Method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving physical channel and / or physical signal between reader and device in wireless communication system

Abstract

Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for providing a parameter for a physical channel between a reader and a device in a wireless communication system. A method, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, may comprise the steps of: receiving, by a first device (e.g. an ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) device), a first signal from a second device (e.g. a reader); and receiving, by the first device, a second signal from the second device or transmitting the second signal to the second device. The number of chips per symbol (M2) for the second signal may be based on the number of chips per symbol (M1) for the first signal.

Description

Method and device for transmitting or receiving a physical channel and / or physical signal between a reader and a device in a wireless communication system

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving a physical channel and / or physical signal between a reader and a device.

[0002] The 5th generation (5G) wireless communication system is a successor technology to 4G LTE (long term evolution) and is a new clean-slate type mobile communication system with characteristics such as high performance, low latency, and high availability. In the case of 5G NR (New Radio), all available spectrum resources can be utilized, ranging from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz to intermediate frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high-frequency (or millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. Based on the foundational technology of 5G wireless communication, 6G wireless communication systems are being developed.

[0003] 6G wireless communication systems are being developed with the goal of (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT (internet of things) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of 6G systems can be seen in four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity. Various technologies are being researched in consideration of the requirements for 6G systems, such as a peak data rate of 1 Tbps per device, an end-to-end (E2E) latency of 1ms, a maximum spectrum efficiency of 100 bps / Hz, support for mobility of 1000 km / h, satellite integration, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles, extended reality (XR), and haptic communication.

[0004] The technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and apparatus for transmitting / receiving a physical channel and / or a physical signal based on parameters for a physical channel and / or a physical signal between a reader and a device in a wireless communication system.

[0005] The technical problems to be solved in this disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0006] A method according to one aspect of the present disclosure may include the step of receiving a first signal from a second device by a first device; and the step of receiving a second signal from the second device or transmitting the second signal to the second device by the first device. The number of chips per symbol for the second signal (M2) may be based on the number of chips per symbol for the first signal (M1).

[0007] A method according to a further aspect of the present disclosure may include the step of transmitting a first signal to a first device by a second device; and the step of receiving a second signal from the first device or transmitting the second signal to the first device by the second device. The number of chips per symbol for the second signal (M2) may be based on the number of chips per symbol for the first signal (M1).

[0008] According to the present disclosure, a method and apparatus for transmitting / receiving a physical channel and / or a physical signal based on parameters for a physical channel and / or a physical signal between a reader and a device in a wireless communication system may be provided.

[0009] The effects obtainable from the present disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned effects will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0010] The accompanying drawings, which are included as part of the detailed description to aid in understanding the present disclosure, provide embodiments of the present disclosure and explain the technical features of the present disclosure together with the detailed description.

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0019] FIG. 9 shows an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0020] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0021] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0022] FIG. 12 shows an example of an NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0023] FIG. 13 shows another example of an NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0024] FIG. 14 shows examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0025] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0026] FIG. 16 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a first device according to the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 17 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a second device according to the present disclosure.

[0028] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description disclosed below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to describe exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only embodiment in which the present disclosure may be practiced. The following detailed description includes specific details to provide a complete understanding of the present disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will know that the present disclosure may be practiced without such specific details.

[0029] In some cases, to avoid obscuring the concept of the present disclosure, known structures and devices may be omitted or illustrated in the form of a block diagram focusing on the core functions of each structure and device.

[0030] In the present disclosure, when a component is described as being “connected,” “combined,” or “joined” with another component, this may include not only a direct connection but also an indirect connection in which another component exists between them. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, the terms “comprising” or “having” specify the presence of the mentioned features, steps, actions, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, actions, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0031] In the present disclosure, terms such as "first," "second," etc. are used solely for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another and are not used to limit the components, nor do they limit the order or importance of the components unless specifically stated otherwise. Accordingly, within the scope of the present disclosure, a first component in one embodiment may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and likewise, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

[0032] The terms used in this disclosure are for the description of specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the claims. As used in the description of embodiments and the appended claims, the singular form is intended to include the plural form unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0033] In the present disclosure, "A or B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, in the present disclosure, "A or B" may be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, in the present disclosure, "A, B or C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0034] A slash ( / ) or a comma used in the present disclosure may mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B or C."

[0035] In the present disclosure, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Additionally, in the present disclosure, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" may be interpreted as synonymous with "at least one of A and B."

[0036] Additionally, in the present disclosure, "at least one of A, B and C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C." Additionally, "at least one of A, B or C" or "at least one of A, B and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B and C."

[0037] Additionally, parentheses used in this disclosure may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." In other words, the "control information" of this disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information."

[0038] In the following explanation, '...when, if, in case of' can be replaced with '...based on'.

[0039] Technical features described individually within one drawing in this disclosure may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0040] In the present disclosure, a terminal or user equipment (UE) may be a portable device and may be a first node that receives a signal from a base station / second node / integrated access backhaul (IAB) node.

[0041] In the present disclosure, the base station (BS, Base Station) may be a second node / IAB node / Transmission-Reception Point (TRP).

[0042] In the present disclosure, a higher layer parameter may be a parameter configured, pre-configured, or pre-defined for a terminal. For example, a base station or network may transmit the higher layer parameter to the terminal. For example, the higher layer parameter may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0043] In the present disclosure, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being set to a device through predefined signaling (e.g., System Information Block (SIB), MAC, RRC) from a base station or network. In the present disclosure, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being set to a device through separate signaling or being predefined without separate signaling.

[0044] In the present disclosure, transmitting or receiving a channel includes the meaning of transmitting or receiving information or a signal through said channel. For example, transmitting a control channel means transmitting control information or a signal through the control channel. Similarly, transmitting a data channel means transmitting data information or a signal through the data channel.

[0045] The technology described in this disclosure can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications), GPRS (general packet radio service), and EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (institute of electrical and electronics engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), and 5G NR.

[0046] The technology described in this disclosure can be implemented as 6G wireless technology and applied to various 6G systems. For example, 6G systems may have key factors such as eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband), URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency communications), mMTC (massive machine-type communication), AI (artificial intelligence) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0047] Network structure

[0048] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0049] To compensate for incomplete areas of network coverage, a network topology in which the split radio access network (RAN) is configured more flexibly and resiliently may be considered. To this end, various nodes such as integrated access backhaul (IAB) nodes, relays, and radio frequency (RF) repeaters, as exemplified in Fig. 1, may be applied, and a non-terrestrial network (NTN) may be integrated. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a node that provides wireless backhaul. For example, a relay may refer to any intermediate point, and in the case of a sidelink relay where a terminal functions as a relay, it may collectively refer to a terminal-to-network (U2N) relay and a terminal-to-terminal (U2U) relay. For example, an RF repeater may correspond to a node that performs simple signal amplification and forwarding functions, and in the case of a network-controlled repeater, it may adjust transmit / receive settings based on information provided by the network as well as signal amplification and forwarding. For example, NTN nodes can correspond to satellites or aircraft that provide NTN coverage that is difficult for terrestrial networks to provide. In addition to these examples, various intermediate points can be introduced to improve the network topology.

[0050] Referring to FIG. 1, a split RAN can support the division of a base station into one centralized unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DU). The CU and DU may correspond to logical units. The CU may be further divided into a control plane (CP) portion and one or more user plane (UP) portions. Since a failure in the CU-CP affects not only the CU-UP but also the DU, various intermediate points may be introduced to compensate for this.

[0051] An intermediate point may correspond to a terminal or a base station depending on its relative relationship with other nodes. For example, an IAB node may include a mobile-termination (MT) portion and a DU. The MT may connect the IAB node to a donor node. The DU of the IAB node may serve other terminals or connect to other IAB nodes to provide multi-hop wireless backhaul to terminals. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a base station in its relative relationship with a user-side node and to a terminal in its relative relationship with a network-side node.

[0052] In some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a terminal may apply equally to an intermediate point corresponding to a terminal in relation to a network-side endpoint as well as to a user-side endpoint. Similarly, in some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a base station may apply equally to an intermediate point corresponding to a base station in relation to a user-side endpoint as well as to a network-side endpoint. In most cases where there is no additional description of the operation of three or more subjects, the communication subjects in the present disclosure are briefly described by the term terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node), wherein the term terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node) is interpreted to include or replace any endpoint or any intermediate point in relation to other nodes.

[0053] As such, in some examples of the present disclosure, for the sake of brevity of description, the subject of the operation may be referred to as a terminal and / or base station (or a first node and / or a second node). Additionally, the term terminal and / or base station (or a first node and / or a second node) may be interpreted or substituted as in the following examples: for example, the terminal (or first node) and the base station (or second node) may correspond to a first endpoint and a second endpoint, respectively; may correspond to an endpoint and an intermediate point, respectively; may correspond to an intermediate point and an endpoint, respectively; or may correspond to a first intermediate point and a second intermediate point, respectively.

[0054] In the present disclosure, there may be no intermediate points between the base station and the terminal, or there may be one or more. If intermediate points exist, the intermediate points may correspond to IAB nodes, relays, RF repeaters, NTN nodes, or nodes supporting other functions. The intermediate points may be nodes with a fixed location or nodes with an indefinite location.

[0055] Systems applicable to the present disclosure

[0056] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0057] The communication system (100) to which the present disclosure applies includes a wireless device (110), a network device (120), and a network (130). Here, the wireless device (110) refers to a device that performs communication using wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device (110) may include a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (110c), a hand-held device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT (Internet of Thing) device (110f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (110g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with wireless communication capabilities, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (110c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (110d) may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The home appliance (110e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (110f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. The wireless device (110) may correspond to a terminal (or first node) or an intermediate point.The network device (120) may correspond to a base station (or a second node) or another intermediate point. For example, the network device (120) may also be implemented as a wireless device (110), and a specific wireless device (120a) may operate as a network device (120) to another wireless device (110).

