Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present invention includes: a reception unit for receiving information pertaining to an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) function that is broadcast or multicast; and a control unit that activates the AI / ML function on the basis of the information.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] In a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified for the purpose of further high data rates, low latency, etc. (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, for the purpose of further large capacity and sophistication of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9), LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified.

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (for example, also referred to as 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)", April 2010

[0005] Regarding future wireless communication technologies, it is being considered to utilize artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control, management, etc. Technologies that utilize machine learning / artificial intelligence may be referred to as, for example, AI / ML and AI / ML technologies.

[0006] Use cases for AI / ML technology include, for example, spatial domain downlink (DL) beam prediction and temporal DL beam prediction. Beam prediction methods utilizing AI / ML technology may also be called AI / ML beam prediction, AI / ML-based beam prediction (beam reporting), or AI / ML-based beam management (BM). Other use cases for AI / ML technology being considered include CSI prediction, CSI compression, AI-based positioning (UE positioning), and various life cycle management (LCM) applications.

[0007] Functions that utilize AI / ML technology provided in networks / devices may also be called AI / ML functions.

[0008] However, the control of AI / ML functions in networks and devices has not been adequately considered. If this consideration is insufficient, optimal overhead reduction, channel estimation, and resource utilization may be hindered, potentially suppressing improvements in communication throughput and communication quality.

[0009] Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can suitably control AI / ML functions.

[0010] A terminal according to one aspect of this disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives information about Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) functions that are broadcast or multicast, and a control unit that activates the AI / ML functions based on the information.

[0011] According to one aspect of this disclosure, the AI / ML function can be suitably controlled.

[0012] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of carrier design in a wireless communication system. Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment. Figure 3 is another diagram illustrating the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment. Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment. Figure 5 is another diagram illustrating the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment. Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment.

[0013] (Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology to Wireless Communication) In future wireless communication technologies, the use of AI technologies such as Machine Learning (ML) for controlling and managing networks and devices is being considered.

[0014] For example, terminals (user terminals, User Equipment (UE)) and base stations (BS) are being considered to utilize AI technology to improve Channel State Information (CSI) feedback (e.g., overhead reduction, improved accuracy, prediction), beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the spatiotemporal domain), and position measurement (e.g., improved position estimation / prediction).

[0015] The AI ​​model may output at least one piece of information, such as an estimated value, a predicted value, a selected action, or a classification, based on the input information. The UE / BS may input channel status information, reference signal measurements, etc., to the AI ​​model and output highly accurate channel status information / measurements / beam selection / position, future channel status information / wireless link quality, etc.

[0016] In this disclosure, AI may be interpreted as an object (also called a subject, object, data, function, program, etc.) having at least one of the following characteristics: - estimation based on observed or collected information, - selection based on observed or collected information, - prediction based on observed or collected information.

[0017] In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be interpreted interchangeably. Furthermore, in this disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0018] In this disclosure, an object may be, for example, a device or apparatus such as a UE or BS. Furthermore, in this disclosure, an object may refer to a program / model / entity operating on such apparatus.

[0019] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the AI ​​model may be reinterpreted as an object having (implementing) at least one of the following features: - generating estimates by feeding; - predicting estimates by feeding; - discovering features by feeding; - selecting actions by feeding.

[0020] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the term "AI model" may also mean a data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs based on a set of inputs.

[0021] Furthermore, in this disclosure, AI models, models, ML models, predictive analytics, predictive analytics models, tools, autoencoders, encoders, decoders, neural network models, AI algorithms, schemes, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, AI models may be derived using at least one of the following: regression analysis (e.g., linear regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, logistic regression analysis), support vector machines, random forests, neural networks, deep learning, etc.

[0022] In this disclosure, the term "autoencoder" may be interpreted interchangeably with any autoencoder, such as a stacked autoencoder or a convolutional autoencoder. The encoder / decoder of this disclosure may employ models such as Residual Network (ResNet), DenseNet, or RefineNet.

[0023] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as encoder, encoding, encoding / encoded, modification / change / control by an encoder, compression, compression / compressed, generating, and generated / generated may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0024] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as decoder, decoding, decoding / decoded, modification / change / control by a decoder, decompressing, decompressing / decompressed, reconstructing, and reconstructing / reconstructed may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0025] In this disclosure, terms such as generation, calculation, and derivation may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as implementation, operation, function, and execution may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as training, learning, updating, and retraining may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as inference, after-training, production use, and actual use may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "signal" may be interpreted interchangeably with "signal / channel".

[0026] (Pre-processing information / Post-processing information) The following describes information regarding pre-processing (which may also be called pre-processing information) and information regarding post-processing (which may also be called post-processing information).

[0027] Preprocessing information for model generation may include at least one of the following: • Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) information (e.g., information transformed from the spatial domain to the angular domain / information transformed from the frequency domain to the delay domain); • Information for adapting the size of the preprocessed input (including either of the following): Information on how to increase the input size (e.g., information via interpolation / zero-padding); Information on how to decrease the input size (information via truncation / sampling).

[0028] Post-processing information for model generation may include at least one of the following: quantization information as described above; dropout / sampling information (information that certain parts of the model output or target of post-processing are likely to be truncated / sampled (e.g., information about the ND layer)); and information for adapting the size of the post-processed output (including either of the following): information on how to increase the output size (e.g., information via interpolation / zero-padding); or information on how to decrease the output size (information via truncation / sampling).

[0029] Preprocessing information for model reconstruction may include at least one of the following: • The quantization (inverse quantization) information described above; • Information for fitting the input size.

[0030] Post-processing information for model reconstruction may include at least one of the following: • Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) information (e.g., information transformed from the angular domain to the spatial domain / information transformed from the delay domain to the frequency domain), • Information for adapting the magnitude of the post-processed output.

[0031] Each of the above pieces of information may be represented by an ID (index) without requiring a detailed explanation. This avoids proprietary issues. Furthermore, the above-mentioned information regarding various inputs / outputs may not be actual input / output information, but rather nominal inputs / outputs.

[0032] (Examples of carrier design in future wireless communication systems) In future wireless communication systems (e.g., Rel. 21 and beyond, 6G systems), it is expected that advanced services exceeding those of 5G NR systems will be realized in order to solve social issues in the 2030s and beyond, as exemplified below: - Scalable network (NW). - Easy-to-operate NW. - Sustainable / resilient NW. - Improved performance (e.g., throughput / capacity) at lower bit costs. - Significant reduction in the cost / complexity / power consumption of cellular networks. - Increased revenue / creation of new value through cellular networks.

[0033] For scalable networks, it is desirable that the basic design of a 6G system be applicable not only to use cases within the 6G system but also to potential new use cases that may arise later. This is because it will be beneficial and practical for features that are expected to be released in the future.

[0034] For easily operable networks, it is desirable to avoid specifying multiple options for the same purpose.

[0035] For sustainable and fast-recovering networks, significant cost and energy consumption reductions are desirable for both the network side and the terminals (user terminals, user equipment (UE)). Furthermore, improved fault tolerance and rapid recovery capabilities against all kinds of events (e.g., operational errors, high traffic, disasters, etc.) are also desirable.

[0036] The following describes an example of carrier design in a future wireless communication system, with reference to Figure 1. A wireless communication system may consist of multiple carriers of different types. In Figure 1, the wireless communication system includes a first carrier, a second carrier, and a third carrier.

[0037] <Perch Carrier> The first carrier may be called, for example, a perch carrier. The first carrier may be a carrier common to multiple UEs.

