Method and system for generating energy from plasma

Abstract

A system for generating energy comprises a reaction chamber containing a first liquid and a second liquid forming a liquid-liquid interface, wherein the first liquid is a nuclear fusion fuel and the second liquid is conductive and is heavier than the first liquid. The system further comprises a magnetic field generation system positioned outside the reaction chamber and being configured to generate a magnetic field in the reaction chamber, and a control system, configured to apply voltage across the liquid-liquid interface to ensure formation of plasmoids inducing nuclear fusion. The plasmoids may comprise negatively charged plasmoids, positively charged plasmoids containing cations of the first liquid, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of the second liquid.

Description

[0001] METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING ENERGY FROM PLASMA

[0002] RELATED APPLICATION

[0003] This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 756,172 filed on February 9, 2025, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0004] FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to generation of energy and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to a method and system for generating energy from plasma.

[0006] Nuclear fusion systems based on self-organization of plasma are known. These systems are based on compact toroids, a class of toroidal plasma configurations that are self-stable for the duration of milliseconds and that do not require magnetic coils through their center. Two examples of known compact toroids are the Spheromak and the field-reversed configuration (FRC).

[0007] Dense Focus Plasma (DFP) is a high-density plasma generated during a process known as plasma focus discharge. DFP demonstrates the formation of a plasma vortex in diluted gas, which implodes guided by its own magnetic field to form magnetically self-confined plasmoids of a few micrometers in size. In the field of nuclear fusion research, DFP has been used for generating fusion reactions without an external magnetic field.

[0008] Muon-catalyzed fusion (pCF) is a process that allows nuclear fusion to occur at temperatures significantly lower than those required for thermonuclear fusion. This method uses muons to effectively shield and reduce the electromagnetic repulsion between nuclei, enabling fusion reactions to take place.

[0009] Another approach is based on the generation of plasmoids in endothermic process and is being studied in the field of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR). Unlike hot plasma wherein plasmoids have very short living times, plasmoids that are generated in endothermic process can live for longer periods of time (between milliseconds and a few hours). Such plasmoids also have strong magnetic dipole fields allowing them to arrange themselves in chains. During the generation of such plasmoids nuclear reactions can take place.

[0010] Background art disclosing aspects of plasma physics includes, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,023,065, 4,891,180, 5,015,432, 5,041,760, 7,482,607, 7,808,353, 5,018,180, and 5,054,047.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a system for generating energy. The system comprises: a reaction chamber containing a first liquid and a second liquid forming a liquid-liquid interface, wherein the first liquid is a nuclear fusion fuel and the second liquid is conductive and is heavier than the first liquid. The system further comprises a magnetic field generation system positioned outside the reaction chamber and being configured to generate a magnetic field in the reaction chamber, and a control system, configured to apply voltage across the liquid-liquid interface to ensure formation of plasmoids inducing nuclear fusion. According to some embodiments of the present invention the plasmoids comprise: negatively charged plasmoids, positively charged plasmoids containing cations of the first liquid, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of the second liquid.

[0012] According to some embodiments of the invention the control system is configured to apply pulsed voltage across the liquid-liquid interface, wherein a rise time of the pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure generation of Coulomb explosion in the second liquid.

[0013] According to some embodiments of the invention the control system is configured to apply pulsed voltage across the liquid-liquid interface, and wherein a rise time of the pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure plasma discharge in the first liquid.

[0014] According to some embodiments of the invention the control system is configured to apply continuous voltage across the liquid-liquid interface following the formation of the plasmoids.

[0015] According to some embodiments of the invention the control system is configured to apply the continuous voltage simultaneously with the pulsed voltage.

[0016] According to some embodiments of the invention the system comprises a transducer constituted to apply a mechanical wave to the second liquid, wherein the control system is configured to control the transducer to apply the mechanical wave following the formation of the plasmoids.

[0017] According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field generation system comprises a permanent magnet. According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field generation system comprises an electromagnet.

[0018] According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field generation system is configured to generate a multipole magnetic field having more than two poles.

[0019] According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field generation system comprises a plurality of magnetic field generators, spaced apart along a direction perpendicular to the liquid-liquid interface.According to some embodiments of the invention the control system is also configured to control the magnetic field generation system so as to vary the magnetic field.

[0020] According to some embodiments of the invention the system comprises an energy harvesting system configured for converting energy generated by the nuclear fusion to electricity.

[0021] According to some embodiments of the invention the energy harvesting system comprises at least one electrode immersed in the first liquid.

[0022] According to some embodiments of the invention the energy harvesting system comprises a solenoid having central axis along a direction perpendicular to the liquid-liquid interface.

[0023] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a plasmoid structure. The plasmoid structure comprises a first liquid and a second liquid forming a liquid-liquid interface, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of the second and the first liquid and being arranged as a collective structure at the liquid-liquid interface, wherein the second liquid is metallic and is heavier than the first liquid.

[0024] According to some embodiments of the invention at least one of the positively charged plasmoids contain electrons.

[0025] According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of generating energy. The method comprises: applying to a liquid-liquid interface formed between a first liquid and a second liquid a magnetic field having a component parallel to the liquidliquid interface, wherein the first liquid is a nuclear fusion fuel and the second liquid is conductive and is heavier than the first liquid; and applying to the liquid-liquid interface an electric field having a component perpendicular to the liquid-liquid interface so as to form plasmoids inducing nuclear fusion. According to some embodiments of the present invention the plasmoids comprise: negatively charged plasmoids containing electrons and cations of the first liquid with electrons being dominant over cations of the first liquid, positively charged plasmoids containing predominantly cations of the first liquid, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of the first and the second liquid with cations of the second liquid being dominant over cations of the first liquid.

[0026] According to some embodiments of the invention the electric field is applied by applying pulsed voltage across the liquid-liquid interface, and wherein a rise time of the pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure generation of Coulomb explosion in the second liquid.

[0027] According to some embodiments of the invention a rise time of the pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure generation of plasma discharge in the second liquid.According to some embodiments of the invention the method comprises applying continuous voltage across the liquid-liquid interface following the formation of the plasmoids.

[0028] According to some embodiments of the invention the method comprises applying a mechanical wave to the liquid-liquid interface, following the formation of the plasmoids.

[0029] According to some embodiments of the invention the mechanical wave is an ultrasound wave.

[0030] According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field is applied by a permanent magnet.

[0031] According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field is applied by an electromagnet.

[0032] According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field is a multipole magnetic field having more than two poles.

[0033] According to some embodiments of the invention the magnetic field is applied by a plurality of magnetic field generators spaced apart along a direction perpendicular to the liquid-liquid interface.

[0034] According to some embodiments of the invention the method comprises varying the magnetic field.

[0035] According to some embodiments of the invention the method comprises converting energy generated by the nuclear fusion to electricity.

[0036] According to some embodiments of the invention the conversion is by a pair of electrodes immersed in the first liquid.

[0037] According to some embodiments of the invention the conversion is by a solenoid having central axis along a direction perpendicular to the liquid-liquid interface.

[0038] According to some embodiments of the invention at least a portion of the plasmoids are arranged in layer at the liquid-liquid interface.