[0058] Wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to a network (130) through a network device (120). AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices (110a to 110f), and the wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to an AI server (110g) through the network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, or a 6G network. The wireless devices (110a to 110f) may communicate with each other through the network device (120) / network (130), but may also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the network device (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (110b-1, 110b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Also, an IoT device (110f) (e.g., a sensor) can communicate directly with another IoT device (e.g., a sensor) or other wireless devices (110a to 110f).

[0059] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (110a to 110f) / network devices (120) and between network devices (120). Here, wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between network devices (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices and network devices / wireless devices, and network devices and network devices can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on the various descriptions of the present disclosure, at least some of the following may be performed: a process for setting various configuration information for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, a process for various signal processing (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), a resource allocation process, etc.

[0060] Devices applicable to the present disclosure

[0061] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0062] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0063] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operation disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information within the memory (204) to generate a first information / signal and then transmit a wireless signal containing the first information / signal through the transceiver (206). Additionally, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal containing a second information / signal through the transceiver (206) and then store information obtained from the signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, memory (204) may store software code containing instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202) or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operations disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals through at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (206) may be interchangeable with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In this disclosure, a wireless device may mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0064] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., functional layers such as PHY (physical), MAC (media access control), RLC (radio link control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RRC (radio resource control), and SDAP (service data adaptation protocol). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one PDU (Protocol Data Unit) and / or at least one SDU (service data unit) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) including a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals, and / or methods disclosed in this document and provide it to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) may receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and may obtain a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document.

[0065] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or microcomputer. At least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be included in at least one processor (202) or stored in at least one memory (204) and driven by at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and / or sets of instructions.

[0066] At least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. At least one memory (204) may be composed of ROM (read-only memory), RAM (random access memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), flash memory, hard drive, registers, cache memory, computer read storage media, and / or combinations thereof. At least one memory (204) may be located inside and / or outside of at least one processor (202). Additionally, at least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0067] At least one transceiver (206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Additionally, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. Additionally, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequence diagrams disclosed in this document through at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc., from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., using at least one processor (202).At least one transceiver (206) can convert user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. processed using at least one processor (202) from a baseband signal to an RF band signal. To this end, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0068] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 may be referred to by other terms in terms of their function. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as the control unit, the transceiver (206) as the communication unit, and the memory (204) as the storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a part of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0069] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 can be understood as the structure of at least part of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be at least part of the various devices described with reference to FIG. 2 (e.g., robot (110a), vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), XR device (110c), portable device (110d), home appliance (110e), IoT device (110f), AI device / server (110g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, the device may include other components in addition to the components illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0070] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, smartpad, wearable device (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses), or portable computer (e.g., laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., an audio input / output port, a video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting video information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input by a user.

[0071] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, vehicle, train, manned / unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), or ship. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a drive unit comprising at least one of an engine, motor, power train, wheel, brake, and steering device of the device; a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, battery, etc.; a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings; an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting; and a position measurement unit that acquires position information of the moving body through a GPS (global positioning system) and various sensors.

[0072] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a HUD (head-up display) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that acquires control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs a generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses state information, environment information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0073] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc., depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a drive unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving robot joints.

[0074] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, projector, smartphone, PC, laptop, digital broadcasting terminal, tablet PC, wearable device, set-top box (STB), radio, washing machine, refrigerator, digital signage, robot, vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that learns a model composed of an artificial neural network using training data.

[0075] The structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be understood as part of a terminal (or first node), or part of an intermediate point, or part of a base station (or second node). If the device illustrated in FIG. 3 is a base station (or second node), the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communication. If the front haul and / or back haul communication is based on wireless communication, at least one transceiver (206) illustrated in FIG. 3 is used for front haul and / or back haul communication, and a wired transceiver may not be included.

[0076] Communication procedures

[0077] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0078] FIG. 4 illustrates the operation of a first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmitting and / or receiving data, and the operation performed prior to this.

[0079] In step S101, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform synchronization. For example, the terminal (110) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (110) can detect at least one synchronization signal transmitted from the base station (120) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal may include a plurality of synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal, a secondary synchronization signal) classified according to structure or use. Through this, the terminal (110) can identify the boundaries of the frame, subframe, slot, and / or symbol of the base station (120) and obtain information about the base station (120) (e.g., a cell identifier).

[0080] In step S103, the first node (110) can obtain system information transmitted from the second node (120). For example, the system information is information related to the attributes, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (120) required to connect to the base station (120) and use the service, and can be classified according to content (e.g., whether it is essential for connection), transmission structure (e.g., the channel used, whether it is provided on-demand), etc., and can be classified, for example, into a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB). If necessary, the terminal (110) may transmit a signal requesting the system information prior to receiving the system information. Such request and provision of system information may be performed after a random access procedure described later.

[0081] In step S105, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform a random access procedure. For example, the terminal (110) can transmit and / or receive at least one message for a random access procedure (e.g., a random access preamble, a RAR (random access response) message, etc.) based on information related to the random access channel of the base station (120) obtained through system information (e.g., channel location, channel structure, structure of a supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (110) may transmit a preamble (e.g., message 1 (MSG1)) through a random access channel, receive a random access response (RAR) message (e.g., message 2 (MSG2)), transmit a message (e.g., message 3 (MSG3)) containing information related to the terminal (110) (e.g., identification information) to the base station (120) using scheduling information included in the RAR message, and receive a message (e.g., message 4 (MSG4)) for contention resolution and / or connection establishment. As another example, MSG1 and MSG3 may be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., message A (MSG A), or MSG2 and MSG4 may be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., message B (MSG B).

[0082] In step S107, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform signaling of control information. For example, the control information may be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls the connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transmission channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) may perform at least one of signaling to establish a connection, signaling to determine settings related to communication, and signaling to indicate allocated resources.

[0083] In step S109, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can transmit and / or receive data. For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can process data based on the signaling of control information and transmit and / or receive data. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on the information bits. For example, when receiving data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of extracting a signal from a resource, antenna-specific waveform demodulation, signal placement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding.

[0084] 6G System Core Technology

[0085] As core implementation technologies for 6G systems, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (Terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, free space optics (FSO) backhaul network, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0086] artificial intelligence

[0087] The introduction of AI into communications can streamline and enhance real-time data transmission. AI can determine how complex target tasks are performed using numerous analyses. AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing latency. Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a significant role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communication. Furthermore, AI can enable rapid communication in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0088] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0089] Below, to provide a more specific explanation of AI (or AI / ML (machine learning)), terms can be defined as follows.

[0090] - Data collection: Data collected from network nodes, management entities, or terminals, serving as a basis for AI model training, data analysis, and inference.

[0091] - AI model: A data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs containing predictive information and / or decision parameters based on a set of inputs.

[0092] - AI / ML Training: An online or offline process of training an AI model by learning features and patterns that best represent data and acquire an AI / ML model trained for inference.

[0093] - AI / ML Inference: A process of making predictions or deriving decisions based on collected data and an AI model using a trained AI model.

[0094] Referring to FIG. 5, the data collection function (10) is a function that collects input data and provides processed input data to the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30).

[0095] Examples of input data may include measurements from terminals or other network entities, feedback from actors, and outputs from AI models.

[0096] The data collection function (10) performs data preparation based on input data and provides the input data processed through data preparation. Here, the data collection function (10) does not perform specific data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, forming and transformation) for each AI algorithm, and can perform data preparation common to AI algorithms.

[0097] After the data preparation process is performed, the data collection function (10) can provide training data (11) to the model training function (20) and provide inference data (12) to the model inference function (30). Here, the training data (11) corresponds to data required as input for the AI ​​model training function (20), and the inference data (12) corresponds to data required as input for the AI ​​model inference function (30).

[0098] The data collection function (10) may be performed by a single entity (e.g., terminal, RAN node, network node, etc.) but may also be performed by multiple entities. In this case, training data (11) and inference data (12) from multiple entities may be provided to the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30), respectively.

[0099] The model training function (20) may correspond to a function that performs AI model training, validation, and testing, which can generate model performance metrics as part of the AI ​​model testing procedure. If necessary, the model training function (20) may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation, etc.) based on training data (11) provided by the data collection function (10).

[0100] Here, model deployment / update (13) can be used to initially deploy a trained, validated, and tested AI model to the model inference function (30) or to provide an updated model to the model inference function (30).

[0101] The model inference function (30) may correspond to a function that provides an AI model inference output (16) (e.g., a prediction or a decision). The model inference function (30) may provide model performance feedback (14) to the model training function (20) where applicable. Additionally, the model inference function (30) may be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation, etc.) based on the inference data (12) provided by the data collection function (10) if necessary.

[0102] Here, output (16) refers to the inference output of an AI model generated by the model inference function (30), and the details of the inference output may vary depending on the use case.

[0103] Model performance feedback (14) can be used to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model if available, and this feedback may be omitted.

[0104] The actor function (40) is a function that receives an output (16) from the model inference function (30) and triggers or performs a corresponding operation / action. The actor function (40) can trigger an operation / action on another entity (e.g., one or more terminals, one or more RAN nodes, one or more network nodes, etc.) or on itself.

[0105] Feedback (15) can be used to derive training data (11) and inference data (12), or to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model, the impact on the network, etc.

[0106] Meanwhile, the definitions of training, validation, and testing in data sets used in AI / ML can be distinguished as follows.

[0107] - Training data: Refers to the dataset used to train a model.

[0108] - Validation data: This refers to a dataset used to validate a model that has already been trained. Validation data typically refers to a dataset used to prevent overfitting of the training dataset. Additionally, validation data can refer to a dataset used to select the best model among the various models trained during the learning process. Therefore, validation can be viewed as a type of training.

[0109] - Test data: Refers to the dataset for final evaluation. This data is unrelated to training.