[0038] The first carrier may be a common carrier regardless of, for example, the use case / service / device type.

[0039] In the first carrier, a common signal (e.g., synchronization signal block / master information block / system information block) may be transmitted. Also, in the first carrier, transmission and reception of data (e.g., application layer information) may not be assumed. Also, in the first carrier, transmission and reception of information related to a specific UE or a specific UE group (e.g., information other than information related to the second carrier) may not be assumed.

[0040] For example, the first carrier may be used for transmission of the following signals. (1) Synchronization signal (SS

[0047] : Synchronization signal for a partial carrier) (2) Master information block (MIB) (3) System information block (e.g., SIB1), reference signal (RS)

[0041] The signal (transmitted in the first carrier) may always be maintained in an on state.

[0042] The signal (e.g., synchronization signal block / master information block / system information block) transmitted in the first carrier may include information about an anchor carrier (second carrier) that is available in the system or used by the UE.

[0043] The first carrier may have a frequency lower than a specific value (e.g., 800 MHz).

[0044] The first carrier may correspond to one (base station) beam.

[0045] The UE may perform first synchronization in the first carrier. The first synchronization may mean the first step / level (e.g., coarse) synchronization among a plurality (e.g., two) of steps / levels of synchronization.

[0046] The first carrier may be included in, for example, a coverage band.

[0047] By defining and utilizing the first carrier in this way, it is possible to cover all future use cases and contribute to achieving a scalable network.

[0048] <Anchor Carrier> The second carrier may be called, for example, an anchor carrier. The second carrier may be a carrier / frequency used for network connection / control.

[0049] The second carrier may be an individual carrier for each UE, for multiple UEs (UE groups), for each use case, or for each service. A UE may determine which second carrier is compatible with its device based on information obtained from the first carrier.

[0050] The second carrier may transmit signals from the control plane (C-plane). For example, the second carrier may transmit the following signals [in the control plane]: (1) Synchronization signal (SS a (1) Synchronization signal for anchor carrier (2) Paging (3) Additional system information blocks (e.g., SIB2-SIBX) (4) Random access (RA) (5) Signaling radio bearers (SRBs), sparse RS

[0051] Sparse RS may be sparsely transmitted RS (for example, RS set to a sparse RS pattern). For example, sparse RS may be transmitted less frequently than RS transmitted on the first carrier.

[0052] In addition, at least one of the following transmissions / receptions / operations may occur in the second carrier: - Transmission / reception of a system information block for a specific use case (e.g., enhanced Mobile Broad Band (eMBB)); - Connection establishment; - Transmission / reception of a wake-up signal (WUS); - Wake-up receiver (WUR) operation; - Second synchronization; - Information about the third carrier.

[0053] The terms "Wake-up signal (WUS)" and "Wake-up receiver" may be interpreted as "Low-power wake-up signal (LP-WUS)" and "Low-power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR)."

[0054] By using a second carrier to perform LP-WUS / WUR related operations, it is possible to reduce network energy consumption and user energy consumption.

[0055] The second carrier (and the signals transmitted on it) does not have to be always on (it may be in a dormant state). For example, the transmission of signals on the second carrier (DL transmission / UL transmission) may be supported to be performed on demand in response to a wake-up signal / trigger signal.

[0056] The second synchronization may refer to the second step / level (e.g., a more precise) synchronization among multiple (e.g., two) step / level synchronizations. For example, a UE may achieve the first synchronization on the first carrier and the second synchronization on the second carrier.

[0057] The second carrier may be included in the first carrier in certain cases (for example, in the case of a [narrowband] IoT device). The second carrier may also overlap the same frequency band as the first carrier.

[0058] The second carrier may, for example, be included in a coverage band.

[0059] At least one operation performed on the second carrier may also be performed on the first / third carrier. Furthermore, at least one operation performed on the first / third carrier may also be performed on the second carrier.

[0060] <Data Carrier> The third carrier may be called, for example, a data carrier. The third carrier may be a carrier used for transmitting / receiving data. The UE may transmit / receive data on the third carrier for a specific use case (e.g., eMBB / other purposes).

[0061] The third carrier could be an individual carrier for each UE, for multiple UEs (UE groups), for each use case, or for each service.

[0062] The third carrier may transmit signals from the user plane (U-plane). For example, the third carrier may transmit the following signals [in the user plane]: (1) Synchronization signal (SS u (1) Synchronization signal for the user plane (2) Data radio bearers (DRBs), sparse RS

[0063] Furthermore, the third carrier may include multiple planes. In Figure 1, the third carrier further includes an X plane. The X plane may be a plane used for a specific purpose. For example, the X plane may be a plane that transmits AI / ML-related signals. For instance, the X plane may be a plane to which a UE capable of performing AI / ML functions is connected.

[0064] The third carrier may transmit X-plane signals. For example, the third carrier may transmit the following signals [in the X-plane]: (1) Synchronization signal (SS ｘ (1) Synchronization signal for X-plane (2) Radio bearer (XRBs), sparse RS for the above specific applications

[0065] The third carrier (and the signals transmitted on it) does not have to be constantly on (it may be in a dormant state). For example, the transmission of signals on the third carrier (DL transmission / UL transmission) may be supported in an on-demand manner in response to a wake-up signal / trigger signal.

[0066] The third carrier may be included in both the coverage band and the capacity band, for example. The third carrier within the capacity band may be used as surplus carriers.

[0067] The third career may include the first career.

[0068] The UE may communicate using multiple carriers as shown in Figure 1. For example, the UE may monitor multiple frequencies (which may be called monitoring frequencies / synchronous rasters) to detect the first carrier.

[0069] If a first carrier is detected, the UE may perform a synchronous operation (first synchronization) and receive / acquire information (e.g., system information).

[0070] The UE may perform initial access / random access on a second carrier (which may be called an anchor carrier, for example) based on the received / acquired information (e.g., system information) and establish an RRC connection with the NW. At least a portion of the initial access / random access may be performed on the first carrier.

[0071] The UE may transmit / receive data on a third carrier (which may be called a data carrier, for example) that is set up by signals transmitted / received on a second carrier.

[0072] Please note that the names such as perch carrier, anchor carrier, and data carrier used in this disclosure are merely examples and are not limited to these names.

[0073] UE / NW may use the first carrier as a third carrier only in specific cases. Such specific cases may be, for example, initial access (re-access), fallback cases, and mobility on the second carrier.

[0074] UE may use / monitor the first carrier as a third carrier. Also, U may use / monitor the first carrier as a third carrier in the case of mobility on the first carrier.

[0075] The first, second, and third carriers corresponding to terrestrial networks (TN) and the first, second, and third carriers corresponding to non-terrestrial networks (NTN) may be defined separately or in common.

[0076] Furthermore, certain devices (for example, devices that do not perform cell search / RRC connectivity (e.g., Ambient IoT (A-IoT))) do not need to use a second carrier.

[0077] Furthermore, the carrier design described above may be applied to a cell-free configuration as appropriate. For example, the first carrier may correspond to a first cell (e.g., a supercell) or to a second cell (e.g., an area). Also, for example, the second carrier may correspond to a first cell (e.g., a supercell) or to a second cell (e.g., an area). Also, for example, the third carrier may correspond to a second cell (e.g., an area).

[0078] The first carrier may be a carrier of the first type (e.g., perch). The second carrier may be a carrier of the second type (e.g., anchor). The third carrier may be a carrier of the third type (e.g., data).

[0079] The first, second, and third carriers may include carriers whose carrier type corresponds to a specific service type (e.g., service types A / B / C). The first, second, and third carriers may also include carriers whose carrier type corresponds to a type dedicated to a specific operation (e.g., data / model operations) (dedicated carriers).