[0039] According to some embodiments of the invention the first liquid is deuterium oxide.

[0040] According to some embodiments of the invention the first liquid is water.

[0041] According to some embodiments of the invention the second liquid is metallic.

[0042] According to some embodiments of the invention the second liquid comprises mercury. According to some embodiments of the invention the second liquid comprises at least one alloy selected from the group consisting of galinstan, eutectic gallium-indium, gallium- zinc, and gallium- silver.

[0043] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and / or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains.Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and / or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.

[0044] Implementation of the method and / or system of embodiments of the invention can involve performing or completing selected tasks manually, automatically, or a combination thereof. Moreover, according to actual instrumentation and equipment of embodiments of the method and / or system of the invention, several selected tasks could be implemented by hardware, by software or by firmware or by a combination thereof using an operating system.

[0045] For example, hardware for performing selected tasks according to embodiments of the invention could be implemented as a chip or a circuit. As software, selected tasks according to embodiments of the invention could be implemented as a plurality of software instructions being executed by a computer using any suitable operating system. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, one or more tasks according to exemplary embodiments of method and / or system as described herein are performed by a data processor, such as a computing platform for executing a plurality of instructions. Optionally, the data processor includes a volatile memory for storing instructions and / or data and / or a non-volatile storage, for example, a magnetic hard-disk and / or removable media, for storing instructions and / or data. Optionally, a network connection is provided as well. A display and / or a user input device such as a keyboard or mouse are optionally provided as well.

[0046] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.

[0048] In the drawings:

[0049] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration showing a block diagram of a system for generating energy, according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0050] FIGs. 2A-G are images (FIGs. 2A-C) and a schematic illustration (FIGs. 2D-G) of types of systems suitable for use as magnetic field generation systems according to some embodiments of the present invention;FIGs. 2H-K are, respectively, schematic illustrations of exemplary magnetic field lines generated by a sextupole magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2B, the Halbach magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2E, the sextupole magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2F, and the three-pole magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2G;

[0051] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing a system for generating energy in greater detail according to some embodiments of the present invention;

[0052] FIGs. 4A-J are schematic illustrations showing representative examples of geometrical shapes suitable for use as an electrode serving as an anode, according to some embodiments of the present invention, where FIGs. 4B, 4D, 4F, and 4H are cross sectional views along the lines X— X, Y— Y, W— W, and Z— Z shown in FIGs. 4A, 4C, 4E, and 4G, respectively;

[0053] FIGs. 5A and 5B are schematic illustrations showing a representative example of a geometrical shape suitable for use as an electrode serving as serves as a contact electrode, according to some embodiments of the present invention, where FIG. 5B is a cross sectional view along the lines X— X shown in FIG. 5A;

[0054] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a switching device in embodiments of the invention in which the switching device allows an electrode to be powered simultaneously by both two generators;

[0055] FIGs. 7A-C are schematic illustrations of a system for generating energy in embodiments of the invention in which the system comprises an energy harvesting system configured for converting generated energy released by the nuclear fusion directly into electricity; and FIG. 8 is a flowchart diagram illustrating a method suitable for configuring and operating a system for generating energy, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0056] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0057] The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to generation of energy and, more particularly, but not exclusively, to a method and system for generating energy from plasma.

[0058] Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and / or methods set forth in the following description and / or illustrated in the drawings and / or the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0059] The energy generation technique disclosed herein is based on the formation of plasmoids that induce nuclear fusion between fuel nuclei by overcoming the Coulomb barrier by quantum tunneling, thereby generating energy. The Inventors found that plasmoids can be formed byutilizing a liquid-liquid interface between a first liquid and a second liquid, where the first liquid is a nuclear fusion fuel and, the second liquid is conductive and is heavier than the first liquid. A representative example for a liquid suitable for use as a nuclear fusion fuel includes, without limitation deuterium oxide. A representative example for a liquid suitable for use as the second liquid includes, without limitation, a metallic liquid, e.g., mercury or a metallic alloy, such as, but not limited to, galinstan, eutectic gallium-indium, gallium- zinc, and gallium-silver.

[0060] The liquid-liquid interface of the present embodiments is preferably subjected to a magnetic field having a component parallel to the liquid-liquid interface, and also to an electric field having a component perpendicular to the liquid-liquid interface. The magnetic field can be applied by a magnetic field generation system, which may be external to the liquids, and the electric field can be generated by applying voltage across the liquid-liquid interface, e.g., by means of a pair of electrodes immersed in the respective liquids above and below the interface. In some embodiments of the present invention the magnetic field also has a component parallel to the electric field. The magnetic field is preferably applied to the second liquid in its entirety and to at least a portion of the first liquid that is above the liquid-liquid interface.

[0061] The inventors found that the combination of the applied fields forms a plasmoid structure including three types of plasmoids: a first type includes negatively charged plasmoids containing electrons and cations of the first liquid with electrons being the dominant species, a second type includes positively charged plasmoids predominately containing cations of the first liquid, and a third type includes positively charged plasmoids predominately containing cations of the first and second liquids with cations of the second liquid being the dominant species. Preferably, the plasmoids of first and second types are formed as a result of electric discharge, and the plasmoids of the third types are formed as a result of a Coulomb explosion.

[0062] The plasmoids of the first type are known to have a life span between milliseconds and few hours and therefore, can be considered as semi- stable. The plasmoids of the second type have shorter life spans, but still much longer than typical hot fusion plasmoids (as in the case of DFP for instance) which has a life span of micro- seconds. The Inventors discovered that the third type plasmoids are very stable, and have experimentally demonstrated lifetime of several months for this type of plasmoids. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the lifetime of plasmids of this type can be longer than a year, or longer than ten years, or longer than 20 years, e.g., such plasmoids can continue to live as long as they are not disturbed. However, the Inventors found that the existence of the plasmoids of the third type prevents or at least reduces the extent of dissipation of the plasmoids of the first and second type, because a plasmoid of the third type can encapsulate plasmoids of the first and second types, which were trapped within it in theprocess of its formation while preserving their identity thereby allowing them to maintain their coherence within its volume and preventing them from dissipating or expanding.

[0063] As used herein a plasmoid trapped within a plasmoid of the third type is said "to preserve its identity" when there is a distinct volume within the plasmoid of the third type that is occupied by the trapped plasmoid. Typically, but not necessarily, the distinct volume is smaller than the volume of the plasmoid of the third type.

[0064] A structure comprising one or more plasmoids encapsulated by another plasmoid is referred to herein as a "metatron."

[0065] It is to be understood that plasmoids do not necessarily have a shape of a torus. In some cases the plasmoids can have shapes of complex knots. Plasmoids can be dominated by electrons, by cations or they can be neutral. For example, electron plasmoids can also contain cations of the first liquid, and plasmoids containing cations of the second liquid can trap during their formation the first and the second types plasmoids and may also trap cations of the first liquid. The electric discharge can be an ongoing process, and the Inventors found that an environment that is very rich in plasmoids of the first and second types can be obtained at relatively short time interval (typically few milliseconds, e.g., from about 1 ms to about 10 ms). These first and second type plasmoids can then be trapped by the process of formation of plasmoids containing cations of the second liquid.