[0110] For example, within the entire dataset, training data and validation data can be divided in a ratio of approximately 8:2 or 7:3. Alternatively, within the entire dataset, training data:validation data:test data can be divided in a ratio of 6:2:2.

[0111] Depending on whether the base station and the terminal possess the capability for AI / ML functions, the cooperation level can be defined as follows, and variations resulting from the combination of multiple levels below or the separation of any one level are also possible.

[0112] Category 0a: This corresponds to a no collaboration framework. In this case, the AI / ML algorithm is based on pure implementation and may not require changes to the wireless interface.

[0113] Category 0b: Corresponds to a framework that involves a wireless interface modified to fit efficient implementation-based AI / ML algorithms but lacks cooperation.

[0114] Category 1: This applies to cases involving inter-node support to improve the AI / ML algorithms of each node. For example, it applies when a terminal receives support from a base station (for training, adaptation, etc.), and vice versa. At this level, model exchange between network nodes is not required.

[0115] Category 2: This applies to cases where joint ML operations between a terminal and a base station can be performed. This level requires AI / ML model commands or exchanges between network nodes.

[0116] The functions exemplified in Figure 5 above may be implemented at RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station CU, etc.), network nodes, network operator's OAM (operation administration maintenance), or terminals.

[0117] Alternatively, two or more entities among a RAN, a network node, a network operator's OAM, or a terminal may cooperate to implement the functions exemplified in FIG. 5. For example, one entity may perform some of the functions of FIG. 5, and another entity may perform the remaining functions. As such, some of the functions exemplified in FIG. 5 are performed by a single entity (e.g., a terminal, a RAN node, a network node, etc.), the transmission / provision of data / information between each function may be omitted. For example, if the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30) are performed by the same entity, the transmission / provision of model distribution / update (13) and model performance feedback (14) may be omitted.

[0118] Alternatively, any one of the functions exemplified in FIG. 5 may be performed by two or more entities among the RAN, network node, network operator's OAM, or terminal in collaboration. This may be referred to as a split AI operation.

[0119] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0120] For example, the AI ​​model training function can be performed by network nodes (e.g., core network nodes, network operator's OAM, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function can be performed by RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station's CU, etc.).

[0121] Step 1: RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to a network node. Here, RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can also transmit data collected from terminals to the network node (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP (reference signal received power), RSRQ (reference signal received quality), and SINR (signal to interference-plus-noise ratio) of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, speed, etc.).

[0122] Step 2: Network nodes can train AI models using the received training data.

[0123] Step 3: The network node can distribute / update the AI ​​model to RAN Node 1 and / or RAN Node 2. RAN Node 1 (and / or RAN Node 2) may also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0124] For the sake of convenience of explanation, it is assumed that the AI ​​model was deployed / updated only to RAN Node 1.

[0125] Step 4: RAN Node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN Node 2.

[0126] Step 5: RAN Node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0127] Step 6: If applicable, RAN node 1 can send model performance feedback to network nodes.

[0128] Step 7: RAN Node 1, RAN Node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN Node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2') can perform an action based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing action, the terminal may move from RAN Node 1 to RAN Node 2.

[0129] Step 8: RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can transmit feedback information to network nodes.

[0130] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0131] For example, both AI model training and AI model inference functions can be performed by RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station's CU, etc.).

[0132] Step 1: The terminal and RAN node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to RAN node 1.

[0133] Step 2: RAN Node 1 can train an AI model using the received training data.

[0134] Step 3: RAN Node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN Node 2.

[0135] Step 4: RAN Node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0136] Step 5: RAN Node 1, RAN Node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN Node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2') can perform an action based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing action, the terminal may move from RAN Node 1 to RAN Node 2.

[0137] Step 6: RAN Node 2 can send feedback information to RAN Node 1.

[0138] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0139] For example, the AI ​​model training function may be performed by a RAN node (e.g., base station, TRP, base station CU, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function may be performed by a terminal.

[0140] Step 1: A terminal can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to a RAN node. Here, the RAN node can collect data (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP, RSRQ, SINR of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, velocity, etc.) from various terminals and / or other RAN nodes.

[0141] Step 2: The RAN node can train an AI model using the received training data.

[0142] Step 3: The RAN node can distribute / update the AI ​​model to the terminal. The terminal may also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0143] Step 4: Input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference can be received from terminals and RAN nodes (and / or other terminals).

[0144] Step 5: The terminal can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0145] Step 6: If applicable, the terminal can transmit model performance feedback to the RAN node.

[0146] Step 7: The terminal and the RAN node can perform actions based on the output data.

[0147] Step 8: The terminal can transmit feedback information to the RAN node.

[0148] THz communication

[0149] Data transmission rates can be increased by expanding bandwidth. This can be achieved by using sub-THz communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced large-scale MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter radiation, generally refer to a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz–300 GHz band range (sub-THz band) is considered the primary portion of the THz band for cellular communication. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band increases 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, the 300 GHz–3 THz band is located in the far-infrared (IR) frequency band. Although the 300 GHz–3 THz band is part of the broadband, it lies at the boundary of the broadband and immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz–3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0150] FIG. 9 shows an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0151] Key characteristics of THz communication include (i) widely available bandwidth to support very high data transmission rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are indispensable). The narrow beam width generated by highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and BSs operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies that can overcome range limitations.

[0152] When transmitting system information (e.g., MIB) of a cell in the THz frequency band, it can be inefficient because, in the case of high frequency bands, beam sweeping must be performed more frequently to cover the entire area of ​​the cell as the beam width becomes narrower. In particular, transmitting system information using this method is even more inefficient when there are not many users in the cell.

[0153] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0154] The example of FIG. 10 is applicable not only to THz communication environments but also to 6G communication environments where THz communication is not applied. In addition, the procedure exemplified in FIG. 10 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, embodiments described below can be performed based on system information obtained by the procedure exemplified in FIG. 10.

[0155] In step S1010, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) can transmit system information of cell #1 through cell #2. For example, the base station provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a frequency band other than the THz frequency band. Here, the system information may include at least one of a system frame number (SFN) generated at a higher layer, a PDCCH configuration for SIB1, cell barring, cell re-selection, and subcarrier spacing, and may include at least one of a synchronization signal / PBCH (physical broadcast channel) block index generated at a physical layer. To this end, as an example, cell #1 and cell #2 may have a secondary cell and primary cell relationship.

[0156] In step S1030, the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) can acquire synchronization for cell #1. Synchronization can be acquired by detecting a synchronization signal. Generally, synchronization is acquired prior to receiving system information, but since the system information of cell #1 is received in cell #2, the acquisition of synchronization for cell #1 can be performed after receiving system information. For example, the terminal can acquire synchronization based on system information. Alternatively, the acquisition of synchronization may be performed prior to step S1010.

[0157] In step S1050, the first node (110) may transmit a signal to connect to cell #1. For example, the signal may include a random access preamble. The structure of such a signal and the resource for transmitting the signal (e.g., a channel) may be identified through system information. Subsequently, in step S1070, the first node (110) and the second node (120) may perform a connection procedure to cell #1 and perform communication.

[0158] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 10 may be performed when the first node (110) first connects to cell #1 of the second node (120). Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when the first node (110) handovers to cell #1 of the second node (120). However, in the case of a handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a different base station other than cell #2 of the second node (120).

[0159] Communication in the THz band is expected to experience severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations may be required to use very sharp beams. The use of sharp beams implies that terminals and base stations must perform beam control in addition to beamforming, meaning that a very large number of beams are utilized. Consequently, aligning the transmit and receive beams between the base station and the terminal takes a very long time. Furthermore, if the beam alignment between the base station and the terminal is disrupted due to the movement of the terminal, time is frequently required to realign the beams, which may lead to link instability.

[0160] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0161] Figure 11 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication, but this procedure is not limited to a THz environment and can also be applied in a 6G communication environment where THz communication is not applied.

[0162] Here, the term "beam" can be interpreted as other terms having equivalent technical meanings capable of distinguishing beams, such as "spatial domain filter," "spatial domain transmit filter," "spatial domain receive filter," reference signal (RS) resources for distinguishing beams, and SSB index.

[0163] In step S1110, the second node (120) (e.g., base station) may set resources for beam management to the first node (110) (e.g., terminal). Here, the resources may include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station may utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from the existing downlink signal / channel for beam search. Here, the BSS may be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port may be a port different from the port for transmitting the existing downlink signal / channel (e.g., SSB, PDSCH (physical downlink shared channel), etc.). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. For example, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / set for beam search may be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0164] In step S1130, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmits measurement signals using multiple transmission beams. For example, the measurement signals may include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals may be transmitted as many times as the number of beams requiring measurement, and may be transmitted using a multi-beam transmission method that forms multiple beams simultaneously to reduce sweeping time. Here, multi-beam transmission may be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, or a true time delay (TTD).

[0165] In step S1150, the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) may transmit a feedback signal to the second node (120) (e.g., a base station). The feedback signal may indicate at least one beam selected by the terminal. The terminal may select at least one preferred beam based on the measurement signals received in step S1130.

[0166] In step S1170, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can communicate. For example, the second node (120) can perform transmission to the first node (110) using the receiving beam of the first node (110) selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the first node (110) can also be determined through steps S1130 and S1150, so the transmission operation from the first node (110) can also be performed using a beam that has a reciprocity relationship with the beam selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is not established, a procedure including the transmission of measurement signal(s) by the first node (110) and the transmission of feedback signal(s) by the second node (120) may be performed first to determine the transmission beam of the first node (110).

[0167] Non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

[0168] FIGS. 12 and FIGS. 13 show examples of NTN scenarios to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0169] NTN can represent a network or network segment that uses RF (radio frequency) resources mounted on a satellite (or UAS (unmanned aerial system) platform).

[0170] Figure 12 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a transparent payload, and Figure 13 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a regenerative payload.

