally, the earliest possible timing may be as early as the slot in which the CSI reference resource (e.g., what is actually measured) is defined. For instance, for a CSI report, the CSI reference resource may be the slot where the last CSI-RS occasion relevant to that CSI report occurs. The UE may carry out the model inference at least after the CSI reference resource slot.

[0028] The reference time may be based on the latest transmission occasions and may not be later than a CSI reference resource. By providing a clear guideline for synchronization, it may be possible to enhance the reliability of beam management processes. Additionally, by aligning the reference time with the latest transmission, it may be possible to mitigate risks associated with misalignment, which can lead to inaccuracies in predicted time instances and ultimately affect beam selection and system performance.

[0029] Although the reference time may currently correspond to the earliest predicted results, current approaches do not specify how to handle scenarios where there are multiple transmission occasions or when the transmission schedule is altered dynamically. In such cases, the lack of a robust mechanism to adapt the reference time may lead to inconsistencies in measurements and predictions (e.g., in reference to CSI-RS and SSB transmissions). There is also the potential impact of varying propagation conditions or interference, which may further complicate the alignment of reference times and the accuracy of predictions.

[0030] Additionally, existing approaches do not provide a comprehensive framework for integrating reference time alignment into the broader context of beam management strategies. For example, existing approaches lack detailed procedures for how the UE should process and utilize the aligned reference time in real-time scenarios, which may lead to implementation challenges in practical deployments. The absence of such guidelines may hinder the effectiveness solutions in diverse operational environments.

[0031] Furthermore, reliance on the latest transmission occasion assumes that a transmission schedule is predictable and stable, which may not always be the case in real-world applications. This assumption may lead to situations where the UE is unable to accurately predict an optimal beam (e.g., UE predicting a timing of an incoming beam) due to unexpected changes in the transmission schedule or environmental conditions. Although there is currently a fundamental approach to establishing a reference time for CSI-RS and SSB measurements, there are notable gaps including, for example, the lack of adaptability to dynamic transmission scenarios, insufficient integration with broader beam management strategies, and reliance on stable transmission schedules.

[0032] Given the above, in the context of beam management for the UE, there is a need to provide a precise reference time for the earliest predicted results of CSI-RS and SSB measurements. The current approach suggests that this reference time should be aligned with the latest transmission occasion of the CSI-RS / SSB. In certain example embodiments, the alignment may be based on an UL slot for the report, CSI reference resource corresponding to the report, or a latest transmission occasion of the CSI-RS / SSB resources. This alignment may be essential to ensure that the predicted time instances accurately reflect the most recent measurement data, thereby enhancing the reliability of beamforming decisions. Any misalignment or discrepancies in this reference time may lead to significant inaccuracies in the predicted time instances, resulting in suboptimal beam selection and degraded overall system performance. Thus, certain example embodiments may provide a mechanism that provides the needed reference time alignment, and may ensure that the reference time is consistently derived from the latest transmission occasion, thereby improving the accuracy of predictions and maintaining the integrity of the beam management process.

[0033] Certain example embodiments may provide a dynamic reference time alignment mechanism for CSI-RS and SSB measurements in 3GPP systems. According to certain example embodiments, the mechanism may enhance the existing approach by incorporating rea-time feedback from the UE regarding transmission conditions, and adapting the reference time based on the latest transmission occasions. The mechanism of certain example embodiments may also consider multiple transmission scenarios and environmental factors while in operation. Additionally, the mechanism of certain example embodiments may provide an ability to dynamically adjust the reference time based on a combination of the latest transmission occasions, historical measurement data, and real-time channel conditions. As such, it may be possible to ensure that the predicted time instances are consistently accurate and reliable.

[0034] According to certain example embodiments, it may be possible to perform real-time adjustments to the reference time based on the latest transmission occasions and environmentalconditions. By doing so, it may be possible to ensure that the UE can adapt to changes in the transmission schedule. According to other example embodiments, historical data may be integrated into the mechanism. For instance, historical measurement data may be leveraged to predict the most likely future transmission occasions, and allow the UE to make informed decisions even in unpredictable scenarios. In certain example embodiments, a feedback loop mechanism may be provided from the UE to the network (e.g., gNB) which may enable the system to learn from past transmission patterns and adjust the reference time accordingly, thereby improving the accuracy of beam selection. In certain example embodiments, it may also be possible to manage scenarios with multiple transmission occasions, ensuring that the UE can select the most relevant reference time for its measurements. Furthermore, by integrating real-time CSI, the varying propagation conditions and interference can be considered, thereby enhancing the reliability of beam management. For instance, in some example embodiments, beam management may be enhanced at the gNB based on the reports received from the UE (e.g., in reference to the quality of DL beams). In certain example embodiments, beam management may correspond to the selection of a beam(s) that should be associated to a particular DL transmission.