[0066] Thus, in some embodiments of the present invention the plasmoid structure comprises metatrons in the form of plasmoids of the third type that have encapsulated plasmoids of the first and second types. The metatrons are typically arranged in one or more layers at the liquid-liquid interface.

[0067] The energy that is generated by the nuclear fusion can be harvested by any technique known in the art. In some embodiments of the present invention, the generated energy that is released is converted to another form of energy, for example, to electrical energy, and / or mechanical energy (e.g., shock waves). Preferably, the released energy is converted directly to electrical energy by means of one or more electrodes, which can be immersed in the first liquid and / or by means of a solenoid wound around at least a portion of the first and second liquids including liquid-liquid interface. The inventors found that the formed plasmoid structure is sufficiently stable, and that its stability can be further improved by maintaining a continuous electric field perpendicular to the liquid-liquid interface. The energy required to maintain the electric field can be supplied by an external power source and / or by utilizing a portion of the harvested energy.

[0068] The liquids can be initially at room temperature (e.g., about 20 °C). During operation at an initiation mode described below, the temperature might rise a few degrees. Small amounts offusion events are expected to raise the temperature at most a few degrees. For high rates of the fusion process (number of fusion events per unit time) the generated energy is in the form of moving charged particles, which generate electric potential. If this energy is not extracted from the system, it is are expected to dissipate into temperature. Preferably, however, this energy is extracted from the system as electric power. In this case the liquid is not expected to warm up significantly. Therefore, without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the temperature of the liquid does not increase significantly from the initial temperature. This observation has been demonstrated experimentally by the present Inventors.

[0069] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration showing a block diagram of a system 100 for generating energy, according to some embodiments of the present invention. System 100 comprises a reaction chamber 101 containing the aforementioned first liquid 102 and the second liquid 103 forming the liquid-liquid interface 106 between liquids 102 and 103. Reaction chamber 101 is optionally and preferably sealed so as to prevent or reduce evaporation of liquids 102 and 103. The amount of liquids 102 and 103 in chamber 101 can be equal or larger (e.g., two- or three-times larger) to an amount that is sufficient for ensuring generation of energy at a predetermined total amount (e.g., from a few kWh to a few tens of kWh). Typical amounts of liquids 102 and 103 are, without limitation, from about 80 cc to about 200 cc in volume for liquid 102 and from about 5 cc to about 25 cc in volume for liquid 103. It is to be understood, however, that, since the fusion energy for unit mass is much greater than the chemical energy, other amounts lower or higher than the above amounts are also contemplated. In some embodiments of the present invention the amount of liquids 102 and 103 in chamber 101 is not replenished during the operation of system 100.

[0070] Reaction chamber 101 is shown as having a cylindrical shape, but other shapes are also contemplated according to some embodiments of the present invention. Typical diameter of chamber 101 is from about 3 cm to about 12 cm, but larger or smaller diameters are also contemplated. The wall(s) of chamber 101 are preferably made of an insulating material (e.g., glass, quartz, sapphire, etc.)

[0071] System 100 also comprises magnetic field generation system 104 positioned outside reaction chamber 101 and being configured to generate a magnetic field within liquid 103 and also in a region 211 in reaction chamber 101, that is occupied by the second liquid 102 and that is adjacent to the liquid-liquid interface 106. The strength of the magnetic field is optionally and preferably maximal at the periphery of region 211 and decreases as it approaches the central axis of reaction chamber 101. The magnetic field preferably has a component parallel to interface 106. In some embodiments of the present invention the magnetic field also has a component parallel tothe electric field. Magnetic field generation system 104 can comprise a permanent magnet and / or one or more electromagnets, as desired. In some embodiments of the present invention system 104 generates a multipole magnetic field having more than two poles. In these embodiments, the same pole (e.g., the north pole) of the multipole magnetic field is directed inward into the reaction chamber.

[0072] FIGs. 2A-D are images (FIGs. 2A-C) and a schematic illustration (FIGs. 2D-G) of types of systems suitable for use as magnetic field generation system 104 according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIGs. 2A and 2G show a three-pole magnet, FIGs. 2B and 2F show a sextupole magnet, FIG. 2C shows an arrangement of electromagnets, FIGs. 2D and 2E illustrate a Halbach magnet system having a set of magnet blocks (marked are magnet blocks 601 to 604 on the illustration shown in FIG. 2D). The Halbach magnet blocks can be rearranged to configure the magnetic field within reaction chamber 101 in a configuration selected to optimize the formation of plasmoids. Exemplary magnetic filed lines 701 generated by a sextupole magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2B are illustrated in FIG. 2H, exemplary magnetic filed lines generated by a Halbach magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2E are illustrated in FIG. 21, exemplary magnetic filed lines generated by a sextupole magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2F are illustrated in FIG. 2J, and exemplary magnetic filed lines generated by a the three-pole magnet of the type shown in FIG. 2G are illustrated in FIG. 2K.

[0073] While the illustration in FIG. 3 shows a configuration in which magnetic field generation system 104 at least partially surrounds reaction chamber 101, this need not necessarily be the case, since, for some applications or modes of operation of system 100, it may not be necessary for system 104 to surround chamber 101. For example, in some embodiments of the present invention system 104 is positioned below chamber 101. In these embodiments, system 104 preferably comprises a disc magnet having opposite poles at opposite surfaces of the disc thereby generating exhibiting axial magnetization. Further, for some applications or modes of operation, system 100 can be devoid of a magnetic field generation system. Configurations in which system 104 does not surround chamber 101 and configurations in which system 100 is devoid of a magnetic field generation system are particularly useful for operating in a continued operation mode as further detailed hereinbelow. Configurations in which system 104 surrounds chamber 101 are particularly useful for operating in an initiation operation mode as further detailed hereinbelow. In use, system 104 preferably surrounds chamber 101 for operating at the initiation operation mode for an initiation period. Following the initiation period, the operation of system 100 can be temporarily ceased, for example, by means of a control system 110 described below, and system 104 can beremoved or replaced with a magnetic field generation system that is positioned below chamber 101. The operation of system 100 can then be re-commenced at the continued operation mode.

[0074] Control system 110 applies electric field having a component 108 perpendicular to interface 106 so as to ensure formation of plasmoids inducing nuclear fusion, where the plasmoids comprise: negatively charged plasmoids, positively charged plasmoids containing cations of first liquid 102, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of second liquid 103, as further detailed hereinabove.

[0075] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing system 100 in greater detail according to some embodiments of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, which is not to be considered as limiting, system 100 comprises a servo or stepper motor 209 which can optionally and preferably be employed for adjusting the vertical position of reaction chamber 101 with respect to the magnetic field generator of system 104, thereby to adjust the location of interface 106 within the magnetic field. Motor 209 is optionally and preferably also controlled by control system 110.

