Method and device for transmitting and receiving signal related to ambient internet or things (IOT) in wireless communication system

Abstract

A method and a device for transmitting and receiving a signal related to ambient IoT in a wireless communication system are disclosed. The method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise steps in which a device: receives, from a reader, a signal for timing acquisition related to R2D reception; and receives a PRDCH from the reader on the basis of the reception of the signal. Here, the PRDCH is received through an OFDM symbol, and a first codeword and a last codeword related to the OFDM symbol can be the same on the basis of a predefined condition or an indication by the reader.

Description

Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals related to Ambient IoT (Internet or Things) in a wireless communication system

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals related to ambient IoT (Internet of Things).

[0002] The 5th generation (5G) wireless communication system is a successor technology to 4G LTE (long term evolution) and is a new clean-slate type mobile communication system with characteristics such as high performance, low latency, and high availability. In the case of 5G NR (New Radio), all available spectrum resources can be utilized, ranging from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz to intermediate frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high-frequency (or millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. Based on the foundational technology of 5G wireless communication, 6G wireless communication systems are being developed.

[0003] 6G wireless communication systems are being developed with the goal of (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT (internet of things) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of 6G systems can be seen in four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity. Various technologies are being researched in consideration of the requirements for 6G systems, such as a peak data rate of 1 Tbps per device, an end-to-end (E2E) latency of 1ms, a maximum spectrum efficiency of 100 bps / Hz, support for mobility of 1000 km / h, satellite integration, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles, extended reality (XR), and haptic communication.

[0004] The technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals related to ambient IoT (Internet of Things) in a wireless communication system.

[0005] The technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and apparatus for supporting high-speed R2D (reader-to-device) transmission and reception on the device side and / or reader side related to ambient IoT.

[0006] The technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and apparatus for handling cyclic prefixes (CP) on the device side and / or reader side related to ambient IoT.

[0007] The technical problems to be solved in this disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0008] A method according to one aspect of the present disclosure may include: receiving a signal from a reader for acquiring timing related to receiving R2D (reader to device) by a device; and receiving a PRDCH (physical reader to device channel) from the reader by the device based on the reception of the signal. Herein, the PRDCH is received via OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) symbols, and based on a predefined condition or an instruction by the reader, the first codeword and the last codeword associated with the OFDM symbols may be identical.

[0009] A method according to a further aspect of the present disclosure may include the steps of: transmitting a signal to a device for acquiring timing related to R2D (reader to device) transmission by a reader; and transmitting a PRDCH (physical reader to device channel) related to timing based on the signal by the reader to the device. Herein, the PRDCH is transmitted via OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) symbols, and based on a predefined condition or a directive by the reader, the first codeword and the last codeword associated with the OFDM symbols may be configured to be identical.

[0010] According to the present disclosure, a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals related to ambient IoT (Internet of Things) in a wireless communication system may be provided.

[0011] According to the present disclosure, a method and apparatus for supporting high-speed R2D (reader-to-device) transmission and reception at the device side and / or reader side associated with ambient IoT may be provided.

[0012] According to the present disclosure, a method and apparatus for handling a cyclic prefix (CP) on the device side and / or reader side related to ambient IoT may be provided.

[0013] According to the present disclosure, an OOK (ON-OFF Keying) based signal can be reliably detected through a CP processing method, and efficient communication can be supported while reducing interference with existing wireless communication systems and implementation complexity.

[0014] The effects obtainable from the present disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned effects will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0015] The accompanying drawings, which are included as part of the detailed description to aid in understanding the present disclosure, provide embodiments of the present disclosure and explain the technical features of the present disclosure together with the detailed description.

[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0024] FIG. 9 shows an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0025] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0026] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0027] FIG. 12 shows an example of an NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0028] FIG. 13 shows another example of an NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0029] FIG. 14 shows examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0030] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0031] FIG. 16 illustrates an unintended edge based on CP that can be applied to the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 17 illustrates a case in which a mid-ample according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted before the start of a half slot.

[0033] FIG. 18 illustrates a case in which a mid-ample according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted after the start of a half slot.

[0034] FIG. 19 illustrates a process in which the start time and period of a mid-ampl according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are indicated or set through parameters.

[0035] FIG. 20 illustrates a chip structure capable of transmitting via Manchester coding that can be applied to the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 21 illustrates a case where a violation pattern according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted before the start of a half slot.

[0037] FIG. 22 illustrates a case where a violation pattern according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted after the start of a half slot.

[0038] FIG. 23 illustrates a process in which the start time and period of a violation pattern according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are indicated or set through parameters.

[0039] FIG. 24 illustrates a method of utilizing Manchester coding to solve unintended edge problems that can be applied to the present disclosure.

[0040] FIG. 25 illustrates an example of a method for processing CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0041] FIG. 26 illustrates another example of a method for handling a long CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0042] FIG. 27 illustrates another example of a method for handling a long CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0043] FIG. 28 illustrates another example of a method for handling a long CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0044] FIG. 29 illustrates another example of a method for processing CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0045] FIG. 30 illustrates another example of a method for processing CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0046] FIG. 31 illustrates a CP processing method based on a Manchester codeword configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0047] FIG. 32 illustrates the operation of a device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0048] FIG. 33 illustrates the operation of a reader according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0049] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description disclosed below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to describe exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only embodiment in which the present disclosure may be practiced. The following detailed description includes specific details to provide a complete understanding of the present disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will know that the present disclosure may be practiced without such specific details.

[0050] In some cases, to avoid obscuring the concept of the present disclosure, known structures and devices may be omitted or illustrated in the form of a block diagram focusing on the core functions of each structure and device.

[0051] In the present disclosure, when a component is described as being “connected,” “combined,” or “joined” with another component, this may include not only a direct connection but also an indirect connection in which another component exists between them. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, the terms “comprising” or “having” specify the presence of the mentioned features, steps, actions, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, actions, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0052] In the present disclosure, terms such as "first," "second," etc. are used solely for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another and are not used to limit the components, nor do they limit the order or importance of the components unless specifically stated otherwise. Accordingly, within the scope of the present disclosure, a first component in one embodiment may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and likewise, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

[0053] The terms used in this disclosure are for the description of specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the claims. As used in the description of embodiments and the appended claims, the singular form is intended to include the plural form unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0054] In the present disclosure, "A or B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, in the present disclosure, "A or B" may be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, in the present disclosure, "A, B or C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0055] A slash ( / ) or a comma used in the present disclosure may mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B or C."

[0056] In the present disclosure, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Additionally, in the present disclosure, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" may be interpreted as synonymous with "at least one of A and B."

[0057] Additionally, in the present disclosure, "at least one of A, B and C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C." Additionally, "at least one of A, B or C" or "at least one of A, B and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B and C."

[0058] Additionally, parentheses used in the present disclosure may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." In other words, the "control information" of the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information."

[0059] In the following explanation, '...when, if, in case of' can be replaced with '...based on'.

[0060] Technical features described individually within one drawing in this disclosure may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0061] In the present disclosure, a terminal or user equipment (UE) may be a portable device and may be a first node that receives a signal from a base station / second node / integrated access backhaul (IAB) node.

[0062] In the present disclosure, the base station (BS, Base Station) may be a second node / IAB node / Transmission-Reception Point (TRP).

[0063] In the present disclosure, a higher layer parameter may be a parameter configured, pre-configured, or pre-defined for a terminal. For example, a base station or network may transmit the higher layer parameter to the terminal. For example, the higher layer parameter may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0064] In the present disclosure, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being set to a device through predefined signaling (e.g., System Information Block (SIB), MAC, RRC) from a base station or network. In the present disclosure, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being set to a device through separate signaling or being predefined without separate signaling.

[0065] In the present disclosure, transmitting or receiving a channel includes the meaning of transmitting or receiving information or a signal through said channel. For example, transmitting a control channel means transmitting control information or a signal through the control channel. Similarly, transmitting a data channel means transmitting data information or a signal through the data channel.

[0066] The technology described in this disclosure can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications), GPRS (general packet radio service), and EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (institute of electrical and electronics engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), and 5G NR.

[0067] The technology described in this disclosure can be implemented as 6G wireless technology and applied to various 6G systems. For example, 6G systems may have key factors such as eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband), URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency communications), mMTC (massive machine-type communication), AI (artificial intelligence) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0068] Network structure

[0069] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0070] To compensate for incomplete areas of network coverage, a network topology in which the split radio access network (RAN) is configured more flexibly and resiliently may be considered. To this end, various nodes such as integrated access backhaul (IAB) nodes, relays, and radio frequency (RF) repeaters, as exemplified in Fig. 1, may be applied, and a non-terrestrial network (NTN) may be integrated. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a node that provides wireless backhaul. For example, a relay may refer to any intermediate point, and in the case of a sidelink relay where a terminal functions as a relay, it may collectively refer to a terminal-to-network (U2N) relay and a terminal-to-terminal (U2U) relay. For example, an RF repeater may correspond to a node that performs simple signal amplification and forwarding functions, and in the case of a network-controlled repeater, it may adjust transmit / receive settings based on information provided by the network as well as signal amplification and forwarding. For example, NTN nodes can correspond to satellites or aircraft that provide NTN coverage that is difficult for terrestrial networks to provide. In addition to these examples, various intermediate points can be introduced to improve the network topology.

[0071] Referring to FIG. 1, a split RAN can support the division of a base station into one centralized unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DU). The CU and DU may correspond to logical units. The CU may be further divided into a control plane (CP) portion and one or more user plane (UP) portions. Since a failure in the CU-CP affects not only the CU-UP but also the DU, various intermediate points may be introduced to compensate for this.

[0072] An intermediate point may correspond to a terminal or a base station depending on its relative relationship with other nodes. For example, an IAB node may include a mobile-termination (MT) portion and a DU. The MT may connect the IAB node to a donor node. The DU of the IAB node may serve other terminals or connect to other IAB nodes to provide multi-hop wireless backhaul to terminals. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a base station in its relative relationship with a user-side node and to a terminal in its relative relationship with a network-side node.

[0073] In some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a terminal may apply equally to an intermediate point corresponding to a terminal in relation to a network-side endpoint as well as to a user-side endpoint. Similarly, in some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a base station may apply equally to an intermediate point corresponding to a base station in relation to a user-side endpoint as well as to a network-side endpoint. In most cases where there is no additional description of the operation of three or more subjects, the communication subjects in the present disclosure are briefly described by the term terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node), wherein the term terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node) is interpreted to include or replace any endpoint or any intermediate point in relation to other nodes.

[0074] As such, in some examples of the present disclosure, for the sake of brevity of description, the subject of the operation may be referred to as a terminal and / or base station (or a first node and / or a second node). Additionally, the term terminal and / or base station (or a first node and / or a second node) may be interpreted or substituted as in the following examples: for example, the terminal (or first node) and the base station (or second node) may correspond to a first endpoint and a second endpoint, respectively; may correspond to an endpoint and an intermediate point, respectively; may correspond to an intermediate point and an endpoint, respectively; or may correspond to a first intermediate point and a second intermediate point, respectively.

[0075] In the present disclosure, there may be no intermediate points between the base station and the terminal, or there may be one or more. If intermediate points exist, the intermediate points may correspond to IAB nodes, relays, RF repeaters, NTN nodes, or nodes supporting other functions. The intermediate points may be nodes with a fixed location or nodes with an indefinite location.

[0076] Systems applicable to the present disclosure

[0077] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0078] The communication system (100) to which the present disclosure applies includes a wireless device (110), a network device (120), and a network (130). Here, the wireless device (110) refers to a device that performs communication using wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device (110) may include a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (110c), a hand-held device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT (Internet of Thing) device (110f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (110g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with wireless communication capabilities, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (110c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (110d) may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The home appliance (110e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (110f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. The wireless device (110) may correspond to a terminal (or first node) or an intermediate point.The network device (120) may correspond to a base station (or a second node) or another intermediate point. For example, the network device (120) may also be implemented as a wireless device (110), and a specific wireless device (120a) may operate as a network device (120) to another wireless device (110).

[0079] Wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to a network (130) through a network device (120). AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices (110a to 110f), and the wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to an AI server (110g) through the network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, or a 6G network. The wireless devices (110a to 110f) may communicate with each other through the network device (120) / network (130), but may also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the network device (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (110b-1, 110b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Also, an IoT device (110f) (e.g., a sensor) can communicate directly with another IoT device (e.g., a sensor) or other wireless devices (110a to 110f).

[0080] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (110a to 110f) / network devices (120) and between network devices (120). Here, wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between network devices (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices and network devices / wireless devices, and network devices and network devices can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on the various descriptions of the present disclosure, at least some of the following may be performed: a process for setting various configuration information for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, a process for various signal processing (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), a resource allocation process, etc.

[0081] Devices applicable to the present disclosure

[0082] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0083] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0084] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operation disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information within the memory (204) to generate a first information / signal and then transmit a wireless signal containing the first information / signal through the transceiver (206). Additionally, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal containing a second information / signal through the transceiver (206) and then store information obtained from the signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, memory (204) may store software code containing instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202) or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operations disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals through at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (206) may be interchangeable with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In this disclosure, a wireless device may mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0085] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., functional layers such as PHY (physical), MAC (media access control), RLC (radio link control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RRC (radio resource control), and SDAP (service data adaptation protocol). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one PDU (Protocol Data Unit) and / or at least one SDU (service data unit) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) including a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals, and / or methods disclosed in this document and provide it to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) may receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and may obtain a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document.

