D2r transmission and reception for ambient IoT

Abstract

This apparatus may acquire a modulation scheme related to device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, and the apparatus may perform, to a reader, the D2R transmission including a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH) and at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble. For example, at least one of a format of the preamble, a format of the midamble, or a format of the postamble may be selected on the basis of the modulation scheme.

Description

D2R Transmission and Reception for Ambient IoT

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system.

[0002] 5G NR is a successor technology to LTE (long term evolution) and is a new clean-slate type mobile communication system with characteristics such as high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR can utilize all available spectrum resources, ranging from low frequency bands below 1 GHz to mid-frequency bands from 1 GHz to 10 GHz, and high frequency (millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz.

[0003] The 6G (wireless communication) system aims for (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT (internet of things) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be in four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy requirements such as those shown in Table 1 below. For example, Table 1 may represent an example of the requirements for a 6G system.

[0004] Maximum data rate per device 1 Tbps E2E latency 1 ms Maximum spectral efficiency 100 bps / Hz Mobility support up to 1000 km / hr Satellite integration Fully AI Fully autonomous driving Fully XR Fully haptic communication Fully

[0005] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a method may be provided. For example, the method may include at least one of: a step in which a device obtains a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission; and / or a step in which the device performs the D2R transmission to a reader, the transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0006] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a device may be provided. For example, the device may include at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions. For example, the instructions may cause the device to perform an operation based on execution by the at least one processor. For example, the operation may include at least one of: obtaining a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission; and / or performing the D2R transmission to a reader, the D2R transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0007] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a processing device may be provided. For example, the processing device may include at least one processor; and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions. For example, the instructions may cause the device to perform an operation based on execution by the at least one processor. For example, the operation may include at least one of: obtaining a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission; and / or performing the D2R transmission to a reader, the D2R transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0008] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-transient computer-readable storage medium recording instructions may be provided. For example, the instructions may cause a device to perform an operation based on execution. For example, the operation may include at least one of: obtaining a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission; and / or performing the D2R transmission to a reader, the D2R transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates a communication procedure between devices according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 2 shows a radio protocol architecture according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0011] FIG. 3 shows the structure of a wireless frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 4 shows a slot structure of a frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 5 shows an example of a BWP according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 6 shows a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 7 shows an example of basic topologies according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 8 shows an example of a physical layer frame structure for R2D (reader-to-device) transmission according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 9 shows an example of a physical layer frame structure for D2R (device-to-reader) transmission according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 10 shows an example of reader-to-device (R2D) transmission based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 11 illustrates a procedure for D2R (device-to-reader) transmission according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 12 illustrates a procedure performed by the device (100) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 13 illustrates a procedure performed by a reader (200) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 14 shows a communication system (1) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 15 shows a wireless device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 16 shows a signal processing circuit for a transmission signal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 17 shows a wireless device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 18 shows a portable device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] In the present disclosure, "A or B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, in the present disclosure, "A or B" may be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, in the present disclosure, "A, B or C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0028] A slash ( / ) or a comma used in the present disclosure may mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B or C."

[0029] In the present disclosure, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Additionally, in the present disclosure, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" may be interpreted as synonymous with "at least one of A and B."

[0030] Additionally, in the present disclosure, "at least one of A, B and C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C." Additionally, "at least one of A, B or C" or "at least one of A, B and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B and C."

[0031] Additionally, parentheses used in the present disclosure may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." In other words, the "control information" of the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information."

[0032] In the following explanation, 'when, if, in case of' can be replaced with 'based on'.

[0033] Technical features described individually within one drawing in this disclosure may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0034] In the present disclosure, a higher layer parameter may be a parameter that is set for the terminal, pre-set, or pre-defined. For example, a base station or a network may transmit the higher layer parameter to the terminal. For example, the higher layer parameter may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0035] In the present disclosure, "configured or defined" may be interpreted as being configured or pre-configured to a device through pre-defined signaling from a base station or network (e.g., SIB, MAC, RRC, DCI (downlink control information), etc.). In the present disclosure, "configured or defined" may be interpreted as being configured or pre-configured to a device through pre-defined signaling from another device (e.g., MAC, RRC, SCI (sidelink control information), control information signaled between devices, etc.). In the present disclosure, "configured or defined" may be interpreted as being pre-configured to a device.

[0036] In the present disclosure, user equipment (UE) may refer to a device, a portable device, a wireless device, etc. In the present disclosure, a base station (BS) may refer to a radio access network (RAN) node, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) cell / node, a transmission reception point (TRP), a network, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a device, a portable device, a wireless device, etc.

[0037] The technology proposed in this disclosure can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications) / GPRS (general packet radio service) / EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (institute of electrical and electronics engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), and 5G NR.

[0038] The technology proposed in this disclosure can be implemented as 6G wireless technology and can be applied to various 6G systems. For example, 6G systems may have key factors such as eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband), URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency communications), mMTC (massive machine-type communication), AI (artificial intelligence) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0039] FIG. 1 illustrates a communication procedure between devices according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 1 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operations of the embodiments may be omitted.

[0040] Referring to FIG. 1, in step S101, the first device and the second device can perform synchronization. For example, the first device may be a terminal and / or at least one of the devices proposed in the present disclosure. For example, the second device may be a base station, a network, a RAN node, an NTN node / cell, a TRP, a terminal and / or at least one of the devices proposed in the present disclosure. For example, the first device may perform an initial cell search operation. For example, the first device may detect at least one synchronization signal transmitted according to a rule predefined by the second device. Here, for example, the synchronization signal may include a plurality of synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signal, secondary synchronization signal, etc.) classified according to structure or use. Through this, the first device can identify the boundaries of the frame, subframe, time unit, slot, and / or symbol of the second device, and the first device can obtain information about the second device (e.g., cell identifier).

[0041] In step S103, the first device may obtain system information transmitted by the second device. For example, the system information may include information related to the attributes, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the second device that are necessary to connect to the second device and use the service. For example, the system information may be classified according to content (e.g., whether it is essential for connection), transmission structure (e.g., the channel used, whether it is provided on-demand), etc. For example, the system information may be classified into a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB). For example, if necessary, the first device may transmit a signal requesting the system information prior to receiving the system information. For example, the request and provision of the system information may be performed after a random access procedure described later.

[0042] In step S105, the first device and the second device may perform a random access procedure. For example, the first device may transmit and / or receive at least one message for the random access procedure (e.g., random access preamble, random access response message, etc.) based on information related to the random access channel of the second device obtained through system information (e.g., channel location, channel structure, structure of supported preamble, etc.). For example, the first device may transmit a preamble (e.g., Msg1) through the random access channel, and the first device may receive a random access response message (e.g., Msg2). The first device may transmit a message (e.g., Msg3) containing information related to the first device (e.g., identification information) to the second device using scheduling information included in the random access response message, and the first device may receive a message (e.g., Msg4) for contention resolution and / or connection establishment. For example, Msg1 and Msg3 can be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., MsgA), and / or Msg2 and Msg4 can be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., MsgB).

[0043] In step S107, the first device and the second device may perform signaling of control information. Here, for example, the control information may be defined in various layers, such as a layer controlling the connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer handling mapping between a logical channel and a transmission channel (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer handling a physical channel (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the first device and the second device may perform at least one of signaling to establish a connection, signaling to determine settings related to communication, and / or signaling to indicate allocated resources. For example, the control information may be signaled / transmitted through a control channel. For example, the control information and / or the control channel may be used to schedule at least one of data, a data channel (e.g., a shared channel), and / or control information on the data channel.

[0044] In step S109, the first device and the second device may transmit and / or receive data. For example, the first device and the second device may process data based on signaling of control information and transmit and / or receive it. For example, when transmitting data, the first device or the second device may perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and / or resource mapping on the information bits. For example, when receiving data, the first device or the second device may perform at least one of signal extraction from resources, antenna-specific waveform demodulation, signal placement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and / or channel decoding.