[0171] Referring to FIG. 12, the satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. The satellite can be connected to a data network via the gateway. A beam footprint may refer to an area where signals transmitted by the satellite can be received.

[0172] Referring to FIG. 13, a satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) connected to the terminal can be connected to another satellite (or UAS platform) via inter-satellite links (ISL). Another satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. Based on a regenerated payload, the satellite can be connected to a data network via another satellite and a gateway. If no ISL exists between the satellite and another satellite, a feeder link between the satellite and the gateway may be required.

[0173] FIGS. 12 and 13 are merely examples of NTN scenarios, and NTN can be implemented based on various scenarios. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can implement a transparent or regenerative (with on-board processing) payload. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can generate multiple beams across a designated service area depending on the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform). For example, the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) may vary depending on the on-board antenna diagram and the minimum elevation angle.

[0174] For example, the transparent payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload may not be altered.

[0175] For example, the regeneration payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. For example, the regeneration payload may be substantially the same as carrying all or part of the base station functions on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0176] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

[0177] Wireless sensing is a technology that utilizes radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (or range) of an object, thereby obtaining information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within that environment. Since radio frequency sensing capabilities do not require connecting to objects via devices within a network, they can provide services for determining object locations without the need for devices. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can provide a wide range of new functions, such as various object detection and recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), as well as high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to various industries (e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.) that enable applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing may utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of a wireless sensing service, such as sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering processing of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing can provide an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from communication networks to wireless communication and sensing networks.

[0178] FIG. 14 shows examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0179] Specifically, FIG. 14(a) illustrates an example of monostatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at the same position. FIG. 14(b) illustrates an example of bistatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at separate positions. A sensing receiver receives a signal that is reflected or scattered by a sensing object from a sensing signal transmitted from a sensing transmitter, and can extract or acquire sensing data based on the received signal. A sensing result can be generated or determined through appropriate processing of this sensing data. The sensing result can be provided to a trusted third-party entity or service outside the 3GPP system via an entity or service within the 3GPP system.

[0180] Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT)

[0181] Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting significant attention in the world of wireless communication. By reducing the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices, and by installing and connecting tens of billions to hundreds of billions of IoT devices, it becomes possible to apply them to various fields.

[0182] In this regard, the IoT technology is being developed under the name Ambient IoT (A-IoT) for various use cases, scenarios, requirements, signaling, configuration, etc.

[0183] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be one of the communication technologies considered to achieve low-power operation of A-IoT devices. For example, backscattering can enable the device to communicate with the network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with the information to be transmitted. For example, the device may be powered by an incident RF signal or stored energy.

[0184] A-IoT devices can be classified into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on the energy storage and transmission signal generation methods. For example, passive devices do not have energy storage devices (e.g., capacitors) and can communicate based on backscattering communication technology. For example, semi-passive devices have energy storage devices and can communicate using backscattering communication technology with the assistance of energy storage devices. For example, active devices have energy storage devices and can communicate by actively generating signals using active RF components and stored energy.

[0185] In the present disclosure, the following types of IoT devices may be considered.

[0186] Device type 1 has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW and can perform uplink transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node). For example, device type 1 may be a device without energy storage and without independent signal generation.

[0187] Device type 2 has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW and can perform uplink transmission by backscattering carrier waves provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node) or by using signals generated internally. Specifically, a device type that performs signal transmission via backscattering may be referred to as device type 2a, and a device type that performs signal transmission via signals generated internally may be referred to as device type 2b. For example, device type 2a is a device with energy storage and no independent signal generation, in which case the use of the stored energy may include amplification of the reflected signal. Additionally, for example, device type 2b may be a device with energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with an active RF component for transmission).

[0188] In addition, in addition to the classification methods described above, the type / class of an A-IoT device can be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, degree of energy / power consumption, presence / capability of amplification, presence / capability of a band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or combinations of parameters.

[0189] Regarding A-IoT communication, various basic topologies may be considered to support A-IoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, basic topologies may include a direct connection topology between a base station and an A-IoT device, a topology where the base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node, a topology where connection via an auxiliary node is supported, and / or a connection topology between a terminal and an A-IoT device.

[0190] The basic topologies described in this disclosure are merely examples, and the proposals of this disclosure may be extended to other types of topologies.

[0191] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0192] FIG. 15(a) shows a direct connection topology between a base station and an A-IoT device (e.g., topology 1) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0193] Referring to FIG. 15(a), an A-IoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with a base station. For example, communication between a base station and an A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the base station performing transmission to the A-IoT device and the base station performing reception from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in Topology 1, a base station in a micro-cell environment and an A-IoT device can communicate directly with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology.

[0194] FIG. 15(b) shows a topology (e.g., topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0195] Referring to FIG. 15(b), an A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and the base station. For example, the intermediate node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc. The intermediate node may transmit A-IoT data and / or signals between the base station and the A-IoT device. A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the intermediate node performing transmission to the A-IoT device and the intermediate node performing reception from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in Topology 2, an intermediate node may exist between the base station in a macro-cell environment and the A-IoT device. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology. For example, the intermediate node may be limited to a terminal, and the intermediate node may be located indoors.

[0196] FIG. 15(c) shows a topology (e.g., topology 3) in which connection by an auxiliary node is supported according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0197] Referring to the left topology of FIG. 15(c), an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from the auxiliary node. Additionally, referring to the right topology of FIG. 15(c), an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an A-IoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to the auxiliary node. For example, the auxiliary node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc.

[0198] FIG. 15 (d) shows a connection topology (e.g., topology 4) between a terminal and an A-IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0199] Referring to FIG. 15 (d), the A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with a terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. The A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0200] Additionally, A-IoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscattering transmission. For example, the CW can be used to supply energy to A-IoT devices or as CW for DL ​​transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscattering transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0201] In this regard, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the type of CW waveform can be a single-tone CW waveform or a somewhat complex multi-tone CW waveform. For example, since single-tone CW uses fewer resources, it may be advantageous compared to multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of the tag or reader and in terms of interference. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages such as being able to deliver more energy when transmitting CW via DL and securing greater coverage on a single device.

[0202] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types may be supported in the A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system may be pre-configured / defined, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure / instruct / display the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0203] In the present disclosure, for A-IoT communication, at least one of the necessary characteristics of a carrier waveform for a carrier provided outside of an A-IoT device (including interference handling at an A-IoT device UL receiver and an NR base station) may be proposed. Additionally, in the present disclosure, for A-IoT communication, at least one of paging, random access, data transmission including necessary radio resource control aspects complying with general range limitations, interaction with upper layers (e.g., RRC layer, NAS (non-access stratum) layer, application layer, etc.), device context management, data transmission, coexistence of A-IoT and 6G / NR / LTE, and / or RF requirements for A-IoT may be proposed.

[0204] Technical terms used in this disclosure may be as follows.

[0205] - SSB: Synchronization Signal Block

[0206] - MIB: Master Information Block

[0207] - RMSI: Remaining Minimum System Information

[0208] - FR1: Frequency Range 1. Refers to the frequency range of 6 GHz or lower (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz).

[0209] - FR2: Frequency Domain 2. Refers to the millimeter wave (mmWave) region above 24 GHz (e.g., 24,250 MHz ~ 52,600 MHz).

[0210] - BW: Bandwidth

[0211] - BWP: Bandwidth Part

[0212] - RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0213] - CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0214] - SIB: System Information Block

[0215] - SIB1: SIB1 for NR devices (e.g., RMSI). Broadcasts information necessary for cell connection of NR terminals.

[0216] - CORESET: Control Resource Set. Time / frequency resource for which the NR terminal attempts candidate PDCCH decoding.

[0217] - CORESET#0: CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set for NR devices (set in MIB)

[0218] - Type0-PDCCH CSS Set: A search space set in which NR terminals monitor a set of PDCCH candidates for DCI format with CRCs scrambled to SI-RNTI.

[0219] - MO: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0220] - SIB1-R: (Additional) SIB1 for NR devices with reduced capability. Limited to cases where it is created as a separate TB from the SIB1 and transmitted via a separate PDSCH.

[0221] - CORESET#0-R: CORESET#0 for Reduced Capability NR Devices

[0222] - Type0-PDCCH-R CSS Set: A search space set with redcap UEs monitoring a set of PDCCH candidates for DCI format with CRCs scrambled with SI-RNTI.

[0223] - MO-R: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0224] - Cell defining SSB (CD-SSB): An NR SSB that includes RMSI scheduling information

[0225] - Non-cell defining SSB (non-CD-SSB): Refers to an SSB placed in an NR sync raster that does not include the corresponding cell's RMSI scheduling information for measurement purposes. However, it may include information indicating the location of the cell defining SSB.

[0226] - SCS: Subcarrier spacing

[0227] - SI-RNTI: System Information-RNTI

[0228] - Camp On: "Camp On" is a terminal state where the UE remains in a cell and is ready to start potential dedicated services or receive ongoing broadcast services.

[0229] - TB: Transport Block

[0230] - RSA (Redcap standalone): A cell that supports only the Redcap device or service.

[0231] - SIB1(-R)-PDSCH: PDSCH transmitting SIB1(-R)

[0232] - SIB1(-R)-DCI: DCI scheduling SIB1(-R)-PDSCH. DCI format 1_0 CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI.

[0233] - SIB1(-R)-PDCCH: PDCCH transmitting SIB1(-R)-DCI

[0234] - FDRA: Frequency Domain Resource Allocation

[0235] - TDRA: Time Domain Resource Allocation

[0236] - RA: Random Access

[0237] - MSGA: Transmission of preamble and payload of a 2-stage RA type random access procedure.

[0238] - MSGB: Response to MSGA in a two-stage random access procedure. MSGB may consist of responses to contention resolution, fallback instructions, and backoff instructions.

[0239] - RO-N: RO (RACH Occasion) for general terminal 4-stage RACH and 2-stage RACH (if configured)

[0240] - RO-N1, RO-N2: When a separate RO is configured for general terminal 2-stage RACH, it is classified as RO-N1 (4 stages) and RO-N2 (2 stages).