[0086] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or microcomputer. At least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be included in at least one processor (202) or stored in at least one memory (204) and driven by at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and / or sets of instructions.

[0087] At least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. At least one memory (204) may be composed of ROM (read-only memory), RAM (random access memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), flash memory, hard drive, registers, cache memory, computer read storage media, and / or combinations thereof. At least one memory (204) may be located inside and / or outside of at least one processor (202). Additionally, at least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0088] At least one transceiver (206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Additionally, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. Additionally, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequence diagrams disclosed in this document through at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc., from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., using at least one processor (202).At least one transceiver (206) can convert user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. processed using at least one processor (202) from a baseband signal to an RF band signal. To this end, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0089] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 may be referred to by other terms in terms of their function. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as the control unit, the transceiver (206) as the communication unit, and the memory (204) as the storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a part of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0090] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 can be understood as the structure of at least part of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be at least part of the various devices described with reference to FIG. 2 (e.g., robot (110a), vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), XR device (110c), portable device (110d), home appliance (110e), IoT device (110f), AI device / server (110g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, the device may include other components in addition to the components illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0091] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, smartpad, wearable device (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses), or portable computer (e.g., laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., an audio input / output port, a video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting video information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input by a user.

[0092] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, vehicle, train, manned / unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), or ship. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a drive unit comprising at least one of an engine, motor, power train, wheel, brake, and steering device of the device; a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, battery, etc.; a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings; an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting; and a position measurement unit that acquires position information of the moving body through a GPS (global positioning system) and various sensors.

[0093] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a HUD (head-up display) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that acquires control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs a generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses state information, environment information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0094] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc., depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a drive unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving robot joints.

[0095] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, projector, smartphone, PC, laptop, digital broadcasting terminal, tablet PC, wearable device, set-top box (STB), radio, washing machine, refrigerator, digital signage, robot, vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that learns a model composed of an artificial neural network using training data.

[0096] The structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be understood as part of a terminal (or first node), or part of an intermediate point, or part of a base station (or second node). If the device illustrated in FIG. 3 is a base station (or second node), the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communication. If the front haul and / or back haul communication is based on wireless communication, at least one transceiver (206) illustrated in FIG. 3 is used for front haul and / or back haul communication, and a wired transceiver may not be included.

[0097] Communication procedures

[0098] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0099] FIG. 4 illustrates the operation of a first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmitting and / or receiving data, and the operation performed prior to this.

[0100] In step S101, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform synchronization. For example, the terminal (110) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (110) can detect at least one synchronization signal transmitted from the base station (120) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal may include a plurality of synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal, a secondary synchronization signal) classified according to structure or use. Through this, the terminal (110) can identify the boundaries of the frame, subframe, slot, and / or symbol of the base station (120) and obtain information about the base station (120) (e.g., a cell identifier).

[0101] In step S103, the first node (110) can obtain system information transmitted from the second node (120). For example, the system information is information related to the attributes, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (120) required to connect to the base station (120) and use the service, and can be classified according to content (e.g., whether it is essential for connection), transmission structure (e.g., the channel used, whether it is provided on-demand), etc., and can be classified, for example, into a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB). If necessary, the terminal (110) may transmit a signal requesting system information prior to receiving the system information. Such request and provision of system information may be performed after a random access procedure described later.

[0102] In step S105, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform a random access procedure. For example, the terminal (110) can transmit and / or receive at least one message for a random access procedure (e.g., a random access preamble, a RAR (random access response) message, etc.) based on information related to the random access channel of the base station (120) obtained through system information (e.g., channel location, channel structure, structure of a supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (110) may transmit a preamble (e.g., message 1 (MSG1)) through a random access channel, receive a random access response (RAR) message (e.g., message 2 (MSG2)), transmit a message (e.g., message 3 (MSG3)) containing information related to the terminal (110) (e.g., identification information) to the base station (120) using scheduling information included in the RAR message, and receive a message (e.g., message 4 (MSG4)) for contention resolution and / or connection establishment. As another example, MSG1 and MSG3 may be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., message A (MSG A), or MSG2 and MSG4 may be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., message B (MSG B).

[0103] In step S107, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform signaling of control information. For example, the control information may be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls the connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transmission channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) may perform at least one of signaling to establish a connection, signaling to determine settings related to communication, and signaling to indicate allocated resources.

[0104] In step S109, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can transmit and / or receive data. For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can process data based on the signaling of control information and transmit and / or receive data. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on the information bits. For example, when receiving data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of extracting a signal from a resource, antenna-specific waveform demodulation, signal placement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding.

[0105] 6G System Core Technology

[0106] As core implementation technologies for 6G systems, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (Terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, free space optics (FSO) backhaul network, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0107] artificial intelligence

[0108] The introduction of AI into communications can streamline and enhance real-time data transmission. AI can determine how complex target tasks are performed using numerous analyses. AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing latency. Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a significant role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communication. Furthermore, AI can enable rapid communication in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0109] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0110] Below, to provide a more specific explanation of AI (or AI / ML (machine learning)), terms can be defined as follows.

[0111] - Data collection: Data collected from network nodes, management entities, or terminals, serving as a basis for AI model training, data analysis, and inference.

[0112] - AI model: A data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs containing predictive information and / or decision parameters based on a set of inputs.

[0113] - AI / ML Training: An online or offline process of training an AI model by learning features and patterns that best represent data and acquire an AI / ML model trained for inference.

[0114] - AI / ML Inference: A process of making predictions or deriving decisions based on collected data and an AI model using a trained AI model.

[0115] Referring to FIG. 5, the data collection function (10) is a function that collects input data and provides processed input data to the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30).

[0116] Examples of input data may include measurements from terminals or other network entities, feedback from actors, and outputs from AI models.

[0117] The data collection function (10) performs data preparation based on input data and provides the input data processed through data preparation. Here, the data collection function (10) does not perform specific data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, forming and transformation) for each AI algorithm, and can perform data preparation common to AI algorithms.

[0118] After the data preparation process is performed, the data collection function (10) can provide training data (11) to the model training function (20) and provide inference data (12) to the model inference function (30). Here, the training data (11) corresponds to data required as input for the AI ​​model training function (20), and the inference data (12) corresponds to data required as input for the AI ​​model inference function (30).

[0119] The data collection function (10) may be performed by a single entity (e.g., terminal, RAN node, network node, etc.) but may also be performed by multiple entities. In this case, training data (11) and inference data (12) from multiple entities may be provided to the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30), respectively.

[0120] The model training function (20) may correspond to a function that performs AI model training, validation, and testing, which can generate model performance metrics as part of the AI ​​model testing procedure. If necessary, the model training function (20) may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation, etc.) based on training data (11) provided by the data collection function (10).

[0121] Here, model deployment / update (13) can be used to initially deploy a trained, validated, and tested AI model to the model inference function (30) or to provide an updated model to the model inference function (30).

[0122] The model inference function (30) may correspond to a function that provides an AI model inference output (16) (e.g., a prediction or a decision). The model inference function (30) may provide model performance feedback (14) to the model training function (20) where applicable. Additionally, the model inference function (30) may be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation, etc.) based on the inference data (12) provided by the data collection function (10) if necessary.

[0123] Here, output (16) refers to the inference output of an AI model generated by the model inference function (30), and the details of the inference output may vary depending on the use case.

[0124] Model performance feedback (14) can be used to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model if available, and this feedback may be omitted.

[0125] The actor function (40) is a function that receives an output (16) from the model inference function (30) and triggers or performs a corresponding operation / action. The actor function (40) can trigger an operation / action on another entity (e.g., one or more terminals, one or more RAN nodes, one or more network nodes, etc.) or on itself.

[0126] Feedback (15) can be used to derive training data (11) and inference data (12), or to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model, the impact on the network, etc.

[0127] Meanwhile, the definitions of training, validation, and testing in data sets used in AI / ML can be distinguished as follows.

[0128] - Training data: Refers to the dataset used to train a model.

[0129] - Validation data: This refers to a dataset used to validate a model that has already been trained. Validation data typically refers to a dataset used to prevent overfitting of the training dataset. Additionally, validation data can refer to a dataset used to select the best model among the various models trained during the learning process. Therefore, validation can be viewed as a type of training.

[0130] - Test data: Refers to the dataset for final evaluation. This data is unrelated to training.

[0131] For example, within the entire dataset, training data and validation data can be divided in a ratio of approximately 8:2 or 7:3. Alternatively, within the entire dataset, training data:validation data:test data can be divided in a ratio of 6:2:2.

[0132] Depending on whether the base station and the terminal possess the capability for AI / ML functions, the cooperation level can be defined as follows, and variations resulting from the combination of multiple levels below or the separation of any one level are also possible.

[0133] Category 0a: This corresponds to a no collaboration framework. In this case, the AI / ML algorithm is based on pure implementation and may not require changes to the wireless interface.

[0134] Category 0b: Corresponds to a framework that involves a wireless interface modified to fit efficient implementation-based AI / ML algorithms but lacks cooperation.

[0135] Category 1: This applies to cases involving inter-node support to improve the AI / ML algorithms of each node. For example, it applies when a terminal receives support from a base station (for training, adaptation, etc.), and vice versa. At this level, model exchange between network nodes is not required.

[0136] Category 2: This applies to cases where joint ML operations between a terminal and a base station can be performed. This level requires AI / ML model commands or exchanges between network nodes.

[0137] The functions exemplified in Figure 5 above may be implemented at RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station CU, etc.), network nodes, network operator's OAM (operation administration maintenance), or terminals.

[0138] Alternatively, two or more entities among a RAN, a network node, a network operator's OAM, or a terminal may cooperate to implement the functions exemplified in FIG. 5. For example, one entity may perform some of the functions of FIG. 5, and another entity may perform the remaining functions. As such, some of the functions exemplified in FIG. 5 are performed by a single entity (e.g., a terminal, a RAN node, a network node, etc.), the transmission / provision of data / information between each function may be omitted. For example, if the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30) are performed by the same entity, the transmission / provision of model distribution / update (13) and model performance feedback (14) may be omitted.

[0139] Alternatively, any one of the functions exemplified in FIG. 5 may be performed by two or more entities among the RAN, network node, network operator's OAM, or terminal in collaboration. This may be referred to as a split AI operation.

[0140] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0141] For example, the AI ​​model training function can be performed by network nodes (e.g., core network nodes, network operator's OAM, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function can be performed by RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station's CU, etc.).

[0142] Step 1: RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to a network node. Here, RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can also transmit data collected from terminals to the network node (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP (reference signal received power), RSRQ (reference signal received quality), and SINR (signal to interference-plus-noise ratio) of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, speed, etc.).

[0143] Step 2: Network nodes can train AI models using the received training data.

[0144] Step 3: The network node can distribute / update the AI ​​model to RAN Node 1 and / or RAN Node 2. RAN Node 1 (and / or RAN Node 2) may also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0145] For the sake of convenience of explanation, it is assumed that the AI ​​model was deployed / updated only to RAN Node 1.

[0146] Step 4: RAN Node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN Node 2.

[0147] Step 5: RAN Node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0148] Step 6: If applicable, RAN node 1 can send model performance feedback to network nodes.

[0149] Step 7: RAN Node 1, RAN Node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN Node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2') can perform an action based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing action, the terminal may move from RAN Node 1 to RAN Node 2.

[0150] Step 8: RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can transmit feedback information to network nodes.

[0151] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0152] For example, both AI model training and AI model inference functions can be performed by RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station's CU, etc.).

[0153] Step 1: The terminal and RAN node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to RAN node 1.

[0154] Step 2: RAN Node 1 can train an AI model using the received training data.

[0155] Step 3: RAN Node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN Node 2.

[0156] Step 4: RAN Node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0157] Step 5: RAN Node 1, RAN Node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN Node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2') can perform an action based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing action, the terminal may move from RAN Node 1 to RAN Node 2.

[0158] Step 6: RAN Node 2 can send feedback information to RAN Node 1.

[0159] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0160] For example, the AI ​​model training function may be performed by a RAN node (e.g., base station, TRP, base station CU, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function may be performed by a terminal.

[0161] Step 1: A terminal can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to a RAN node. Here, the RAN node can collect data (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP, RSRQ, SINR of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, velocity, etc.) from various terminals and / or other RAN nodes.

[0162] Step 2: The RAN node can train an AI model using the received training data.

[0163] Step 3: The RAN node can distribute / update the AI ​​model to the terminal. The terminal may also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0164] Step 4: Input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference can be received from terminals and RAN nodes (and / or other terminals).

[0165] Step 5: The terminal can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0166] Step 6: If applicable, the terminal can transmit model performance feedback to the RAN node.

[0167] Step 7: The terminal and the RAN node can perform actions based on the output data.

[0168] Step 8: The terminal can transmit feedback information to the RAN node.

[0169] THz communication

[0170] Data transmission rates can be increased by expanding bandwidth. This can be achieved by using sub-THz communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced large-scale MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter radiation, generally refer to a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz–300 GHz band range (sub-THz band) is considered the primary portion of the THz band for cellular communication. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band increases 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, the 300 GHz–3 THz band is located in the far-infrared (IR) frequency band. Although the 300 GHz–3 THz band is part of the broadband, it lies at the boundary of the broadband and immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz–3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0171] FIG. 9 shows an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0172] Key characteristics of THz communication include (i) widely available bandwidth to support very high data transmission rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are indispensable). The narrow beam width generated by highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and BSs operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies that can overcome range limitations.