[0045] For example, the layers of the radio interface protocol between the first device and the second device can be classified into L1 (layer 1), L2 (layer 2), L3 (layer 3), etc. For example, the physical layer belonging to layer 1 can provide an information transfer service using a physical channel, and the radio resource control (RRC) layer located at layer 3 can perform the role of controlling radio resources between the first device and the second device. To this end, for example, the RRC layer can exchange RRC messages between the first device and the second device.

[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates a radio protocol architecture according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 2 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operations of said embodiment may be omitted. For example, FIG. 2(a) may represent a radio protocol stack in the user plane for uplink communication or downlink communication, and FIG. 2(b) may represent a radio protocol stack in the control plane for uplink communication or downlink communication. For example, FIG. 2(c) may represent a radio protocol stack in the user plane for device-to-device communication, and FIG. 2(d) may represent a radio protocol stack in the control plane for device-to-device communication.

[0047] For example, the physical layer can provide information transmission services to upper layers using a physical channel. For example, the physical layer can be connected to the upper layer, the MAC (medium access control) layer, through a transport channel. For example, data can be transmitted between the MAC layer and the physical layer through a transport channel. For example, transport channels can be classified according to how and with what characteristics data is transmitted through a wireless interface. For example, data can be transmitted through a physical channel between different physical layers, e.g., between the physical layers of a first device and a second device. For example, the physical channel can be modulated using the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) method, and time and frequency can be utilized as wireless resources.

[0048] For example, the MAC layer can provide services to the upper layer, the RLC (radio link control) layer, through logical channels. For example, the MAC layer can provide mapping functions from multiple logical channels to multiple transmission channels. For example, the MAC layer can provide logical channel multiplexing functions through mapping from multiple logical channels to a single transmission channel. For example, the MAC sublayer can provide data transmission services over logical channels.

[0049] For example, the RLC layer can perform concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs). For example, to guarantee various quality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer can provide three modes of operation: transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode (UM), and acknowledged mode (AM). For example, AM RLC can provide error correction through automatic repeat requests (ARQ).

[0050] For example, the RRC (radio resource control) layer may be defined only in the control plane. For example, the RRC layer may be responsible for controlling logical channels, transmission channels, and physical channels in relation to the configuration, reconfiguration, and release of radio bearers. For example, RB may refer to a logical path provided by the first layer (e.g., physical layer) and the second layer (e.g., MAC layer, RLC layer, PDCP (packet data convergence protocol) layer, SDAP (service data adaptation protocol) layer, etc.) for data transfer between a first device and a second device.

[0051] For example, the functions of the PDCP layer in the user plane may include the delivery of user data, header compression, and ciphering. For example, the functions of the PDCP layer in the control plane may include the delivery of control plane data and encryption / integrity protection.

[0052] For example, the establishment of an RB can mean the process of defining the characteristics of the wireless protocol layer and channel to provide specific services, and setting each specific parameter and method of operation. For example, an RB can be divided into two types: an SRB (signaling radio bearer) and a DRB (data radio bearer). For example, an SRB can be used as a channel to transmit RRC messages in the control plane, and a DRB can be used as a channel to transmit user data in the user plane.

[0053] For example, a downlink transmission channel may include at least one of a broadcast channel (BCH) that transmits system information and / or a shared channel (SCH) that transmits user traffic or control messages. For example, traffic or control messages for a downlink multicast or broadcast service may be transmitted via a downlink SCH or via a separate multicast channel (MCH). Meanwhile, an uplink transmission channel may include at least one of a random access channel (RACH) that transmits initial control messages and / or a shared channel (SCH) that transmits user traffic or control messages. For example, a logical channel located above the transmission channel and mapped to the transmission channel may include at least one of a broadcast control channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), and / or a multicast traffic channel (MTCH).

[0054] FIG. 3 shows the structure of a wireless frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 3 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operations of the embodiments may be omitted.

[0055] Referring to FIG. 3, radio frames may be used, for example, in uplink transmission, downlink transmission, and / or device-to-device transmission. For example, a radio frame may have a length of 10 ms and may be defined as two 5 ms half-frames (HF). For example, a half-frame may contain five 1 ms subframes (SF). For example, a subframe may be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots within a subframe may be determined by subcarrier spacing (SCS). For example, each slot may contain 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP).

[0056] For example, when normal CP is used, each slot may contain 14 symbols. For example, when extended CP is used, each slot may contain 12 symbols. Here, for example, the symbols may include OFDM symbols (or CP-OFDM symbols) and SC-FDMA (single carrier-FDMA) symbols (or DFT-s-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM) symbols).

[0057] Table 2 below shows the number of symbols per slot (N) according to the SCS setting (u) when Normal CP or Extended CP is used. slot symb ), number of slots per frame (N frame,u slot ) and the number of slots per subframe (N subframe,u slot) exemplifies.

[0058] CP Type SCS (15*2 u )N slot symb N frame,u slot N subframe,u slot Normal CP 15kHz (u=0) 1410 130kHz (u=1) 1420 260kHz (u=2) 1440 4120kHz (u=3) 1480 8240kHz (u=4) 14160 16 Extended CP 60kHz (u=2) 1240 4

[0059] For example, OFDM(A) numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, etc.) may be configured differently among multiple cells merged into a single terminal. Accordingly, the (absolute time) interval of a time resource (e.g., subframe, slot, or TTI (transmit time interval)) composed of the same number of symbols may be configured differently among the merged cells. For example, in the present disclosure, time resources such as subframes, slots, TTI, etc. may be referred to as time units.

[0060] For example, multiple numerologies or SCSs may be supported to support various services. For example, if the SCS is 15 kHz, a wide area in traditional cellular bands may be supported, and if the SCS is 30 kHz / 60 kHz, dense-urban, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth may be supported. For example, if the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth greater than 24.25 GHz may be supported to overcome phase noise.

[0061] FIG. 4 shows a slot structure of a frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 4 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operations of the embodiments may be omitted.

[0062] Referring to FIG. 4, for example, a slot may include multiple symbols in the time domain. For example, a carrier may include multiple subcarriers in the frequency domain. For example, a resource block (RB) may be defined as multiple consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. For example, a bandwidth part (BWP) may be defined as multiple consecutive (P)RBs ((physical) resource blocks) in the frequency domain and may correspond to a single numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, etc.). For example, a carrier may include up to N BWPs (where N is a positive integer). For example, data communication may be performed through an active BWP. For example, each element may be referred to as a resource element (RE) in a resource grid and may be mapped to a single complex symbol.

[0063] For example, a BWP can be a continuous set of PRBs in a given numerology. For example, a PRB can be selected from a continuous subset of common resource blocks (CRBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier.

[0064] For example, the BWP may be at least one of an active BWP, an initial BWP, and / or a default BWP. For example, the terminal may not monitor downlink radio link quality on DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP on the PCell (primary cell). For example, the terminal may not receive PDCCH (physical downlink control channel), PDSCH (physical downlink shared channel), or CSI-RS (channel state information-reference signal) (except for RRM (radio resource management)) outside of the active DL BWP. For example, the terminal may not trigger CSI (channel state information) reporting for an inactive DL BWP. For example, the terminal may not transmit PUCCH (physical uplink control channel) or PUSCH (physical uplink shared channel) outside of the active UL (uplink) BWP. For example, for the downlink, the initial BWP can be given as a consecutive set of resource blocks (RBs) for the remaining minimum system information (RMSI) CORESET (control resource set) (set by the physical broadcast channel (PBCH)). For example, for the uplink, the initial BWP can be given by the system information block (SIB) for the random access procedure. For example, the default BWP can be set by the upper layer. For example, the initial value of the default BWP can be the initial DL BWP.For energy saving, if the terminal fails to detect DCI (downlink control information) for a certain period, the terminal can switch the active BWP of the terminal to the default BWP.