[0076] Control system 110 can apply the electric field 108 (shown FIG. 1) by means of a pair of electrodes, 201 and 203e, immersed in liquids 102 and 103, respectively, where electrode 201 serves as an anode around which the plasma is generated, and electrode 203e serves as a contact electrode for the second liquid 103 which serves as a liquid cathode for plasma generation. In some embodiments of the present invention at least one of the electrodes, 201 and 203e is replaceable. For example, anodes of different shapes can be used in the initiation mode and in the continued operation mode described below.

[0077] Control system 110 comprises a power source, which, in the illustrated embodiment, comprises a pulsed power generator 205 and a DC power generator 206. In some embodiments of the present invention pulsed power generator 205 is configured to generate unipolar negative voltage pulses, in some embodiments of the present invention pulsed power generator 205 is configured to generate unipolar negative voltage pulses with offset, in some embodiments of the present invention pulsed power generator 205 is configured to generate unipolar positive voltage pulses, in some embodiments of the present invention pulsed power generator 205 is configured to generate unipolar positive voltage pulses with offset, and in some embodiments of the present invention pulsed power generator 205 is configurable, wherein the type of voltage pulses generated by generator 205 is selectable by the operator or automatically by a circuit 208.

[0078] As use herein, "unipolar negative voltage pulses" refers to voltage pulses that take nonpositive values, switching between Vi and V2, where Vi=0 (ground) and V2 < 0.

[0079] As use herein, "unipolar negative voltage pulses with offset" refers to voltage pulses that take negative values, switching between Vi and V2, where Vi < 0 and V2 < Vi.As use herein, "unipolar positive voltage pulses" refers to voltage pulses that take nonnegative values, switching between Vi and V2, where Vi=0 (ground) and V2 > 0.

[0080] As use herein, "unipolar positive voltage pulses with offset" refers to voltage pulses that take positive values, switching between Vi and V2, where Vi > 0 and V2 > Vi.

[0081] A changeover switching device 203 is connected to electrode 203e by a line 203c, to generator 205 by line 203a, and to generator 206 by line 203b, and is configure to switch between a state in which electrode 203e is fed by generator 205 and a state in which electrode 203e is fed by generator 206, as further detailed hereinbelow. In some embodiments of the present invention switching device 203 is configured to allow electrode 203e to be connected both to generator 205 and to generator 206, as further detailed hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 6. Alternatively, switching device 203 can disallow connection of electrode 203e to more than one of generators 205 and 206. These embodiments are particularly useful when pulsed power generator 205 is configurable, allowing to select between a state in which generator 205 generates unipolar voltage pulses without offset, and a state in which generator 205 generates unipolar voltage pulses with offset. In embodiments in which generator 205 is configurable, system 100 can be devoid of circuit 203.

[0082] In the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 3, electrode 201 is grounded via line 105, but it can alternatively be connected to a separate lead of generators 205 and 206. Control system 110 can optionally and preferably comprise a changeover switch control 204, which operates switching device 203 to assume a respective state, according to a desired operation mode of system 100.

[0083] Electrode 201 is suspended at an adjustable distance 210 above the interface 106. Representative examples of geometrical shapes suitable for use as electrode 201 according to some embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in FIGs. 4A-I, where FIGs. 4B, 4D, 4F, and 4H are cross sectional views along the lines X— X, Y— Y, W— W, and Z— Z shown in FIGs. 4A, 4C, 4E, and 4G, respectively. FIGs. 4A-B illustrate an embodiment in which electrode 201 has a shape of a cross with vertical protrusions 202 at the end of each arm of the cross, and a contact member 207 at the center of the cross. FIGs. 4C-D illustrate an embodiment in which electrode 201 has a shape of a mesh of conductive elements 411 and a contact member 207 at the center of the mesh, where the areas 413 between mesh elements 411 are preferably empty. FIGs. 4E-F illustrate an embodiment in which electrode 201 has a shape of tapered ovoid a cross with vertical protrusions 202 at the end of each arm of the cross, and a contact member 207 at the center of the cross. FIGs. 4G-H illustrate an embodiment in which electrode 201 has a shape of a mesh of conductive elements 421 with vertical protrusions 422 at the vertices of the mesh and a contact member 207 at the center of the mesh, where the areas 423 between mesh elements 421 arepreferably empty. FIG. 41 illustrates an embodiment in which electrode 201 is annular, e.g., has a shape of a ring. The diameter of the annulus is smaller than the inner diameter of the reaction chamber 101, but may be as large as 90%-98% of the inner diameter of the reaction chamber 101.

[0084] FIG. 4J illustrates an embodiment in which electrode 201 is a needle electrode, such as, but not limited to, a point electrode, which can be embodied as an elongated structure that is isolated along its length except at its tip. The diameter of the point electrode, is preferably less than 0.5 mm or less than 0.4 mm or less than 0.3 mm e.g., 0.2 mm or less. The tip of the point electrode can be made of any metal, such as, but not limited to, platinum, tungsten or the like. The point electrode is particularly useful for operating in the initiation mode as further detailed hereinbelow, and one or more of the electrodes shown in FIGs. 4A-I is suitable for operating in a continued operation mode as further detailed hereinbelow. Also contemplated is the use of a point electrode in combination with one or more of the electrodes shown in FIGs. 4A-I. These embodiments are particularly useful for an overlap mode as further detailed hereinbelow.

[0085] The vertical and lateral location of electrode 203e is optionally and preferably adjustable within liquid 103. Electrode 203e optionally and preferably comprises a planar structure such as, but not limited to, a rounded planar structure, e.g., a disc. A representative example of a geometrical shape suitable for use as electrode 203e in embodiments in which electrode 203e comprises a planar structure having a shape of a disc is illustrated in FIGs. 5A and 5B, where FIG.

[0086] 5B is a cross sectional view along the lines X— X shown in FIG. 5A. Other geometrical shapes for electrode 203e are also contemplated.

[0087] In some embodiments of the present invention system 100 comprises a transducer 214 constituted to apply a mechanical wave to the interface 106 between the first liquid 102 and second liquid 103. Transducer 214 can be arranged on or near the inner wall of chamber 101, as illustrated in FIG. 3, or it can be immersed in the first liquid 102 above the interface 106 away from the inner wall of chamber 101.

[0088] The mechanical wave can be, for example, an ultrasound wave. Preferably, comprises a transducer 214 is controlled by system 110. Use of transducer 214 is advantageous after the formation of the plasmoids. For example, the Inventors found that ultrasound wave can generate cavitation bubbles which trap the plasmoids, particularly the plasmoids of the third type and / or the metatrons. When the cavitation bubbles implode, they make the metatrons shrink and apply pressure to cations of the first liquid within the metatrons. This enhances the fusion reactions and the amount of generated energy. Furthermore, the Inventors discovered that the magnetic moment of the metatrons is sufficiently strong to allow them to self-organize in collective structures that take place during operation of system 100 in the continued operation mode described below. Thefusion events appear in bursts of energy, which is also due to those collective structures of metatrons. The mechanical wave can facilitate the generation and manipulation of such collective structures, and therefore improves the efficiency of the energy generation process.