[0241] - RO-R: RO (RACH Occasion) configured separately from RO-N for Redcap terminal Level 4 RACH and Level 2 RACH (if configured)

[0242] - RO-R1, RO-R2: When a separated RO is configured for Redcap terminal 2-stage RACH, it is classified as RO-R1 (4 stages) and RO-R2 (2 stages).

[0243] - PG-R: MsgA-preamble group for redcap terminals

[0244] - RAR: Random Access Response

[0245] - RAR Window: Time window to monitor RA responses

[0246] - FH: Frequency Hopping

[0247] - iBWP: Initial BWP

[0248] - iBWP-DL(-UL): Initial DL(UL) BWP

[0249] - iBWP-DL(-UL)-R: Initial DL(UL) BWP (separated) for redcap

[0250] - CS: Cyclic shift

[0251] - NB: Narrowband

[0252] - TO: Traffic Offloading

[0253] - mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communications

[0254] - eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication

[0255] - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication

[0256] - RedCap: Reduced Capability

[0257] - eRedCap: Enhanced RedCap

[0258] - FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

[0259] - HD-FDD: Half-Duplex-FDD

[0260] - DRX: Discontinuous Reception

[0261] - RRC: Radio Resource Control

[0262] - RRM: Radio Resource Management

[0263] - MM: Mobility Management

[0264] - IWSN: Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

[0265] - LPWA: Low Power Wide Area

[0266] - RB: Resource Block

[0267] - CCE: Control Channel Element

[0268] - AL: Aggregation Level

[0269] - PRG: Physical Resource-block Group

[0270] - DFT-s-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM

[0271] - PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

[0272] - A-PBCH: Additional PBCH

[0273] - BD: Blind detection

[0274] - EPRE: Energy Per RE

[0275] - SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

[0276] - TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

[0277] - FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0278] - DMRS: Demodulation Reference Signal

[0279] - TDD: Time Division Duplex

[0280] - PCI: Physical layer Cell ID

[0281] - EH: Energy Harvesting

[0282] - EH Device: A device operating based on EH. This may include all device types in A-IoT. Additionally, while this disclosure primarily considers RF EH, the EH device is not necessarily RF EH-based.

[0283] - ES: Energizing Signal. A signal / channel transmitted by a base station / IN / AN / UE for the purpose of supplying RF energy to a device operating based on RF-based EH. (Modulated) CW, NR / LTE DL / UL signals, etc. can be ES, and a dedicated signal / channel for ES can be designed to support it.

[0284] - ET: Energy Transfer

[0285] - CW: Carrier wave. A-IoT devices supporting backscattering-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating and backscattering an "externally provided" CW. A-IoT devices supporting independent signal generation-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating an "internally generated" CW. Unless otherwise noted, it is assumed to mean the "externally provided" CW for backscattering. The CW can be used as an ES (Energizing Signal) for RF energy transfer.

[0286] - CWN: CW Node. A node that provides CW. It can be a base station, IN, AN, or UE, and a separate CWN may exist for the purpose of providing CW.

[0287] - R: Reader / Interrogator. In A-IoT descriptions, depending on the topology, gNB / eNB, intermediate node (IN) / assisting node (AN), terminal, etc., can be readers. Additionally, since A-IoT is not limited to 4G / 5G communication systems, it may include base stations, intermediate nodes / assisting nodes, and terminals of next-generation communication systems. It may have the meaning of an A-IoT reader.

[0288] - T: Tag / A-IoT device. It may be interchangeable with EH device in this disclosure, and in the A-IoT description, it mainly refers to an A-IoT device, device type 1 / 2a / 2b.

[0289] - D: A-IoT device (may have the same meaning as the aforementioned T)

[0290] - R=>T: Reader-to-Tag or Reader-to-Tag communication link. May have the same meaning as DL or forward link when the base station or intermediate node / auxiliary node is the reader.

[0291] - R2D: Reader (R)-to-Device (D) Link (May have the same meaning as R=>T or A-IoT DL. May be denoted as R=>D.)

[0292] - CW2D: CWN-to-Device(D) Link (CW Node-to-A-IoT Device Link)

[0293] - T=>R: Tag-to-Reader or Tag-to-Reader communication link. If the base station or intermediate / auxiliary node is the leader, it may have the same meaning as a UL or reverse / backward link.

[0294] - D2R: Device (D)-to-Reader (R) Link (May have the same meaning as T=>R or A-IoT UL. May be denoted as D=>R.)

[0295] - R<=>T: Includes cases of R=>T and T=>R, or R=>T or T=>R. May apply to both R=>T and T=>R.

[0296] - R<=>D: Includes cases of R2D and D2R, or R2D or D2R. May apply to both R2D and D2R. (May have the same meaning as R<=>T)

[0297] - RF-EH: RF energy harvesting

[0298] - PRDCH: Physical R2D Channel (may be denoted as PR2DCH). A physical channel for R2D communication.

[0299] - PDRCH: Physical D2R Channel (may be denoted as PD2RCH). A physical channel for D2R communication.

[0300] - BS: Base Station

[0301] - IN: Intermediate node. In Topology 2 (BS <-> IN <-> A-IoT Device), the IN acts as the leader. Relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc. can be the IN.

[0302] - AN: Assisting node. It can assist in DL transmission in Topology 3-1 (BS -> AN -> A-IoT Device -> BS) or assist in UL transmission in Topology 3-2 (BS -> A-IoT Device -> AN -> BS). Relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc. can be ANs.

[0303] - UE: User Equipment. In the case of LTE, NR, or next-generation communication systems, it refers to the LTE, NR, or next-generation communication system UE / terminal, respectively. It is a general wireless communication terminal form distinct from A-IoT devices or device types 1 / 2a / 2b. In Topology 4 (UE <-> A-IoT device), the UE acts as the leader.

[0304] - Device: Unless otherwise noted, and when used alone, refers to an EH device, an A-IoT device, or device type 1 / 2a / 2b without distinction.

[0305] - A-IoT: Ambient IoT

[0306] - F-gap: Frequency gap

[0307] - T-gap: Time gap

[0308] - TD: Time Domain

[0309] - FD: Frequency Domain

[0310] - PEI: Paging Early Indication

[0311] - LP-WUS: Low-Power Wake-Up Signal

[0312] - LP-SS: Low-Power Synchronization Signal

[0313] - RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

[0314] - ESRP: ES Received Power. May refer to RSRP measured using ES. May have the same meaning as ES-RSRP.

[0315] - PRB: Physical Resource Block

[0316] - EH Circuit: A circuit that performs EH operation. An EH device can be viewed as including an EH circuit in the form of a component.

[0317] - PHR: Power Headroom Report

[0318] - EHR: Energy Headroom Report

[0319] - BPF: Band-Pass Filter

[0320] - SM: Subcarrier Modulation

[0321] Parameters for the physical channel and / or physical signal between the reader and the device

[0322] In an A-IoT system, physical channels between a reader and a device may include PRDCH from the reader to the device and PDRCH from the device to the reader. Physical signals between a reader and a device in an A-IoT system may include paging signals, preamble signals, midamble signals, postamble signals, etc. In the following description, the terms PRDCH and PDRCH are used as representative examples of A-IoT physical channels / signals, but the same examples may apply to physical channels or physical signals with other names between a reader and a device.

[0323] The present disclosure describes a method for providing parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH from a reader to a device. For example, the reader may set or instruct the device to set parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH, or predefined parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH may be applied without separate signaling. Transmission and reception of PRDCH / PDRCH may be performed based on these parameters.

[0324] Parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH may include parameters for the waveform. Alternatively, in some examples, parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH may be referred to as waveforms for PRDCH / PDRCH. Since waveforms for PRDCH / PDRCH are primarily determined based on M values ​​(e.g., the number of OOK chips per symbol), parameters for the waveform may include or correspond to M values, or waveforms may be interchangeable with or used with the same meaning as M values.

[0325] In R2D transmission, a total of M OOK chips can form one OFDM symbol using DFT-s-OFDM. In the examples described below, the term "chip" may refer to an OOK chip unless specifically limited otherwise.

[0326] In the examples described below, A-IoT communication may include a wireless communication system (e.g., LTE E-UTRA, 5G NR, 6G, etc.), a mother system, etc. For example, the base station and terminal described in this disclosure may refer to the base station and terminal of the said wireless communication system.

[0327] In addition, the time unit utilized in A-IoT communication may refer to a time unit related to the configuration of signals / channels for A-IoT communication (e.g., the time unit during which an A-IoT device operates), and can be interpreted as an A-IoT symbol unit, chip duration, OOK (on / off keying) symbol unit, etc.

[0328] In the following, for clarity of explanation, the time unit used in A-IoT communication is referred to as an A-IoT symbol. Additionally, among the basic topologies for A-IoT communication described above, the proposed method is explained using Topology 1 (e.g., refer to FIG. 15 (a)) and / or Topology 2 (e.g., FIG. 15 (b)) as representative examples, but the proposed method of the present disclosure can be extended and applied to other topologies (e.g., Topology 3 and / or Topology 3).

[0329] An A-IoT device can communicate via a carrier wave (CW) transmitted by a base station or an intermediate node (IN). For example, the CW may correspond to a CW for energy harvesting and / or a CW for backscattering. The proposed method of the present disclosure may be applied restrictively to one of the two types of CW, or may be applied commonly to both types of CW.

[0330] A-IoT devices operate in units of distinct A-IoT symbols, and frame structures, numerology, waveforms, and modulations for A-IoT communication systems need to be newly defined. As mentioned above, frame structures, waveforms, and modulations need to be considered for A-IoT communication systems in light of coexistence with other wireless communication systems (e.g., NR / LTE systems). Taking these points into consideration, the present disclosure proposes a method for configuring a plurality of A-IoT symbols to be included / mapped within a CP-OFDM symbol interval for coexistence with NR / LTE systems.