[0065] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a BWP according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 5 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operations of the embodiments may be omitted. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, it is assumed that there are three BWPs.

[0066] Referring to FIG. 5, for example, a common resource block (CRB) may be a numbered carrier resource block from one end of the carrier band to the other, and a PRB may be a numbered resource block within each BWP. For example, point A may indicate a common reference point for the resource block grid.

[0067] For example, BWP is point A, offset from point A (N start BWP ) and bandwidth (N size BWP It can be set by ). For example, point A may be an external reference point of the PRB of a carrier where the subcarrier 0 of all numerologies (e.g., all numerologies supported by the network in that carrier) are aligned. For example, offset may be the PRB interval between the lowest subcarrier in a given numerology and point A. For example, bandwidth may be the number of PRBs in a given numerology.

[0068] FIG. 6 illustrates a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 6 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operations of said embodiments may be omitted.

[0069] As core implementation technologies for 6G systems, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (Terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, free space optical transmission (FSO) backhaul networks, large-scale MIMO (multiple input multiple output) technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0070] Below, Ambient IoT (A-IoT) will be explained.

[0071] A-IoT can be a new type of device or segment that operates solely on energy harvested from the surrounding environment. For example, A-IoT can refer to a new class of Internet of Things devices that operate by being powered by various energy sources harvestable from the surrounding environment, such as radio waves, light, motion, and thermal energy.

[0072] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be one of the communication technologies considered to achieve low-power operation of A-IoT devices. For example, backscattering is a widely used technique in radio frequency identification (RFID) that can enable a device to communicate with a network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with information to be transmitted. For example, the device may be powered by an incident RF signal or stored energy.

[0073] For example, A-IoT devices can be classified into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on the energy storage and transmission signal generation methods. For example, a passive device does not have an energy storage device (e.g., a capacitor) and can communicate based on backscatter communication technology. For example, a semi-passive device has an energy storage device and can communicate using backscatter communication technology with the assistance of the energy storage device. For example, an active device has an energy storage device and can communicate by actively generating signals using active RF components and stored energy. For example, in the present disclosure, the following three types of IoT devices may be considered. For example, device A may be a device without energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device supporting backscatter transmission). For example, device B may be a device with energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device supporting backscatter transmission). In this case, for example, the use of the stored energy may include amplification of the reflected signal. For example, device C may be a device with energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with an active RF component for transmission).

[0074] For example, the types of A-IoT devices can be classified into two as follows. For example, a Type 1 device has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW, is capable of energy storage, has no amplification function, and can perform transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node). For example, a Type 2 device has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, is capable of energy storage, has an amplification function, and can perform transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node) or by using a signal generated internally.

[0075] For example, in addition to the classification methods described above, the type / class of an A-IoT device may be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, degree of energy / power consumption, presence / capability of amplification, presence / capability of a band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or combinations of parameters. Here, for example, the BPF capability may be distinguished by the 3-dB bandwidth of the supported BPF, sharpness, etc., and the UL transmission methods may be distinguished by, for example, backscattered UL transmission, UL transmission by internal signal generation, etc.

[0076] In addition, the type / class of an A-IoT device may be subdivided based on parameters associated with the above device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, degree of energy / power consumption, presence / capability of amplification, presence / capability of a band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or combinations of such parameters. For example, the above-described Type 2 device may be classified into Type 2a when it performs transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node), and Type 2b when it performs transmission using a signal generated internally. In this case, Types 2a and 2b may be identical in that they have a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, are capable of energy storage, and have amplification capabilities.

[0077] For example, the following basic topologies may be considered to support A-IoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, basic topologies may include a direct connection between a base station and an A-IoT device, a connection between a base station, an intermediate node, and an A-IoT device, support for connection by an auxiliary node, and / or a connection between a terminal and an A-IoT device. The basic topologies proposed in this disclosure are merely examples, and the proposals of this disclosure may be extended and applied to other topologies.

[0078] FIG. 7 illustrates examples of basic topologies according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 7 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operations of said embodiment may be omitted.

[0079] FIG. 7(a) illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 1) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7(a), the A-IoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with the base station. For example, communication between the base station and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 7(a), the base station transmitting to the A-IoT device and the base station receiving from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in Topology 1, the base station and the A-IoT device in a micro-cell environment may communicate directly with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology.

[0080] FIG. 7(b) illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node (IN) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7(b), the A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with the intermediate node between the device and the base station. Here, for example, the intermediate node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc. For example, the intermediate node may transmit A-IoT data and / or signals between the base station and the A-IoT device. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or data channel (e.g., shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 7(b), the intermediate node transmitting to the A-IoT device and the intermediate node receiving from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in the above topology 2, an intermediate node may exist between the base station in the macro-cell environment and the A-IoT device. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology. For example, the intermediate node may be limited to a terminal, and the intermediate node may be located indoors. For example, in the above topology 2, IN may act as a leader.

[0081] FIG. 7(c) and / or FIG. 7(d) illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 3) supported by an assisting node (AN) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7(c), the assisting node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from the assisting node. Referring to FIG. 7(d), the assisting node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to the assisting node. Here, for example, the assisting node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc.

[0082] FIG. 7(e) illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 4) in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 7(e), the A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with the terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0083] For example, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For instance, the type of CW waveform can be a single-tone CW waveform or a somewhat complex multi-tone CW waveform. For instance, single-tone CW may be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and in terms of interference, as it uses fewer resources. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages, such as the ability to deliver more energy when transmitting CW over DL and to secure greater coverage on a single device.

[0084] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types may be supported in an A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system may be pre-configured / defined, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to an A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure / instruct / display the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0085] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a physical layer frame structure for R2D (reader-to-device) transmission according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 8 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operations of said embodiments may be omitted.

[0086] Referring to FIG. 8, an R2D transmission may include at least one of a start indicator part (SIP), a clock acquisition part (CAP), a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH), and / or an R2D postamble. For example, the SIP and / or CAP may be included in the R-TAS (R2D timing acquisition signal). For example, the SIP may be the start indicator part of the R-TAS. For example, the CAP may be the clock acquisition part of the R-TAS. For example, the SIP may be a signal for the reader to explicitly notify the device of the start of transmission. For example, the CAP may be a signal for providing clock information necessary to interpret the subsequent channel. For example, the PRDCH may be a physical layer channel through which data and / or control information that the reader intends to convey to the device is transmitted. For example, the PRDCH may include a transmission block received from an upper layer (e.g., MAC). For example, the R2D postamble can be located at the very end of the frame and can indicate that the PRDCH transmission is complete.

[0087] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a physical layer frame structure for device-to-reader (D2R) transmission according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 9 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operations of said embodiments may be omitted.

[0088] Referring to FIG. 9, the D2R transmission may include at least one of a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, and / or a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the midamble located after the PDRCH may be referred to as the postamble.

[0089] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of reader-to-device (R2D) transmission based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 10 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operations of said embodiments may be omitted.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 10(a), M chips can be mapped within a single OFDM symbol. For example, consecutive chips with indices from 0 to M-1 can be mapped within a single OFDM symbol. For example, M can be a positive integer.

[0091] Referring to FIG. 10(b), for example, the number of chips within an OFDM symbol for SIP may be 4. For example, in the segment after SIP (e.g., CAP, PRDCH, postamble, and / or padding), the number of chips per OFDM symbol may be selected by the reader. For example, the reader may select one value from the set {2, 6, 12, 24}. In the embodiment of FIG. 10(b), M is assumed to be 12. For example, to align the R2D transmission by symbol, padding may be included in the last part of the R2D transmission.

[0092] The methods proposed in this disclosure can be applied commonly to Topology 1 and Topology 2, and for convenience, the base station (e.g., gNB) and the UE1 as IN can be referred to as the reader. Additionally, the proposal of this disclosure can be extended to cases where the reader receiving the BSS (beam search signal) directly generates and transmits the CW, or where the node transmitting the CW is a node separate from the reader.