[0089] As used herein a "collective structure" is a structure that comprises a plurality of individual metatrons which interact in a way that gives rise to emergent properties or behaviors that are not present in individual metatrons. For example, in a collective structure nuclear fusion is effected between metatrons (rather than only within the metatrons). Another example is vibrations of the metatrons, caused, e.g., by an interplay between Casimir force and magnetic drift. These vibrations allow collectively extracting Zero-Point Energy (ZPE) from the metatrons.

[0090] While the embodiments shown in FIG. 3 include a configuration in which switching device 203 allows the voltage across interface 106 to be supplied by one of generators 105 and 106, this need not necessarily be the case, since, for some applications, it may be desired to allow simultaneous operation of generators 105 and 106 whereby the power delivered to the chamber 101 includes both a pulsed voltage component and a continuous DC voltage component, which is a particular realization of pulse with offset. The advantage of this embodiment is that it reduces the likelihood for a polarization decay within the second liquid 103 by ensuring that electrode 203e is powered even in between the pulses. It also ensures the option of smooth transition from a mode of operation in which electrode 203e is fed by pulsed voltage to a mode of operation in which electrode 203e is fed by a continuous DC voltage. However, this smooth transition is optional and the metatrons generated in the pulse or overlap modes will be preserved also if there is a delay between the turning off of the pulse or overlap mode and the turning on of the continuous DC mode. Smooth transition between these two modes of operation can alternatively or additionally be ensured by providing pulsed power generator 205 which is configurable as further detailed hereinabove, wherein power generator 205 applies to electrode 203e pulsed voltage with no offset for an initiation period, then power generator 205 applies to electrode 203e pulsed voltage with offset for an intermediate period, and then switching device 203 connects electrode 203e to power generator 206 which applies to electrode 203e a continuous DC voltage for maintaining system 100 in a continued operation mode.

[0091] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a switching device 203 according to some embodiments of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, switching device 203 comprises a pair of switches 1003A and 1003B, a high voltage capacitor 1001 (for example, a capacitor configured to operate at electrical potential differences of at least 25 kV, e.g., from about 25 kV to about 40 kV, and a reverse biased diode 1002. Capacitor 1001 is particularly useful in embodiments of the invention in which switching device 203 allows electrode 203e (shown in FIG. 3) to be poweredsimultaneously by both generators 105 and 106. In this case, capacitor 1001 serves for isolating generator 205 from any DC voltage from generator 206 output. Generator 205 is connected, via line 203a and capacitor 1001, to switch 1003A, and generator 206 is connected, via line 203b and diode 1002, to a switch 1003B. Diode 1002 serves for preventing the pulse voltage from pulse generator 205 from impacting generator 206.

[0092] Switches 1003A and 1003B of switching device 203 share a terminal 1003C that is connected via line 203c to electrode 203e within second liquid 103. Each of switches 1003A and 1003B can be operated independently, and so switching device 203 can assume four states. A first state of switching device 203 is when switch 1003A is in its OFF state and switch 1003B is also in its OFF state. In this case, there is no electrical communication between terminal 1003C and generators 205 and 206. A second state of switching device 203 is when switch 1003A is in its ON state and switch 1003B is in its OFF state. In this case, there is electrical communication between terminal 1003C and generator 205 but not between terminal 1003C and generator 206. A third state of switching device 203 is when switch 1003A is in its OFF state and switch 1003B is in its ON state. In this case, there is electrical communication between terminal 1003C and generator 206 but not between terminal 1003C and generator 205. A fourth state of switching device 203 is when switch 1003A is in its ON state and switch 1003B is also in its ON state. In this case, there is electrical communication between terminal 1003C and both generators 205 and 206.

[0093] Preferably, switching device 203 is controlled by control system 110, for example, by means of changeover switch control 204, in which case system 110 is configured to select the state of switching device 203 according to a predetermined operation protocol, as further detailed hereinbelow. Switching device 203 optionally and preferably also comprises a load circuit 1004 (e.g., a resistor) connected between shared terminal 1003C and the ground. The switches 1003A and 1003B allow the transition from the HV pulse supply to the DC supply with an overlap of voltages.

[0094] The operation of system 100 optionally and preferably comprises an initiation mode and a continued operation mode, as will now be explained.

[0095] In the initiation mode, electrode 203e is fed by pulsed power generator 205. Generator is set on a negative polarity mode of operation. Typical voltage amplitude at the initiation mode is from about -5 kV to about -25 kV. Unlike conventional techniques, such as underwater corona discharge, where a pulse is applied on a point electrode and a single pulse can generate plasma discharge, in the present embodiments the upper point electrode 201 is grounded and the voltage pulse is applied to the second liquid 103 by means of electrode 203e. During the rise time of the applied voltage pulse, the second liquid 103 experiences a polarization drift. The Inventorshypothesized, and experimentally demonstrated that it is advantageous to apply pulses with sufficiently short rise time (for example, few nanoseconds or less), sufficiently high frequency (for example, from about 5,000 to about 50,000 pulses / sec), and sufficiently high amplitude (for example, from about 15,000 V to about 25,000V, in absolute value), because such selection of parameters ensures an accumulative discharge process, whereby the time interval between adjacent pulses is shorter than the dissipation time of the effect induced by the previous pulse. Thus, although each pulse has a small effect, the overall effect induced by a plurality of pulses is substantial due to the accumulation of the individual single-pulse effects. This continues as long as the pulses are applied to electrode 203e.

[0096] The accumulative discharge process disintegrates molecules of the first liquid and removes electrons from the atoms of both liquids. The electrons accelerate toward the grounded electrode 201 and plasma is generated in the vicinity of electrode 201. The plasma current creates an intense magnetic field. Guided by its own magnetic field, the plasma current forms itself into a vortex of filaments of electrically conducting plasma. The magnetic fields produced by the currents pinch and twist the plasma into dense micrometric structures, typically shaped as tori or more complex knots, which become the aforementioned plasmoids of the first type.

[0097] The cations are attracted by the negative charge interface 106, and on their way thereto, they interact with the magnetic field of the turbulent plasma current. The cations form the aforementioned plasmoids of the second type. It was found by the Inventors that the plasmoids of the second type have shorter lifetimes and are less stable than the plasmoids of the first type electron, unless they are encapsulated by plasmoids of the third type, thus becoming metatrons.

[0098] Under the influence of the electrical and magnetic fields free electrons and cations of the second liquid 103 start a gyromotion and move at drift velocities, for example, velocities that are proportional to ExB where E is the electric field vector, B is the magnetic field vector, and the symbol "x" represents a vector product. Due to the drift velocities, Lorentz force and the viscosity of the second liquid 103 local and global rotations take place. This is advantageous since it results in evacuation of free electrons from the vicinity of the cations of the second liquid, facilitating Coulombic explosion. The rotations can be enhanced by a judicious selection of the anode used during the initiation mode. The Inventors found that rotation enhancement can be achieved by combining a needle electrode (e.g., a point electrode) with another electrode such as an annular electrode or any other electrode, e.g., one or more of the electrodes shown in FIGs. 4A-I. Rotation enhancement can alternatively or additionally be achieved by a judicious selection of the pulses that are applied to electrode 203e after the gyromotion has started. In these embodiments, following an initiation time period in which system 100 is operated in its initiation mode as furtherdetailed hereinabove, system 100 is operated, for an intermediate time period, in an operation mode in which the voltage pulses applied to electrode 203e are unipolar negative voltage pulses with offset. This can be achieved by connecting electrode 203e simultaneously to both generators 205 and 206 or by connecting electrode 203e only to generator 205 and operating generator 205 in a mode in which the pulses generated by this generator are unipolar negative voltage pulses with offset.