[0080] A carrier of type "normal" may be a carrier for normal (general) operation in the first / second / third. A carrier of type "enhanced" may be a carrier for enhanced (non-general) operation (e.g., enhanced AI / ML operation) in the first / second / third.

[0081] The service type may, for example, be information indicating the type of service provided to the terminal. The service type may, for example, be a service categorized according to its purpose / use. For instance, the service type may include services for general terminals (e.g., eMBB), communication services requiring high reliability (e.g., Ultra Reliable and Low Latenc Communications, URLC), and services for IoT devices (e.g., massive MTC, mMTC).

[0082] (Carrier Configuration and AI / ML in Wireless Communication Systems) As mentioned above, wireless communication systems may consist of multiple carriers of different types. In this case, the load of carrier switching / measurement may increase, and high-speed / seamless carrier access / switching is desirable.

[0083] Furthermore, the AI / ML-based functionality is being considered for extension to various Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of wireless access network technologies. The coexistence of advanced AI / ML-based transmission / operation with non-AI or weak AI is desired.

[0084] Therefore, the following technologies are desired, for example: • AI / ML lifecycle management across different types of carriers (e.g., perch carrier, anchor carrier, data carrier, data and model manipulation-dedicated carrier) or different planes (e.g., U-plane and X-plane) • Multiplexing schemes and resource allocation across planes / frequency / time / space / channel for advanced AI / ML transmission / operation and non-AI / ML or weak AI / ML transmission / operation • AI / ML prediction across carriers for synchronization / tracking / measurement for fast / seamless wake-up / access / connection setup / switching • High-quality, low-overhead cross-carrier / multi-carrier channel status information (CSI) / radio resource management (RRM) reporting using AI / ML compression and prediction • AI / ML-based transmission and reception (e.g., channel estimation and signal detection) on dedicated carriers

[0085] (Analysis) As mentioned above, for example, in 6G networks, the use of multiple types of carriers, such as perch (P) / anchor (A) / data (D) carriers, is being considered. In structures that utilize multiple types of carriers, the UE (User Engineer) may be required to switch between carriers at high speed.

[0086] Furthermore, use cases utilizing two-sided models can be applied to a wider range of transmission and reception (TRx), and some resources may be dedicated to AI / ML-based transmission and reception (TRx).

[0087] However, the LCM framework for 5G NR, for example, is a procedure added on top of existing functions that use legacy methods / algorithms. Therefore, the UE cannot obtain AI / ML information without performing a series of online / offline procedures. As a result, AI / ML functionality cannot be enabled, which may suppress improvements in communication throughput / communication quality.

[0088] Therefore, the present inventors conceived of a suitable method for notifying the UE of AI / ML information. According to one aspect of this disclosure, it is possible to suitably notify the UE of AI / ML information.

[0089] The embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Each wireless communication method according to the embodiments may be applied individually or in combination.

[0090] (Various substitutions) In this disclosure, words enclosed in parentheses () may indicate an explanation of the preceding word (e.g., an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, or supplementary explanation. Also, in this disclosure, words enclosed in square brackets ([]) may be interpreted as part of the overall meaning of the text, or they may be interpreted as being excluded (ignored). Note that parentheses () and square brackets ([]) may be used for purposes / meanings other than those described above.

[0091] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0092] In this disclosure, terms such as notice, activate, deactivate, indicate (or specify), select, configure, update, and determine may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and capable of operating may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0093] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-layer parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control elements (MAC Control Elements (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0094] In this disclosure, the upper layer signaling may be any or a combination thereof, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, and other messages (e.g., messages from the core network, such as positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages).

[0095] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may include, for example, MAC Control Elements (MAC CEs) and MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Broadcast information may include, for example, Master Information Blocks (MIBs), System Information Blocks (SIBs), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSIs), and Other System Information (OSIs).

[0096] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI).

[0097] (Cross-carrier inference) In this disclosure, cross-carrier inference (which may also be called AI / ML cross-carrier inference) may indicate, for example, that an entity derives / calculates / predicts / infers a certain value / measurement in another carrier / cell / band / frequency / BWP based on a value / measurement observed / measured in one carrier / cell / band / frequency / BWP or a received signal.

[0098] In cross-carrier inference, for example, carrier / cell / band / frequency / BWP may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0099] In cross-carrier inference, for example, the carrier from which the information used for inference is obtained is sometimes called the reference carrier, the source carrier, and the first carrier. In cross-carrier inference, the carrier on which the inference is performed is sometimes called the target carrier and the second carrier.

[0100] The types of carriers used for inference and carriers used for inference may include, for example, perch carriers, anchor carriers, and data carriers.

[0101] The carrier being inferred and the carrier being inferred may be of the same type.

[0102] Furthermore, the source carrier for inference may be a higher-level carrier than the target carrier for inference. For example, the perch carrier may be a higher-level carrier than the anchor carrier and the data carrier. The anchor carrier may be a higher-level carrier than the data carrier.

[0103] The UE may receive information about at least one of the source carriers and target carriers used in cross-carrier inference from at least one of the source carriers and target carriers. Alternatively, the UE may receive information about at least one of the source carriers and target carriers used in cross-carrier inference from a carrier other than the source carriers and target carriers (for example, sometimes called a third carrier).

[0104] The other carrier type may be, for example, a perch carrier, an anchor carrier, or a data carrier. The other carrier may be of the same type as at least one of the source carrier and the target carrier, or it may be a higher-level carrier than the source carrier and the target carrier.

[0105] Cross-carrier inference can also be rephrased as, for example, intercarrier inference.

[0106] (Wireless communication method) It is preferable that the AI / ML function can be used in the initial stage of the UE accessing / connecting to the carrier. Therefore, in the embodiments described below, the NW broadcasts / multicasts information related to the use of the AI / ML function to the UE, for example. As a result, the UE can receive information related to the use of the AI / ML function in the initial stage of accessing / connecting to the carrier.

[0107] Note that "AI / ML function" may be interpreted as "function," "model," etc. Furthermore, information related to the use of AI / ML functions may be referred to as "AI / ML information" below.

[0108] <0th Embodiment> In the 0th embodiment, the NW may broadcast / multicast AI / ML information to the UE. The UE may receive AI / ML information in the initial stage of accessing / connecting to the carrier.

[0109] (AI / ML Information) The UE may receive AI / ML information, for example, when it receives synchronization signals / broadcast signals from a cell. The AI / ML information may be included in the broadcast channel (e.g., Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH). For example, the UE may receive AI / ML information from the synchronization signal block (SSB) / system information block (SIB). In one example, the AI / ML information may be included in the MIB in the SSB, or in SIB1.

[0110] Furthermore, the UE may receive AI / ML information in, for example, one or more other SIBs (e.g., SIB2 to SIBX). Other SIBs containing AI / ML information may, for example, be broadcast.

[0111] Additionally, other SIBs containing AI / ML information may be transmitted upon request. Other SIBs containing AI / ML information do not have to be broadcast. For example, other SIBs [transmitted upon request] do not have to be broadcast if their status indicates that they are not broadcasting (e.g., notbroadcasting).

[0112] Furthermore, the UE may request / receive AI / ML information after synchronizing / connecting to the cell. For example, the UE may request / receive AI / ML information from one or more other SIBs (e.g., SIB2 to SIBX). Note that the request for AI / ML information may be performed, for example, as a request from another SIB in an initial access procedure (e.g., a random access (RA) procedure / random access channel (RACH) procedure).