[0093] An ambient IoT base station (e.g., reader) used in this disclosure may be a base station (e.g., gNB) in Topology 1 and a specific UE in Topology 2. Additionally, an ambient IoT device (e.g., tag) used in this disclosure may be interpreted as an ambient IoT device in both Topology 1 and / or Topology 2.

[0094] Meanwhile, in an A-IoT system, either OOK (on-off keying) modulation or BPSK (binary phase shift keying) modulation may be optionally used to minimize device complexity and / or power consumption. In this case, when transmitting a D2R (device-to-reader) signal or channel, an X-amble may be placed before, in the middle, or at the end of the data section so that the reader can smoothly detect the signal and synchronize. In the present disclosure, the X-amble may refer to at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and / or a postamble. For example, a preamble may mean that it is transmitted at the very beginning of a specific D2R or R2D transmission, a midamble in the middle, and a postamble at the very end.

[0095] Meanwhile, according to conventional A-IoT technology, X-ambls of a fixed structure or the same sequence are defined to be used regardless of the type of modulation scheme (OOK or BPSK). However, if the same X-ambl is used regardless of the modulation scheme as in conventional technology, the following problems may occur. For example, although OOK and BPSK have different physical reception principles, conventional methods use X-ambls of the same structure, making it difficult to secure synchronization acquisition and channel estimation performance optimized for each modulation scheme. For instance, if the X-ambl is identical regardless of the modulation scheme, the reader must attempt blind detection, which can increase the reader's computational complexity and power consumption. Furthermore, for instance, in an A-IoT environment that uses very little energy, uniform X-ambls that do not reflect modulation characteristics can increase the synchronization failure rate and, consequently, limit communication reliability and data throughput.

[0096] In the present disclosure, methods for designing preambles, midambles, and / or postambles that can be used for ambient IoT transmission and reception may be proposed. For example, when a device in an ambient IoT system transmits a D2R preamble, it may be necessary to select and transmit one of a plurality of preamble formats according to the device situation. Accordingly, the present disclosure proposes methods for setting various formats of a D2R preamble in an ambient IoT system and a device that supports such methods.

[0097] The preamble, midamble, and / or postamble mentioned in this disclosure may be transmitted together with D2R, R2D transmissions (e.g., PDRCH, PRDCH), etc., or included in said D2R, R2D transmissions.

[0098] The device ID mentioned in this disclosure may refer to a unique ID embedded within each device. However, instead of the device ID used in this disclosure, a method of using an ID such as a C-RNTI that can be exchanged between the device and the reader during the inventory round phase may also be considered.

[0099] The state mentioned in the present disclosure may refer to states such as ON / SLEEP / OFF to increase the available time of a device in an ambient IoT system. For example, the ON state may be defined as a state in which the device can perform TX / RX while consuming energy, the SLEEP state may be defined as a state in which the device can perform energy harvesting without performing TX / RX while maintaining memory contents or timer / clock, etc. in the ON state, and finally, the OFF state may be defined as a state in which the device can perform energy harvesting without maintaining memory contents or timer / clock, etc. in the ON state and without performing TX / RX.

[0100] Although the present disclosure primarily considers D2R signals / channels, similar methods can be applied to R2D signals / channels.

[0101] The normal (or short) X-Amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, postamble) format and the extended (or long) X-Amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, postamble) format considered in this disclosure may be defined as the same (or different) sequence having different lengths. Alternatively, the extended (long) format may be defined as a structure containing N zero (or one) paddings before and / or after the normal (short) format, or the extended (long) format may be defined as a repeating transmission form of the normal (short) format (in whole or in part). Alternatively, a sequence of a specific length may be defined for the normal (or short) X-Amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, postamble) format, and the extended (long) X-Amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, postamble) format may be defined as a structure that extends the sequence defined as the normal format. For example, cyclic shift (e.g., a method of creating an extended format by copying from the beginning of a sequence for a normal format and appending it to the end) or nested structures (e.g., a method of constructing an extended format by multiplying the entire sequence for a normal format by K, or when the sequence for a normal format consists of n sub-sequences, the extended format consists of m / n sub-sequences) may be considered.

[0102] FIG. 11 illustrates a procedure for device-to-reader (D2R) transmission according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 11 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operations of said embodiment may be omitted.

[0103] Referring to FIG. 11, in step S1110, the device may acquire a modulation scheme. Here, for example, the modulation scheme may be determined or acquired (autonomously) by the device. Or, for example, the modulation scheme may be acquired through signaling or information from a reader. In step S1120, the device may perform D2R transmission based on the modulation scheme. A method and / or procedure for D2R transmission will be described in detail below.

[0104] [Method #1] How to set different D2R preamble formats and / or M values ​​depending on the modulation scheme used for D2R signals / channels

[0105] For example, OOK (on-off keying) and / or BPSK (binary phase shift keying) may be considered as modulation methods to be used for D2R signals / channels (e.g., D2R X-amble, PDRCH, etc.). In this case, depending on which modulation method is used for the D2R signals / channels, for example, the D2R X-amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, and / or postamble) format may be defined to be selected and transmitted differently.

[0106] Specifically, for example, when BPSK is used on a D2R signal / channel, the device may be defined to use a normal (short) preamble format, and when OOK is used, the device may be defined to use an extended (long) preamble format. By defining it this way, there is an advantage that the same performance (e.g., coverage) can be guaranteed from the perspective of the reader receiver regardless of which modulation scheme the device uses. Conversely, when BPSK is used on a D2R signal / channel, the device may be defined to use an extended (long) preamble format, and when OOK is used, the device may be defined to use a normal (short) preamble format. The reason for defining it this way is that when the reader receives the D2R signal / channel transmitted via BPSK, it needs to use a coherent receiver and thus needs to obtain relatively accurate SFO and CFO, whereas when the reader receives the D2R signal / channel transmitted via OOK, it can use a non-coherent receiver and thus needs to obtain relatively rough SFO (sampling frequency offset) and CFO (carrier frequency offset).

[0107] At this time, for example, the reader may indicate the modulation method (e.g., one of OOK and BPSK) to be used for the D2R signal / channel through the R2D signal / channel (e.g., R2D X-Amble, PRDCH, etc.). For example, it may be defined that the device applies the modulation method to the D2R signal / channel according to the indicated information and selects and transmits the corresponding D2R X-Amble format. Alternatively, for example, a method may be considered in which the device determines which modulation method to use for the D2R signal / channel according to a specific rule. As an example of the above specific rule, it may be defined that, depending on the R2D RSRP value of the device, if the R2D RSRP value is better than a threshold value set / instructed in advance (by the reader), BPSK is used, and if it is not better than the threshold value, OOK is used. Alternatively, conversely, depending on the device's R2D RSRP value, it may be defined to use OOK if the R2D RSRP value is better than a pre-set / instructed threshold (from the reader), and to use BPSK if it is worse than that threshold. For example, this may be because BPSK provides wider coverage than OOK. For example, in a situation where Manchester encoding is considered, the reader may instruct an M value (e.g., the number of chips included within an NR single OFDM symbol; one chip represents either 'on' or 'off'). Here, for example, the modulation schemes that the device can select may be defined differently depending on the said M value. For example, the M value may be a specific value (e.g., M TH If indicated as = 8) or less, the device may be defined to use OOK for the D2R signal / channel, and if the value of M is indicated as greater than a specific value, the device may be defined to use BPSK for the D2R signal / channel. For example, if device capability is divided based on whether it supports only OOK or both OOK and BPSK as the D2R modulation method, a specific value of M (e.g., M THUp to = 8), all devices can be configured to transmit via OOK. And, for example, when transmitting a value of M greater than a specific M value, depending on the device capability, devices capable of transmitting only OOK can be configured to transmit via OOK, and devices capable of transmitting both OOK and BSPK can be configured to transmit via BPSK. Alternatively, for example, when transmitting a value of M greater than a specific M value, depending on the device capability, devices capable of transmitting both OOK and BSPK can be configured to transmit via BPSK, and devices capable of transmitting only OOK can be configured to skip D2R transmission.