[0331] However, when transmitting CW in the manner described above and receiving backscattering signals at base stations / intermediate nodes (IN) / auxiliary nodes (AN) / terminals, problems may arise from the reception perspective due to the influence of interference, etc. For example, when receiving backscattering signals with an OFDM-based receiver using FFT (fast Fourier transform), A-IoT and NR signal / channel reception may be affected as orthogonality is not satisfied.

[0332] As a method for handling cyclic prefixes (CP) in R2D transmission of A-IoT, two main methods can be considered, taking into account signal reception performance, implementation complexity, NR interference, and frequency efficiency. The first method (method 1) is a method in which the terminal removes the CP itself without explicit support from the transmitter side; specifically, methods such as removing the CP by assuming that the CP length of all symbols is the same (Alt M1-1) and removing the CP by analyzing the spacing between edges (Alt M1-2) can be considered. The second method (method 2) is a method that focuses on controlling to prevent false edges from occurring at the boundaries between symbols when generating an OFDM-based waveform; specifically, methods such as copying the CP from the end of the symbol to maintain orthogonality between subcarriers (Alt M2-1) and abandoning orthogonality as necessary (Alt M2-2) can be considered. As a more detailed example of Alt M2-1, a method of matching the first chip and the last chip (Alt M2-1-1) or suppressing edge occurrence during CP (Alt M2-1-2) may be considered.

[0333] The design goal of the A-IoT physical layer (RAN1) is to differentiate the capabilities of R2D and D2R for ultra-low power implementation. For example, R2D uses TDMA, OOK-4 modulation, and Manchester line coding to minimize complexity and may not support Forward Error Correction (FEC) or repeat transmission techniques. For example, D2R supports both TDMA and FDMA for efficient data transmission and may support OOK / BPSK modulation, convolutional codes, and repeat transmission techniques. For CRC, 6-bit, 16-bit, or no CRC mode may be optionally applied.

[0334] The R2D timing acquisition signal (R-TAS) is located immediately before PRDCH transmission and may include a preamble comprising a start-indicator part (SIP) for detecting the start of transmission and a clock-acquisition part (CAP) for determining the chip period. A predefined sequence method based on energy detection or using digital correlation may be applied to the SIP, and it may have the characteristic of maintaining a fixed length (e.g., duration) regardless of the value of the modulation factor (e.g., M) of the PRDCH. The CAP may assist the terminal in estimating the chip length by utilizing OOK edges without line coding, and the total duration length may be applied variably depending on the value of M or may be maintained constant through repeated transmission.

[0335] As described above, SIP is designed with a fixed duration (e.g., N OFDM symbols) regardless of the M value of the waveform used in PRDCH transmission, and can be designed with two options depending on the ON-OFF pattern. The CAP includes at least two rising edges or falling edges, and the A-IoT device can indicate / set / determine the OOK chip duration used in PRDCH (e.g., the M value of the waveform used in PRDCH transmission) through the CAP. The CAP can have two options that can be designed depending on the M value used in the CAP / PRDCH waveform. The first option (Option 1) is a method in which the duration used in the CAP varies depending on the M value, and the second option (Option 2) is a method in which the duration used in the CAP is the same regardless of the M value, and the duration used in the CAP can be matched identically through repetition according to the M value. Options 1 and 2 for such CAP designs may also be referred to as Options 1 and 2 of the CAP structure in the following description.

[0336] In the following description, the M value of the waveform used in CAP is denoted as M_CAP, the M value of the waveform used in PRDCH is denoted as M_PRDCH, the M value of the waveform used in PDRCH is denoted as M_PDRCH, the M value of the waveform used in X-ambles (e.g., preamble, midamble, postamble) that can be used in R2D / D2R is denoted as M_X-amble, and the M value of the waveform used in paging messages is denoted as M_Paging_CAP. For various channels / signals, the M value may correspond to the number of OOK chips transmitted within 1 OFDM symbol in the corresponding channel / signal.

[0337] Examples of providing the device with the CAP structure and the M value of the waveform of various channels / signals as described above, and transmitting / receiving various channels / signals to the device based on this, are described below.

[0338] FIG. 16 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a first device according to the present disclosure.

[0339] In the example of FIG. 16, the first device corresponds to an A-IoT device, and the second device may correspond to a reader.

[0340] In step S1610, the first device can receive the first signal from the second device.

[0341] In some examples, the first signal may correspond to the clock acquisition part (CAP) of the reader-to-device timing acquisition signal (R-TAS).

[0342] In step S1620, the first device may receive a second signal from the second device or transmit a second signal to the second device.

[0343] In some examples, the number of chips per symbol for the second signal (M2) may be based on the number of chips per symbol for the first signal (M1). For example, the value of M2 may be derived using the value of M1.

[0344] In some examples, M2 can be defined as M1 * X or M2 = M1 * Y. Here, X is a natural number, and Y can be defined as 1 / X.

[0345] In some examples, the value of X or Y may be based on the ratio of the number of chips per symbol for the first part of the first signal (M1_1) and the number of chips per symbol for the second part of the first signal (M1_2). For example, the value of X or Y may be derived using the value of M1_2 / M1_1.

[0346] In some examples, the value of X or Y may be provided to the first device in advance (through separate signaling). For example, the value of X or Y may be provided to the first device through a paging message.

[0347] In some examples, the value of X or Y may be predefined for the first device and the second device (without separate signaling).

[0348] In some examples, the structure of the first signal may be based on M1. For example, if the value of M1 is below (or less than) a predetermined threshold, a different duration of the first signal may be applied to the first signal for different M1 values ​​(e.g., the first signal may be configured according to Option 1). Or, if the value of M1 is above (or greater than) a predetermined threshold, the same duration of the first signal may be applied to the first signal for different M1 values, and a different repetition factor may be applied to different M1 values ​​(e.g., the first signal may be configured according to Option 2).

[0349] In some examples, M1 may be one of a predetermined number of candidate values ​​(or a set containing a limited number of candidate values).

[0350] In some examples, the first signal may correspond to the clock acquisition part (CAP) of the reader-to-device timing acquisition signal (R-TAS).

[0351] In some examples, the second signal may correspond to a signal on the PRDCH (physical reader-to-device channel), a signal on the PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel), a D2R (device-to-reader) preamble signal, a D2R midamble signal, a D2R postamble signal, or a paging signal.

[0352] In some examples, based on the fact that the second signal is one of the D2R preamble signal, D2R midamble signal, or D2R postamble signal, the value of M2 may be the same as the value of M1.

[0353] The method described in the example of FIG. 16 may be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 corresponding to the first node (110) of FIG. 2 or the A-IoT device described above. For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 may be configured to receive a first signal from a second device through one or more transceivers (206), receive a second signal from a second device through one or more transceivers (206), or transmit a second signal to a second device. Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 16 or the examples described below when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0354] FIG. 17 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a second device according to the present disclosure.

[0355] In the example of FIG. 17, the second device corresponds to a reader, and the first device may correspond to an A-IoT device.

[0356] In step S1710, the second device can receive the first signal from the second device.

[0357] In step S1720, the second device may receive a second signal from the first device or transmit a second signal to the first device.

[0358] In the example of FIG. 17, the specific characteristics of the first signal, the second signal, the number of chips per symbol for the first signal (M1), and the number of chips per symbol for the second signal (M2) are identical to the description with reference to the example of FIG. 16, so the redundant description is omitted.

[0359] The method described in the example of FIG. 17 may be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 corresponding to the second node (120) or leader of FIG. 2 described above. For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 may be configured to transmit a first signal to a first device through one or more transceivers (206), receive a second signal from the first device through one or more transceivers (206), or transmit a second signal to the first device. Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 17 or the examples described below when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0360] Various examples of the present disclosure providing parameters for a physical channel and / or physical signal between a reader and a device are described below.

[0361] Example 1

[0362] This embodiment relates to a method for setting / instructing a CAP structure according to M_CAP used in CAP.

[0363] As mentioned above, two options are applicable to the structure of the CAP. Between Option 1 and Option 2, there is a difference in the duration of the CAP (e.g., the time duration occupied by the CAP) depending on the value of M or is constant regardless of the value of M.

[0364] Specifically, Option 1 can be defined as a CAP structure in which the duration of the clock-acquisition part is variable for different M values, and the duration becomes shorter with increasing value of M.

[0365] Option 2 can be defined as a CAP structure in which the duration of the clock-acquisition part is constant for different M values ​​based on repetition, and the repetition factor is increased with increasing value of M to keep the duration constant.

[0366] If the CAP structure is configured / applied as in Option 1, in the case of a high M value (e.g., when M=32 is configured / applied as the M value of the CAP), assuming the sequence consists of a total of 4 OOK chips in the 'ON-OFF-ON-OFF' sequence, the CAP can occupy a total of 4 / 32 = 1 / 8 OFDM symbols. In this case, because the duration of the CAP is too short, the device may not be able to satisfy the synchronization requirements for receiving subsequent PRDCHs, or the device may not be able to smoothly obtain the indication for the M value used in the PRDCH. Therefore, as shown in the examples described below, different CAP structures (e.g., Option 1 or Option 2) may be applied depending on the M value. In the following description, M_CAP corresponds to the M value of the waveform used in the CAP.

[0367] Example 1-1

[0368] This embodiment relates to a method for setting / instructing the structure of a CAP according to M_CAP.

[0369] For example, if a low value M_CAP (e.g., below / less than a predetermined threshold) is set / instructed, Option 1 may be applied as a CAP structure. For example, if a high value M_CAP (e.g. above / less than a predetermined threshold) is set / instructed, Option 2 may be applied as a CAP structure. Accordingly, the device can detect / receive a CAP by assuming a CAP structure based on the M_CAP value, and the reader can transmit a CAP by applying a CAP structure based on the M_CAP value.