[0113] Furthermore, the UE may receive AI / ML information via multicast (multicast channel). For example, the UE may receive AI / ML information via a group-common channel (e.g., group-common PDCCH, group-common PDSCH).

[0114] A UE may search for / request / receive AI / ML information from one or more signals in a cell dedicated to one or more UEs of a particular type. For example, a UE may search for a dedicated signal / channel for one or more UEs with advanced AI / ML capabilities in a specified / configured / directed resource, or it may search for a signal / channel that is groupcast / multicast to UEs with advanced AI / ML capabilities. The UE may then receive AI / ML information from the searched signal / channel.

[0115] The resources specified may, for example, be specific resources defined in the specifications.

[0116] AI / ML information may include, for example, information indicating at least one of the following: • Information that allows the UE to enable / activate or disable / deactivate [one or more] models / functionalities / features / feature groups - for example, [one or more] carriers / cells / bands / resources that the UE is permitted to enable / activate • Information that allows the UE to enable / activate or disable / deactivate [one or more] models / functionalities / features / feature groups on the UE side or both sides • Information about [one or more] IDs corresponding to at least one of [one or more] models, model pairings, [one or more] functionalities, or [one or more] datasets - for example, may include model IDs, dataset IDs, association IDs, etc. • Information about [one or more] permitted models / functionalities / features / feature groups - for example, may include model structure, preprocessing, and postprocessing, etc. • Information specific to a particular model / functionality / feature / feature group (sometimes called assistant information)

[0117] (Actions after receiving AI / ML information) The UE may, for example, enable / activate one or more models / functionalities / features / feature groups based on the AI / ML information.

[0118] For example, a UE may enable / activate a model / functionality / feature / feature group for one or more designated carriers / cells / bands / resources if the following conditions or combinations of conditions are met: • It is permitted based on received AI / ML information. • One or more IDs supported by the UE matches one or more IDs indicated by the received AI / ML information. • One or more models / functionality / feature / feature groups supported by the UE matches one or more models / functionality / feature / feature groups indicated by the received AI / ML information. A UE may enable / activate one or more models / functionality / feature / feature groups after receiving at least one of the following: - After receiving a synchronization signal (e.g., SSB (MIB)). - After receiving a specified / configured broadcast signal. - After receiving specified / configured system information (e.g., SIBX). - After receiving information specified / configured for a group dedicated to one or more UEs.

[0119] The specified broadcast signals / system information / information may be, for example, specific broadcast signals / system information / information defined in the specifications.

[0120] UE does not have to enable / activate models / functionalities / features / feature groups if certain conditions are not met. For example, UE does not have to enable / activate [all] models / functionalities / features / feature groups if the above conditions or combinations of conditions are not met. Also, UE does not have to enable / activate the models / functionalities / features / feature groups corresponding to the unmet conditions or combinations of conditions if the above conditions or combinations of conditions are not met.

[0121] The UE may report the activation of models / functionalities / features / features / feature groups (activation report). For example, if the UE activates one or more models / functionalities / features / feature groups, it may report the activation of those one or more models / functionalities / features / feature groups to the NW.

[0122] Figure 2 illustrates the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment. Figure 2A illustrates the LCM procedure in the NR for activating the AI / ML function.

[0123] For example, the UE receives MIB / SIB1 from the NW (Step 1) and performs an initial access procedure (e.g., RA procedure / RACH procedure) (Step 2). The UE may also receive one or more other SIBs (Step 3).

[0124] The network may send a message to the UE regarding a UE capability inquiry (Step 4). The UE may send a message to the network regarding UE capability information in response to the message from the network (Step 5). The network may send an RRC reconfiguration message to the UE (Step 6).

[0125] Next, the UE may send information to the NW indicating the AI / ML functions supported by the UE (Step 7). The NW may send an RRC reconfiguration message to the UE based on the information indicating the AI / ML functions supported by the UE (Applicable functionality) (Step 8).

[0126] This allows the UE to activate the AI / ML function (Step 9). Thereafter, the UE may perform communication using the air interface that utilizes the AI / ML function.

[0127] As described above, the UE can utilize the AI / ML function. However, in this case, the use of the AI / ML function cannot begin until the RRC connection is completed and information regarding the AI / ML function is sent and received (for example, steps 8 and 9). Therefore, it is desirable to receive the AI / ML information at an earlier stage.

[0128] Figure 2B illustrates the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment. The UE may receive AI / ML information, for example, when receiving the synchronization signal block (SSB) / system information block (SIB) (Step 1).

[0129] The synchronization signal block (SSB) may include, for example, a master information block (MIB). The system information block (SIB) may be, for example, SIB1.

[0130] The UE may activate the AI / ML function based on the AI / ML information after receiving the AI / ML information (Step 2).

[0131] As described above, by receiving AI / ML information during the reception of the Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) / System Information Block (SIB), the UE can activate the AI / ML function in the initial stages of carrier access. This allows the UE to utilize the AI / ML function, for example, in the RRC connection procedure.

[0132] For example, the UE may execute an initial access procedure using AI / ML functionality (e.g., an RA procedure / RACH procedure using AI / ML functionality (AI / ML enhanced RACH)). In an initial access procedure using AI / ML functionality, the UE may, for example, perform inference using AI / ML functionality based on AI / ML information and execute the initial access procedure based on the inference results. In one example, the UE may execute the initial access procedure using AI / ML beam prediction.

[0133] Furthermore, the UE may perform transmission and reception using AI / ML functionality (AI / ML enhanced TRx). For example, the UE may control modulation / waveform using AI / ML functionality. In one example, the UE may optimize the modulation scheme / waveform based on inference using AI / ML functionality.

[0134] Figure 3 is another diagram illustrating the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment.

[0135] The UE may receive at least some AI / ML information when receiving, for example, a synchronization signal block (SSB) / system information block (SIB) (Step 1). The at least some AI / ML information may be, for example, a portion of the AI / ML information used to activate the AI / ML function.

[0136] Next, the UE may execute an initial access procedure (e.g., an RA procedure / RACH procedure) (Step 2).

[0137] The UE may receive one or more other SIBs containing AI / ML information (Step 3). In Step 3, the UE may receive any remaining AI / ML information that was not received in Step 1.

[0138] Furthermore, if the UE does not receive AI / ML information in step 1, for example, it may receive AI / ML information in step 3 through one or more other SIBs.

[0139] The UE may send an activation report to the NW (Step 4). For example, the UE may include information in the activation report indicating the AI / ML functions to be activated based on the AI / ML information and report this to the NW.

[0140] The UE may activate the AI / ML function based on the AI / ML information after receiving the AI / ML information (Step 5).

[0141] As described above, in Figure 3, the UE can receive AI / ML information, for example, when it has completed receiving one or more other SIBs. Therefore, the AI / ML function can be used in at least one step of the process, for example, sending and receiving UE capabilities with the NW and receiving RRC reconfiguration messages.

[0142] Furthermore, the UE may perform transmission and reception using the AI / ML function (AI / ML enhanced TRx). For example, the UE may control modulation / waveform using the AI / ML function.

[0143] Furthermore, the AI / ML information may include information about other carriers / cells / bands / BWPs / frequency ranges. The UE may, for example, perform cross-carrier inference on other carriers / cells / bands / frequency ranges / BWPs based on the AI / ML information.

[0144] As described above, the UE can activate the AI / ML function in the initial stages of carrier access. This allows the UE to utilize the AI / ML function from the initial stages of carrier access, thereby improving communication throughput and communication quality.