[0108] [Method #2] How to set different D2R preamble formats based on the number of repeated PDRCH transmissions and / or the transmission frequency of D2R X-ambles

[0109] For example, depending on whether PDRCH is transmitted repeatedly and / or the number of repeated transmissions, it may be defined to select and transmit different D2R X-amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, and / or postamble) formats. Specifically, for example, if the device transmits PDRCH a single time, it may be defined to select and transmit the normal (short) X-amble format, and if the device transmits PDRCH repeatedly at the bit level (or block level), it may be defined to select and transmit the extended (long) X-amble format. For example, if the device transmits PDRCH a number of repeated transmissions (or single transmissions) or fewer times (e.g., N, where N is a positive integer), it may be defined to select and transmit the normal (short) X-amble format, and if the device transmits PDRCH a number of repeated transmissions exceeding a certain number (e.g., N, where N is a positive integer), it may be defined to select and transmit the extended (long) X-amble format. In this case, for example, bit-level (or block-level) repeated transmission may be considered for the above repeated transmission. The reason for defining it this way is that as PDRCH is repeated more frequently, the time interval between the initial D2R preamble and the D2R X-amble (e.g., midamble and / or postamble) transmitted between the PDRCH transmission or after the PDRCH transmission may increase.

[0110] For example, depending on the transmission frequency (or transmission period) of the D2R X-Amble, it may be defined to select and transmit different D2R X-Amble formats (e.g., preamble, midamble, and / or postamble). Specifically, for example, if the D2R X-Amble is transmitted more than a certain number of times (e.g., L, where L is a positive integer) per unit time (e.g., K slots), it may be defined to select and transmit a normal (short) X-Amble format, and if the D2R X-Amble is transmitted less than a certain number of times (e.g., L, where L is a positive integer) per unit time (e.g., K slots), it may be defined to select and transmit an extended (long) X-Amble format. In this case, for example, the reader may set / instruct the transmission frequency (or transmission period) of the D2R X-Amble via an R2D signal / channel, and / or the device may be defined to select and use one of a plurality of predefined values ​​(or values ​​provided by the reader). For example, the proposed method above may be applied when the preamble, midamble, and / or postamble all use a normal format or all use an extended format.

[0111] Additionally, for example, a method may be considered in which only a normal format is defined for the D2R midamble, and then different formats for the D2R preamble and / or postamble are selected depending on the transmission frequency (or transmission period) of the D2R midamble. Specifically, for example, if the D2R midamble is transmitted more than a certain number of times (e.g., L, where L is a positive integer) per unit time (e.g., K slots), it may be defined to select and transmit the normal (short) format for the D2R preamble and / or postamble, and if the D2R midamble is transmitted less than a certain number of times (e.g., L, where L is a positive integer) per unit time (e.g., K slots), it may be defined to select and transmit the extended (long) format for the D2R preamble and / or postamble. At this time, for example, the reader may set / instruct the transmission frequency (or transmission period) of the D2R midamble through the R2D signal / channel, and / or the device may be defined to select and use one of a plurality of predefined values ​​(or provided by the reader).

[0112] [Method #3] How to set different D2R preamble formats depending on the M value used for the D2R signal / channel (e.g., when applying Manchester encoding)

[0113] For example, in a situation where Manchester encoding is considered for a D2R signal / channel, the reader may indicate D2R chip duration information or information related to D2R chip duration via an R2D signal / channel (e.g., R-TAS, (R2D or D2R) CAP, L1 R2D control, R2D data), etc. Here, for example, it may be defined to select and transmit different D2R X-amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, and / or postamble) formats depending on the D2R chip duration information. In this case, for example, the D2R chip duration information may be an M value or T bvalue (D2R information bit duration), or R value (T b It could be the number of repetitions of my Manchester codeword or the number of repetitions of the square-wave cycle, etc.

[0114] Specifically, for example, D2R chip duration information is a specific value (e.g., M TH = 8) If indicated as greater than, the normal (short) X-Ambble format may be selected and transmitted, and if indicated as less than a certain value of D2R chip duration information, the extended (long) X-Ambble format may be selected and transmitted. For example, if the D2R chip duration information is relatively small, the extended (long) X-Ambble format may be used because more time may be required to transmit the PDRCH and / or D2R X-Ambble, and if the D2R chip duration information is relatively large, the normal (short) X-Ambble format may be used because less time may be required to transmit the PDRCH and / or D2R X-Ambble.

[0115] [Method #4] Method for setting the presence or absence of D2R X-Amble transmission and / or transmission period differently depending on the modulation scheme used for the D2R signal / channel

[0116] For example, OOK (on-off keying) and / or BPSK (binary phase shift keying) may be considered as modulation methods to be used for D2R signals / channels (e.g., D2R X-amble, PDRCH, etc.). In this case, depending on which modulation method is used for the D2R signal / channel, for example, the transmission of D2R X-ambles (e.g., preamble, midamble, and / or postamble) and / or the transmission period may be determined and defined to be transmitted.

[0117] Specifically, for example, when BPSK is used in a D2R signal / channel, the device may be defined to use midamble and / or postamble in addition to the preamble during D2R transmission, and when OOK is used, the device may be defined to use only the preamble without using midamble and / or postamble during D2R transmission. For example, from the perspective of D2R reception performance, BPSK reception is more affected by SFO and CFO than OOK reception; however, by defining it in this way, SFO and CFO correction becomes possible during D2R transmission using BPSK, thereby minimizing performance degradation caused by SFO and CFO. For example, in the case of OOK, there is no influence from CFO, and the influence from SFO is similar or relatively less; by defining it in this way, resource waste caused by midamble and / or postamble transmission can be reduced while minimizing performance degradation.

[0118] For example, when BPSK is used and mid-amble is defined / configured for use in a D2R signal / channel, the mid-amble transmission period can be defined / configured to be smaller (or have a larger number of transmissions) compared to OOK, and when OOK is used and mid-amble is defined / configured for use in a D2R signal / channel, the mid-amble transmission period can be defined / configured to be larger (or have a smaller number of transmissions) compared to BPSK. By defining it in this way, an effect similar to the method of determining whether to transmit D2R X-ambles (e.g., preamble, mid-amble, and / or postamble) described earlier can be expected. To support this operation, mid-amble transmission periods / numbers or configurable period / number values ​​can be separately defined / configured depending on the modulation scheme used for D2R transmission, where, for example, the mid-amble transmission period value(s) for BPSK can be larger (e.g., integer multiples) compared to the value(s) for OOK.

[0119] At this time, for example, the reader may indicate a modulation scheme (e.g., one of OOK and BPSK) to be used for the D2R signal / channel through an R2D signal / channel (e.g., R2D X-amble, PRDCH, etc.). For example, the device may be defined to apply a modulation scheme to the D2R signal / channel according to the indicated information, and to determine whether to transmit a corresponding D2R X-amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, and / or postamble) and / or the transmission period. Alternatively, for example, even if the D2R modulation scheme is determined by one of the methods below, it may be defined to determine whether to transmit a corresponding D2R X-amble (e.g., preamble, midamble, and / or postamble) and / or the transmission period.

[0120] For example, one may consider a method in which the device determines which modulation scheme to use for the D2R signal / channel according to a specific rule. As an example of the aforementioned specific rule, it may be defined that, depending on the device's R2D RSRP value, BPSK is used if the R2D RSRP value is better than a threshold value set / instructed in advance (by the reader), and OOK is used if it is worse than that threshold. Or, conversely, depending on the device's R2D RSRP value, OOK is used if the R2D RSRP value is better than a threshold value set / instructed in advance (by the reader), and BPSK is used if it is worse than that threshold. For example, this may be because BPSK provides wider coverage than OOK.