[0173] When transmitting system information (e.g., MIB) of a cell in the THz frequency band, it can be inefficient because, in the case of high frequency bands, beam sweeping must be performed more frequently to cover the entire area of ​​the cell as the beam width becomes narrower. In particular, transmitting system information using this method is even more inefficient when there are not many users in the cell.

[0174] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0175] The example of FIG. 10 is applicable not only to THz communication environments but also to 6G communication environments where THz communication is not applied. In addition, the procedure exemplified in FIG. 10 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, embodiments described below can be performed based on system information obtained by the procedure exemplified in FIG. 10.

[0176] In step S1010, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) can transmit system information of cell #1 through cell #2. For example, the base station provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a frequency band other than the THz frequency band. Here, the system information may include at least one of a system frame number (SFN) generated at a higher layer, a PDCCH configuration for SIB1, cell barring, cell re-selection, and subcarrier spacing, and may include at least one of a synchronization signal / PBCH (physical broadcast channel) block index generated at a physical layer. To this end, as an example, cell #1 and cell #2 may have a secondary cell and primary cell relationship.

[0177] In step S1030, the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) can acquire synchronization for cell #1. Synchronization can be acquired by detecting a synchronization signal. Generally, synchronization is acquired prior to receiving system information, but since the system information of cell #1 is received in cell #2, the acquisition of synchronization for cell #1 can be performed after receiving system information. For example, the terminal can acquire synchronization based on system information. Alternatively, the acquisition of synchronization may be performed prior to step S1010.

[0178] In step S1050, the first node (110) may transmit a signal to connect to cell #1. For example, the signal may include a random access preamble. The structure of such a signal and the resource for transmitting the signal (e.g., a channel) may be identified through system information. Subsequently, in step S1070, the first node (110) and the second node (120) may perform a connection procedure to cell #1 and perform communication.

[0179] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 10 may be performed when the first node (110) first connects to cell #1 of the second node (120). Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when the first node (110) handovers to cell #1 of the second node (120). However, in the case of a handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a different base station other than cell #2 of the second node (120).

[0180] Communication in the THz band is expected to experience severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations may be required to use very sharp beams. The use of sharp beams implies that terminals and base stations must perform beam control in addition to beamforming, meaning that a very large number of beams are utilized. Consequently, aligning the transmit and receive beams between the base station and the terminal takes a very long time. Furthermore, if the beam alignment between the base station and the terminal is disrupted due to the movement of the terminal, time is frequently required to realign the beams, which may lead to link instability.

[0181] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0182] Figure 11 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication, but this procedure is not limited to a THz environment and can also be applied in a 6G communication environment where THz communication is not applied.

[0183] Here, the term "beam" can be interpreted as other terms having equivalent technical meanings capable of distinguishing beams, such as "spatial domain filter," "spatial domain transmit filter," "spatial domain receive filter," reference signal (RS) resources for distinguishing beams, and SSB index.

[0184] In step S1110, the second node (120) (e.g., base station) may set resources for beam management to the first node (110) (e.g., terminal). Here, the resources may include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station may utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from the existing downlink signal / channel for beam search. Here, the BSS may be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port may be a port different from the port used for transmitting the existing downlink signal / channel (e.g., SSB, PDSCH (physical downlink shared channel), etc.). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. For example, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / set for beam search may be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0185] In step S1130, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmits measurement signals using multiple transmission beams. For example, the measurement signals may include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals may be transmitted as many times as the number of beams requiring measurement, and may be transmitted using a multi-beam transmission method that forms multiple beams simultaneously to reduce sweeping time. Here, multi-beam transmission may be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, or a true time delay (TTD).

[0186] In step S1150, the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) may transmit a feedback signal to the second node (120) (e.g., a base station). The feedback signal may indicate at least one beam selected by the terminal. The terminal may select at least one preferred beam based on the measurement signals received in step S1130.

[0187] In step S1170, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can communicate. For example, the second node (120) can perform transmission to the first node (110) using the receiving beam of the first node (110) selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the first node (110) can also be determined through steps S1130 and S1150, so the transmission operation from the first node (110) can also be performed using a beam that has a reciprocity relationship with the beam selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is not established, a procedure including the transmission of measurement signal(s) by the first node (110) and the transmission of feedback signal(s) by the second node (120) may be performed first to determine the transmission beam of the first node (110).

[0188] Non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

[0189] FIGS. 12 and FIGS. 13 show examples of NTN scenarios to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0190] NTN can represent a network or network segment that uses RF (radio frequency) resources mounted on a satellite (or UAS (unmanned aerial system) platform).

[0191] Figure 12 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a transparent payload, and Figure 13 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a regenerative payload.

[0192] Referring to FIG. 12, the satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. The satellite can be connected to a data network via the gateway. A beam footprint may refer to an area where signals transmitted by the satellite can be received.

[0193] Referring to FIG. 13, a satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) connected to the terminal can be connected to another satellite (or UAS platform) via inter-satellite links (ISL). Another satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. Based on a regenerated payload, the satellite can be connected to a data network via another satellite and a gateway. If no ISL exists between the satellite and another satellite, a feeder link between the satellite and the gateway may be required.

[0194] FIGS. 12 and 13 are merely examples of NTN scenarios, and NTN can be implemented based on various scenarios. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can implement a transparent or regenerative (with on-board processing) payload. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can generate multiple beams across a designated service area depending on the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform). For example, the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) may vary depending on the on-board antenna diagram and the minimum elevation angle.

[0195] For example, the transparent payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload may not be altered.

[0196] For example, the regeneration payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. For example, the regeneration payload may be substantially the same as carrying all or part of the base station functions on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0197] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

[0198] Wireless sensing is a technology that utilizes radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (or range) of an object, thereby obtaining information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within that environment. Since radio frequency sensing capabilities do not require connecting to objects via devices within a network, they can provide services for determining object locations without the need for devices. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can provide a wide range of new functions, such as various object detection and recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), as well as high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to various industries (e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.) that enable applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing may utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of a wireless sensing service, such as sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering processing of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing can provide an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from communication networks to wireless communication and sensing networks.

[0199] FIG. 14 shows examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0200] Specifically, FIG. 14(a) illustrates an example of monostatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at the same position. FIG. 14(b) illustrates an example of bistatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at separate positions. A sensing receiver receives a signal that is reflected or scattered by a sensing object from a sensing signal transmitted from a sensing transmitter, and can extract or acquire sensing data based on the received signal. A sensing result can be generated or determined through appropriate processing of this sensing data. The sensing result can be provided to a trusted third-party entity or service outside the 3GPP system via an entity or service within the 3GPP system.

[0201] Ambient IoT (ambient internet of things)

[0202] Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting significant attention in the world of wireless communication. By reducing the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices, and by installing and connecting tens of billions to hundreds of billions of IoT devices, it becomes possible to apply them to various fields.

[0203] In this regard, the IoT technology is being developed under the name Ambient IoT (AmIoT) for various use cases, scenarios, requirements, signaling, configuration, etc.

[0204] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be one of the communication techniques considered to achieve low-power operation of AmIoT devices. For example, backscattering can enable the device to communicate with the network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with the information to be transmitted. For example, the device may be powered by an incident RF signal or stored energy.

[0205] AmIoT devices can be classified into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on the energy storage and transmission signal generation methods. For example, passive devices do not have energy storage devices (e.g., capacitors) and can communicate based on backscatter communication technology. For example, semi-passive devices have energy storage devices and can communicate using backscatter communication technology with the assistance of energy storage devices. For example, active devices have energy storage devices and can communicate by actively generating signals using active RF components and stored energy.

[0206] In the present disclosure, the following types of IoT devices may be considered.

[0207] Device type 1 has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW and can perform uplink transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node). For example, device type 1 may be a device without energy storage and without independent signal generation.

[0208] Device type 2 has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW and can perform uplink transmission by backscattering carrier waves provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node) or through signals generated internally. Specifically, a device type that performs signal transmission via backscatter may be referred to as device type 2a, and a device type that performs signal transmission via signals generated internally may be referred to as device type 2b. For example, device type 2a is a device with energy storage and no independent signal generation, in which case the use of the stored energy may include amplification of the reflected signal. Additionally, for example, device type 2b may be a device with energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with active RF components for transmission).

[0209] In addition, in addition to the classification methods described above, the type / class of AmIoT devices can be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, degree of energy / power consumption, presence / capability of amplification, presence / capability of a band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or combinations of parameters.

[0210] Regarding AmIoT communication, various basic topologies may be considered to support AmIoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, basic topologies may include a direct connection topology between a base station and an AmIoT device, a topology where the base station and an AmIoT device are connected through an intermediate node, a topology where connection via an auxiliary node is supported, and / or a connection topology between a terminal and an AmIoT device.

[0211] The basic topologies described in this disclosure are merely examples, and the proposals of this disclosure may be extended to other types of topologies.

[0212] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0213] FIG. 15(a) shows a direct connection topology between a base station and an AmIoT device (e.g., topology 1) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0214] Referring to FIG. 15(a), the AmIoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with a base station. For example, communication between the base station and the AmIoT device may include AmIoT data and / or signals. For example, AmIoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the base station performing transmission to the AmIoT device and the base station performing reception from the AmIoT device may be different. For example, in Topology 1, the base station and the AmIoT device in a micro-cell environment may communicate directly with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology.

[0215] FIG. 15(b) shows a topology (e.g., topology 2) in which a base station and an AmIoT device are connected through an intermediate node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0216] Referring to FIG. 15(b), an AmIoT device can communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and the base station. For example, the intermediate node may be an AmIoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc. The intermediate node may transmit AmIoT data and / or signals between the base station and the AmIoT device. AmIoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the intermediate node performing transmission to the AmIoT device and the intermediate node performing reception from the AmIoT device may be different. For example, in Topology 2, an intermediate node may exist between the base station and the AmIoT device in a macro-cell environment. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology. For example, the intermediate node may be limited to a terminal, and the intermediate node may be located indoors.

[0217] FIG. 15(c) shows a topology (e.g., topology 3) in which connection by an auxiliary node is supported according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0218] Referring to the left topology of FIG. 15(c), an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an AmIoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and an AmIoT device may receive data / signals from an auxiliary node. Additionally, referring to the right topology of FIG. 15(c), an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an AmIoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and an AmIoT device may transmit data / signals to an auxiliary node. For example, the auxiliary node may be an AmIoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc.

[0219] FIG. 15 (d) shows a connection topology (e.g., topology 4) between a terminal and an AmIoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0220] Referring to FIG. 15 (d), the AmIoT device can communicate bidirectionally with the terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the AmIoT device may include AmIoT data and / or signals. AmIoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0221] Additionally, AmIoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscatter transmission. For example, the CW can be used to supply energy to AmIoT devices or as a CW for DL ​​transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscatter transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0222] In this regard, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the type of CW waveform can be a single-tone CW waveform or a somewhat complex multi-tone CW waveform. For example, single-tone CW may be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and in terms of interference because it uses fewer resources. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages such as the ability to deliver more energy when transmitting CW over DL and to secure greater coverage on a single device.

[0223] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types may be supported in the AmIoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported by the AmIoT communication system may be pre-configured / defined, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the AmIoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure / instruct / display the selected CW waveform type to the AmIoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0224] In the present disclosure, for AmIoT communication, at least one of the necessary characteristics of a carrier waveform for a carrier provided outside the AmIoT device (including interference handling at the AmIoT device UL receiver and NR base station) may be proposed. Additionally, in the present disclosure, for AmIoT communication, at least one of paging, random access, data transmission including necessary radio resource control aspects complying with general range limitations, interaction with upper layers (e.g., RRC layer, NAS (non-access stratum) layer, application layer, etc.), device context management, data transmission, coexistence of AmIoT with 6G / NR / LTE, and / or RF requirements for AmIoT may be proposed.

[0225] Technical terms used in this disclosure may be as follows.

[0226] - SSB: Synchronization Signal Block

[0227] - MIB: Master Information Block

[0228] - RMSI: Remaining Minimum System Information

[0229] - FR1: Frequency Range 1. Refers to the frequency range of 6 GHz or lower (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz).

[0230] - FR2: Frequency Domain 2. Refers to the millimeter wave (mmWave) region above 24 GHz (e.g., 24,250 MHz ~ 52,600 MHz).

[0231] - BW: Bandwidth

[0232] - BWP: Bandwidth Part

[0233] - RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0234] - CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0235] - SIB: System Information Block

[0236] - SIB1: SIB1 for NR devices (e.g., RMSI). Broadcasts information necessary for cell connection of NR terminals.

[0237] - CORESET: Control Resource Set. Time / frequency resource for which the NR terminal attempts candidate PDCCH decoding.

[0238] - CORESET#0: CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set for NR devices (set in MIB)

[0239] - Type0-PDCCH CSS Set: A search space set in which NR terminals monitor a set of PDCCH candidates for DCI format with CRCs scrambled to SI-RNTI.

[0240] - MO: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0241] - SIB1-R: (Additional) SIB1 for NR devices with reduced capability. Limited to cases where it is created as a separate TB from the SIB1 and transmitted via a separate PDSCH.

[0242] - CORESET#0-R: CORESET#0 for Reduced Capability NR Devices

[0243] - Type0-PDCCH-R CSS Set: A search space set with redcap UEs monitoring a set of PDCCH candidates for DCI format with CRCs scrambled with SI-RNTI.