[0145] <First Embodiment> As described above, access to and switching to high-speed / seamless carriers is sometimes desired. Cross-carrier inference can contribute to access to and switching to high-speed / seamless carriers. For example, the efficiency of access and switching can be improved by performing inference on interband cell / beam information (synchronization, RRM measurement, CSI, etc.).

[0146] Therefore, in the first embodiment, the AI / ML information may include, for example, information necessary for performing cross-carrier inference. This enables the UE to perform cross-carrier inference based on the AI / ML information.

[0147] Furthermore, AI / ML information containing the information necessary for performing cross-carrier inference may be notified, for example, in the first embodiment.

[0148] Furthermore, AI / ML information containing information necessary for performing cross-carrier inference may be received [separately] when, for example, the AI / ML information notified according to the first embodiment is received. In this case, AI / ML information containing information necessary for performing cross-carrier inference may be notified according to the first embodiment, for example.

[0149] In the first embodiment, the AI / ML information may include, for example, at least one of the following pieces of information: • Information that allows enabling or disabling cross-carrier inference; • Information regarding IDs for cross-carrier inference – for example, including information such as a model ID, dataset ID, and association ID for performing cross-carrier inference; • Assistant information about [one or more] cross-carrier cells (a cross-carrier cell may be, for example, a candidate cell that could be the target of inference in cross-carrier inference).

[0150] Assistant information may include, for example, at least one of the following: • One or more cell IDs for one or more cells on one or more other carriers - for example, one or more cell IDs for one or more cross-carrier cells • One or more cell types / carrier types for one or more cells on one or more other carriers - for example, one or more cell types / carrier types for one or more cross-carrier cells - cell types / carrier types may include, for example, perch, anchor, data, service type (e.g., service type A / B / C), regular, enhanced (using advanced AI / ML functions), etc. • One or more time / frequency locations (e.g., time / frequency resource locations) for one or more cross-carrier cells • Differences in settings with one or more cells used as the basis for inference in cross-carrier inference - the basis cells may be, for example, one or more current cells. The difference in settings may be, for example, the difference in the initial access settings (e.g., RACH settings) between the source cell (e.g., the current cell) and the target cell. This includes: • Co-located / quasi-co-located / non-co-located information for the source cell (e.g., the current cell) - including, for example, co-located type / quasi-co-located type (QCL type) • One or more resources available for cross-carrier inference (e.g., reference signals) - for example, at least one of one or more SSBs and one or more CSI-RSs • Information indicating what will be inferred by cross-carrier inference (inference results of cross-carrier inference)

[0151] The current cell may be, for example, a specific serving cell (e.g., a primary cell), or it may be the cell that received the AI / ML information mentioned above.

[0152] Furthermore, the inference results of cross-carrier inference may include, for example, at least one of the following: • Synchronization / timing advance (TA) • Index of spatial filters (beams) - for example, at least one of [one or more] SSB indexes, [one or more] CSI-RS resource indexes, and indexes of [one or more] specified / configured / instructed resources • Information on [one or more] cross-carrier cell [received] power / quality - for example, [L1- / L3-] RSRP (received reference signal power) / RSRQ (received reference signal quality) / SINR (signal-to-interference noise ratio) • CSI of [one or more] cross-carrier cells (e.g., Channel Quality Index (CQI) / Rank Indicator (RI) / Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI))

[0153] Furthermore, in the first embodiment, upon receiving AI / ML information, the UE may perform at least one of the following: - After confirming specific conditions, it may enable / activate the cross-carrier inference [AI / ML function]. - It may report the activation / activation of the cross-carrier inference [AI / ML function] to the NW. - It may report the inference results of the cross-carrier inference obtained based on the AI / ML information to the NW.

[0154] The specific conditions may, for example, be the conditions for enabling / activating the model / functionality / feature / feature group in the first embodiment.

[0155] Figure 4 illustrates the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment.

[0156] The UE may receive at least some AI / ML information when receiving, for example, a synchronization signal block (SSB) / system information block (SIB) (Step 1). This at least some AI / ML information may include, for example, at least some of the AI / ML information used to enable the AI / ML function of cross-carrier inference.

[0157] Next, the UE may execute an initial access procedure (e.g., an RA procedure / RACH procedure) (Step 2).

[0158] The UE may receive one or more other SIBs containing AI / ML information (Step 3). The UE may receive any remaining AI / ML information not received in Step 1. The remaining AI / ML information may include, for example, any remaining AI / ML information used to enable the AI / ML function of cross-carrier inference.

[0159] For example, if AI / ML information is not received in step 1, the UE may receive AI / ML information used to enable the AI / ML function of cross-carrier inference in step 3.

[0160] The UE may send an activation report to the NW (Step 4). For example, the UE may report an activation report to the NW that includes information indicating which AI / ML functions to activate based on AI / ML information. The activation report may include information indicating the activation of AI / ML functions for cross-carrier inference.

[0161] After receiving AI / ML information, the UE may activate AI / ML functions based on the AI / ML information (Step 5). For example, the UE may activate the AI / ML function for cross-carrier inference, thereby enabling the UE to perform cross-carrier inference.

[0162] The UE may report the inference results of the cross-carrier inference to the NW (e.g., carrier 1, which is currently connected) (step 6).

[0163] The UE may use the inference results of cross-carrier inference to send and receive data with the target carrier (NW Carrier 2). The UE may also use the AI / ML function of cross-carrier inference when sending and receiving data with the target carrier (AI / ML enhanced TRx). For example, the UE may execute an initial access procedure using AI / ML cross-carrier inference (e.g., RACH).

[0164] Figure 5 is another diagram illustrating the application of the AI / ML function according to the first embodiment.

[0165] The UE may receive AI / ML information, for example, when receiving the synchronization signal block (SSB) / system information block (SIB) (Step 1). The AI / ML information may include, for example, AI / ML information used to enable the AI / ML function of cross-carrier inference.

[0166] After receiving the AI / ML information, the UE may activate the AI / ML function based on the AI / ML information (Step 2). For example, the UE may activate the AI / ML function for cross-carrier inference based on the AI / ML information.

[0167] The UE may perform communication using activated AI / ML functions. For example, the UE may connect to the carrier (NW Carrier 1) by performing an initial access procedure using AI / ML functions (e.g., RA procedure / RACH procedure (AI / ML enhanced RACH)). In one example, the UE may perform the initial access procedure using AI / ML beam prediction.

[0168] Furthermore, the UE may perform an initial access procedure using the AI / ML function of cross-carrier inference to connect to the target carrier (NW Carrier 2).

[0169] The UE may use the AI / ML functionality [of AI / ML cross-carrier inference] to send and receive data with the target carrier (AI / ML enhanced TRx).

[0170] As described above, the UE can, for example, activate AI / ML functions for cross-carrier inference.

[0171] For example, by activating the AI / ML function for cross-carrier inference in the initial stages of carrier access, the efficiency of accessing and switching to the target carrier for inference can be improved.

[0172] <Second Embodiment> In the second embodiment, an example of AI / ML information when using a bidirectional model is provided. In a bidirectional model, it is sometimes required that the functions / modules / processes supported by the NW side and the functions / modules / processes supported by the UE side correspond / are compatible.

[0173] The module may, for example, be a process for a specific layer (e.g., the physical layer / MAC layer).

[0174] Therefore, in the second embodiment, the AI / ML information may include, for example, information for inference of a two-sided model. For example, the NW may notify the UE of modules that are permitted to be used in the AI / ML information. This enables the UE and NW to properly perform inference using a two-sided model.