[0099] In addition to the first liquid self-rotation due to its being endowed with charged electrons and cations during the discharge process, the first liquid also experiences rotation that is induced by the second liquid. The plasma can also rotate due to the same principle.

[0100] When the switching device 203 assumes a state in which electrode 203e is fed by DC generator 206, for example, by means of changeover switch control 204, generator 206 applies a negative and continuous DC voltage to electrode 203e. Typical voltage values, in absolute value, are from about 3 V to about 1000 V. The DC voltage ensures the continuation of the rotating dynamics of both fluids and the generation of self-organization of the metatrons into collective structures. Further manipulation of the metatrons and their collective structures, e.g., by means of transducer 214 is optionally and preferably executed during the application of DC voltage to electrode 203e. Under the applied DC voltage, the metatrons tend to be arranged in one or more layers of filaments which can be dynamic, e.g., can move and / or rotate and / or internally vibrate at the liquid-liquid interface. The Inventors demonstrated experimentally that part of these structures can be observed with a naked eye.

[0101] Following is a description of operation protocol which can be executed in embodiments in which switching device 203 can assume one of the four states as described above with respect to FIG. 6. When system 100 is not operating, control system 110 controls switching device 203 to assume its first state. During operation of system 100, control system 110 typically controls switching device 203 to initially assume its second state for an initiation period during which electrode 203e is powered only by pulsed voltage provided by generator 205, establishing the conditions for the formation of plasmoids and metatrons. After the initiation period, control system 110 preferably controls switching device 203 to assume its fourth state for an overlap period during which electrode 203e is powered by both generators 205 and 206, reducing the likelihood or rate of polarization decay within the second liquid 103. After the overlap period, control system 110 preferably controls switching device 203 to assume its third state, so as to power electrode 203e only by continuous DC voltage provided by generator 206, establishing the conditions for the plasmoids and / or metatrons to arrange into one or more filament layers.Reference is now made to FIGs. 7A-C, which is a schematic illustration of system 100 in embodiments of the invention in which system 100 comprises an energy harvesting system 112 configured for converting energy generated by the nuclear fusion directly into electricity. Energy harvesting system 112 can be embodied in more than one way.

[0102] The harvesting of electrical energy from system 100 is typically executed while system 100 operates in the continued operation mode, wherein the voltage applied to electrode 203e is a DC voltage. Thus, while FIG. 7A illustrates system 100 with control system 110 including generators 205 and 206, controls switching device 203, and changeover control switch 204, it is not necessary for system 100 to include all these components during harvesting. For example, generator 205, control switching device 203, and changeover control switch 204 are not required, since it is typically not required to switch the system back into the initiation mode. Thus, for example, during the harvesting of electrical energy from system 100 electrode 203e can be connected directly to DC power generator 206 or to a battery that supplies DC voltage. In this case, system 100 is optionally devoid of generator 205, controls switching device 203, and changeover control switch 204.

[0103] In some embodiments of the present invention energy harvesting system 112 comprises a pair of electrodes 501A and 501B immersed in first liquid 102. Electrodes 501A and 501B are typically placed at locations within the first liquid 102 at which the electric potentials are different, allowing harvesting the energy in the form of a voltage drop between electrodes 501A and 501B.

[0104] Preferably, the tip of electrode 501A is closer to the liquid-liquid interface 106 than the tip of electrode 201. The voltage drop can be applied to a load 502. In some embodiments of the present invention energy harvesting system 112 comprises a single electrode (e.g., electrode 501A) immersed in first liquid 102. Electrode 501A can be typically placed at locations within the first liquid 102 at which the electric potentials is negative relative to the ground, and the voltage drop between electrode 501A and the ground can be applied to a load 505.

[0105] Alternatively or additionally, energy harvesting system 112 can comprise a solenoid 503 having central axis (not shown) along a direction perpendicular to liquid-liquid interface 106.

[0106] Solenoid 503 is preferably external to reaction chamber 101, and can be wound around the wall(s) thereof. Typically, solenoid 503 is wound around a region of reaction chamber 101 which encompasses at least the upper part of second liquid 103, the liquid-liquid interface 106, and the lower part of first liquid 102. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper turn of solenoid 503 is approximately aligned with the upper end of magnetic field generation system 104, but embodiments in which solenoid extend further beyond stem 104 or in which the upper turn of solenoid 503 is aligned with another part of system 104 (not necessarily its upper end) are alsocontemplated. Solenoid 503 extracts the electricity according to the principles of mechanism induction whereby charged vortexes created in the first liquid 102 serve as a liquid rotor that induces electric current in the winds of solenoid 503. The current can be applied to a load 504 which is connected between the terminals of solenoid 503.

[0107] In any of the above embodiments for system 112, a portion of the energy harvested by system 112 can be used to power electrode 203e. In these embodiments, a power line is optionally and preferably connected between energy harvesting system 112 and electrode 203e, for example, via a resistor R and a switch S, as schematically illustrated in FIGs. 7B and 7C.

[0108] As used herein the term “about” refers to ± 10 %

[0109] The terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", "including", “having” and their conjugates mean "including but not limited to".

[0110] The term “consisting of’ means “including and limited to”.

[0111] The term "consisting essentially of" means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and / or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and / or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.

[0112] As used herein, the singular form "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term "a compound" or "at least one compound" may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.

[0113] Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

[0114] Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging / ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging / ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals therebetween.It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.

[0115] Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.

[0116] EXAMPLES

[0117] Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions illustrate some embodiments of the invention in a non-limiting fashion. The following examples provide exemplary operation protocols which can be employed according to some embodiments of the present invention using system 100.

[0118] Initiation Mode

[0119] The parameters of the pulses applied by generator 205 are preferably selected to ensure adiabatic process. The electric potential of the pulses can be from about -10 kV to about -50 kV, The frequency of the pulses can be from about 1 kHz to about 50 kHz. The rise time of the pulses can be less than 10 ns or less than 5 ns or less than 3 ns or less than 2ns, e.g., from about 0.1 ns to about 10 ns or from about 0.1 ns to about 5 ns or from about 0.1 ns to about 3 ns or from about 0.1 ns to about 2 ns. The pulse width can be from about 2 times the rise time to about 5 times the rise time. For example, for a rise time of 2 ns the pulse with can be about 5 ns. The peak current of the pulses is preferably from about 50 A to about 500 A, or from about 50 A to about 300 A.