[0244] - MO-R: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0245] - Cell defining SSB (CD-SSB): An NR SSB that includes RMSI scheduling information

[0246] - Non-cell defining SSB (non-CD-SSB): Refers to an SSB placed in an NR sync raster that does not include the corresponding cell's RMSI scheduling information for measurement purposes. However, it may include information indicating the location of the cell defining SSB.

[0247] - SCS: Subcarrier spacing

[0248] - SI-RNTI: System Information-RNTI

[0249] - Camp On: "Camp On" is a terminal state where the UE remains in a cell and is ready to start potential dedicated services or receive ongoing broadcast services.

[0250] - TB: Transport Block

[0251] - RSA (Redcap standalone): A cell that supports only the Redcap device or service.

[0252] - SIB1(-R)-PDSCH: PDSCH transmitting SIB1(-R)

[0253] - SIB1(-R)-DCI: DCI scheduling SIB1(-R)-PDSCH. DCI format 1_0 CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI.

[0254] - SIB1(-R)-PDCCH: PDCCH transmitting SIB1(-R)-DCI

[0255] - FDRA: Frequency Domain Resource Allocation

[0256] - TDRA: Time Domain Resource Allocation

[0257] - RA: Random Access

[0258] - MSGA: Transmission of preamble and payload for a two-stage RA type random access procedure.

[0259] - MSGB: Response to MSGA in a two-stage random access procedure. MSGB may consist of responses to contention resolution, fallback instructions, and backoff instructions.

[0260] - RO-N: RO (RACH Occasion) for general terminal 4-stage RACH and 2-stage RACH (if configured)

[0261] - RO-N1, RO-N2: When a separate RO is configured for general terminal 2-stage RACH, it is classified as RO-N1 (4 stages) and RO-N2 (2 stages).

[0262] - RO-R: RO (RACH Occasion) configured separately from RO-N for Redcap terminal Level 4 RACH and Level 2 RACH (if configured)

[0263] - RO-R1, RO-R2: When a separated RO is configured for Redcap terminal 2-stage RACH, it is classified as RO-R1 (4 stages) and RO-R2 (2 stages).

[0264] - PG-R: MsgA-preamble group for redcap terminals

[0265] - RAR: Random Access Response

[0266] - RAR Window: Time window to monitor RA responses

[0267] - FH: Frequency Hopping

[0268] - iBWP: Initial BWP

[0269] - iBWP-DL(-UL): Initial DL(UL) BWP

[0270] - iBWP-DL(-UL)-R: Initial DL(UL) BWP (separated) for redcap

[0271] - CS: Cyclic shift

[0272] - NB: Narrowband

[0273] - TO: Traffic Offloading

[0274] - mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communications

[0275] - eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication

[0276] - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication

[0277] - RedCap: Reduced Capability

[0278] - eRedCap: Enhanced RedCap

[0279] - FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

[0280] - HD-FDD: Half-Duplex-FDD

[0281] - DRX: Discontinuous Reception

[0282] - RRC: Radio Resource Control

[0283] - RRM: Radio Resource Management

[0284] - MM: Mobility Management

[0285] - IWSN: Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

[0286] - LPWA: Low Power Wide Area

[0287] - RB: Resource Block

[0288] - CCE: Control Channel Element

[0289] - AL: Aggregation Level

[0290] - PRG: Physical Resource-block Group

[0291] - DFT-s-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM

[0292] - PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

[0293] - A-PBCH: Additional PBCH

[0294] - BD: Blind detection

[0295] - EPRE: Energy Per RE

[0296] - SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

[0297] - TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

[0298] - FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0299] - DMRS: Demodulation Reference Signal

[0300] - TDD: Time Division Duplex

[0301] - PCI: Physical layer Cell ID

[0302] - EH: Energy Harvesting

[0303] - EH Device: A device operating based on EH. This may include all device types in AmIoT. Additionally, while this disclosure primarily considers RF EH, the EH device is not necessarily required to be RF EH-based.

[0304] - ES: Energizing Signal. A signal / channel transmitted by a base station / IN / AN / UE for the purpose of supplying RF energy to a device operating based on RF-based EH. (Modulated) CW, NR / LTE DL / UL signals, etc. can be ES, and a dedicated signal / channel for ES can be designed to support it.

[0305] - ET: Energy Transfer

[0306] - CW: Carrier wave. AmIoT devices supporting backscattering-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating and backscattering an "externally provided" CW. AmIoT devices supporting independent signal generation-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating an "internally generated" CW. Unless otherwise noted, it is assumed to refer to the "externally provided" CW for backscattering. The CW can be used as an ES (Energizing Signal) for RF energy transfer.

[0307] - CWN: CW Node. A node that provides CW. It can be a base station, IN, AN, or UE, and a separate CWN may exist for the purpose of providing CW.

[0308] - R: Reader / Interrogator. In the AmIoT description, depending on the topology, gNB / eNB, intermediate node (IN) / assisting node (AN), terminal, etc., can be readers. Additionally, since AmIoT is not limited to 4G / 5G communication systems, it may include base stations, intermediate nodes / assisting nodes, and terminals of next-generation communication systems. It may also mean an AmIoT reader.

[0309] - T: Tag / AmIoT device. It may be interchangeable with EH device in this disclosure, and in the AmIoT description, it mainly refers to an AmIoT device, device type 1 / 2a / 2b.

[0310] - D: AmIoT device (may have the same meaning as the aforementioned T)

[0311] - R=>T: Reader-to-Tag or Reader-to-Tag communication link. May have the same meaning as DL or forward link when the base station or intermediate node / auxiliary node is the reader.

[0312] - R2D: Reader (R)-to-Device (D) Link (May have the same meaning as R=>T or AmIoT DL. May be denoted as R=>D.)

[0313] - CW2D: CWN-to-Device(D) Link (CW Node-to-AmIoT Device Link)

[0314] - T=>R: Tag-to-Reader or Tag-to-Reader communication link. If the base station or intermediate / auxiliary node is the leader, it may have the same meaning as a UL or reverse / backward link.

[0315] - D2R: Device (D)-to-Reader (R) Link (May have the same meaning as T=>R or AmIoT UL. May be denoted as D=>R.)

[0316] - R<=>T: Includes cases of R=>T and T=>R, or R=>T or T=>R. May apply to both R=>T and T=>R.

[0317] - R<=>D: Includes cases of R2D and D2R, or R2D or D2R. May apply to both R2D and D2R. (May have the same meaning as R<=>T)

[0318] - RF-EH: RF energy harvesting

[0319] - PRDCH: Physical R2D Channel (may be denoted as PR2DCH). A physical channel for R2D communication.

[0320] - PDRCH: Physical D2R Channel (may be denoted as PD2RCH). A physical channel for D2R communication.

[0321] - BS: Base Station

[0322] - IN: Intermediate node. In Topology 2 (BS <-> IN <-> AmIoT device), IN acts as the leader. Relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc. can be IN.

[0323] - AN: Assisting node. It can assist in DL transmission in Topology 3-1 (BS -> AN -> AmIoT device -> BS) or assist in UL transmission in Topology 3-2 (BS -> AmIoT device -> AN -> BS). Relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc. can be ANs.

[0324] - UE: User Equipment. In the case of LTE, NR, or next-generation communication systems, it refers to the LTE, NR, or next-generation communication system UE / terminal, respectively. It is a general wireless communication terminal form distinct from AmIoT devices or device types 1 / 2a / 2b. In Topology 4 (UE <-> AmIoT device), the UE acts as the leader.

[0325] - Device: Unless otherwise noted, and when used alone, refers to an EH device, an AmIoT device, or device type 1 / 2a / 2b without distinction.

[0326] - AmIoT: Ambient IoT

[0327] - F-gap: Frequency gap

[0328] - T-gap: Time gap

[0329] - TD: Time Domain

[0330] - FD: Frequency Domain

[0331] - PEI: Paging Early Indication

[0332] - LP-WUS: Low-Power Wake-Up Signal

[0333] - LP-SS: Low-Power Synchronization Signal

[0334] - RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

[0335] - ESRP: ES Received Power. May refer to RSRP measured using ES. May have the same meaning as ES-RSRP.

[0336] - PRB: Physical Resource Block

[0337] - EH Circuit: A circuit that performs EH operation. An EH device can be viewed as including an EH circuit in the form of a component.

[0338] - PHR: Power Headroom Report

[0339] - EHR: Energy Headroom Report

[0340] - BPF: Band-Pass Filter

[0341] - SM: Subcarrier Modulation

[0342] High-speed R2D transmission and reception support in AmIoT communication

[0343] In this disclosure, methods of operation are proposed to enable an AmIoT device to smoothly receive high-speed R2D transmissions.

[0344] An AmIoT device may communicate using a carrier wave (CW) transmitted by a base station (e.g., gNB) or an intermediate node. Here, the CW may include a CW for energy harvesting and a CW for backscattering. According to the present disclosure, the CW may be applied restrictively to either of the two aforementioned uses, or may be applied commonly to both of the aforementioned uses.

[0345] Additionally, the NR system in the present disclosure may be replaced with a wireless communication system including a 5G and / or 6G wireless communication system, and in some cases, may refer to a mother system or a coexisting communication system. Accordingly, a base station may refer to a base station of the NR system or wireless communication system, and a terminal may refer to a terminal of the NR system or wireless communication system.

[0346] Meanwhile, AmIoT devices can operate in units of AmIoT symbols, and to this end, the construction of a new communication system suitable for the AmIoT communication system, such as a slot structure, numerology, waveform, and modulation method, may be required. In this case, the AmIoT communication system can be designed considering coexistence with existing NR / LTE systems.

[0347] According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, by configuring a plurality of AmIoT symbols to be included within a CP-OFDM symbol interval for coexistence with an NR / LTE system, AmIoT communication can be supported while maintaining the existing NR / LTE signal structure.

[0348] When CW is transmitted in the manner described above, when a backscattered signal is received at a base station, intermediate node (IN), access node (AN), or terminal, performance degradation issues may occur due to effects such as interference from a reception perspective. For example, when a backscattered signal is received through an OFDM-based receiver using FFT, orthogonality may be broken, which may affect the reception performance of AmIoT signals and NR signals or channels.

[0349] In relation to the transmission and reception of the aforementioned AmIoT signal, various CP processing methods may be considered by taking into account the influence of CP on R2D timing acquisition, the decoding and performance of PRDCH, the implementation complexity of the reader and device, interference between R2D and NR DL / UL within the same NR band, and spectral efficiency.

[0350] For example, the following two types of methods (hereinafter referred to as Method 1 and Method 2) may be considered as CP processing methods.

[0351] Method 1 is a method of removing CP at the device side when CP processing is not explicitly defined at the transmitting side. Additionally, Method 2 is a method of ensuring that no unintended edge occurs between the last OOK chip of OFDM symbol (n-1) and the first OOK chip of OFDM symbol n, even if CP insertion occurs in an OFDM-based waveform.

[0352] In the R2D transmission described in this disclosure, a total of M OOK chips can form one OFDM symbol using Discrete Fourier Transform-spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM). Based on this, the "chip" described in this disclosure may refer to an OOK chip.

[0353] The “unintended edge” described in this disclosure is a virtual transition unrelated to actual data transitions and may be a concept including false rising edges and / or false falling edges.

[0354] In relation to Method 1, the following two alternatives (hereinafter Alternative 1-1 and Alternative 1-2) may be considered as a method for determining the location and length of the CP.

[0355] For example, according to Alternative 1-1, the device assumes that the same CP length is applied to each OFDM symbol, that is, this may be a method that does not distinguish the exact CP length between different OFDM symbols. In contrast, according to Alternative 1-2, the device can determine the location and length of the CP using the duration between transition edges, and, for example, can determine it as a CP interval if the duration is invalid in light of a previously known chip duration.

[0356] Meanwhile, regarding Method 2, the following approaches (e.g., Alternative 2-1 and Alternative 2-2) may be considered depending on whether subcarrier orthogonality is maintained.

[0357] For example, Alternative 2-1 is a method that maintains orthogonality and may include a method in which the CP is copied from the end of the OFDM symbol. In this case, the first OOK chip(s) and the last OOK chip(s) within the OFDM symbol may be set identically. Alternatively, it may be configured to ensure that a transition edge occurs only at the beginning or end of the CP interval, and not during the CP interval. Additionally, Alternative 2-2 is a method that does not maintain subcarrier orthogonality and may be a method that applies Method 2 but does not impose constraints on maintaining orthogonality.

[0358] In relation to the above description, depending on the type of AmIoT device or depending on the case / situation, not all AmIoT devices may necessarily have the capability to process CP. Additionally, in the case of an AmIoT device using the same band as an NR system, it may be required to operate in accordance with the slot structure of the NR to reduce interference to the NR downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) of the reader, e.g., base station or terminal, during R2D transmission and to reduce implementation complexity.

[0359] In order for the AmIoT communication system to be configured to match the slot structure of the NR, the insertion of CP may be required, just like in the NR system. However, due to this insertion of CP, in the case of an AmIoT device that operates by removing CP samples based on sample counting, for example, unintended edges may occur in high-speed R2D transmission situations, as shown in FIG. 16.

[0360] The “high-speed R2D transmission” described in this disclosure may include a transmission in which the number of OOK chips (e.g., the value of M) included in one OFDM symbol is greater than or equal to 32. Similarly, the “low-speed R2D transmission” may include a transmission in which the number of OOK chips included in one OFDM symbol is less than 32.