[0370] For example, it can be assumed that a predetermined threshold is 8. In this case, if option 1 of the CAP structure is applied for M_CAP values ​​greater than or equal to 8 (e.g., 32) and a CAP is transmitted from the reader to the A-IoT device, the duration of the CAP may be too short and may not properly satisfy the synchronization requirements for the A-IoT device to receive the PRDCH. Therefore, option 2 of the CAP structure, which applies a constant CAP duration for M_CAP values ​​greater than or equal to 8 (e.g., 32), can be applied to enable the A-IoT device to successfully receive the PRDCH.

[0371] The threshold for M_CAP, which serves as the criterion for setting / instructing Option 1 or Option 2 of the CAP structure, may be predefined (without separate signaling), or may be set / instructed by the reader to the A-IoT device through separate signaling (e.g., paging messages and / or preamble signals).

[0372] Examples 1-2

[0373] This embodiment relates to a method for limiting the M value that can be set as M_CAP.

[0374] For example, an M_CAP value within a specific candidate value(s) (or below a specific maximum value) can be set / instructed to an A-IoT device by a reader. Accordingly, the waveform of the CAP can be set / instructed.

[0375] As in the example above, when Option 1 of the CAP structure is applied to a high value M_CAP (e.g., M_CAP greater than or equal to 8), the A-IoT device may not properly satisfy the synchronization requirements when it receives the CAP. Therefore, the maximum M value that can satisfy the synchronization requirements through the sequence designed as the CAP in the A-IoT device may be limited. For example, the reader may set / instruct the A-IoT device to set the M_CAP with an M_CAP value that is less than or equal to the maximum value that can be applied as M_CAP. Accordingly, the A-IoT device can satisfy the synchronization requirements for receiving PRDCH regardless of the CAP structure (or regardless of which CAP structure option is applied).

[0376] The maximum value of M_CAP may be predefined (without separate signaling), or it may be set / instructed by the reader to the A-IoT device through separate signaling (e.g., paging messages and / or preamble signals).

[0377] Example 2

[0378] The present embodiment relates to a method for deriving the M value of another physical channel / signal based on M_CAP. The M value of the other physical channel / signal may correspond, for example, to M_PRDCH, M_PDRCH, M_X-amble, and / or M_Paging_CAP.

[0379] For example, M_CAP, M_PRDCH, M_PDRCH, M_X-amble, and / or M_Paging_CAP may all be applied identically, or all / partially differently.

[0380] In the following, M_CAP may be denoted as M1. Additionally, one of M_PRDCH, M_PDRCH, M_X-amble, and / or M_Paging_CAP (or a combination thereof) may be denoted as M2. For example, M2 may be replaced by any one of M_PRDCH, M_PDRCH, M_X-amble, or M_Paging_CAP. Alternatively, M2 may be replaced by a combination of M_PRDCH, M_PDRCH, M_X-amble, or M_Paging_CAP (for example, a combination of Ms with the same value).

[0381] Example 2-1

[0382] The M value (e.g., M2) of another channel / signal can be derived through M_CAP (or M1) and parameter X (or Y).

[0383] For example, the value of parameter X or Y may be set / instructed to the A-IoT device by the reader through separate signaling (e.g., Layer 1 (L1) (or PHY) R2D control information and / or Layer 2 (L2) (or MAC) R2D control information, or R2D data). Alternatively, the A-IoT device may obtain the value of parameter X or Y through a predefined rule.

[0384] The relationship between M_CAP (or M1) and M (or M2) of another channel / signal can be defined as follows.

[0385] M2 = M1 * X or

[0386] M2 = M1 * Y

[0387] Here, X can be a natural number. Y can be the reciprocal of X (e.g., Y=1 / X).

[0388] In this way, M2 may correspond to a value equal to or greater than M1 (e.g., X times), or M2 may correspond to a value equal to or smaller than M1 (e.g., 1 / X times).

[0389] These parameters X or Y may be provided to the device by the reader through separate signaling (e.g., L1 / L2 R2D control information and / or R2D data).

[0390] Example 2-2

[0391] CAP can be divided into two parts (or intervals), and an M_CAP value can be derived based on the first part (or first interval) of CAP, and an X or Y value (or other value from which an X or Y value can be derived) can be derived based on the second part (or second interval) of CAP. In this way, an M value (e.g., M2) for another channel / signal can be derived based on M_CAP (or M1) and X (or Y) derived from the first part and the second part.

[0392] The M value for the first part of the CAP may be referred to as M1_1, and the M value for the second part of the CAP may be referred to as M1_2. For example, M1_1 may correspond to M_CAP (or M1) in Example 2-1, and M1_2 may correspond to X in Example 2-1. Accordingly, M2 may be derived based on M1_1 (or M_CAP) and M1_2 (or X).

[0393] Alternatively, if the M value for the L1 R2D control information of the PRDCH can be set / applied differently from M_CAP, the M value of the PRDCH transmitting the L1 R2D control information of the PRDCH may be referred to as M1_2, and M_CAP may be referred to as M1_1. For example, M1_1 may correspond to M_CAP (or M1) in Example 2-1, and M1_2 may correspond to X in Example 2-1. Accordingly, M2 may be derived based on M1_1 (or M_CAP) and M1_2 (or X). This example may also be applied when the M values ​​of the first part of the CAP and the second part of the CAP are set identically (or when there are no sections within the CAP distinguished by different M values).

[0394] Alternatively, instead of defining the aforementioned M1_2 and X as equal values, X (or Y) may be derived from the relationship (or ratio) between M1_1 and M1_2. For example, X (or Y) may be defined as M1_2 / M1_1. If M1_2 is greater than or equal to M1_1, X (a natural number) is derived, and if M1_2 is less than or equal to M1_1, Y (=1 / X) is derived.

[0395] For example, if M1_1 (e.g., the M value of the first part of CAP, or M_CAP) is 2 and M1_2 (e.g., the M value of the second part of CAP, or the M value of PRDCH transmitting L1 R2D control information of PRDCH) is 4, parameter X can be derived with a value of 2. In this way, without signaling explicitly indicating the X (or Y) value, the X (or Y) value can be derived (or indirectly signaled) through a predetermined rule from the M value of another signal / channel, and M2 (e.g., the M value of another channel / signal) can be derived (or indirectly signaled) from the derived X (or Y) and M1 (or M1_1).

[0396] In the examples described above, where M1_2 sets / indicates the value of X (or Y), it may directly indicate the value of X (or Y) (e.g., M1_2=X). Alternatively, the value of M1_2 may directly indicate the index of one of a predetermined number of candidates for X (and / or Y) (e.g., the value of M1_2 is an index indicating one of the candidate values ​​in the set of candidate value(s) of X and / or Y).

[0397] As in the examples above, M2 can be directly or indirectly set / instructed based on M1_1 and M1_2 (e.g., the second part of CAP having an M value, or the M value of PRDCH transmitting L1 R2D control information).

[0398] As another example, the M value of PRDCH transmitting L1 R2D control information may directly set / instruct M2 (e.g., M_PRDCH). Here, the M value used in the L1 R2D control information is the same as the M value used in CAP, and the A-IoT device can receive the L1 R2D control information by reusing the M value used in CAP.

[0399] In the examples described above, M1_1 and M1_2 may have mutually related values. For example, the candidate value(s) of M1_2 may be dependent on the value of M1_1. For example, if M1_1 is set / instructed as 1, the set of candidate values ​​of M1_2 (or X or Y) may be limited to {1, 2, 4, 8, 1 / 2, 1 / 4, 1 / 8}.

[0400] The value of M1_2 can be indicated by any one of the set of M1_2 candidate values ​​using bit indication, binary pattern, indexing method, etc.

[0401] The number of elements included in the set of M1_2 candidate values ​​can be provided through upper-level signaling (e.g., L1 / L2 control information) or can be predefined without separate signaling.

[0402] Candidate M1_2 values ​​dependent on the M1_1 value may differ depending on different M1_1 values, or they may be the same for different M1_1 values.

[0403] Examples 2-3

[0404] Parameter X (or Y) may be set / instructed through paging messages.

[0405] For example, through a paging message, which is the first transmitted / received message between a reader and an A-IoT device, a parameter X (or Y) is set / instructed, and M_CAP (e.g., M1), which is the M value set / instructed in the CAP of the subsequent PRDCH, can be obtained. Accordingly, the M value for another channel / signal (e.g., M2) can be derived / determined based on M1*X or M1*Y.

[0406] Here, the same waveform (e.g., the same M value) may be applied to the CAP of the paging message and the paging message. The value of parameter X (or Y) may be explicitly set / indicated through the content of the paging message. For example, if the value of parameter X set / indicated in the paging message is 2 and the value of M_CAP (or M1) used in the subsequent PRDCH is 4, the M value for the PRDCH to which data is transmitted may be derived / determined as 8 (=4*2).

[0407] In the examples above, the explanation assumes that M_CAP, which is the M value of CAP in PDRCH, is applied as M1, but the M value for the preamble used in PDRCH may also be applied as M1 in the examples above or in the examples described below.

[0408] In the examples above, it is assumed that X (or Y) is 2 to the power of n (or 1 / 2 to the power of n), but any natural number (or reciprocal of a natural number) that does not correspond to this, such as 6, 12, 24, 1 / 6, 1 / 12, 1 / 24, etc., may also be applied as X (or Y).

[0409] In the examples described above, X or Y are referred to as parameters; however, when indexing the entire set of configurable / directable candidate values ​​of M2 in ascending order (e.g., in ascending order), X or Y may correspond to the index of any one of the candidate values ​​of M2. Alternatively, the difference between the index indicated in M1 and the index of M2 may correspond to X or Y. Or, the index of any one of the candidate values ​​(or the difference from the index of M1) among the set of candidate values ​​of M2 that depend on the value of M1 may correspond to X or Y.