[0120] During the rise time of the pulse a drift polarization takes place. Due to the gyration and the ExB drifts, polarization is acquired. The frequency is selected such that the dissipation time of the polarization is longer than the time interval between successive pulses, ensuring that the polarization is accumulated and eventually crosses the threshold that allows Coulomb explosions, generating the plasmoids of the third type. At the same time, the electrons accelerate toward the grounded anode to generated plasma and thereafter plasmoids of the first type is in its vicinity. The cations of the second liquid accelerate in the opposite direction towards the liquid-liquid interface generating plasmoids of the second type. These plasmoids are trapped and encapsulated by the plasmoids of the third type thereby generating the metatrons.

[0121] The magnetic field preferably has the radial part, which is utilized for the generation of the two liquid vortices and for the polarization drift, and also a component, which is parallel to theelectric field, and which is utilized for generating the plasmoids generation. The formation of plasmoids continues as long as the pulses are applied.

[0122] Overlap Mode

[0123] During the overlap mode, both pulsed voltage and the DC voltage are applied to the liquidliquid interface. Alternatively or additionally, unipolar voltage pulses with offset can be applied by the pulse generator 205. This reduces the dissipation of the acquired drift polarization between consecutive pulses and enhances plasmoids generation.

[0124] Continuous Mode

[0125] The system is operated as the continuous mode after the plasmoids have been generated during the pulse mode or the overlap mode. When the overlap mode is employed, the system is operated as the continuous mode after the turning off of the pulser generator line in the overlap mode. The Inventors found that the metatrons stay intact even when all electric input is turned off. Therefore in some embodiments of the present invention electrode 203e is disconnected from switching device 203 and is connected directly to DC power generator 206 or to battery. A negative polarity DC electric potential is applied to electrode 203e. Typical value for the electrical potential is from about 3 V to about 1000V. The continuous mode maintains the vortex dynamics of the two liquids. Due to the metatrons’ magnetic moment and the application of negative electric potential the metatrons arrange themselves in collective structures, typically one or more filament layers. At this stage, some nuclear fusion reaction already takes place. The amount of nuclear fusion reactions is optionally and preferably increased by applying ultrasound at a frequency of from about 10 kHz to about 1.2 MHz. The nuclear fusion energy is released into the first fluid in the form of charged particles. These charged particles participate in the general vortex dynamics and create zones of different electric potential. This potential difference allows the direct extraction of electric energy by means of the harvesting system.

[0126] Enhanced sustaining mode

[0127] Once stable plasmoids have been generated, the external electric power supply is no longer needed and can be turned off. Alternatively, once the output energy exceeds the input energy, the external electric power supply can be replaced by a feedback circuit by taking part of the output power for applying voltage across the liquid-liquid interface.

[0128] Channels of energy generation

[0129] System 100 generates three types of plasmoids, as further detailed hereinabove. The plasmoids of the third type are more stable than those of the first and second type. The plasmoids of the third type trap and encapsulate the plasmoids of the first and second types to generate the metatron, keeping the encapsulated plasmoids stable as well. There are therefore at least twodifferent channels of nuclear fusion. In both channels, the Coulomb barrier between nuclei is overcome to generate an inter-nuclei proximity that is required for quantum tunneling to take place. The first liquid cation plasmoid channel has some similarity with known compact toroids in which the Coulomb repulsion between deuterium nuclei is overcome by the self-confined magnetic force.

[0130] In the plasmoids of the first type, the distance between the trapped first liquid cations within these plasmoids is about 2pm, allowing fusion reaction by quantum tunneling. Another fusion channel in the plasmoids of the first type is the electrical screening of the cations within the plasmoids by the negative electric charges of the electron plasmoids, further enhancing the likelihood of fusion reaction.

[0131] The proximity between metatons due to their collective arrangement has also the probability to generate fusion between the metatrons and not only within the metatrons. Furthermore, at such close proximity, a Casimir force may exist between metatrons and the interplay between the Casimir force and the magnetic drift can cause vibration of metatrons, which in turn induces electromagnetic energy.

[0132] Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is assumed that the plasmoids of the first type are of sufficient density that allows some of the generated energy to be originated from the so-called zero-point-energy (ZPE).

[0133] FIG. 8 is a flowchart diagram illustrating a method suitable for configuring and operating a system for generating energy, such as, but not limited to, system 100, according to some embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that, unless otherwise defined, the operations described hereinbelow can be executed either contemporaneously or sequentially in many combinations or orders of execution. Specifically, the ordering of the flowchart diagrams is not to be considered as limiting. For example, two or more operations, appearing in the following description or in the flowchart diagrams in a particular order, can be executed in a different order (e.g., a reverse order) or substantially contemporaneously. Additionally, several operations described below are optional and may not be executed.

[0134] The method begins at 800 and optionally and preferably continues to 801 at which liquids 102 and 103 are introduced into a reaction chamber (e.g., chamber 101). The method continues to 802 at which the second liquid 103 is connected to a power generator. Typically, the connection is to two generators (e.g., generators 205 and 206) by means of a switching device (e.g., switching device 203), as further detailed hereinabove. The method proceeds to 803 at which an anode (e.g., anode 201) immersed in the first liquid is grounded. The distance between the anode and the liquidliquid interface is optionally and preferably adjusted to maximize the discharge between the second liquid 103 and the anode. The method proceeds to 804 at which pulsed voltage is applied acrossthe liquid-liquid interface, for example, by operating the switching device to establish connection between the second liquid 103 and the pulse generator (e.g., generator 205). The method continues to 805 at which a magnetic field is applied to liquid 103 and at least a portion of liquid 102 that is adjacent the liquid-liquid interface. This can be done by means of a magnetic field generation system (e.g., system 104). Operation 805 can be executed before any of operations 802-804. For example, in some embodiments of the present invention operation 805 is executed before operation 802. The method optionally and preferably continues to 806 at which the pulsed voltage is turned off and DC power generator turns on across the liquid-liquid interface, for example, by operating the switching device to establish connection between the second liquid 103 and the DC power generator (e.g., generator 206).

[0135] The method optionally and preferably continues to 807 at which the generated energy that is released is harvested by means of an energy harvesting system (e.g., system 112) as further detailed hereinabove.

[0136] The method ends at 808.

[0137] Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

[0138] It is the intent of the applicant(s) that all publications, patents and patent applications referred to in this specification are to be incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually noted when referenced that it is to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting. In addition, any priority document(s) of this application is / are hereby incorporated herein by reference in its / their entirety.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A system for generating energy, comprising:a reaction chamber containing a first liquid and a second liquid forming a liquid-liquid interface, wherein said first liquid is a nuclear fusion fuel and said second liquid is conductive and is heavier than said first liquid;a magnetic field generation system positioned outside said reaction chamber and being configured to generate a magnetic field in said reaction chamber;a control system, configured to apply voltage across said liquid-liquid interface to ensure formation of plasmoids inducing nuclear fusion, said plasmoids comprising: negatively charged plasmoids, positively charged plasmoids containing cations of said first liquid, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of said second liquid.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said control system is configured to apply pulsed voltage across said liquid-liquid interface, and wherein a rise time of said pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure generation of Coulomb explosion in said second liquid.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein said control system is configured to apply pulsed voltage across said liquid-liquid interface, and wherein a rise time of said pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure plasma discharge in said first liquid.