[0361] FIG. 16 illustrates an unintended edge based on CP that can be applied to the present disclosure.

[0362] FIG. 16 may be a diagram illustrating the change in the waveform of a codeword (e.g., OOK codeword) according to the method by which an AmIoT device removes a CP in an OFDM symbol environment in which a CP is inserted to match an NR slot structure.

[0363] Referring to FIG. 16, each OFDM symbol may include a chip structure composed of multiple OOK chips, parameter M represents the number of OOK chips included in one OFDM symbol, and parameter m represents the index of the corresponding OOK chip (e.g., chip index). A CP is inserted between two OFDM symbols, and the CP may be located at the beginning of the Nth OFDM symbol.

[0364] Figure 16 (a) may correspond to a codeword waveform when ideal CP removal is performed. In this case, the AmIoT device can accurately remove the CP section by recognizing the exact location and length of the CP, thereby preventing additional transition edges from occurring at the boundaries between OOK chips and maintaining a continuous codeword waveform.

[0365] Figure 16 (b) may correspond to a codeword waveform when advanced CP removal is performed, and Figure 16 (c) may correspond to a codeword waveform when delayed CP removal is performed. In such cases, when the timing of CP removal does not match the actual CP location (e.g., when CP removal is delayed and overlaps with some OOK chip intervals), unintended edges may occur near the OFDM symbol boundary.

[0366] These unintended edges can occur between the last OOK chip (m = M-1) of the (N-1)th OFDM symbol and the first OOK chip (m = 0) of the Nth OFDM symbol. This can cause misdetection during the energy-based or edge-based detection process of the OOK signal and can be a factor in degrading R2D communication performance.

[0367] In the present disclosure, various methods for solving unintended edge problems caused by the aforementioned CP insertion (hereinafter, Example 1 and Example 2) and a method for supporting high-speed R2D transmission and reception in relation thereto (hereinafter, Example 3) are specifically described through various embodiments.

[0368] Example 1

[0369] Unintended edge problems caused by CP insertion can be mitigated or resolved through the various CP processing methods described above in this disclosure. However, in NR systems, there are half slot boundaries (e.g., 0.5 ms period) or long CPs transmitted every 7 OFDM symbols (e.g., extended CPs), and as a result, the aforementioned CP processing methods alone may not be sufficient to resolve the problem.

[0370] In particular, since long CPs have a length different from the typical CP length, in the case of an AmIoT device configured to remove CP samples based on sample counting, errors at the time of CP removal may accumulate or unexpected transition edges may occur, which may cause a decrease in OOK detection performance or a decrease in R2D communication reliability.

[0371] Accordingly, in order to solve unintended edge problems caused by long CPs, the present embodiment proposes an operation method in an AmIoT device that removes CP samples based on sample counting, and support methods in a reader (e.g., a base station or a terminal) to support this.

[0372] (Method 1-1. Method for distinguishing between long CP and regular CP via midamble transmission)

[0373] As described above, the number of samples between long CP and normal CP may differ depending on the sampling rate of the AmIoT device. For example, assuming the base station uses 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (SCS), an AmIoT device with a sampling rate of 1.92 MHz may have a difference of 1 sample between long CP and normal CP.

[0374] In such an environment, even if the various CP handling methods described above are applied, depending on the CP handling method, a problem may arise where accurate CP removal is not performed for OFDM symbols with long CPs transmitted in AmIoT devices that remove CP samples based on sample counting due to the difference in the number of samples between long CPs and standard CPs.

[0375] Accordingly, the present embodiment proposes a method for a reader to support an AmIoT device and a method for the operation of the AmIoT device in order to distinguish between long CP and normal CP. Specifically, the reader can support the AmIoT device to distinguish between long CP and normal CP through the following method.

[0376] Specifically, a method is proposed for transmitting a midamble on OFDM symbol(s) transmitted before and / or after the start of a half slot. According to the method, the reader transmits a midamble before or after the OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted at the half slot boundary during R2D transmission, thereby enabling the AmIoT device to recognize the location of the OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted in advance.

[0377] FIG. 17 illustrates a case in which a mid-ample according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted before the start of a half slot.

[0378] That is, the method illustrated in Fig. 17 is a process of recognizing the location of an OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted in an AmIoT device using midamble transmission.

[0379] Referring to FIG. 17, the AmIoT device can receive the PRDCH after recognizing the start point of the PRDCH through a signal for acquiring R2D timing (e.g., R2D timing acquisition signal, R-TAS), and the PRDCH may include an R2D data interval, a midamble interval, and a subsequent R2D data interval.

[0380] At this time, as illustrated in FIG. 17, when the reader transmits a midamble for the OFDM symbol(s) transmitted before the half-slot start, the AmIoT device can recognize that the next OFDM symbol received after receiving the midamble is an OFDM symbol containing a long CP. Accordingly, the AmIoT device can assume that a long CP has been inserted for the next OFDM symbol and perform an operation according to a pre-instructed or set CP processing method.

[0381] According to one embodiment, an AmIoT device can perform accurate CP removal even for OFDM symbols with inserted long CPs by removing CP samples for (N+A) samples, which are the sum of N samples corresponding to the duration of the existing standard CP and A, which corresponds to the difference in the number of samples between the long CP and the standard CP.

[0382] Referring to the chip structure illustrated in FIG. 17, parameter M represents the number of OOK chips included within one OFDM symbol, and parameter m represents the index of the OOK chip. As illustrated, the (N-1)th OFDM symbol includes a midamble, and the Nth OFDM symbol includes R2D data with a long CP inserted, so that the long CP position can be clearly distinguished based on the midamble.

[0383] Accordingly, according to the midamble-based support method as illustrated in Fig. 17, long CPs and normal CPs can be effectively distinguished even in AmIoT devices using a sample counting-based CP removal method, and unintended edge generation problems that may occur due to long CPs can be mitigated or prevented.

[0384] Additionally or alternatively, the reader can also support AmIoT devices by transmitting midambles after the half-slot boundary, that is, from OFDM symbols with a long CP inserted.

[0385] FIG. 18 illustrates a case in which a mid-ample according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted after the start of a half slot.

[0386] Referring to FIG. 18, the AmIoT device can receive the PRDCH after recognizing the start point of the PRDCH through a signal for acquiring R2D timing (e.g., R2D timing acquisition signal, R-TAS), and the PRDCH may include an R2D data interval, a midamble interval, and a subsequent R2D data interval. At this time, the half-slot boundary is located between the R2D data interval and the midamble interval, and an OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted relative to the half-slot boundary may be transmitted.

[0387] Referring to the chip structure illustrated in FIG. 18, the (N-1)th OFDM symbol contains R2D data, and the next Nth OFDM symbol contains a midamble, and a long CP may be inserted at the beginning of the Nth OFDM symbol. That is, the midamble may be configured to be transmitted within the same OFDM symbol as the OFDM symbol in which the long CP is inserted.

[0388] In this configuration, the AmIoT device can recognize that the OFDM symbol contains a long CP by receiving an OFDM symbol in which a midamble has been transmitted. Accordingly, the AmIoT device assumes that a long CP has been inserted into the OFDM symbol and can perform an operation according to a pre-instructed or configured CP handling technique.

[0389] Accordingly, according to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 18, even by transmitting the midamble after or within the same OFDM symbol in which the long CP is inserted, the AmIoT device can effectively recognize the location of the long CP, and thereby effectively resolve the problem of CP removal errors and unintended edge occurrences caused by the long CP.

[0390] In relation to Method 1-1, depending on the design method of the midamble, that is, whether the midamble is designed to be distinguishable from data, the AmIoT device may need to recognize in advance the transmission start point of the midamble from the reader in order to perform the operation method described above.

[0391] Specifically, if the midamble is designed in a form indistinguishable from data, the AmIoT device must know the transmission start point and transmission period of the midamble in advance, and based on this, can recognize the midamble and perform the long CP recognition and CP processing operations described above. On the other hand, if the midamble is designed to be clearly distinguishable from data, the AmIoT device can perform the operation method described above by directly recognizing the midamble from the received signal without separate signaling.

[0392] If the midamble is indistinguishable from the data, the transmission start point of the midamble may be indicated by at least one of the preamble, L1 / L2 R2D control information, or R2D data included in the signal for acquiring R2D timing (e.g., R2D timing acquisition signal, R-TAS). According to one embodiment, k OFDM symbol offsets relative to the start or end point of the R-TAS may be indicated or set through a combination of the preamble, L1 / L2 R2D control information, or R2D data. Here, k may have any one of the values ​​k = 0, 1, 2, ..., 7 based on, for example, a 15 kHz subcarrier interval (SCS).

[0393] In addition, to reduce the overhead caused by mid-ample transmission every 0.5ms or every 7 OFDM symbols based on a 15kHz SCS, the transmission period of the mid-ample or the time gap between mid-amples may be indicated or set as an additional parameter (e.g., parameter X).

[0394] FIG. 19 illustrates a process in which the start time and period of a mid-ampl according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are indicated or set through parameters.

[0395] Referring to FIG. 19, a structure is illustrated in which, after a signal for acquiring R2D timing (e.g., R2D timing acquisition signal, R-TAS) is transmitted, a mid-ample is transmitted with a constant time offset, and subsequently, the mid-ample is transmitted periodically based on a plurality of half-slot boundaries. At this time, the mid-ample may be transmitted to be located either before or after the half-slot boundary.

[0396] Specifically, the parameter k illustrated in FIG. 19 may represent a time offset from a reference point to the start of the first transmission of the midamble. The reference point may be the start or end point of the R-TAS, but is not limited thereto, and other reference points may be used depending on the system configuration. For example, the parameter k may be set to a value corresponding to 0 to 7 OFDM symbols based on a 15 kHz subcarrier interval (SCS), and may be expressed in combination with the chip unit as well as the OFDM symbol unit.

[0397] Additionally, the parameter X shown in FIG. 19 is a parameter that defines the transmission period of a midamble or the time interval between midambles, and can determine the interval between midambles transmitted continuously. According to one embodiment, the parameter X may be set to transmit a midamble every 0.5ms*X cycle, or it may be set to transmit a subsequent midamble after a time interval of 0.5ms*X following the transmission of the first midamble.

[0398] FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating, for convenience of explanation, an exemplary case in which a midamble is transmitted before the half-slot boundary. However, it is not limited thereto, and even in cases where a midamble is transmitted after the half-slot boundary, that is, after the start of the half-slot, the transmission start time and transmission period or time offset of the midamble can be indicated or set through the same method.

[0399] In addition, for convenience of explanation, FIG. 19 shows a time offset based on the end time or start time of the R-TAS (R2D timing acquisition signal) or the midamble, but is not limited thereto, and either the start time or end time of the R-TAS or the midamble can be used as the reference time.

[0400] Additionally, for convenience of explanation, FIG. 19 illustrates the case where R-TAS is aligned with the OFDM symbol boundary, but is not limited thereto, and the parameter k representing the time offset may be expressed through a combination of chip units and OFDM symbol units.

[0401] If midambles are designed to be distinguishable from data, AmIoT devices can directly differentiate whether a received signal is midambles or data without separate signaling. By omitting separate signaling in this way, signaling overhead can be reduced.

[0402] However, from the perspective of an AmIoT device that must periodically detect midambles, continuous midamble search for received signals may be required, which can lead to increased processing complexity and power consumption of the device. Therefore, even in such cases, the reader can reduce the computational complexity and power consumption of the AmIoT device by indicating or setting the start time or transmission period of the midamble through separate signaling, just as in cases where the midamble is indistinguishable from data.

[0403] Meanwhile, the method described above—for example, the method of transmitting a midamble to OFDM symbol(s) transmitted before or after the start of a half-slot—has been explained primarily for the sake of convenience of explanation as a case where the start or end time of the midamble coincides with the boundary of the OFDM symbol where a long CP is transmitted. However, this is not limited thereto, and the midamble may be transmitted in the form of a sequence that includes a long CP or surrounds a long CP. In other words, regardless of the midamble design method (e.g., when the midamble is configured in the form of a sequence containing a CP), the midamble-based long CP location recognition and CP processing support method described above can be applied in the same way.

[0404] (Method 1-2. Method for distinguishing between long CP and normal CP through violation pattern transmission)

[0405] In addition to the midamble-based method described in Method 1-1, this embodiment additionally proposes a method for distinguishing between long CP and normal CP using the transmission of a violation pattern.

[0406] Specifically, a violation pattern may refer to a pattern designed to intentionally violate predefined modulation schemes, line codes, or chip structure rules during R2D data transmission. For example, violation patterns may include OOK chip transition patterns not allowed in OOK-based R2D transmission, patterns violating Manchester code rules (e.g., Manchester line code), or predefined energy level / edge patterns. Since these violation patterns are defined not to occur during normal data transmission, AmIoT devices can reliably detect violation patterns through detection logic of relatively low complexity.

[0407] Specifically, in order to solve the problem of unintended edge occurrence that may occur due to long CP in an AmIoT device that removes CP based on sample counting, a method is proposed in which a reader transmits a violation pattern (or violation sequence) before or after the half-slot boundary, that is, before or after the OFDM symbol in which the long CP is transmitted, thereby indicating to the AmIoT device the location of the OFDM symbol in which the long CP is inserted.

[0408] For example, in the case of R2D transmission, signals can be transmitted and received using Manchester coding.