[0175] AI / ML information, including information for inference of the two-sided model, may be notified, for example, in the first embodiment.

[0176] Furthermore, AI / ML information including information for inference of both-sided models may be received [separately] when, for example, the AI / ML information notified by the first embodiment is received. In this case, the AI / ML information including information for inference of both-sided models may be notified by, for example, the first embodiment.

[0177] The following is an example of AI / ML information that includes information for inference in a two-sided model.

[0178] Note that the two-sided model may also be interpreted as two-sided functionality, two-sided features, or two-sided feature groups.

[0179] AI / ML information containing information for bilateral model inference may include, for example, at least one of the following: • Information that allows the UE to enable or disable [one or more] bilateral models (information regarding bilateral model permission) • Information indicating [one or more] cells / carriers / resources on which [one or more] bilateral models are permitted

[0180] Furthermore, information regarding permission for both models may include, for example, information indicating the type / scheme of modules / processes permitted for use on the terminal. For example, information regarding permission for both-side models may include information indicating at least one of the following: - One or more modules / processes that the UE is permitted to transmit / use as the transmitter - One or more specific types / schemes of coding / modulation / waveform / one or more UL signaling for feedback / one or more reports - One or more specific types / schemes of signals for information / messages / one or more bits / one or more signaling (a transmitter may, for example, have multiple modules / processes working together) - One or more modules / processes that the UE is permitted to receive / use as the receiver - One or more specific types / schemes of coding / modulation / waveform / one or more DL signaling for one or more instructions / settings - One or more specific types / schemes of signals for information / messages / one or more bits / one or more signaling (The receiver may, for example, consist of multiple modules that work together.)

[0181] The module / process may include, for example, channel coding / interleaving / scrambling / modulation / layer mapping / precoding / resource mapping / OFDM signal generation.

[0182] If permitted in the AI / ML information, the UE may activate one or more supported models / functionalities / features / feature groups in one or more cells / carriers / resources that receive the AI / ML information.

[0183] Furthermore, if permitted [in the AI / ML information], the UE may activate one or more supported models / functionalities / features / feature groups in one or more cells / carriers / resources indicated by the AI / ML information.

[0184] For example, if the UE supports the permitted models / functionalities / features / feature groups in the AI / ML information, the UE may activate those models / functionalities / features / feature groups.

[0185] As described above, in the second embodiment, the UE controls the type / scheme used in transmission and reception based on AI / ML information. Therefore, the UE can use a type / scheme that corresponds to / is compatible with the model / functionality / features / feature groups used on the NW side. This enables appropriate inference using bidirectional models.

[0186] <Modification> In the above-described embodiment, for example, in a random access procedure that is not an initial access, the AI / ML information of the first embodiment may be notified / used.

[0187] <Supplement> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the embodiments described above, notification of any information from the Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS)) to the UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS at the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0188] If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader.

[0189] If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI.

[0190] Furthermore, the notification of arbitrary information to the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic.

[0191] <<Notification of Information from UE>> Notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the embodiments described above (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0192] If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader.

[0193] If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0194] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic.

[0195] <<Regarding the application of each embodiment>> In UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above may be applied (or used) if any or more of the following conditions are met: - A higher-layer parameter indicating the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is set; - The specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on the relevant higher-layer parameter; - The specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is designated / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / Resource / Channel / RS; - A specific UE capability indicating (or related to) the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is reported or supported; - The application of the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0196] The above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may indicate at least one of the following: - Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information (e.g., specific AI / ML functionality, cross-carrier inference, two-sided model); - Information indicating the models / functionality / features / feature groups supported by the UE; - Information indicating the types / schemes of one or more modules supported by the UE; - One or more modules supported by the UE in transmission as a transmitter: - Supporting specific types / schemes of coding / modulation / waveforms / one or more UL signaling for feedback / one or more reports; - Supporting specific types / schemes of one or more signals for information / messages / one or more bits / one or more signaling; - One or more modules supported by the UE in reception as a receiver: - Supporting specific types / schemes of coding / modulation / waveforms / one or more DL signaling for one or more instructions / settings. - To support specific types / schemes of signals for information / messages / bits / signaling.

[0197] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that applies across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), a capability per frequency (e.g., one or a combination thereof, such as cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), a capability per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), a capability per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or a capability per feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC).

[0198] Furthermore, the specific UE capabilities described above may be capabilities that apply across all duplexing schemes (common to all duplexing schemes regardless of the duplexing scheme), or they may be capabilities specific to each duplexing scheme (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0199] Furthermore, the specific UE capabilities described above may be communicated to the NW, for example, in the request for AI / ML information and the reporting of the activation of a model / functionality / feature / feature group in the first embodiment.

[0200] If the above conditions are not met, UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0201] (Notes) The following inventions are noted with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Note 1] A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives information about an Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) function that is broadcast or multicast; and a control unit that activates the AI / ML function based on the information. [Note 2] The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the control unit performs an initial access procedure based on the inference of the AI / ML function. [Note 3] The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the AI / ML function infers a value in a second carrier from a value in a first carrier based on the information. [Note 4] The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the information includes information indicating at least one of the types and schemes of processing permitted for use by the terminal in both-sided models. [Note 5] A wireless communication method for a terminal having: receiving information about an Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) function that is broadcast or multicast; and activating the AI / ML function based on the information. [Note 6] A base station having a transmitting unit that transmits information about Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) functions that are broadcast or multicast, and a control unit that controls reception from terminals in which the AI / ML functions are activated based on the said information.

[0202] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure, or a combination thereof.

[0203] Figure 6 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply called system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), etc., as specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0204] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), and the like.

[0205] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0206] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity where both MN and SN are NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0207] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) located within the macrocell C1 that form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. User terminals 20 may be located within at least one cell. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc., of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the configuration shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when base stations 11 and 12 are not distinguished, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0208] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called a supercell, for example) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called subcells, for example). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell whose physical range fluctuates quasi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0209] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of Carrier Aggregation (CA) using multiple Component Carriers (CC) and Dual Connectivity (DC).

[0210] Each CC may be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). A macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and a small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz. Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be in a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0211] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate in each CC using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

[0212] Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which is the upstream station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is the relay station, may be called an IAB node.

[0213] Base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include at least one of the following: Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0214] The core network 30 may include network functions (NF) such as User Plane Function (UPF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), Data Network (DN), Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may occur via the DN.

[0215] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0216] In the wireless communication system 1, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless access scheme may be used. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-OFDM), etc., may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0217] The wireless access method may also be called a waveform. In wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (for example, other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL wireless access methods.

[0218] In the wireless communication system 1, a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Broadcast Channel (PBCH), or a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may be used as the downlink channel, which is shared by each user terminal 20.

[0219] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink channel may include a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), or the like, all of which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0220] User data, higher-layer control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and higher-layer control information may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) may be transmitted via PBCH.

[0221] Lower-layer control information may be transmitted by PDCCH. The lower-layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0222] Furthermore, the DCI that schedules PDSCH may be called DL assignment, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH may be called UL grant, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH may be read as DL data, and PUSCH may be read as UL data.

[0223] PDCCH detection may utilize a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. A search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A single CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. A UE may monitor CORESETs associated with a given search space based on the search space configuration.

[0224] A single search space may correspond to one or more PDCCH candidates corresponding to aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. In this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," and "CORESET configuration" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0225] PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery acknowledgment information (for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with the cell.

[0226] In this disclosure, downlinks, uplinks, etc., may be expressed without the prefix "link." Also, the prefix "physical" may be omitted from the names of various channels.

