Method and device for midamble transmission or reception in wireless communication system

Abstract

A method and a device for midamble transmission or reception in a wireless communication system are disclosed. The method performed by a first device, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, may comprise the steps which a first device: receives information related to a midamble interval from a second device; and inserts one or more midambles into payload bits on the basis of the midamble interval so as to generate a transmission from the first device to the second device. The number (X) of midambles can be based on the size (P) of the payload bits.

Description

Method and device for transmitting or receiving midamble in a wireless communication system

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more specifically to a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving midamble.

[0002] The 5th generation (5G) wireless communication system is a successor technology to 4G LTE (long term evolution) and is a new clean-slate type mobile communication system with characteristics such as high performance, low latency, and high availability. In the case of 5G NR (New Radio), all available spectrum resources can be utilized, ranging from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz to intermediate frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high-frequency (or millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. Based on the foundational technology of 5G wireless communication, 6G wireless communication systems are being developed.

[0003] 6G wireless communication systems are being developed with the goal of (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT (internet of things) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of 6G systems can be seen in four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity. Various technologies are being researched in consideration of the requirements for 6G systems, such as a peak data rate of 1 Tbps per device, an end-to-end (E2E) latency of 1ms, a maximum spectrum efficiency of 100 bps / Hz, support for mobility of 1000 km / h, satellite integration, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles, extended reality (XR), and haptic communication.

[0004] The technical problem of the present disclosure is to provide a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving midambles between a reader and a device in a wireless communication system.

[0005] The technical problems to be solved in this disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0006] A method performed by a first device according to one aspect of the present disclosure may include: receiving information related to a midamble interval from a second device by the first device; and inserting one or more midambles into a payload bit based on the midamble interval by the first device to generate a transmission from the first device to the second device. The number of midambles X may be based on the size P of the payload bit.

[0007] A method performed by a second device according to a further aspect of the present disclosure may include: transmitting information related to a midamble interval to a first device by the second device; and receiving from the first device a transmission from the first device to the second device in which one or more midambles are inserted into a payload bit based on the midamble interval. The number of midambles X may be based on the size P of the payload bit.

[0008] According to the present disclosure, a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving a midamble between a reader and a device in a wireless communication system may be provided.

[0009] The effects obtainable from the present disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned effects will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0010] The accompanying drawings, which are included as part of the detailed description to aid in understanding the present disclosure, provide embodiments of the present disclosure and explain the technical features of the present disclosure together with the detailed description.

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0019] FIG. 9 shows an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0020] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0021] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0022] FIG. 12 shows an example of an NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0023] FIG. 13 shows another example of an NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0024] FIG. 14 shows examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0025] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0026] FIG. 16 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a first device according to the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 17 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a second device according to the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 18 is a drawing showing an example of a time resource location of a midamble according to the present disclosure.

[0029] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description disclosed below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to describe exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only embodiment in which the present disclosure may be practiced. The following detailed description includes specific details to provide a complete understanding of the present disclosure. However, those skilled in the art will know that the present disclosure may be practiced without such specific details.

[0030] In some cases, to avoid obscuring the concept of the present disclosure, known structures and devices may be omitted or illustrated in the form of a block diagram focusing on the core functions of each structure and device.

[0031] In the present disclosure, when a component is described as being “connected,” “combined,” or “joined” with another component, this may include not only a direct connection but also an indirect connection in which another component exists between them. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, the terms “comprising” or “having” specify the presence of the mentioned features, steps, actions, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, actions, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0032] In the present disclosure, terms such as "first," "second," etc. are used solely for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another and are not used to limit the components, nor do they limit the order or importance of the components unless specifically stated otherwise. Accordingly, within the scope of the present disclosure, a first component in one embodiment may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and likewise, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

[0033] The terms used in this disclosure are for the description of specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the claims. As used in the description of embodiments and the appended claims, the singular form is intended to include the plural form unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0034] In the present disclosure, "A or B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, in the present disclosure, "A or B" may be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, in the present disclosure, "A, B or C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0035] A slash ( / ) or a comma used in the present disclosure may mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B or C."

[0036] In the present disclosure, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Additionally, in the present disclosure, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" may be interpreted as synonymous with "at least one of A and B."