[0409] Since Manchester coding has the characteristic that the transmittable signal patterns are structurally limited, the method is characterized by defining patterns that cannot be normally transmitted in Manchester coding as violation patterns and using this to make the AmIoT device aware of the presence of a long CP. Accordingly, the AmIoT device can recognize that a long CP is being transmitted in the next OFDM symbol or in the corresponding OFDM symbol based on whether the violation pattern is received.

[0410] FIG. 20 illustrates a chip structure capable of transmitting via Manchester coding that can be applied to the present disclosure.

[0411] As illustrated in FIG. 20, Manchester coding, which is decoded according to ON / OFF states, that is, the transition of bits 1 / 0, has the characteristic that no more than three consecutive chips in the ON state or more than three consecutive chips in the OFF state occur regardless of what data is transmitted. In other words, since a state transition must exist within each bit interval or at the bit boundary in Manchester coding, the number of consecutive chips in the same state is structurally limited.

[0412] Accordingly, the present disclosure may define a pattern that cannot normally occur in Manchester coding-based R2D transmission as a violation pattern by utilizing the structural constraints of Manchester coding. According to one embodiment, the violation pattern may include a pattern comprising three or more consecutive ON chips or three or more consecutive OFF chips.

[0413] The following describes a specific method for a reader to support AmIoT devices in distinguishing between long CP and normal CP.

[0414] The reader may transmit OFDM symbol(s) transmitted before or after the start of a half-slot boundary, including a violation pattern. The violation pattern may be generated by utilizing the characteristics of Manchester coding used as a baseline in R2D transmission and may be defined as a pattern that does not occur in normal R2D data transmission.

[0415] FIG. 21 illustrates a case in which a violation pattern according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted before the start of a half slot. FIG. 22 also illustrates a case in which a violation pattern according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is transmitted after the start of a half slot.

[0416] As illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 22, the violation pattern may be transmitted before or after the start of the half-slot boundary, similar to the midamble in Method 1-1. In this case, if the violation pattern is transmitted before the start of the half-slot boundary, the AmIoT device may assume that a long CP is transmitted in the next OFDM symbol after the violation pattern is transmitted and perform a pre-instructed or set CP processing operation. On the other hand, if the violation pattern is transmitted after the start of the half-slot boundary, the AmIoT device may assume that a long CP is transmitted in the corresponding OFDM symbol containing the violation pattern and perform the CP processing operation.

[0417] Accordingly, while maintaining a sample counting-based CP removal method, the AmIoT device can remove CP samples by considering a different number of samples than a standard CP for OFDM symbols with long CPs inserted, and can effectively mitigate unintended edge problems that may occur due to long CPs.

[0418] In the examples of FIGS. 21 and 22, the descriptions in FIGS. 17 and 18 are identical or similar except that the midamble is replaced with a violation pattern, so redundant specific descriptions are omitted.

[0419] As described above, when using Manchester coding, three or more consecutive on / off chips, as described in FIG. 20, do not occur when transmitting any data. Therefore, by the reader transmitting Y consecutive (e.g., 3) on / off chips, the AmIoT device can recognize that the corresponding OFDM symbol(s) were transmitted as a violation pattern rather than as data.

[0420] In this case, parameter Y can be defined according to the starting chip index of the Manchester codeword.

[0421] In the present disclosure, "Manchester codeword" may refer to a signal unit composed of two chips generated in correspondence with one data bit by Manchester coding (or Manchester encoding), which is one of the line coding (or line encoding) methods.

[0422] According to one embodiment, Y may be set to 4 when the Manchester codeword transmission starts at an even-numbered chip index, and Y may be set to 3 when the Manchester codeword transmission starts at an odd-numbered chip index. Such parameter Y may be indicated by a reader or set in advance on the AmIoT device.

[0423] An AmIoT device that receives a violation pattern defined as above may assume that the next OFDM symbol transmitted after the violation pattern is an OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted, and may perform an operation according to a pre-instructed or set CP processing method. According to one embodiment, the AmIoT device may perform appropriate CP removal for an OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted by removing CP samples for (N+A) samples, which are the sum of N samples corresponding to the duration of the existing standard CP and A corresponding to the difference in the number of samples between the long CP and the standard CP.

[0424] According to another embodiment, an AmIoT device may transmit R2D transmissions composed of Manchester codewords sequentially over multiple OFDM symbols to handle unintended edges caused by CP. For example, if the Manchester codewords are configured to start at odd-numbered chip indices (e.g., chip indices 0, 1, 2, ..., M-1), the last chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol and the first chip of the nth OFDM symbol form a single Manchester codeword.

[0425] In such a configuration, the AmIoT device can recognize violation patterns formed not only before and after the CP, but also in the section containing or surrounding the CP. Specifically, the AmIoT device can recognize a violation pattern if, after identifying a section consisting of {the last chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol + CP + the first chip of the nth OFDM symbol}, the state of the last chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol and the state of the first chip of the nth OFDM symbol are identical after the removal of the CP, that is, if a consecutive ON state chip or a consecutive OFF state chip corresponding to Y=2 is detected.

[0426] Accordingly, the AmIoT device can determine that the CP of the n-th OFDM symbol was transmitted or received as a long CP by detecting the corresponding violation pattern, and based on this, can stably perform subsequent CP processing and OOK detection operations.

[0427] The aforementioned long CP recognition method based on violation patterns is not limited to Manchester coding and can be similarly applied even when using Pulse Interval Encoding (PIE). According to one embodiment, it can be assumed that in PIE, bits '0' and '1' are represented by codewords such as 'ON-OFF' and 'ON-ON-ON-OFF', respectively. According to such a PIE codeword structure, it has a structural feature in that two or more consecutive chips in an OFF state cannot be transmitted during a normal data transmission process.

[0428] Accordingly, the present disclosure can define a pattern including Y consecutive OFF chips as a PIE-based violation pattern by utilizing the structural constraints of PIE. For example, when Y is 2, a violation pattern that cannot occur in normal PIE data transmission can be generated by transmitting 2 consecutive OFF chips.

[0429] In this case, parameter Y can be defined according to the starting chip index of the PIE codeword. For example, if the PIE codeword transmission starts at an even-numbered chip index, Y can be set to 2, and if the PIE codeword transmission starts at an odd-numbered chip index, Y can be set to 3. Parameter Y can be indicated by the reader or set in advance on the AmIoT device.

[0430] An AmIoT device that receives a PIE-based violation pattern defined in this way can assume that the next OFDM symbol transmitted after the violation pattern is an OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted, and perform an action according to a pre-instructed or set CP processing method. Accordingly, the AmIoT device can effectively mitigate CP removal errors and unintended edge issues that may occur due to long CPs while maintaining a sample counting-based CP removal method.

[0431] According to the method for violation patterns, since the AmIoT device can directly recognize the violation pattern from the received signal, it may not be necessary to explicitly instruct or set the start time of transmission of the violation pattern through separate signaling. However, considering signaling overhead, the transmission period of the violation pattern or the time offset from the first violation pattern to the subsequent violation pattern may be instructed or set to the AmIoT device by the reader.

[0432] Specifically, information regarding the transmission period or time offset of a violation pattern may be transmitted to an AmIoT device through at least one of a preamble included in a signal for acquiring R2D timing (e.g., R2D timing acquisition signal, R-TAS), L1 / L2 R2D control information, or R2D data. According to one embodiment, using an additional parameter X, it may be instructed to transmit a violation pattern every 0.5ms*X periods, or to instruct or set to transmit a subsequent violation pattern after a time interval of 0.5ms*X following the transmission of the first violation pattern.

[0433] FIG. 23 illustrates a process in which the start time and period of a violation pattern according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are indicated or set through parameters.

[0434] FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating, for convenience of explanation, an exemplary case in which a violation pattern is transmitted before the half-slot boundary. However, it is not limited thereto, and even in cases where a violation pattern is transmitted after the half-slot boundary, that is, after the start of the half-slot, the transmission start time and transmission period or time offset of the violation pattern can be indicated or set through the same method.

[0435] In addition, for convenience of explanation, FIG. 23 shows a time offset based on the end time or start time of the R-TAS or violation pattern, but is not limited thereto, and either the start time or end time of the R-TAS or violation pattern may be used as the reference time.

[0436] In addition, Figure 23 illustrates a case where R-TAS is aligned with the OFDM symbol boundary for convenience of explanation, but is not limited thereto, and the parameter k representing the time offset is not limited to the OFDM symbol unit and may be expressed as a time offset in the chip unit.

[0437] Methods 1-1 and 1-2 described in this embodiment may be applied optionally or not depending on specific conditions (e.g., system conditions, transmission environment). For example, if the chip duration indicated by R-TAS (e.g., the value of parameter M in the OOK-4 waveform) is greater than a specific threshold (e.g., 32), unintended edge issues may occur due to a long CP. In such cases, the reader and AmIoT device may apply Method 1-1 and / or Method 1-2.

[0438] On the other hand, if it is determined that unintended edge problems caused by a long CP do not occur, such as when the value of the parameter M is relatively small, the reader and AmIoT device may not apply Method 1-1 and / or Method 1-2. That is, the aforementioned methods may be implemented as conditional operations that are selectively activated only when system performance degradation is expected.

[0439] According to another embodiment, the reader may directly instruct or set whether to apply Method 1-1 and / or Method 1-2 to the AmIoT device through upper layer signaling (e.g., L1 or L2 control information). Accordingly, the device may determine whether to apply the methods based on pre-set parameters or received control information.

[0440] Additionally, whenever the above-described half-slot, i.e., an OFDM symbol with a long CP inserted, is transmitted, the presence of the long CP may be indicated to the AmIoT device by the methods described above. However, for the sake of convenience of explanation, the methods are described based on the half-slot in which the long CP is inserted in the NR system, but are not limited thereto.

[0441] For example, the methods described above can be applied in the same or similar manner at the beginning of an OFDM symbol where the CP length changes differently from a long CP, or at the end of an OFDM symbol located prior to that OFDM symbol. Accordingly, in various OFDM symbol boundary environments where CP length changes, unintended edge issues of AmIoT devices using a sample counting-based CP removal method can be effectively mitigated.

[0442] Example 2

[0443] In this embodiment, the present invention relates to a receiving method of an AmIoT device that removes CP based on a method of removing CP of a certain CP length for all OFDM symbols in a situation where high-speed R2D transmission is performed (e.g., related to Alternative 1-1 of the aforementioned Method 1).

[0444] In the case of R2D transmission, transmission can be performed using Manchester coding (e.g., Manchester line code). However, in an AmIoT device that cannot remove CP, or even if an AmIoT device can remove CP, unintended edges (e.g., virtual transitions unrelated to actual data transitions) may occur in a (high-speed) R2D transmission environment depending on the state of the last chip of the (N-1)th OFDM symbol, the CP interval of the Nth OFDM symbol, and the first chip. That is, when signal components included in the CP interval and the signal state at the beginning of the symbol are continuously observed near the OFDM symbol boundary, a problem may arise where the receiving side misdetects a rising edge or a falling edge.

[0445] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a Manchester line code can be applied to avoid situations where unintended edges such as the above occur.

[0446] FIG. 24 illustrates a method of utilizing Manchester coding to solve unintended edge problems that can be applied to the present disclosure.

[0447] Referring to FIG. 24, the first codeword corresponding to the Nth OFDM symbol can be configured not to be initiated independently at the starting point of the Nth OFDM symbol, but to be initiated continuously from the last chip of the (N-1)th OFDM symbol. In other words, by arranging the Manchester codewords continuously "across" the OFDM symbol boundary (e.g., by traversing the OFDM symbol), the possibility of unintended edges caused by the CP interval of the symbol boundary and the symbol start chip state can be reduced.

[0448] The problem of unintended edges occurring in low-speed R2D transmission can be solved based on the aforementioned conventional CP processing method and the method illustrated in FIG. 24. However, in high-speed R2D transmission, since the CP section may be configured to include a number of OOK chips, it is difficult to prevent the occurrence of unintended edges using the conventional CP processing method and the method illustrated in FIG. 24.

[0449] For example, as shown in FIG. 16, even when CP is removed by utilizing a method of removing CP of a certain length for all OFDM symbols (e.g., related to Alternative 1-1 of Method 1 described above), unintended edges may occur when a timing error (e.g., a timing error caused by a preamble or SFO (sampling frequency offset)) occurs. The occurrence of such edges may lead to errors in bit boundary determination during the operation of an AmIoT device that decodes OOK bits using sample counting, and as a result, the decoding of OOK bits may not be performed smoothly.

[0450] In the following, to solve the aforementioned problem of unintended edge occurrence, we propose methods of operation performed by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission environment.

[0451] Specifically, in a situation where signals are transmitted and received by utilizing Manchester coding in R2D transmission while processing CP (e.g., sending codewords via OFDM symbols as shown in Fig. 24), a CP processing method is proposed to enable an AmIoT device to smoothly receive high-speed R2D transmission.

[0452] (Method 2-1. Method of removing the existing CP interval by preceding X samples)

[0453] A method may be considered in which a CP is assumed and removed for a CP interval (e.g., 9 samples for a standard CP when the sampling rate is 1.92 MHz) starting from a sample that has been advanced by X samples from the timing detected by the AmIoT device. In other words, this may be a method of advancing the timing of the received signal by a certain number of samples (e.g., X samples) and then removing samples corresponding to a previously defined CP interval.

[0454] By advancing the reference timing by X samples at the time of reception, the sample alignment corresponding to the actual valid symbol interval is corrected, and subsequently, by removing the interval corresponding to the existing CP length, the effect of reducing the influence of timing errors near the symbol boundary is achieved.