[0121] For example, in a situation where Manchester encoding is considered, the reader may specify an M value (e.g., the number of chips included within an NR single OFDM symbol, where one chip represents either 'on' or 'off'). Here, for example, the modulation schemes that the device can select may be defined differently depending on the said M value. For example, the M value may be a specific value (e.g., M THIf indicated as = 8) or less, the device may be defined to use OOK for the D2R signal / channel, and if the value of M is indicated as greater than a specific value, the device may be defined to use BPSK for the D2R signal / channel. For example, if device capability is divided based on whether it supports only OOK or both OOK and BPSK as the D2R modulation method, a specific value of M (e.g., M TH Up to = 8), all devices can be configured to transmit via OOK. And, for example, when transmitting a value of M greater than a specific M value, depending on the device capability, devices capable of transmitting only OOK can be configured to transmit via OOK, and devices capable of transmitting both OOK and BSPK can be configured to transmit via BPSK. Alternatively, for example, when transmitting a value of M greater than a specific M value, depending on the device capability, devices capable of transmitting both OOK and BSPK can be configured to transmit via BPSK, and devices capable of transmitting only OOK can be configured to skip D2R transmission.

[0122] In the methods proposed above, the predefined timing and / or the timing value set / instructed by the reader may be set in units of chip(s) / codeword(s) / NR OFDM(s) symbols / NR slots, or may be set / instructed in units of the corresponding time unit after defining a time unit for ambient IoT (e.g., Tc), or may be set / instructed in units of multiples of the corresponding time unit, etc.

[0123] FIG. 12 illustrates a procedure performed by a device (100) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 12 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operations of the embodiments may be omitted.

[0124] Referring to FIG. 12, at step S1210, the device may obtain a modulation scheme associated with a D2R (device-to-reader) transmission. At step S1220, the device may perform the D2R transmission to the reader, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0125] For example, the above modulation method may be OOK (on-off keying) or BPSK (binary phase shift keying).

[0126] For example, based on the modulation method being BPSK, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected as an extended preamble format.

[0127] For example, based on the fact that the modulation method is OOK, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected as a normal preamble format.

[0128] For example, the above modulation method can be notified from the reader to the device via R2D (reader-to-device) transmission.

[0129] For example, the above modulation method can be determined by the device based on the RSRP (reference signal received power) value and RSRP threshold value associated with R2D transmission.

[0130] For example, the modulation method may be determined by the device based on the number of chips included within a single OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) symbol set by the reader.

[0131] For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the number of repeated transmissions for the D2R transmission.

[0132] For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the transmission frequency or transmission period for at least one of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble.

[0133] For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the number of chips included within one OFDM symbol set by the reader.

[0134] For example, whether to transmit at least one of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble may be based on the modulation method.

[0135] For example, based on the modulation method being BPSK, the D2R transmission may include at least one of (i) the preamble, (ii) the PDRCH, and (iii) the midamble or the postamble.

[0136] For example, based on the modulation method being OOK, the D2R transmission may include the preamble and the PDRCH, and may not include the midamble and the postamble.

[0137] The proposed method above may be applied to a device according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, a processor (102) of the device (100) may obtain a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission, and / or the processor (102) of the device (100) may control a transceiver (106) to perform the D2R transmission to a reader, the transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0138] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a device may be provided. For example, the device may include at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions. For example, the instructions may cause the device to perform an operation based on execution by the at least one processor. For example, the operation may include at least one of: obtaining a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission; and / or performing the D2R transmission to a reader, the D2R transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0139] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a processing device may be provided. For example, the processing device may include at least one processor; and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions. For example, the instructions may cause the device to perform an operation based on execution by the at least one processor. For example, the operation may include at least one of: obtaining a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission; and / or performing the D2R transmission to a reader, the D2R transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0140] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-transient computer-readable storage medium recording instructions may be provided. For example, the instructions may cause a device to perform an operation based on execution. For example, the operation may include at least one of: obtaining a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission; and / or performing the D2R transmission to a reader, the D2R transmission comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0141] FIG. 13 illustrates a procedure performed by a reader (200) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 13 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operations of the embodiments may be omitted.

[0142] Referring to FIG. 13, at step S1310, the reader may set a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the device. At step S1320, the reader may receive the D2R transmission from the device, which includes at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0143] For example, the above modulation method may be OOK (on-off keying) or BPSK (binary phase shift keying).

[0144] For example, based on the modulation method being BPSK, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected as an extended preamble format.

[0145] For example, based on the fact that the modulation method is OOK, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected as a normal preamble format.

[0146] For example, the above modulation method can be notified from the reader to the device via R2D (reader-to-device) transmission.

[0147] For example, the above modulation method can be determined by the device based on the RSRP (reference signal received power) value and RSRP threshold value associated with R2D transmission.

[0148] For example, the modulation method may be determined by the device based on the number of chips included within a single OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) symbol set by the reader.

[0149] For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the number of repeated transmissions for the D2R transmission.

[0150] For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the transmission frequency or transmission period for at least one of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble.

[0151] For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the number of chips included within one OFDM symbol set by the reader.

[0152] For example, whether to transmit at least one of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble may be based on the modulation method.

[0153] For example, based on the modulation method being BPSK, the D2R transmission may include at least one of (i) the preamble, (ii) the PDRCH, and (iii) the midamble or the postamble.

[0154] For example, based on the modulation method being OOK, the D2R transmission may include the preamble and the PDRCH, and may not include the midamble and the postamble.

[0155] The proposed method above may be applied to a device according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, a processor (202) of a reader (200) may control a transceiver (206) to set a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the device, and / or the processor (202) of the reader (200) may control the transceiver (206) to receive the D2R transmission from the device, which includes at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0156] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a reader may be provided. For example, the reader may include at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions. For example, the instructions may cause the reader to perform an operation based on execution by the at least one processor. For example, the operation may include at least one of: setting a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to a device; and / or receiving the D2R transmission from the device, which includes at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0157] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a processing device may be provided. For example, the processing device may include at least one processor; and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions. For example, the instructions may cause a reader to perform an operation based on execution by the at least one processor. For example, the operation may include at least one of: setting a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the device; and / or receiving the D2R transmission from the device, which includes at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble may be selected based on the modulation scheme.

[0158] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a non-transient computer-readable storage medium recording instructions may be provided. For example, the instructions may cause a reader to perform an operation based on execution. For example, the operation may include at least one of: setting a modulation scheme associated with a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to a device; and / or receiving said D2R transmission from said device, which includes at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH). For example, at least one of the format of said preamble, the format of said midamble, or the format of said postamble may be selected based on said modulation scheme.

[0159] According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the performance of an A-IoT system can be improved by transmitting an X-amble optimized for the modulation scheme to be used by the device. Specifically, for example, specialized synchronization performance can be optimized for each modulation scheme, and by adaptively adjusting the length or density of the X-amble to match the synchronization precision required by each modulation scheme, unnecessary preamble overhead can be reduced and resource efficiency allocated to data transmission can be improved. In addition, the reliability of A-IoT communication can be improved.

[0160] Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be combined with one another, and some descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operations of the embodiments may be omitted.

[0161] The following describes an apparatus to which various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0162] Although not limited to, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts of operation disclosed in this document may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication / connection (e.g., 5G, 6G, etc.) between devices.

[0163] Examples are provided in more detail below with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and descriptions, the same reference numerals may represent the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or function blocks unless otherwise described.