[0410] Examples 2-4

[0411] The M value of M1 (e.g., M_CAP) and a specific channel / signal may be set / instructed to be the same. For example, the values ​​of M_CAP and M_X-amble may be the same.

[0412] For example, for a CAP signal related to time and / or frequency synchronization and an X-amble signal (e.g., preamble / midamble / postamble), the same M value may be applied to obtain guaranteed synchronization.

[0413] For example, if the value of M (e.g., M1 or M_CAP) used in the CAP of the PRDCH R-TAS to be transmitted is 4, and the value of M of the subsequent midamble, M_midamble, is greater than 4, the A-IoT device may not satisfy the synchronization requirements for receiving the midamble through the time and / or frequency synchronization obtained from the CAP. As a result, the A-IoT device may not be able to properly detect the midamble and thus may not obtain the time and / or frequency synchronization required to receive the PRDCH data. Therefore, by applying the same value to M_CAP and M_X-amble (e.g., M_midamble), guaranteed time and / or frequency synchronization can be provided to the A-IoT device.

[0414] Similar to the above, M_PRDCH, which is the M value used in the data of PRDCH, may be set / indicated to the same value as M_CAP and / or M_midamble. Alternatively, M_PRDCH (or candidate values ​​of M_PRDCH) may be set / indicated to a value different from M_CAP and / or M_midamble. For example, if M_CAP is 8, the candidate values ​​of M_PRDCH may be one of the set of values ​​{1, 2, 4, 6, 8} of values ​​less than or equal to 8, and which one of the values ​​in the set it is may be set / indicated through subsequent L1 R2D control information (e.g., through bit instructions, through the M value of PRDCH transmitting the L1 R2D control information of PRDCH).

[0415] Alternatively, M_PRDCH may be derived / determined based on a predefined rule. For example, the predefined rule could be M_CAP / 2. Accordingly, a value of M_PRDCH that is half the size of M_CAP may be applied. Alternatively, the predefined rule could be M_PRDCH index = M_CAP index - 1. Accordingly, a list of all possible candidate values ​​for M is given in ascending order of size, and the M value at an index one lower than the index corresponding to M_CAP may be applied as M_PRDCH. These predefined rules are merely examples, and arbitrary expressions or values ​​may be set / indicated. Alternatively, arbitrary expressions or values ​​may change according to the set / indicated M_CAP.

[0416] In the examples above, the M values ​​for CAP and midamble were explained for PRDCH, but the same examples can be applied to the preamble or postamble of PDRCH. For instance, M_midamble in the examples above can be replaced with M_preamble or M_postamble. In this case, the M value for the PRDCH data may be the same as the M value used in the X-amble, or a different value may be applied based on separate signaling or predefined rules.

[0417] In the examples described above, the explanation assumes that the M value for PRDCH / PDRCH data (e.g., M_PRDCH / M_PDRCH) is smaller than M_CAP / M_X-amble; however, a similar method can be applied even when M_PRDCH / M_PDRCH is larger than M_CAP / M_X-amble (e.g., applying the same value, applying a different value through separate signaling, or applying a value one step larger or one index larger).

[0418] Based on the various examples described above, M2 (e.g., M_PDRCH, M_PRDCH, M_X-amble, and / or M_Paging_CAP) can be set / instructed / derived based on M1 (e.g., M_CAP). If the parameters for deriving M2 are not set / instructed through separate signaling or there are no predefined rules, M2 can be applied with the same value as M1 (as a default operation). For example, if an A-IoT device expecting a signaling for parameter X or Y from a reader does not receive such signaling, it may derive M2 by assuming that the value of X or Y is 1 and transmit / receive the corresponding channel / signal.

[0419] In the examples described above, it is explained that the A-IoT device transmits M OOK chip(s) per 1 OFDM symbol in PDRCH, but this may be the same as the chip duration that the reader sets / instructs the A-IoT device in PRDCH.

[0420] According to the examples described above, since the M value of another channel / signal (e.g., M2) can be clearly determined based on the M value of a basic signal, such as the R2D CAP signal (e.g., M1), the channel / signal transmission and reception procedure between the reader and the A-IoT device can be performed efficiently. Additionally, when an M2 value greater than M1 is applied (e.g., M_PRDCH greater than M_CAP), since synchronization is performed based on the SIP / CAP of R-TAS, a new and advantageous effect can be derived in which a higher data rate than the data rate applied in SIP / CAP can be applied in PRDCH. Alternatively, when an M2 value smaller than M1 is applied (e.g., M_PRDCH smaller than M_CAP), a new and advantageous effect can be derived in which the synchronization accuracy required in PRDCH can be met compared to the synchronization accuracy based on the SIP / CAP of R-TAS.

[0421] The embodiments described above are combinations of the components and features of the present disclosure in a specific form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless otherwise explicitly stated. Each component or feature may be implemented in a form not combined with other components or features. Additionally, it is possible to construct embodiments of the present disclosure by combining some components and / or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment, or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is obvious that embodiments may be constructed by combining claims that are not explicitly related in the claims, or that they may be included as new claims by amendment after filing.

[0422] It is obvious to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential features of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the detailed description set forth above should not be interpreted restrictively in all respects and should be considered exemplary. The scope of the present disclosure shall be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the equivalent scope of the present disclosure are included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0423] The scope of the present disclosure includes software or machine-executable instructions (e.g., operating systems, applications, firmware, programs, etc.) that enable operations according to the methods of various embodiments to be executed on a device or computer, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium on which such software or instructions, etc. are stored and executable on a device or computer. Instructions that may be used to program a processing system to perform the features described in the present disclosure may be stored on or within a storage medium or a computer-readable storage medium, and the features described in the present disclosure may be implemented using a computer program product comprising such a storage medium. The storage medium may include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid-state memory devices, and may include non-volatile memory such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state storage devices. The memory may optionally include one or more storage devices located remotely from the processor(s). Memory or alternatively, non-volatile memory device(s) within memory comprises a non-transient computer-readable storage medium. The features described in this disclosure may be stored in any one of the machine-readable media and integrated into software and / or firmware that can control the hardware of a processing system and allow the processing system to interact with other mechanisms utilizing results according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments / containers.

[0424] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication. In this case, for example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology and may be implemented according to standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, but is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally, or generally, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. In this case, for example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally or generally, wireless communication technology implemented in the device (100, 200) of the present disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) for low-power communication, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. As an example, ZigBee technology may create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0425] Although the method proposed in this disclosure has been described with an example applied to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems, it is possible to apply it to various wireless communication systems in addition to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems.

Claims

1. A step of receiving a first signal from a second device by a first device; and The method includes the step of receiving a second signal from the second device or transmitting the second signal to the second device by the first device, A method in which the number of chips per symbol (M2) for the second signal is based on the number of chips per symbol (M1) for the first signal.

2. In Paragraph 1, M2 = M1 * X or M2 = M1 * Y, and X is a natural number, and A method where Y = 1 / X.

3. In Paragraph 1, A method in which the value of X or Y is based on the ratio of the number of chips per symbol (M1_1) for the first part of the first signal and the number of chips per symbol (M1_2) for the second part of the first signal.

4. In Paragraph 1, A method in which the value of X or Y is provided in advance to the first device.

5. In Paragraph 4, A method in which the value of X or Y is provided to the first device through a paging message.

6. In Paragraph 1, A method in which the value of X or Y is predefined for the first device and the second device.

7. In Paragraph 1, The structure of the first signal above is a method based on M1.

8. In Paragraph 7, A method in which, based on the value of M1 being less than a predetermined threshold, different durations are applied to different M1s for the first signal.

9. In Paragraph 7, A method in which, based on the value of M1 being greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, the same duration is applied to different M1 values ​​for the first signal, and different repetition factors are applied to different M1 values.

10. In Paragraph 1, M1 is a method that is one of a predetermined number of candidate values.

11. In Paragraph 1, The above first signal is a method corresponding to the CAP (clock acquisition part) of the R-TAS (reader-to-device timing acquisition signal).

12. In Paragraph 1, The above second signal corresponds to a signal on a PRDCH (physical reader-to-device channel), a signal on a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel), a D2R (device-to-reader) preamble signal, a D2R midamble signal, a D2R postamble signal, or a paging signal, in a method.

13. In Paragraph 12, A method in which, based on the fact that the second signal is one of the D2R preamble signal, the D2R midamble signal, or the D2R postamble signal, the value of M2 is the same as the value of M1.

14. In Paragraph 1, The above-mentioned first device corresponds to an A-IoT (ambient internet-of-things) device, and The above second device corresponds to a reader, a method.

15. One or more transceivers; and It includes one or more processors connected to the above one or more transmitters and receivers, and The above one or more processors are: Receiving a first signal from a second device through one or more of the above-mentioned transceivers; and It is configured to receive a second signal from the second device or transmit the second signal to the second device through the one or more transceivers above, and The number of chips per symbol (M2) for the second signal is a first device based on the number of chips per symbol (M1) for the first signal.

16. A step of transmitting a first signal to a first device by a second device; and The method includes the step of receiving a second signal from the first device or transmitting the second signal to the first device by the second device. A method in which the number of chips per symbol (M2) for the second signal is based on the number of chips per symbol (M1) for the first signal.

17. One or more transceivers; and It includes one or more processors connected to the above one or more transmitters and receivers, and The above one or more processors are: Transmitting a first signal to a first device through one or more of the above-mentioned transceivers; and Through the above one or more transceivers, a second signal is received from the first device or the second signal is transmitted to the first device, and The number of chips per symbol (M2) for the second signal is a second device based on the number of chips per symbol (M1) for the first signal.

18. One or more processors; and A processing device comprising one or more computer memories that are operably connected to one or more processors and store instructions for performing a method according to any one of claims 1 to 14 based on execution by one or more processors.

19. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions that are executed by one or more processors to control the execution of a method according to any one of claims 1 through 14.

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