[0455] FIG. 25 illustrates an example of a method for processing CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0456] Referring to Fig. 25(a), 'Ideal CP removal' represents an ideal case in which CP removal is performed by applying the above-described method 2-1 based on the exact sample location of the CP. That is, it corresponds to a situation in which the AmIoT device accurately recognizes the start and end times of the CP and removes the CP segment by advancing X samples from the reference timing.

[0457] Additionally, referring to Fig. 25(b), 'Advanced CP removal' indicates a situation where the AmIoT device detects a CP at a point in time that precedes the accurate sample location of the CP due to a timing error (e.g., a timing error caused by a preamble or SFO). In this case, although the reference point for CP removal itself is ahead of the actual CP location, CP removal is performed by advancing X samples in the same manner according to Method 2-1.

[0458] Additionally, referring to Fig. 25 (c), 'Delayed CP removal' indicates a situation where the AmIoT device detects a CP at a time delayed from the accurate sample location of the CP due to the timing error described above. Even in this case, although the reference time for CP removal is delayed from the actual CP location, CP removal is performed X samples ahead of the reference time by applying Method 2-1.

[0459] As shown in FIG. 25, in any case of ideal CP removal, advanced CP removal, or delayed CP removal, if Method 2-1 is applied to always remove the CP after adjusting by X samples, it can be confirmed that no unintended edges occur. That is, even if there is an error at the time of CP detection, if the CP is removed by a fixed number of samples (e.g., X) in advance, unintended edge misdetection at the OOK chip boundary can be effectively prevented.

[0460] Here, X can be set to the number of samples corresponding to the CP interval for unintended edges, for example, the number of samples excluding the two OOK chips defined by OOK modulation within the CP interval. Additionally, X can be indicated or set by higher layer signaling (e.g., L1 or L2 control information) from a base station or reader, or can be set to a value predefined by the device implementation or specification.

[0461] When a PRDCH is received, the PRDCH may be transmitted and received over an NR OFDM half-slot boundary (e.g., an OFDM symbol with a long CP applied). In this case, the length of the CP may be longer than that of a standard CP in an OFDM symbol with a long CP (e.g., consisting of 10 samples when the sampling rate is 1.92 MHz). As a result, the PRDCH is transmitted and received a length greater than that of a standard CP by A sample, where A is a value determined by the sampling rate, for example, A=1 when the sampling rate is 1.92 MHz, and A=2 when the sampling rate is 3.84 MHz.

[0462] Accordingly, an AmIoT device receiving PRDCH can detect the timing of PRDCH as being advanced by A samples due to the presence of a long CP at each half-slot boundary. Meanwhile, when an AmIoT device processes a CP in high-speed R2D transmission according to Method 2-1, it processes the received signal by X samples in advance to remove the CP, but if a long CP exists, the effect of being advanced by (X+A) samples results.

[0463] At this time, a device that does not recognize an OFDM symbol in which a long CP is transmitted or received may be configured to apply the CP processing method of Method 2-1, i.e., removing the CP by X samples ahead, for only B ms or C OFDM symbols, and for the remaining OFDM symbols, to remove the CP after leading by (XA) samples by adjusting the number of leading samples. Here, B and C may be set to 0.5 ms and 7 OFDM symbols, respectively, similar to an NR system, but are not limited thereto. Additionally, X and A may be the same value, may be values ​​indicated or set by a base station or reader, or may be set differently according to a predefined value.

[0464] As described above, in a situation where the AmIoT device does not know the OFDM symbol in which a long CP is transmitted or received, the CP can be processed by applying Method 2-1 to the interval before B ms or C OFDM symbols (e.g., B=0.5, C=7), and the CP can be processed by changing the number of preceding samples (e.g., preceding by XA samples) for the interval after.

[0465] An AmIoT device can perform CP processing by removing the CP after advancing the start point of a CP interval by X samples based on a CP interval detected or determined from a received signal (e.g., a CP interval corresponding to Y samples). While this CP processing method can basically be applied equally to all OFDM symbols, since a long CP is applied to OFDM symbols corresponding to half-slot boundaries in the NR OFDM structure, additional correction may be required for the timing of the corresponding OFDM symbol. In this regard, the AmIoT device may selectively apply at least one of the following CP processing methods (hereinafter referred to as Method A, Method B, and Method C) at intervals of 0.5 ms or 7 OFDM symbols corresponding to the timing of the OFDM symbol where the long CP is applied.

[0466] - Method A: A method of removing CP intervals (e.g., CP intervals corresponding to Y samples) by going ahead by (X+A) samples.

[0467] - Method B: A method of removing CP intervals by going ahead by X samples (e.g., CP intervals corresponding to (Y+D) samples).

[0468] - Method C: A method of removing CP intervals (e.g., CP intervals corresponding to (Y+B) samples) by going ahead by (X+A) samples.

[0469] First, Method A may be a method similar to Method 2-1 in that it advances by (X+A) samples based on the CP timing detected by the AmIoT device, and then removes the CP by assuming a normal CP interval (e.g., Y samples).

[0470] FIG. 26 illustrates another example of a method for handling a long CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0471] Referring to Fig. 26, the method can be configured to remove a CP section of length corresponding to a normal CP by assuming it to be a CP starting from a point (X+A) samples ahead of the exact CP removal point (e.g., the case of ideal CP removal). That is, unlike the CP processing method of Method 2-1, Method A differs in that it removes the CP by (X+A) samples ahead, rather than by X samples ahead, for CP removal.

[0472] In this case, the value of A can be defined as the difference between the number of samples corresponding to a long CP and the number of samples corresponding to a standard CP. Additionally, the value of A may be predefined according to the system design, or it may be indicated or set by a base station or reader via physical layer or upper layer signaling (e.g., L1 or L2 control information).

[0473] Next, Method B is a method of removing a CP interval (e.g., a CP interval corresponding to (Y+D) samples) by X samples in advance, wherein the CP is removed at the timing detected by the AmIoT device, and the CP interval is removed by assuming a length including D samples in addition to the existing CP interval.

[0474] FIG. 27 illustrates another example of a method for handling a long CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0475] Referring to FIG. 27, based on the exact CP removal time (e.g., in the case of ideal CP removal), the AmIoT device can be configured to remove the CP by assuming a length of the CP section to which D samples are added to the section corresponding to the general CP. That is, Method B is characterized in that it performs CP processing for OFDM symbols to which long CPs are applied by extending the length of the CP section to be removed while maintaining the number of samples that advance the CP removal time to X.

[0476] In this case, parameter D can be defined as the difference between the number of samples corresponding to a long CP and the number of samples corresponding to a normal CP, similar to parameter A in method A. Additionally, the value of D can be predefined according to the system design, or it may be indicated or set by a base station or reader via physical layer or upper layer signaling (e.g., L1 or L2 control information).

[0477] Next, Method C is a method of removing CP intervals (e.g., corresponding to (Y+D) samples) in advance by (X+A) samples, and may be a method in which the AmIoT device performs CP processing for long CPs by combining Method A and Method B. That is, Method C may be a method that simultaneously applies a correction that advances the timing of CP removal and a correction that extends the length of the CP interval to be removed.

[0478] FIG. 28 illustrates another example of a method for handling a long CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0479] Referring to FIG. 28, in Method C, similar to Methods A and B, the AmIoT device is configured to remove the CP interval corresponding to (Y+D) samples starting from a point in time that precedes (X+A) samples based on the timing detected by the device itself. Through this, CP processing that considers both the CP removal time and the removal interval length becomes possible even for OFDM symbols to which a long CP is applied.

[0480] Here, parameters A and D can be defined as the difference between the number of samples corresponding to a long CP and the number of samples corresponding to a normal CP, respectively. Additionally, parameters A and D may be predefined according to the system design, or they may be instructed or set by a base station or reader via physical layer or upper layer signaling (e.g., L1 or L2 control information).

[0481] (Method 2-2. Method to remove CP by assuming a CP interval of [existing CP interval + Z] samples)

[0482] In addition, according to another embodiment, a method for performing CP removal can be applied by assuming a length including an additional margin (e.g., Z samples) to the existing CP interval, i.e., (existing CP interval + Z) samples, as the CP interval. In this case, even if the CP boundary is affected by a preamble-based synchronization error or a sampling frequency offset (SFO), the possibility of unintended edges occurring can be reduced by absorbing uncertainty at the beginning of the symbol through the extended CP removal interval.

[0483] Method 2-2 is a method that removes CP based on timing detected by the AmIoT device itself, similar to the existing CP removal method, but removes CP for more sample intervals than the existing CP interval (e.g., sample Y in Fig. 25).

[0484] FIG. 29 illustrates another example of a method for processing CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0485] Referring to FIG. 29, Method 2-2 is configured to assume a section corresponding to (Y+Z) samples as a CP section and to remove the entire section. In particular, this method can be distinguished from Method 2-1, which advances or delays the timing of CP removal, in that, in a situation where the exact timing of CP removal is known, i.e., at the ideal CP removal time, CP is removed for (Y+Z) samples at the exact timing without separate timing correction.

[0486] In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 29, when applying Method 2-2, it can be confirmed that unintended edges caused by CP do not occur in all cases of various situations that may arise due to timing errors, such as ideal CP removal, preceding CP removal, or delayed CP removal. That is, by extending the CP removal interval, the possibility of false detection at the CP boundary can be effectively suppressed.

[0487] In this case, parameter Z can be defined as the number of samples remaining after excluding two OOK chips within the CP interval, similar to parameter X in Method 2-1, which can cause unintended edges. Additionally, the Z value may be indicated or set through physical layer or upper layer signaling (e.g., L1 or L2 control information) of the base station or reader, or it may be set to a predefined value according to the terminal implementation method or specifications.

[0488] FIG. 29 illustrates an example of a case in which Z samples added after Y samples detected as CP are assumed to be CP, based on the CP removal structure illustrated in Method 2-1 (e.g., see FIG. 25) for convenience of explanation. However, this is not limited thereto, and the Z samples may be samples located in front of the Y samples detected as CP.

[0489] FIG. 30 illustrates another example of a method for processing CP by an AmIoT device in a high-speed R2D transmission situation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0490] The example illustrated in FIG. 30 is for a case where Z additional samples are included in front of Y samples detected as CP by applying Method 2-2 as described above. That is, FIG. 30 illustrates a configuration in which Z additional samples are included in the preceding section of the section detected as CP, thereby assuming (Y+Z) samples as the CP section and removing them.

[0491] As illustrated in FIGS. 29 and 30, when applying Method 2-2, it can be confirmed that no unintended edges occur at the CP boundary, not only when the CP removal timing is ideal, but also when the CP removal timing is advanced or delayed. In other words, by extending the interval assumed to be the CP, false detection of the CP boundary due to timing errors can be effectively prevented.

[0492] In the aforementioned FIGS. 25 to 30, parameter m represents a chip index within one OFDM symbol, parameter M represents the number of transmittable OOK chips within one OFDM symbol, and CW may represent a Manchester coding-based codeword.

[0493] Example 3

[0494] In this embodiment, a CP processing method supported by a base station or reader is proposed to enable smooth reception of high-speed R2D transmission at an AmIoT device in a situation where signals are transmitted and received using a method that processes CP and utilizes Manchester coding in R2D transmission (e.g., a method of sending codewords via OFDM symbols).

[0495] Specifically, a method may be applied in which the base station or reader uses the same codeword as the first and last codeword within the OFDM symbol so that the AmIoT device can smoothly receive high-speed R2D transmission.

[0496] In PRDCH using Manchester coding, when multiple OOK chips (e.g., M OOK chips) exist within a single OFDM symbol, the number of codewords that can be included is M / 2. This is because, when applying Manchester coding, one codeword, or unit of information, is represented as a transition relationship between two OOK chips. Based on this, the proposed method corresponds to a method that makes the first codeword and the M / 2th codeword identical.

[0497] For example, if the first codeword within an OFDM symbol consists of two chips of 'OFF' and 'ON', a base station or reader may transmit the last codeword, the M / 2 codeword, by also consisting of two chips of 'OFF' and 'ON'. In this case, the receiving AmIoT device may perform a receiving operation for the corresponding OFDM symbol by assuming that the first codeword and the M / 2 codeword are identical. Conversely, if the first codeword is 'ON-OFF', the last codeword may be transmitted or received as 'ON-OFF'.

[0498] As described above, in order to prevent unintended edge occurrence, a method in which Manchester codewords are transmitted and received through OFDM symbols as shown in FIG. 24 may be applied. When this method is applied, the first codeword of the Nth OFDM symbol may extend from the last chip of the (N-1)th OFDM symbol to the first chip of the Nth OFDM symbol.

[0499] However, when high-speed R2D transmission is performed, unintended edges may occur due to timing errors even if CP is removed. Here, such timing errors may be caused by preambles or sampling frequency offsets (SFOs). That is, even if Manchester coding-based codewords are transmitted via OFDM symbols, in a high-speed R2D transmission environment, removing CP alone is not sufficient to offset the effects of timing errors, and as a result, unintended edges may occur.

[0500] To solve the aforementioned problem, the proposed method of the present embodiment may be used.

[0501] FIG. 31 illustrates a CP processing method based on a Manchester codeword configuration according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0502] Referring to FIG. 31, it can be seen that no unintended edges occur when the proposed method of this embodiment is applied, even in any situation where ideal timing, advanced timing, or delayed timing detection occurs due to timing errors. That is, according to the proposed method, edge detection errors can be prevented regardless of whether there is a deviation in timing for CP removal.