[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates an example signal diagram between a UE 100 and gNB 105, according to certain example embodiments. At 110, the UE 100 measures and continuously monitors downlink (DL) transmissions for CSI-RS (channel quality) and SSB (timing and synchronization), and performs measurements of CSI-RS and SSB transmissions. The measurements may form a basis for subsequent feedback reports. At 115, the UE 100 transmits a measurement report as feedback to the gNB 105. In certain example embodiments, the measurement report may include, for example, CSI-RS-based channel state information, which may include a channel quality indicator (CQI) and / or a rank indicator. The measurement report may also include SSB-based synchronization data such as, for example, reference signal received power (RSRP) and / or a timing offset. In other example embodiments, the measurement report may include measurement information on any relevant conditions such as, for example, interference levels for which the interferer are due to other cells’ or sector transmissions, inter-channel interference from the DL transmissions from the same cell, or interference from other UEs (e.g., when the band or sub-band full duplex operation is the same).

[0036] At 120, the gNB 105 may determine a dynamic reference time. For instance, upon receiving the measurement report from the UE 100, the gNB 105 determines an updated reference time compared to a previous reference time determined based on previous transmissions for CSI-RS and SSB. According to certain example embodiments, the gNB 105 may determine the updated reference time based on latest transmission occasions of CSI-RS and SSB. The gNB 105 may also determine the updated reference time based on historical data such as, for example, past CSI-RSand SSB transmission patterns, and average intervals (e.g., the time between individual and subsequent CSI-RS transmissions). In certain example embodiments, the gNB 105 may determine the updated reference time based on one or more of the latest transmission occasions, historical data, and current channel conditions.

[0037] In certain example embodiments, when determining the dynamic reference time, the gNB 105 may use a combination of the latest feedback, historical transmission patterns, and real-time channel conditions (e.g., interference and / or propagation variations) to adapt, determine, or update the reference time. According to this multi-input approach, it may be possible to dynamically optimize alignment instead of relying on a fixed schedule or a single measurement factor. By doing so, it may be possible for the system, including the UE and / or gNB, to anticipate future changes in transmission intervals, reduce latency, and balance overhead versus accuracy in an intelligent manner.

[0038] In certain example embodiment, the historical transmission data may be used by the UE 100 to predict upcoming intervals (e.g., future CSI-RS or SSB occasions). This prediction may include, for example, statistical analyses (e.g., averages and variances), or machine learning (ML). According to certain example embodiments, incorporating predictive AI / ML intelligence may enable the gNB 105 and UE 100 to anticipate the next best alignment points, and thereby achieve proactive rather than merely reactive adjustments. For instance, in certain example embodiments, in time-series prediction models such as, for example, long-short term memory (LSTM), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), and / or recurrent neural network (RNN) variants, the next best transmission / measurement for the reference time may be predicted. For this model, historical intervals of CSLRS / SSB transmission, user mobility, and interference trends may be used. In other example embodiments, the AI / ML model may include reinforcement learning (RL) where scheduling decisions may be continuously adjusted based on “reward” signals. The “reward” signals may include, for example, improved throughput, lower measurement overhead, or decreased beam misalignment events. According to certain example embodiments, each measurement decision (e.g., choice of reference time, beam, or reconfiguration frequency) may lead to a measurable outcome including, for example, improved CSI feedback. The measurable outcome may be used by the RL agent to learn a policy.

[0039] At 125, the gNB 105 transmits updated alignment information to the UE 100. For example, the gNB 105 may use RRC signaling (e.g., RRCReconfiguration message) to inform the UE 100 about a new reference time. The gNB 105 may also inform the UE 100 on updated measurement configuration parameters such as, for example, periodicity and / or triggers. For instance, when a UE is moderately mobile in an urban environment, the UE’s initial periodicity may be 60 ms for CSI-RS measurement. The UE may also have an initial trigger to report if the serving cell RSRPis less than -100 dB. The UE may also include a dynamic condition where the UE starts moving faster while the channel condition becomes more erratic. In this example, the reference time and parameters may be updated with a new periodicity of 30 ms (e.g., gNB halves the interval), and a new trigger of -103 dBm (a slightly higher threshold to catch degradations sooner). As to the UE behavior, the UE may measure CSI-RS every 30 ms rather than 60 ms. Additionally, if the RSRP crosses -103 dBm, the UE may immediately send a measurement report without waiting for the next periodic occasion. By doing so, it may be possible to ensure that the gNB receives faster feedback, can realign beams, or recalculate the reference if needed.