[0164] FIG. 14 shows a communication system (1) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 14 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0165] Referring to FIG. 14, a communication system (1) to which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applied includes a wireless device, a base station, and a network. Here, the wireless device refers to a device that performs communication using wireless access technology (e.g., 5G NR (New RAT), LTE (Long Term Evolution), 6G, etc.) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may include a robot (100a), a vehicle (100b-1, 100b-2), an XR (eXtended Reality) device (100c), a hand-held device (100d), a home appliance (100e), an IoT (Internet of Thing) device (100f), and an AI device / server (400). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with wireless communication functions, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone) and / or an Aerial Vehicle (AV) (e.g., Advanced Air Mobility). The XR device includes an Augmented Reality (AR) / Virtual Reality (VR) / Mixed Reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. For example, a base station and a network may be implemented as a wireless device, and a specific wireless device (200a) may operate as a base station / network node to other wireless devices.

[0166] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices (100a to 100f) of this specification may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology and may be implemented according to standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, but is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally, or generally, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices (100a to 100f) of this specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally or generally, wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices (100a to 100f) of this specification may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) for low-power communication, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. As an example, ZigBee technology can create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0167] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) through a base station (200). Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology may be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) through the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, or a 6G network. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may communicate with each other through the base station (200) / network (300), but they may also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station / network. For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) / V2X (Vehicle to everything) communication). Also, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0168] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a~100f) / base station (200) and base station (200) / base station (200). Here, wireless communication / connection can be achieved through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and inter-base station communication (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (Integrated Access Backhaul)). Through wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices and base stations / wireless devices, and base stations and base stations can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various proposals of the present disclosure, at least some of the following may be performed: various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), resource allocation processes, etc.

[0169] FIG. 15 shows a wireless device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 15 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0170] Referring to FIG. 15, the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, NR). Here, {the first wireless device (100), the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to {wireless device (100x), base station (200)} and / or {wireless device (100x), wireless device (100x)} of FIG. 14.

[0171] The first wireless device (100) includes one or more processors (102) and one or more memories (104), and may additionally include one or more transceivers (106) and / or one or more antennas (108). The processor (102) controls the memory (104) and / or transceivers (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or sequences of operation disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (102) may process information within the memory (104) to generate a first information / signal and then transmit a wireless signal containing the first information / signal through the transceiver (106). Additionally, the processor (102) may receive a wireless signal containing a second information / signal through the transceiver (106) and then store information obtained from the signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (104). The memory (104) may be connected to the processor (102) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (102). For example, the memory (104) may store software code containing instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (102) or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequence diagrams disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (102) and the memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR). The transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals through one or more antennas (108). The transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (106) may be combined with an RF (Radio Frequency) unit. In the present disclosure, a wireless device may refer to a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0172] The second wireless device (200) includes one or more processors (202) and one or more memories (204), and may additionally include one or more transceivers (206) and / or one or more antennas (208). The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or transceivers (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or sequences of operation disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information within the memory (204) to generate a third information / signal and then transmit a wireless signal containing the third information / signal through the transceiver (206). Additionally, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal containing a fourth information / signal through the transceiver (206) and then store information obtained from the signal processing of the fourth information / signal in the memory (204). Memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, memory (204) may store software code containing instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202) or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts of operation disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals through one or more antennas (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (206) may be interchangeable with an RF unit. In this disclosure, a wireless device may refer to a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0173] For example, the transceiver (106, 206) may include not only a circuit that directly generates and transmits a wireless signal, but also a circuit that modulates and reflects (backscatters) the incident wireless signal.

[0174] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, SDAP). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and / or Service Data Units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts of operation disclosed in this document. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts of operation disclosed in this document. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate a signal (e.g., baseband signal) containing a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals, and / or methods disclosed in this document and provide it to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) may receive a signal (e.g., baseband signal) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and may obtain a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document.

[0175] One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or microcomputer. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be contained in one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and / or sets of instructions.

[0176] One or more memories (104, 204) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. One or more memories (104, 204) may be composed of ROM, RAM, EPROM, flash memory, hard drive, registers, cache memory, computer read storage media, and / or combinations thereof. One or more memories (104, 204) may be located inside and / or outside of one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, one or more memories (104, 204) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) through various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.

[0177] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc., of this document to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc., disclosed in this document from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more antennas (108, 208), and one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts of operation disclosed in this document through one or more antennas (108, 208). In this document, one or more antennas may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). One or more transceivers (106, 206) can convert the received wireless signal / channel, etc. from an RF band signal to a baseband signal in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signal / channel, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202).One or more transceivers (106, 206) can convert user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. processed using one or more processors (102, 202) from baseband signals to RF band signals. To this end, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include (analog) oscillators and / or filters.

[0178] FIG. 16 shows a signal processing circuit for a transmission signal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 16 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0179] Referring to FIG. 16, the signal processing circuit (1000) may include a scrambler (1010), a modulator (1020), a layer mapper (1030), a precoder (1040), a resource mapper (1050), and a signal generator (1060). Although not limited thereto, the operation / function of FIG. 16 may be performed in the processor (102, 202) and / or transceiver (106, 206) of FIG. 15. The hardware elements of FIG. 16 may be implemented in the processor (102, 202) and / or transceiver (106, 206) of FIG. 15. For example, blocks 1010 through 1060 may be implemented in the processor (102, 202) of FIG. 15. Additionally, blocks 1010 to 1050 may be implemented in the processor (102, 202) of FIG. 15, and block 1060 may be implemented in the transceiver (106, 206) of FIG. 15.

[0180] The codeword can be converted into a wireless signal through the signal processing circuit (1000) of FIG. 16. Here, the codeword is an encoded bit sequence of an information block. The information block may include a transmission block (e.g., UL-SCH transmission block, DL-SCH transmission block). The wireless signal can be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., PUSCH, PDSCH).

[0181] Specifically, a codeword can be converted into a scrambled bit sequence by a scrambler (1010). The scrambled sequence used for scrambling is generated based on an initialization value, which may include ID information of a wireless device, etc. The scrambled bit sequence can be modulated into a modulation symbol sequence by a modulator (1020). The modulation method may include pi / 2-BPSK (pi / 2-Binary Phase Shift Keying), m-PSK (m-Phase Shift Keying), m-QAM (m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), etc. The complex modulation symbol sequence can be mapped to one or more transmission layers by a layer mapper (1030). The modulation symbols of each transmission layer can be mapped to the corresponding antenna port(s) by a precoder (1040) (precoding). The output z of the precoder (1040) can be obtained by multiplying the output y of the layer mapper (1030) by an N*M precoding matrix W. Here, N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transmission layers. Here, the precoder (1040) can perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., DFT transform) on the complex modulation symbols. Additionally, the precoder (1040) can perform precoding without performing transform precoding.

[0182] A resource mapper (1050) can map the modulation symbols of each antenna port to a time-frequency resource. The time-frequency resource may include multiple symbols (e.g., CP-OFDMA symbols, DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in the time domain and multiple subcarriers in the frequency domain. A signal generator (1060) generates a radio signal from the mapped modulation symbols, and the generated radio signal can be transmitted to another device through each antenna. To this end, the signal generator (1060) may include an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module, a Cyclic Prefix (CP) inserter, a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC), a frequency uplink converter, etc.

[0183] The signal processing process for a received signal in a wireless device can be configured as the inverse of the signal processing process (1010–1060) of FIG. 16. For example, a wireless device (e.g., 100, 200 in FIG. 15) can receive a wireless signal from the outside through an antenna port / transceiver. The received wireless signal can be converted into a baseband signal through a signal restorer. To this end, the signal restorer may include a frequency downlink converter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a CP remover, and a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) module. Subsequently, the baseband signal can be restored into a codeword through a resource de-mapper process, a postcoding process, a demodulation process, and a de-scrambling process. The codeword can be restored into the original information block through decoding. Accordingly, a signal processing circuit (not shown) for a received signal may include a signal restorer, a resource de-mapper, a postcoder, a demodulator, a de-scrambler, and a decoder.