[0503] In FIG. 31, parameter m represents the chip index within one OFDM symbol, M represents the number of transmittable OOK chips within one OFDM symbol, and CW represents a codeword (e.g., Manchester codeword).

[0504] Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 31, the transmission of the first codeword (CW#0) of the Nth OFDM symbol begins from the last chip of the (N-1)th OFDM symbol, i.e., the chip index m=M-1, and the codeword is transmitted continuously up to the first chip of the Nth OFDM symbol, i.e., the chip index m=0. In other words, a single codeword is transmitted across the OFDM symbol boundary.

[0505] Additionally, the last codeword of the Nth OFDM symbol, namely CW#(M / 2-1), is transmitted including the third-to-last chip (m=M-3) and the second-to-last chip (m=M-2) of the Nth OFDM symbol. According to this transmission structure, a total of M / 2 codewords are mapped within a single OFDM symbol.

[0506] For example, when M is 32, the first Manchester codeword CW#0 and the last Manchester codeword CW#15 of the Nth OFDM symbol are configured to use the same Manchester codeword. As such, according to the proposed method, as illustrated in FIG. 31, by transmitting and receiving the first Manchester codeword and the last Manchester codeword of the Nth OFDM symbol as the same codeword, unintended edge problems that may occur at the OFDM symbol boundary can be effectively resolved. This may be because, as the first and last Manchester codewords of the OFDM symbol are configured identically, the received Manchester pattern is the same even if the CP removal timing is preceded or delayed.

[0507] The proposed method is applicable regardless of whether there is a distinction between a standard CP and a long CP, and as previously explained, no unintended edge occurs in any case. Accordingly, AmIoT devices can reliably receive high-speed R2D transmissions.

[0508] The proposed method(s) of the present disclosure may not be applied uniformly in all situations, and may be applied or not applied selectively depending on system conditions or situations. For example, if the chip duration of the PRDCH indicated by R-TAS, i.e., the value of M in the OOK-4 waveform, is greater than a certain threshold value, for instance, if M is set to 32 or higher and there is a possibility of unintended edge problems caused by CP, the reader and device may be configured to apply one or more of the CP processing methods described above.

[0509] Otherwise (e.g., when the chip duration of the PRDCH is relatively short and no unintended edge problems due to CP occur), the reader and device may be configured not to apply the CP processing methods described above. That is, whether or not to apply the proposed methods of the present disclosure may be determined based on whether there is a possibility of false detection due to CP.

[0510] In addition, separate from the above-mentioned condition determination, the reader may directly instruct or set whether to apply the CP processing methods described above to the device through physical layer or upper layer signaling (e.g., L1 or L2 control information). Accordingly, the device may operate to apply or not apply the proposed methods of the present disclosure based on the instruction from the reader.

[0511] In addition, although the proposed method(s) in this disclosure are described using Manchester coding (or Manchester encoding), which is one of the line coding (or line encoding) methods, as a representative example, they can be extended and applied even when other coding methods having a structure similar to Manchester coding are utilized.

[0512] FIGS. 32 and 33 illustrate the operation of a device and a reader (or base station, etc.) in relation to a method for performing R2D transmission and reception (e.g., high-speed R2D transmission and reception) according to the embodiments of the present disclosure described above.

[0513] FIG. 32 illustrates the operation of a device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0514] Referring to FIG. 32, the device can receive a signal (e.g., R-TAS) from a reader for obtaining timing related to R2D reception (S3210).

[0515] Based on the reception of the signal, the device can receive PRDCH from the reader (S3220).

[0516] In this regard, the corresponding PRDCH can be received via OFDM symbols. For example, the corresponding OFDM symbols can be configured to include multiple chips.

[0517] According to the present disclosure, the OFDM symbol is configured to include a plurality of chips, and each codeword associated with the OFDM symbol may be configured based on two chips (e.g., a codeword based on Manchester coding). In this regard, the first codeword associated with the (n-1)th OFDM symbol may be configured based on the last chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol and the first chip of the nth OFDM symbol, and the last codeword associated with the nth OFDM symbol may be configured based on the third last chip of the nth OFDM symbol and the second last chip (e.g., a coding scheme as shown in FIG. 24).

[0518] In this case, based on predefined conditions or instructions by the reader, the first and last codewords associated with the corresponding OFDM symbol may be identical. That is, the first and last codewords transmitted in correspondence with the corresponding OFDM symbol may be set to the same codeword.

[0519] For example, the predefined condition may include cases where the number of chips included in the OFDM symbol is greater than or equal to a certain value (e.g., a value exceeding 24, 32, etc.).

[0520] For example, the corresponding instruction by the reader can be performed through layer 1 control information or layer 2 control information for PRDCH.

[0521] Additionally, according to the present disclosure, based on the fact that the m-th OFDM symbol to which PRDCH is received contains a cyclic prefix (CP) having a long length (e.g., a long CP), pattern information or sequence information indicating the presence of said CP may be transmitted before or after said m-th OFDM symbol (e.g., see the method of Example 1).

[0522] In this regard, when a coding technique for generating codewords based on ON chips and OFF chips is applied to PRDCH, the pattern information may be generated by three or more consecutive ON chips or three or more consecutive OFF chips (e.g., the aforementioned violation pattern). Additionally, based on the reception of pattern information or sequence information, the device may perform an operation according to a CP processing technique set or directed for the corresponding CP (e.g., long CP) for the corresponding m-th OFDM symbol.

[0523] The method described in the example of FIG. 32 can be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3. That is, the device of FIG. 32 can be implemented as the wireless device (200). For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 can be configured to receive a signal for obtaining timing related to R2D reception and to receive PRDCH based on the reception of said signal.

[0524] Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 32 or the examples described above when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0525] FIG. 33 illustrates the operation of a reader according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0526] Referring to FIG. 33, the reader can transmit a signal (e.g., R-TAS) for acquiring timing related to the R2D transmission to the device (S3310).

[0527] The reader can transmit a PRDCH related to timing based on the signal to the device (S3320).

[0528] In this regard, the corresponding PRDCH can be received via OFDM symbols. For example, the corresponding OFDM symbols can be configured to include multiple chips.

[0529] According to the present disclosure, the OFDM symbol is configured to include a plurality of chips, and each codeword associated with the OFDM symbol may be configured based on two chips (e.g., a codeword based on Manchester coding). In this regard, the first codeword associated with the (n-1)th OFDM symbol may be configured based on the last chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol and the first chip of the nth OFDM symbol, and the last codeword associated with the nth OFDM symbol may be configured based on the third last chip of the nth OFDM symbol and the second last chip (e.g., a coding scheme as shown in FIG. 24).

[0530] In this case, based on predefined conditions or instructions by the reader, the first and last codewords associated with the corresponding OFDM symbol can be configured to be identical. That is, the first and last codewords transmitted in correspondence with the corresponding OFDM symbol can be set to the same codeword.

[0531] For example, the predefined condition may include cases where the number of chips included in the OFDM symbol is greater than or equal to a certain value (e.g., a value exceeding 24, 32, etc.).

[0532] For example, the corresponding instruction by the reader can be performed through layer 1 control information or layer 2 control information for PRDCH.

[0533] Additionally, according to the present disclosure, based on the fact that the m-th OFDM symbol to which PRDCH is received contains a cyclic prefix (CP) having a long length (e.g., a long CP), pattern information or sequence information indicating the presence of said CP may be transmitted before or after said m-th OFDM symbol (e.g., see the method of Example 1).

[0534] In this regard, when a coding technique for generating codewords based on on-chip and off-chip is applied to PRDCH, the pattern information may be generated as three or more consecutive on-chips or three or more consecutive off-chips (e.g., the aforementioned violation pattern).

[0535] The method described in the example of FIG. 33 can be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3. That is, the reader of FIG. 33 can be implemented as the wireless device (200). For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 can be configured to transmit a signal for acquiring timing related to R2D transmission and to transmit a PRDCH related to timing based on said signal.

[0536] Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 33 or the examples described above when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0537] The embodiments described above are combinations of the components and features of the present disclosure in a specific form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless otherwise explicitly stated. Each component or feature may be implemented in a form not combined with other components or features. Additionally, it is possible to construct embodiments of the present disclosure by combining some components and / or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment, or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is obvious that embodiments may be constructed by combining claims that are not explicitly related in the claims, or that they may be included as new claims by amendment after filing.

[0538] It is obvious to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential features of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the detailed description set forth above should not be interpreted restrictively in all respects and should be considered exemplary. The scope of the present disclosure shall be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the equivalent scope of the present disclosure are included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0539] The scope of the present disclosure includes software or machine-executable instructions (e.g., operating systems, applications, firmware, programs, etc.) that enable operations according to the methods of various embodiments to be executed on a device or computer, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium on which such software or instructions, etc. are stored and executable on a device or computer. Instructions that may be used to program a processing system to perform the features described in the present disclosure may be stored on or within a storage medium or a computer-readable storage medium, and the features described in the present disclosure may be implemented using a computer program product comprising such a storage medium. The storage medium may include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid-state memory devices, and may include non-volatile memory such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state storage devices. The memory may optionally include one or more storage devices located remotely from the processor(s). Memory or alternatively, non-volatile memory device(s) within memory comprises a non-transient computer-readable storage medium. The features described in this disclosure may be stored in any one of the machine-readable media and integrated into software and / or firmware that can control the hardware of a processing system and allow the processing system to interact with other mechanisms utilizing results according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments / containers.

[0540] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication. In this case, for example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology and may be implemented according to standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, but is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally, or generally, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. In this case, for example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally or generally, wireless communication technology implemented in the device (100, 200) of the present disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) for low-power communication, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. As an example, ZigBee technology may create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0541] Although the method proposed in this disclosure has been described with an example applied to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems, it is possible to apply it to various wireless communication systems in addition to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems.

Claims

1. Regarding the method, A step of receiving a signal from a reader for acquiring timing related to R2D (reader to device) reception by a device; and The above device includes the step of receiving a PRDCH (physical reader to device channel) from the reader based on the reception of the signal, The above PRDCH is received via OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) symbols, and A method characterized in that, based on a predefined condition or instructions by the reader, the first codeword and the last codeword associated with the OFDM symbol are identical to each other.

2. In Paragraph 1, The above OFDM symbol is configured to include a plurality of chips, and A method in which each codeword associated with the above OFDM symbol is configured based on two chips.

3. In Paragraph 2, The first codeword associated with the nth OFDM is constructed based on the last chip of the (n-1)th OFDM symbol and the first chip of the nth OFDM symbol, and A method in which the last codeword associated with the nth OFDM is constructed based on the third last chip and the second last chip of the nth OFDM symbol.

4. In Paragraph 1, The above OFDM symbol is configured to include a plurality of chips, and A method in which the above-mentioned predefined condition includes a case in which the number of chips included in the OFDM symbol is greater than or equal to a certain value.

5. In Paragraph 4, A method in which the above-mentioned fixed value is defined as a value exceeding 24.

6. In Paragraph 1, A method in which instructions by the above-mentioned reader are performed through layer 1 control information or layer 2 control information for the above-mentioned PRDCH.

7. In Paragraph 1, A method in which pattern information or sequence information indicating the presence of a CP (cyclic prefix) having a long length is transmitted before or after the m-th OFDM symbol, based on the fact that the m-th OFDM symbol in which the PRDCH is received contains a CP having a long length.

8. In Paragraph 7, A method in which, based on applying a coding technique for generating codewords based on ON chips and OFF chips to the above PRDCH, the pattern information is generated as three or more consecutive ON chips or three or more consecutive OFF chips.

9. In Paragraph 7, A method further comprising the step of, based on the reception of the pattern information or the sequence information, performing an operation according to a CP processing technique set or directed for the CP for the m-th OFDM symbol by the device.

10. In the device, One or more transceivers; and It includes one or more processors connected to the above one or more transmitters and receivers, and The above one or more processors are: A device receives a signal from a reader for acquiring timing related to R2D (reader to device) reception; The above device is configured to receive PRDCH (physical reader to device channel) from the reader based on the reception of the signal, The above PRDCH is received via OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) symbols, and A device characterized in that, based on a predefined condition or instructions by the reader, the first codeword and the last codeword associated with the OFDM symbol are identical to each other.

11. Regarding the method, A step of transmitting a signal to a device for acquiring timing related to R2D (reader to device) transmission by a reader; and The method includes the step of transmitting a PRDCH (physical reader to device channel) related to timing based on the signal to the device by the reader, The above PRDCH is transmitted via OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) symbols, and A method characterized in that, based on a predefined condition or instructions by the reader, the first codeword and the last codeword associated with the OFDM symbol are configured identically to each other.

12. In the device, One or more transceivers; and It includes one or more processors connected to the above one or more transmitters and receivers, and The above one or more processors are: A reader transmits a signal to a device for acquiring timing related to R2D (reader to device) transmission; The above reader is configured to transmit a PRDCH (physical reader to device channel) related to timing based on the signal to the device, wherein The above PRDCH is transmitted via OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) symbols, and A device characterized in that, based on a predefined condition or instructions by the reader, the first codeword and the last codeword associated with the OFDM symbol are configured identically to each other.

13. One or more processors; and A processing device comprising one or more computer memories that are operably connected to one or more processors and store instructions for performing a method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 based on execution by one or more processors.

14. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions that are executed by one or more processors to control the execution of a method according to any one of claims 1 through 9.

Images