[0040] At 130, after receiving the updated configuration from the gNB 105, the UE 100 updates / adjusts its internal measurement timing which aligns future CSI-RS and SSB measurements to the new reference time. For instance, in some example embodiments, the predicted quality measurements of the future CSI-RS and SSB measurements may be aligned. In certain example embodiments, the UE 100 may also update any local prediction models or scheduling routines if the UE 100 implements machine learning (ML) or statistical forecasting.

[0041] According to certain example embodiments, during the update of measurement timing and scheduling, the UE 100 may implement adaptive algorithms (e.g., ML), and follow not only instructions from the gNB 105 but also the UE’s own local context (e.g., mobility characteristics such as, for example, low, medium, or high mobility). For instance, an example scenario may relate to time-series prediction models (e.g., LSTM, ARIMA, and RRN variants) where the next best transmission / measurement for the reference time may be predicted. In this example model, historical intervals of CSLRS / SSB transmission, user mobility ,and interference trends may be used. RL may be applied to continuously adjust scheduling decisions based on “reward” signals (e.g., improved throughput, lower measurement overhead, or decreased beam misalignment events). Each measurement decision (e.g., choice of reference time, beam, or reconfiguration frequency) may lead to a measurable outcome (e.g., better CSI feedback), which the RL agent may use to learn a policy.

[0042] The dual-layer approach of utilizing network instructions and local adaptations may empower the UE 100 to fine-tune measurement timing and beam selection to local conditions. By utilizing the dual-layer approach, it may be possible for the UE to reduce the reliance on a strictly top-down, one-size-fits-all approach.

[0043] At 135, the UE 100 transmits additional measurement reports to the gNB 105. For instance, the UE 100 may perform subsequent measurements (similar to operations 110 and 115) and send additional measurement reports to the gNB 105. In some example embodiments, the UE 100 may be triggered by an event (e.g., rapid signal quality degradation) to transmit additional measurement reports to the gNB 105. By perform subsequent measurements, it may be possible to ensurecontinuous feedback to the gNB for maintaining or refining the reference time in changing conditions. At 140, the gNB 105 refines the reference time (iteratively). For instance, if the new measurement data indicates further changes (e.g., user movement, changing interference patterns, etc.) the gNB 105 may rc=computc and refine the reference time again. According to certain example embodiments, this iterative loop may continue as long as the UE 100 remains active in the cell, ensuring that beam management decisions remain accurate and up-to-date.

[0044] According to certain example embodiments, the measurement report at 115 and the refinement of the reference time at 150, together may form an iterative feedback loop where each new measurement report can trigger a recalculation of the reference time. According to certain example embodiments, the continuous learning / adaptation loop may enable the system to remain tightly aligned with rapid changes in the channel or the user environment (e.g., mobility and / or interference spikes). According to other example embodiments, the iterative feedback loop may enable the system to effectively learn over time, and continuously refine the schedule and, thus, improve beam management decisions.

[0045] In certain example embodiments, it may be possible for the gNB 105 to handle multiple transmission occasions. For instance, in some example embodiments, the gNB 105 may manage multiple transmission occasions, and rank them based on proximity to the updated reference time and resource availability. By doing so, it may be possible for the UE to select the best occasion from potentially several overlapping transmissions. As a result, it may be possible to improve measurement reliability and scheduling efficiency.

[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain example embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 2 may be performed by a network entity, or a group of multiple network elements in a 3GPP system, such as ETE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 2 may be performed by a UE, similar to one of apparatuses 10 or 20 illustrated in FIG. 4.

[0047] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the method may include, at 200, measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include, at 205, transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The method may further include, at 210, receiving, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the method may include, at 215, adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0048] According to certain example embodiments, the method may also include performing, in response to a trigger event, additional measurements of transmissions for channel state information reference signals and synchronization signal blocks. According to other example embodiments, the method may also include transmitting, to the network element, another measurement report including additional measurement information of the transmissions for the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal blocks. According to some example embodiments, the measurement information may include at least one of channel state information reference signal based channel state information including a channel quality indicator or a rank indicator, synchronization signal block based synchronization data including a reference signal received power or a timing offset, or condition information including interference levels.