[0184] FIG. 17 illustrates a wireless device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms depending on the use-example / service (see FIG. 14). The embodiment of FIG. 17 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0185] Referring to FIG. 17, the wireless device (100, 200) corresponds to the wireless device (100, 200) of FIG. 15 and may be composed of various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules. For example, the wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), and additional elements (140). The communication unit may include a communication circuit (112) and transceiver(s) (114). For example, the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) and / or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 15. For example, the transceiver(s) (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) and / or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 15. The control unit (120) is electrically connected to the communication unit (110), the memory unit (130), and additional elements (140) and controls the general operation of the wireless device. For example, the control unit (120) may control the electrical / mechanical operation of the wireless device based on a program / code / command / information stored in the memory unit (130). Additionally, the control unit (120) may transmit information stored in the memory unit (130) to an external (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless / wired interface through the communication unit (110), or store information received from an external (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless / wired interface through the communication unit (110) in the memory unit (130).

[0186] The additional element (140) can be configured in various ways depending on the type of wireless device. For example, the additional element (140) may include at least one of a power unit / battery, an input / output unit (I / O unit), a driving unit, and a computing unit. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may be implemented in the form of a robot (Fig. 14, 100a), a vehicle (Fig. 14, 100b-1, 100b-2), an XR device (Fig. 14, 100c), a portable device (Fig. 14, 100d), a home appliance (Fig. 14, 100e), an IoT device (Fig. 14, 100f), a digital broadcasting terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or financial device), a security device, a climate / environment device, an AI server / device (Fig. 14, 400), a base station (Fig. 14, 200), a network node, etc. Wireless devices can be used in a movable or fixed location depending on the use—e.g., service.

[0187] In FIG. 17, various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules within the wireless device (100, 200) may be entirely interconnected via a wired interface, or at least a portion may be wirelessly connected via a communication unit (110). For example, within the wireless device (100, 200), the control unit (120) and the communication unit (110) may be wired, and the control unit (120) and the first unit (e.g., 130, 140) may be wirelessly connected via the communication unit (110). Additionally, each element, component, unit / part, and / or module within the wireless device (100, 200) may include one or more additional elements. For example, the control unit (120) may be composed of one or more sets of processors. For example, the control unit (120) may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), a graphics processing processor, a memory control processor, etc. As another example, the memory unit (130) may be composed of RAM (Random Access Memory), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), ROM (Read Only Memory), flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory and / or a combination thereof.

[0188] Hereinafter, an implementation example of FIG. 17 will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.

[0189] FIG. 18 illustrates a portable device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The portable device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch, smart glasses), a portable computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The portable device may be referred to as an MS (Mobile Station), UT (User Terminal), MSS (Mobile Subscriber Station), SS (Subscriber Station), AMS (Advanced Mobile Station), or WT (Wireless Terminal). The embodiment of FIG. 18 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0190] Referring to FIG. 18, the portable device (100) may include an antenna unit (108), a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), a power supply unit (140a), an interface unit (140b), and an input / output unit (140c). The antenna unit (108) may be configured as part of the communication unit (110). Blocks 110 to 130 / 140a to 140c each correspond to blocks 110 to 130 / 140 of FIG. 17.

[0191] The communication unit (110) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with other wireless devices and base stations. The control unit (120) can control the components of the portable device (100) to perform various operations. The control unit (120) may include an AP (Application Processor). The memory unit (130) can store data / parameters / programs / code / commands required for the operation of the portable device (100). Additionally, the memory unit (130) can store input / output data / information, etc. The power supply unit (140a) supplies power to the portable device (100) and may include wired / wireless charging circuits, batteries, etc. The interface unit (140b) can support the connection between the portable device (100) and other external devices. The interface unit (140b) may include various ports (e.g., audio input / output ports, video input / output ports) for connection with external devices. The input / output unit (140c) can receive or output video information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input by a user. The input / output unit (140c) may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit (140d), a speaker and / or a haptic module, etc.

[0192] For example, in the case of data communication, the input / output unit (140c) acquires information / signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, image, video) input from the user, and the acquired information / signals can be stored in the memory unit (130). The communication unit (110) converts the information / signals stored in the memory into wireless signals and can directly transmit the converted wireless signals to another wireless device or to a base station. Additionally, the communication unit (110) can receive wireless signals from another wireless device or base station and then restore the received wireless signals to their original information / signals. The restored information / signals can be stored in the memory unit (130) and then output in various forms (e.g., text, voice, image, video, haptic) through the input / output unit (140c).

[0193] The claims described in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a method.

Claims

1. Regarding the method, The device acquires a modulation scheme associated with D2R (device-to-reader) transmission; and The above device performs the D2R transmission to the reader, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A method in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

2. In Paragraph 1, The above modulation method is OOK (on-off keying) or BPSK (binary phase shift keying), a method.

3. In Paragraph 1, A method based on the modulation method being BPSK, wherein at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected as an extended preamble format.

4. In Paragraph 1, A method in which, based on the modulation method being OOK, at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected as a normal preamble format.

5. In Paragraph 1, The above modulation method is a method in which the reader is notified to the device through R2D (reader-to-device) transmission.

6. In Paragraph 1, The above modulation method is a method determined by the device based on the RSRP (reference signal received power) value and RSRP threshold value associated with R2D transmission.

7. In Paragraph 1, A method in which the modulation method is determined by the device based on the number of chips included within one OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) symbol set by the reader.

8. In Paragraph 1, A method in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the number of repeated transmissions for the D2R transmission.

9. In Paragraph 1, A method in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on a transmission frequency or transmission period for at least one of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble.

10. In Paragraph 1, A method in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the number of chips included in one OFDM symbol set by the reader.

11. In Paragraph 1, A method in which at least one of the above preamble, the above midamble, or the above postamble is transmitted based on the above modulation method.

12. In Paragraph 1, A method based on the modulation method being BPSK, wherein the D2R transmission comprises (i) the preamble, (ii) the PDRCH, and (iii) at least one of the midamble or the postamble.

13. In Paragraph 1, A method based on the modulation method being OOK, wherein the D2R transmission includes the preamble and the PDRCH, and does not include the midamble and the postamble.

14. In the device, At least one transmitter / receiver; At least one processor; and The device comprises at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions, wherein the device enables the device to perform an operation based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor, the operation being: Acquiring a modulation scheme related to D2R (device-to-reader) transmission; and Performing the D2R transmission to a reader, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A device in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

15. In a processing device, At least one processor; and The device comprises at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions, wherein the device enables the device to perform an operation based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor, the operation being: Acquiring a modulation scheme related to D2R (device-to-reader) transmission; and Performing the D2R transmission to a reader, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A processing device in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

16. A non-transient computer-readable storage medium that records instructions, The above commands cause the device to perform an operation based on execution, wherein the operation is: Acquiring a modulation scheme related to D2R (device-to-reader) transmission; and Performing the D2R transmission to a reader, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A non-transient computer-readable storage medium in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

17. Regarding the method, A step in which the reader sets a modulation method associated with D2R (device-to-reader) transmission to the device; and The method comprises the step of the reader receiving the D2R transmission from the device, the transmission including at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A method in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

18. Regarding leaders, At least one transmitter / receiver; At least one processor; and The device includes at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions, wherein the reader is enabled to perform an operation based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor, and the operation is: Setting a modulation scheme associated with D2R (device-to-reader) transmission to the device; and Receiving the D2R transmission from the above device, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A reader in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

19. In a processing device, At least one processor; and The device includes at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions, wherein the reader is enabled to perform an operation based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor, and the operation is: Setting a modulation scheme associated with D2R (device-to-reader) transmission to the device; and Receiving the D2R transmission from the above device, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A processing device in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

20. A non-transient computer-readable storage medium that records instructions, The above commands cause the reader to perform an action based on execution, wherein the action is: Setting a modulation scheme associated with D2R (device-to-reader) transmission to the device; and Receiving the D2R transmission from the above device, comprising at least one of a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble and a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel); wherein A non-transient computer-readable storage medium in which at least one of the format of the preamble, the format of the midamble, or the format of the postamble is selected based on the modulation method.

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