4. The system according to claim 2, wherein said control system is configured to apply pulsed voltage across said liquid-liquid interface, and wherein a rise time of said pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure plasma discharge in said first liquid.

5. The system according to claim 1, wherein said control system is configured to apply continuous voltage across said liquid-liquid interface following said formation of said plasmoids.

6. The system according to any of claims 2-4, wherein said control system is configured to apply continuous voltage across said liquid-liquid interface following said formation of said plasmoids.

7. The system according to claim 5, wherein said control system is configured to apply said continuous voltage simultaneously with said pulsed voltage.

8. The system according to claim 6, wherein said control system is configured to apply said continuous voltage simultaneously with said pulsed voltage.

9. The system according to claim 1, comprising a transducer constituted to apply a mechanical wave to said second liquid, wherein said control system is configured to control said transducer to apply said mechanical wave following said formation of said plasmoids.

10. The system according to any of claims 2-8, comprising a transducer constituted to apply a mechanical wave to said second liquid, wherein said control system is configured to control said transducer to apply said mechanical wave following said formation of said plasmoids.

11. The system according to claim 9, wherein said mechanical wave is an ultrasound wave.

12. The system according to claim 10, wherein said mechanical wave is an ultrasound wave.

13. The system according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic field generation system comprises a permanent magnet.

14. The system according to any of claims 2-12, wherein said magnetic field generation system comprises a permanent magnet.

15. The system according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic field generation system comprises an electromagnet.

16. The system according to any of claims 2-14, wherein said magnetic field generation system comprises an electromagnet.

17. The system according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic field generation system is configured to generate a multipole magnetic field having more than two poles.

18. The system according to any of claims 2-16, wherein said magnetic field generation system is configured to generate a multipole magnetic field having more than two poles.

19. The system according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic field generation system comprises a plurality of magnetic field generators, spaced apart along a direction perpendicular to said liquid-liquid interface.

20. The system according to any of claims 2-18, wherein said magnetic field generation system comprises a plurality of magnetic field generators, spaced apart along a direction perpendicular to said liquid-liquid interface.

21. The system according to claim 1, wherein said control system is also configured to control said magnetic field generation system so as to vary said magnetic field.

22. The system according to any of claims 2-20, wherein said control system is also configured to control said magnetic field generation system so as to vary said magnetic field.

23. The system according to claim 1, comprising an energy harvesting system configured for converting energy generated by said nuclear fusion to electricity.

24. The system according to any of claims 2-22, comprising an energy harvesting system configured for converting energy generated by said nuclear fusion to electricity.

25. The system according to claim 23, wherein said energy harvesting system comprises at least one electrode immersed in said first liquid.

26. The system according to claim 24, wherein said energy harvesting system comprises at least one electrode immersed in said first liquid.

27. The system according to claim 23, wherein said energy harvesting system comprises a solenoid having central axis along a direction perpendicular to said liquid-liquid interface.

28. The system according to any of claims 24-26, wherein said energy harvesting system comprises a solenoid having central axis along a direction perpendicular to said liquidliquid interface.

29. The system according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said plasmoids are arranged in layer at said liquid-liquid interface.

30. The system according to any of claims 2-28, wherein at least a portion of said plasmoids are arranged in layer at said liquid-liquid interface.

31. The system according to claim 1, wherein said first liquid is deuterium oxide.

32. The system according to any of claims 2-30, wherein said first liquid is deuterium oxide.

33. The system according to claim 1, wherein said first liquid is water.

34. The system according to any of claims 2-30, wherein said first liquid is water.

35. The system according to claim 1, wherein said second liquid is metallic.

36. The system according to any of claims 2-34, wherein said second liquid is metallic.

37. The system according to claim 35, wherein said second liquid comprises mercury.

38. The system according to claim 36, wherein said second liquid comprises mercury.

39. The system according to claim 35, wherein said second liquid comprises at least one alloy selected from the group consisting of galinstan, eutectic gallium-indium, gallium- zinc, and gallium- silver.

40. The system according to claim 36, wherein said second liquid comprises at least one alloy selected from the group consisting of galinstan, eutectic gallium-indium, gallium- zinc, and gallium- silver.

41. A plasmoid structure, comprising a first liquid and a second liquid forming a liquidliquid interface, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of said second and said first liquid and being arranged as a collective structure at said liquid-liquid interface, wherein said second liquid is metallic and is heavier than said first liquid.

42. The plasmoid structure of claim 41, wherein at least one of said positively charged plasmoids contain electrons.

43. A method of generating energy, comprising:applying to a liquid-liquid interface formed between a first liquid and a second liquid a magnetic field having a component parallel to said liquid-liquid interface, wherein said first liquid is a nuclear fusion fuel and said second liquid is conductive and is heavier than said first liquid; andapplying to said liquid-liquid interface an electric field having a component perpendicular to said liquid-liquid interface so as to form plasmoids inducing nuclear fusion, wherein said plasmoids comprise: negatively charged plasmoids, positively charged plasmoids containing cations of said first liquid, and positively charged plasmoids containing cations of said second liquid.

44. The method according to claim 43, wherein said applying said electric field comprises applying pulsed voltage across said liquid-liquid interface, and wherein a rise time of said pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure generation of Coulomb explosion in said second liquid.

45. The method according to any of claims 43 and 44, wherein a rise time of said pulses is less than a predetermined rise time threshold selected to ensure generation of plasma discharge in said second liquid.

46. The method according to any of claims 43-45, comprising applying continuous voltage across said liquid-liquid interface following said formation of said plasmoids.

47. The method according to any of claims 43-46, comprising applying a mechanical wave to said liquid-liquid interface, following said formation of said plasmoids.

48. The method according to claim 47, wherein said mechanical wave is an ultrasound wave.

49. The method according to any of claims 43-48, wherein said applying said magnetic field is by a permanent magnet.

50. The method according to any of claims 43-49, wherein said applying said magnetic field is by an electromagnet.

51. The method according to any of claims 43-49, wherein said magnetic field is a multipole magnetic field having more than two poles.

52. The method according to any of claims 43-51, wherein said applying said magnetic field is by a plurality of magnetic field generators spaced apart along a direction perpendicular to said liquid-liquid interface.

53. The method according to any of claims 43-52, comprising varying said magnetic field.

54. The method according to any of claims 43-53, comprising converting energy generated by said nuclear fusion to electricity.

55. The method according to claim 54, wherein said converting is by a pair of electrodes immersed in said first liquid.

56. The method according to any of claims 54 and 55, wherein said converting is by a solenoid having central axis along a direction perpendicular to said liquid-liquid interface.

57. The method according to any of claims 43-56, wherein at least a portion of said plasmoids are arranged in layer at said liquid-liquid interface.

58. The method according to any of claims 43-57, wherein said first liquid is deuterium oxide.

59. The method according to any of claims 43-57, wherein said first liquid is water.

60. The method according to any of claims 43-58, wherein said second liquid is metallic.

61. The method according to claim 60, wherein said second liquid comprises mercury.

62. The method according to claim 60, wherein said second liquid comprises at least one alloy selected from the group consisting of galinstan, eutectic gallium-indium, gallium-zinc, and gallium-silver.

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