[0049] In certain example embodiments, the message received from the network element may further include updated measurement configuration parameters comprising a periodicity parameter or a trigger parameter. In some example embodiments, the method may also include updating, based on the new reference time, a local prediction model or a scheduling routine for predicting future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block occasions. In other example embodiments, when updating the local prediction model or the scheduling routine, the method may further include digesting instructions from the network element and local context information from a user equipment. In further example embodiments, the local context information may include at least one of a mobility of the apparatus and interference signatures at the user equipment.

[0050] FIG. 3 illustrates an example flow diagram of another method, according to certain example embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 3 may be performed by a network entity, or a group of multiple network elements in a 3GPP system, such as LTE or 5G-NR. For instance, in an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 3 may be performed by a network or gNB, similar to one of apparatuses 10 or 20 illustrated in FIG. 4.

[0051] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the method may include, at 300, receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The method may also include, at 305, determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The method may further include, at 310, transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the method may include, at 315, dynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0052] According to certain example embodiments, the measurement report may include at least one of most recent channel state information reference signal transmissions, and synchronizationsignal block transmissions, historical data of past transmission patterns or average intervals, information pertaining to current channel conditions comprising at least interference conditions and mobility conditions. According to some example embodiments, the measurement information may include at least one of channel state information reference signal based channel state information including a channel quality indicator or a rank indicator, synchronization signal block based synchronization data comprising a reference signal received power a timing offset, or condition information including interference levels. According to other example embodiments, the message transmitted to the user equipment may further include updated measurement configuration parameters comprising a periodicity parameter or a trigger parameter.

[0053] FIG. 4 illustrates a set of apparatuses 10 and 20 according to certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may be elements in a communications network or associated with such a network. For example, apparatus 10 may be a UE, or other similar radio communication computer device, and apparatus 20 may be a BS, gNB, network, or other similar computing device.

[0054] In some example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may include one or more processors, one or more computer-readable storage medium (for example, memory, storage, or the like), one or more radio access components (for example, a modem, a transceiver, or the like), and / or a user interface. In some example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may be configured to operate using one or more radio access technologies, such as GSM, LTE, LTE-A, NR, 5G, WLAN, WiFi, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, NFC, MulteFire, and / or any other radio access technologies. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatuses 10 and 20 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 4.

[0055] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 4, apparatuses 10 and 20 may include or be coupled to a processor 12 and 22 for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processors 12 and 22 may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. In fact, processors 12 and 22 may include one or more of general-purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor 12 and 22 is shown in FIG. 4, multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (e.g., in this case processors 12 may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. According to certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled (e.g., to form a computer cluster).

[0056] Processors 12 and 22 may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatuses 10 and 20 including, as some examples, precoding of antenna gain / phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of the apparatuses 10 and 20, including processes and examples illustrated in FIGs.1-3.

[0057] Apparatuses 10 and 20 may further include or be coupled to a memories 14 and 24 (internal or external), which may be respectively coupled to processors 12 and 24 for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processors 12 and 24. Memories 14 and 24 may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or nonvolatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and / or removable memory. For example, memories 14 and 24 can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memories 14 and 24 may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processors 12 and 22, enable the apparatuses 10 and 20 to perform tasks as described herein.

[0058] In certain example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processors 12 and 22 and / or apparatuses 10 and 20 to perform any of the methods and examples illustrated in FIGs. 1-3.

[0059] In some example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas 15 and 25 for receiving a downlink signal and for transmitting via an UL from apparatuses 10 and 20. Apparatuses 10 and 20 may further include a transceivers 18 and 28 configured to transmit and receive information. The transceivers 18 and 28 may also include a radio interface (e.g., a modem) coupled to the antennas 15 and 25. The radio interface may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, LTE, LTE-A, 5G, NR, WLAN, NB-IoT, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, RFID, UWB, and the like. The radio interface may include other components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to-analog converters and the like), symbol demappers, signal shaping components, an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module, and the like, to process symbols, such as OFDMA symbols, carried by a downlink or an UL.

[0060] For instance, transceivers 18 and 28 may be configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antennas 15 and 25 and demodulate information received via the antenna 15 and 25 for further processing by other elements of apparatuses 10 and 20. In other example embodiments, transceivers 18 and 28 may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatus 10 may include an input and / or output device (I / O device). In certain example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may further include a user interface, such as a graphical user interface or touchscreen.