[0227] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc., may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, the DL-RS may include a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc.

[0228] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS / PBCH block, SS Block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be called reference signals.

[0229] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) may include a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. The DMRS may also be called a user-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

[0230] (Base Station) Figure 7 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of the control unit 110, the transmitting / receiving unit 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

[0231] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0232] The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0233] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 120, transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of wireless resources, etc.

[0234] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0235] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122 and a measuring unit 123.

[0236] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0237] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also receive the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0238] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0239] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform processing on data and control information acquired from the control unit 110, for example, at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0240] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0241] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0242] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0243] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (receiving processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0244] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0245] The transmission path interface 140 may send and receive signals (backhaul signaling) with devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0246] In this disclosure, the transmitting and receiving units of the base station 10 may consist of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140.

[0247] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a Radio Unit (RU), a Distributed Unit (DU), and a Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level physical layer functions (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0248] In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In this disclosure, base station 10 may be interpreted as RU / DU / CU.

[0249] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also transmit information regarding AI / ML functions that will be broadcast or multicast.

[0250] The control unit 110 may control reception from terminals where the AI / ML function is activated, based on information regarding the AI / ML function.

[0251] (User Terminal) Figure 8 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be provided.

[0252] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0253] The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0254] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 220.

[0255] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0256] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222 and a measuring unit 223.

[0257] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0258] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0259] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0260] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc., on data and control information acquired from the control unit 210 to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0261] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0262] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the transform precoding settings. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process to transmit a channel (for example, PUSCH) using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform if transform precoding is enabled for that channel, or it may not perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process if transform precoding is not enabled for that channel.

[0263] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0264] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0265] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (receiving processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0266] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measuring unit 223) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measuring unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc., based on the received signal. The measuring unit 223 may also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0267] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources may be, for example, Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources may be at least one of the following: NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be called CSI-Interference Management (IM), and may be interpreted interchangeably with Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0268] In this disclosure, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 may be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 220 and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0269] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also receive information regarding AI / ML functions that is broadcast or multicast.

[0270] The control unit 210 may activate the AI / ML function based on information regarding the AI / ML function.

[0271] The control unit 210 may perform an initial access procedure based on the inference of the AI / ML function. The AI / ML function may infer the value in the second carrier from the value in the first carrier based on information about the AI / ML function.

[0272] Information regarding AI / ML functionality may include information indicating at least one of the module types and schemes permitted for use on the terminal in both models.

[0273] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagram used in the description of the above embodiment shows functional units. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or it may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wired or wireless connections). A functional block may also be realized by combining the above one device or the above multiple devices with software.

[0274] Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, derivation, investigation, exploration, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating (mapping), and assigning. For example, a functional block (configuration part) that enables transmission may be called a transmitting unit or transmitter. In all cases, as mentioned above, the method of implementation is not particularly limited.

[0275] For example, a base station, user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that processes the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 9 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, communication device 1004, input device 1005, output device 1006, bus 1007, etc.

[0276] In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit are interchangeable. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may include one or more of the devices shown in the figure, or it may be configured without some of the devices.

[0277] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown in the diagram, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, the processing may be performed by one processor, or it may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or by other means. Note that the processor 1001 may be implemented using one or more chips.

[0278] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, which allows the processor 1001 to perform calculations and control communication via the communication device 1004, or control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

[0279] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer, for example, by running an operating system. The processor 1001 may be composed of a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic units, registers, etc. For example, at least a part of the control unit 110 (210) and the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) described above may be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0280] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes accordingly. The program used is one that causes the computer to execute at least a part of the operations described in the above embodiment. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and other functional blocks may be implemented similarly.

[0281] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, or main memory. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for carrying out a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0282] The storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a Compact Disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a Digital Use Disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. The storage 1003 may also be called an auxiliary storage device.

[0283] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting / receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network card, communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include, for example, a high-frequency switch, duplexer, filter, frequency synthesizer, etc., in order to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting / receiving antenna 130 (230), etc., may be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented with physically or logically separated transmitting unit 120a (220a) and receiving unit 120b (220b).

[0284] The input device 1005 is an input device that accepts input from an external source (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). The output device 1006 is an output device that outputs to an external source (e.g., a display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). The input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be configured as an integrated unit (e.g., a touch panel).

[0285] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or different buses may be configured for each device.

[0286] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of each functional block may be implemented using such hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0287] Furthermore, devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be implemented using the functional block / hardware configuration described above.

[0288] (Variations) Terms used in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol and signal (signal or signaling) may be used interchangeably. Also, a signal may be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS and may be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applicable standard. Also, a component carrier (CC) may be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0289] A wireless frame may consist of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) constituting a wireless frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may consist of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0290] Here, the neurology may be communication parameters applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The neurology may be, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, specific filtering processes performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processes performed by the transceiver in the time domain.

[0291] A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). Alternatively, a slot may be a time unit based on neurology.

[0292] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Minislots may also be called subslots. Minislots may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using minislots may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0293] Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols all represent units of time when transmitting a signal. Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols may each be referred to by different names. Furthermore, the units of time such as frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols in this disclosure may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0294] For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, and one slot or one mini-slot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe in existing LTE (1 ms), a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, mini-slot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0295] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, the base station schedules each user terminal to allocate wireless resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0296] TTI may be a transmission time unit for channel-encoded data packets (transport blocks), code blocks, code words, etc., or it may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., number of symbols) in which the transport block, code block, code word, etc. are mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0297] Furthermore, if one slot or one mini-slot is referred to as a TTI, then one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more mini-slots) may constitute the minimum time unit for scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (number of mini-slots) that constitute this minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0298] A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, mini slot, sub slot, slot, etc.

[0299] Furthermore, long TTIs (e.g., normal TTIs, subframes, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a time length exceeding 1 ms, and short TTIs (e.g., shortened TTIs, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a TTI length less than that of a long TTI but 1 ms or more.

[0300] A Resource Block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and in the frequency domain, it may contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be the same regardless of the neurology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be determined based on the neurology.

[0301] Furthermore, an RB may contain one or more symbols in the time domain and may have the length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc., may each consist of one or more resource blocks.

[0302] One or more RBs may also be called Physical RBs (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0303] Furthermore, a resource block may consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area comprising one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0304] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), also known as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) for a given neurology in a given carrier. These common RBs may be identified by an index of the RBs relative to a common reference point of the carrier. The PRBs may be defined and numbered within a given BWP.

[0305] A BWP may include UL BWP (BWP for UL) and DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured within a single carrier for a UE.

[0306] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE does not need to assume that it will transmit or receive a predetermined signal / channel outside of the active BWP. In this disclosure, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" may be read as "BWP".

[0307] The structures of wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a wireless frame, the number of slots per subframe or wireless frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, and the number of symbols, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length within the TTI can be varied in various ways.

[0308] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or corresponding other information. For example, wireless resources may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0309] The names used for parameters and other elements in this disclosure are not restrictive in any way. Furthermore, mathematical formulas and other elements using these parameters may differ from those expressly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name, and therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not restrictive in any way.

[0310] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of the various different techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0311] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output from upper layers to lower layers and from lower layers to upper layers, or to at least one of the two. Information, signals, etc., may also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0312] Input and output information and signals may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information and signals may be overwritten, updated, or appended to. Output information and signals may be deleted. Input information and signals may be transmitted to other devices.

[0313] Any information described in this disclosure (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) may be communicated from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE) that indicates / specifies (or relates to) the value of such any information, even if not specifically stated in the embodiments described above.

[0314] Information notification is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be carried out by other means. For example, information notification in this disclosure may be carried out by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0315] Physical layer signaling may also be called Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. RRC signaling may also be called RRC messages, for example, RRC Connection Setup messages, RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages, etc. MAC signaling may also be communicated using, for example, MAC Control Elements (CEs).

[0316] Furthermore, notification of the specified information (for example, notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may also be made implicitly (for example, by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0317] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a boolean value represented as true or false, or by a numerical comparison (for example, a comparison with a predetermined value).

[0318] Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, and so on, whether they are called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or by any other name.

[0319] Furthermore, software, instructions, information, etc., may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included in the definition of a transmission medium.

[0320] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably. “Network” may also mean the equipment included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0321] In this disclosure, terms such as “precoding,” “precoder,” “weight (precoding weight),” “quasi-co-location (QCL),” “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state),” “spatial relation,” “spatial domain filter,” “transmit power,” “phase rotation,” “antenna port,” “layer,” “number of layers,” “rank,” “resource,” “resource set,” “beam,” “beam width,” “beam angle,” “antenna,” “antenna element,” “panel,” “UE panel,” “transmitting entity,” and “receiving entity” may be used interchangeably.

[0322] In this disclosure, "antenna port" may be interpreted interchangeably with "antenna port for any signal / channel" (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, "resource" may be interpreted interchangeably with "resource for any signal / channel" (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). Resources may include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, a spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmit filter and a spatial domain receive filter.

[0323] The above group may include, for example, at least one of the following: a spatial relationship group, a code division multiplexing (CDM) group, a reference signal (RS) group, a control resource set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, or a panel group.

[0324] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), and RS may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0325] Furthermore, in this disclosure, TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0326] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0327] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0328] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information Identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive as "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)," "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0329] In this disclosure, terms such as “Base Station (BS),” “wireless base station,” “fixed station,” “NodeB,” “eNB (eNodeB),” “gNB (gNodeB),” “access point,” “Transmission Point (TP),” “Reception Point (RP),” “Transmission / Reception Point (TRP),” “panel,” “cell,” “sector,” “cell group,” “carrier,” and “component carrier” may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

[0330] A base station may house one or more (e.g., three) cells. If a base station houses multiple cells, the entire coverage area of ​​the base station may be divided into several smaller areas, each of which may also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms “cell” or “sector” refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and / or base station subsystems that provide communication services in that coverage.

[0331] In this disclosure, the transmission of information by a base station to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to perform a control / operation based on said information.

[0332] In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably.

[0333] A mobile station may also be called a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other appropriate term.

[0334] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0335] The term "mobile object" refers to any movable object, regardless of its speed, and naturally includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of such mobile objects include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and items carried on them. Furthermore, such mobile objects may be autonomously driven objects operating based on operational commands.

[0336] The mobile entity may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane), an unmanned mobile entity (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0337] Figure 10 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a rotation speed sensor 51, a pneumatic pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0338] The drive unit 41 consists of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or an engine-motor hybrid. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0339] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and communication ports (e.g., input / output (IO) ports) 63. Signals from various sensors 50-58 installed in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0340] Signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 for sensing motor current, rotational speed signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by rotational speed sensor 51, air pressure signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals acquired by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals acquired by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal depression amount signals acquired by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal depression amount signals acquired by brake pedal sensor 56, operation signals of shift lever 45 acquired by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals acquired by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0341] The information service unit 59 consists of various devices for providing (outputting) various types of information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, including a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via a communication module 60 or the like to provide various types of information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0342] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that perform output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED lamp, touch panel, etc.).

[0343] The driver assistance system unit 64 consists of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents or reduce the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driver assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0344] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle 40.

[0345] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it can send and receive various types of information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Alternatively, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0346] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on said signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., may also be called input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include the information based on the above input.

[0347] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit, which outputs information (for example, it outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

[0348] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, various sensors 50-58, etc., which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0349] Furthermore, the term "base station" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "user terminal." For example, the various aspects / embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Also, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be interpreted as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., may be interpreted as sidelink channel.

[0350] Similarly, the term "user terminal" in this disclosure may be replaced with "base station." In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the same functions as the user terminal 20 described above.

[0351] In this disclosure, operations performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (for example, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or a combination thereof.

[0352] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used individually, in combination, or switched between as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged in order, provided they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements using exemplary order and are not limited to the specific order presented.

[0353] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure is Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (where x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM®), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, systems utilizing Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth®, or other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based thereon may also be applied. Furthermore, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0354] In this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based solely on" and "based at least on."

[0355] Any reference to elements using the designations “first,” “second,” etc., as used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient way to distinguish between two or more elements. Accordingly, the references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in any way.

[0356] The term “determining” as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may be considered to mean judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, or inquiring (e.g., searching in tables, databases, or other data structures), ascertaining, etc.

[0357] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered as "judging (deciding)" things like receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory).

[0358] Furthermore, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of some action. In this disclosure, “judgment (decision)” may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable with the actions described above.

[0359] Furthermore, in this disclosure, “determine / determining” may be interpreted as “assume / assuming,” “expect / expecting,” or “consider / considering.” In addition, in this disclosure, “not expecting to do…” may be interpreted as “expecting not to do….”

[0360] In this disclosure, "expect" may be rephrased as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." may be expressed as a that clause, an infinitive, etc.) may be rephrased as "be expected ..." or "do (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Similarly, "does not expect ..." may be rephrased as "be not expected ..." or "do not (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be rephrased as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0361] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may mean the maximum transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0362] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are “connected” or “coupled” with each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” may be replaced with “access.”

[0363] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they can be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., and, in some non-exclusive and non-exclusive examples, electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency domain, microwave domain, and optical (both visible and invisible) domain.

[0364] In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combine" may be interpreted similarly to "different."

[0365] Where the terms “include,” “including,” and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, as is the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “or” as used in this disclosure is not intended to mean exclusive OR.

[0366] In this disclosure, if articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the fact that the noun following these articles is plural.

[0367] In this disclosure, "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than or equal to," "more than," and "equal to" may be interpreted interchangeably. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, by adding "i-th" (where i is any integer) to the expression (for example, "highest" may be interpreted interchangeably with "i-th highest").

[0368] In this disclosure, "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," and "associated with" may be interpreted as being interchangeable.

[0369] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during / while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as) / on A", "B after A", "B since A", and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Furthermore, A, B, etc., may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or regular sentences depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). Additionally, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted as "before / after the time offset when A occurs". The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols / slots) may be predetermined or determined by the UE based on notified information.

[0370] In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any unit of time (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0371] Although the invention described herein has been explained in detail above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention described herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The descriptions herein are illustrative and not intended to be restrictive in any way to the invention described herein.

[0372] This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2025-017094, filed on February 4, 2025. All of its contents are included herein.

Claims

A receiver that receives information about Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) functions that are broadcast or multicast, A terminal having a control unit that activates the AI / ML function based on the aforementioned information. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit executes an initial access procedure based on the inference of the AI / ML function. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the AI / ML function infers a value in a second carrier from a value in a first carrier based on the information. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the information includes information indicating at least one type and scheme of processing permitted for use on the terminal in both models. 　 The steps include receiving information about Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) functions that are broadcast or multicast, A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the step of activating the AI / ML function based on the aforementioned information. 　 A transmitter that transmits information about Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) functions that are broadcast or multicast, A base station having a control unit that controls reception from a terminal on which the AI / ML function is activated based on the aforementioned information.

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