[0061] In certain example embodiments, memories 14 and 34 store software modules that provide functionality when executed by processors 12 and 22. The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatuses 10 and 20. The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatuses 10 and 20. The components of apparatuses 10 and 20 may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software. According to certain example embodiments, apparatuses 10 and 20 may optionally be configured to communicate each other (in any combination) via a wireless or wired communication links 70 according to any radio access technology, such as NR.

[0062] According to certain example embodiments, processors 12 and 22 and memories 14 and 24 may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceivers 18 and 28 may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry.

[0063] For instance, in certain example embodiments, apparatus 10 may be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to measure transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. Apparatus 10 may also be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to transmit, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. Apparatus 10 may further be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to receive, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, apparatus 10 may be controlled by memory 14 and processor 12 to adjust, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0064] In other example embodiments, apparatus 20 may be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to receive, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. Apparatus 20 may also be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to determine, based on themeasurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. Apparatus 20 may further be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to transmit, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, apparatus 20 may be controlled by memory 24 and processor 22 to dynamically update the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0065] In some example embodiments, an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 10 and / or apparatus 20) may include means for performing a method, a process, or any of the variants discussed herein. Examples of the means may include one or more processors, memory, controllers, transmitters, receivers, and / or computer program code for causing the performance of the operations.

[0066] Certain example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that includes means for performing any of the methods described herein including, for example, means for measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The apparatus may also include means for transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report including measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block. The apparatus may further include means for receiving, from the network element, a message including a new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may include means for adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

[0067] Other example embodiments may be directed to an apparatus that includes means for performing any of the methods described herein including, for example, means for receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report including measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block. The apparatus may also include means for determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time. The apparatus may further include means for transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time. In addition, the apparatus may include means for dynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

[0068] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a 5G / 6G network and system architecture, according to certain example embodiments. Shown are multiple network functions that may be implemented as software operating as part of a network device or dedicated hardware, as a network device itself or dedicated hardware, or as a virtual function operating as a network device or dedicated hardware. The UE illustrated in FIG. 5 may be similar to UE 10. The user plane function (UPF) may provide services such as intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, routing and forwarding of data packets, inspection of packets, user plane quality of service (QoS) processing, buffering of downlink packets,and / or triggering of downlink data notifications. The application function (AF) may primarily interface with the core network to facilitate application usage of traffic routing and interact with the policy framework .

[0069] FIG. 6 illustrates an example 6G architecture, according to certain example embodiments. In particular, the 6G architecture in FIG. 6 may support LCM configured to natively support AI / ML, cloud-native functionalities. Additionally, 6G gNBs may be configured to support multi-RAT spectrum sharing (MRSS).

[0070] FIG. 7 illustrates an example 6G RAN protocol stack, according to certain example embodiments. The 6G RAN protocol stack may share some similarities with a 5G RAN protocol stack. For example, the depicted 6G RAN protocol stack may incorporate service data application protocol (SDAP), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), and medium access control (MAC) functions, which may interface with multiple radio protocol units (RPUs).

[0071] Certain example embodiments described herein provide several technical improvements, enhancements, and / or advantages. For instance, in some example embodiments, it may be possible to improve accuracy in beam selection (e.g., jointly performed at the UE and gNB) due to dynamic adjustments based on real-time data. In certain example embodiments, it may also be possible to enhance reliability in diverse operational environments and accommodate unpredictable transmission schedules. In other example embodiments, it may be possible to provide greater adaptability to varying propagation conditions, which may result in optimized performance in real-world scenarios to improve performance on the prediction of the beam quality and the time instance to which that prediction corresponds. In further example embodiments, it may be possible to provide a comprehensive framework for integrating reference time alignment into broader beam management strategies.

[0072] A computer program product may include one or more computer-executable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out some example embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it. Modifications and configurations required for implementing functionality of certain example embodiments may be performed as routine(s), which may be implemented as added or updated software routine(s). Software routine(s) may be downloaded into the apparatus.

[0073] As an example, software or a computer program code or portions of it may be in a source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. Such carriers may include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and / or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example. Depending on the processing power needed, thecomputer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers. The computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium may be a non-transitory medium.

[0074] In other example embodiments, the functionality may be performed by hardware or circuitry included in an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 10 or apparatus 20), for example through the use of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable gate array (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any other combination of hardware and software. In yet another example embodiment, the functionality may be implemented as a signal, a non-tangible means that can be carried by an electromagnetic signal downloaded from the Internet or other network.

[0075] According to certain example embodiments, an apparatus, such as a node, device, or a corresponding component, may be configured as circuitry, a computer or a microprocessor, such as single-chip computer element, or as a chipset, including at least a memory for providing storage capacity used for arithmetic operation and an operation processor for executing the arithmetic operation.

[0076] One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that the disclosure as discussed above may be practiced with procedures in a different order, and / or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although the disclosure has been described based upon these example embodiments, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of example embodiments. Although the above embodiments refer to 5G NR and LTE technology, the above embodiments may also apply to any other present or future 3GPP technology, such as LTE-advanced, and / or fourth generation (4G) technology.

[0077] Partial Glossary:

[0078] 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

[0079] 5G 5th Generation

[0080] 5GC 5G Core

[0081] 5GCN 5G Core Network

[0082] AETR Adaptive Event-Triggered Reporting

[0083] Al Artificial Intelligence

[0084] BAI Beam Accuracy Indicator

[0085] BM Beam Management

[0086] BPI Beam Performance Index

[0087] BS Base Station

[0088] RF Radio Frequency

[0089] SA / BCR Set A / B Configuration Request

Claims

WE CLAIM:

1. An apparatus, comprising:at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least:measure transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block;transmit, to a network element, a measurement report comprising measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block;receive, from the network element, a message comprising a new reference time; and adjust, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the computer program code, when executed by the at least one processor, further causes the apparatus to at least:perform, in response to a trigger event, additional measurements of transmissions for channel state information reference signals and synchronization signal blocks; andtransmit, to the network element, another measurement report comprising additional measurement information of the transmissions for the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal blocks.

3. The apparatus according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the measurement information comprises at least one of the following:channel state information reference signal based channel state information comprising a channel quality indicator or a rank indicator,synchronization signal block based synchronization data comprising a reference signal received power or a timing offset, orcondition information comprising interference levels.

4. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the message received from the network element further comprises updated measurement configuration parameters comprising a periodicity parameter or a trigger parameter.

5. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the computer program code,when executed by the at least one processor, further causes the apparatus to at least: update, based on the new reference time, a local prediction model or a scheduling routine for predicting future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block occasions.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein when updating the local prediction model or the scheduling routine, the computer program code, when executed by the at least one processor, further causes the apparatus to at least:digest instructions from the network element and local context information from the apparatus.

7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the local context information comprises at least one of a mobility of the apparatus and interference signatures at the apparatus.

8. An apparatus, comprising:at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least:receive, from a user equipment, a measurement report comprising measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block;determine, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time;transmit, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time; anddynamically update the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, the measurement report comprises at least one of the following:most recent channel state information reference signal transmissions, and synchronization signal block transmissions,historical data of past transmission patterns or average intervals, orinformation pertaining to current channel conditions comprising at least interference conditions and mobility conditions.

10. The apparatus according to claims 8 or 9, wherein the measurement information comprisesat least one of the following:channel state information reference signal based channel state information comprising a channel quality indicator or a rank indicator,synchronization signal block based synchronization data comprising a reference signal received power a timing offset, orcondition information comprising interference levels.

11. The apparatus according to any one of claims 8-10, wherein the message transmitted to the user equipment further comprises updated measurement configuration parameters comprising a periodicity parameter or a trigger parameter.

12. An apparatus, comprising:means for measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block;means for transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report comprising measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block;means for receiving, from the network element, a message comprising a new reference time; andmeans for adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block13. An apparatus, comprising:means for receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report comprising measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block;means for determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time;means for transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time; andmeans for dynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

14. A method, comprising:measuring transmissions for a channel state information reference signal and asynchronization signal block;transmitting, to a network element, a measurement report comprising measurement information of the channel state information reference signal and the synchronization signal block;receiving, from the network element, a message comprising a new reference time; and adjusting, based on the new reference time, an internal measurement timing to align future channel state information reference signal and synchronization signal block measurements to the new reference time.

15. A method, comprising:receiving, from a user equipment, a measurement report comprising measurement information of a channel state information reference signal and a synchronization signal block;determining, based on the measurement report, a new reference time compared to a previous reference time;transmitting, to the user equipment, a message that informs the user equipment concerning the new reference time; anddynamically updating the new reference time based on additional measurement reports from the user equipment.

16. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon for performing the method according to claim 14 or 15.

17. An apparatus comprising circuitry configured to cause the apparatus to perform the method according to claim 14 or 15.

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