[0037] Additionally, in the present disclosure, "at least one of A, B and C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C." Additionally, "at least one of A, B or C" or "at least one of A, B and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B and C."

[0038] Additionally, parentheses used in this disclosure may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." In other words, the "control information" of this disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information."

[0039] In the following explanation, '...when, if, in case of' can be replaced with '...based on'.

[0040] Technical features described individually within one drawing in this disclosure may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0041] In the present disclosure, a terminal or user equipment (UE) may be a portable device and may be a first node that receives a signal from a base station / second node / integrated access backhaul (IAB) node.

[0042] In the present disclosure, the base station (BS, Base Station) may be a second node / IAB node / Transmission-Reception Point (TRP).

[0043] In the present disclosure, a higher layer parameter may be a parameter configured, pre-configured, or pre-defined for a terminal. For example, a base station or network may transmit the higher layer parameter to the terminal. For example, the higher layer parameter may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0044] In the present disclosure, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being set to a device through predefined signaling (e.g., System Information Block (SIB), MAC, RRC) from a base station or network. In the present disclosure, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being set to a device through separate signaling or being predefined without separate signaling.

[0045] In the present disclosure, transmitting or receiving a channel includes the meaning of transmitting or receiving information or a signal through said channel. For example, transmitting a control channel means transmitting control information or a signal through the control channel. Similarly, transmitting a data channel means transmitting data information or a signal through the data channel.

[0046] The technology described in this disclosure can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications), GPRS (general packet radio service), and EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (institute of electrical and electronics engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), and 5G NR.

[0047] The technology described in this disclosure can be implemented as 6G wireless technology and applied to various 6G systems. For example, 6G systems may have key factors such as eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband), URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency communications), mMTC (massive machine-type communication), AI (artificial intelligence) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0048] Network structure

[0049] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0050] To compensate for incomplete areas of network coverage, a network topology in which the split radio access network (RAN) is configured more flexibly and resiliently may be considered. To this end, various nodes such as integrated access backhaul (IAB) nodes, relays, and radio frequency (RF) repeaters, as exemplified in Fig. 1, may be applied, and a non-terrestrial network (NTN) may be integrated. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a node that provides wireless backhaul. For example, a relay may refer to any intermediate point, and in the case of a sidelink relay where a terminal functions as a relay, it may collectively refer to a terminal-to-network (U2N) relay and a terminal-to-terminal (U2U) relay. For example, an RF repeater may correspond to a node that performs simple signal amplification and forwarding functions, and in the case of a network-controlled repeater, it may adjust transmit / receive settings based on information provided by the network as well as signal amplification and forwarding. For example, NTN nodes can correspond to satellites or aircraft that provide NTN coverage that is difficult for terrestrial networks to provide. In addition to these examples, various intermediate points can be introduced to improve the network topology.

[0051] Referring to FIG. 1, a split RAN can support the division of a base station into one centralized unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DU). The CU and DU may correspond to logical units. The CU may be further divided into a control plane (CP) portion and one or more user plane (UP) portions. Since a failure in the CU-CP affects not only the CU-UP but also the DU, various intermediate points may be introduced to compensate for this.

[0052] An intermediate point may correspond to a terminal or a base station depending on its relative relationship with other nodes. For example, an IAB node may include a mobile-termination (MT) portion and a DU. The MT may connect the IAB node to a donor node. The DU of the IAB node may serve other terminals or connect to other IAB nodes to provide multi-hop wireless backhaul to terminals. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a base station in its relative relationship with a user-side node and to a terminal in its relative relationship with a network-side node.

[0053] In some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a terminal may apply equally to an intermediate point corresponding to a terminal in relation to a network-side endpoint as well as to a user-side endpoint. Similarly, in some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a base station may apply equally to an intermediate point corresponding to a base station in relation to a user-side endpoint as well as to a network-side endpoint. In most cases where there is no additional description of the operation of three or more subjects, the communication subjects in the present disclosure are briefly described by the term terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node), wherein the term terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node) is interpreted to include or replace any endpoint or any intermediate point in relation to other nodes.

[0054] As such, in some examples of the present disclosure, for the sake of brevity of description, the subject of the operation may be referred to as a terminal and / or base station (or a first node and / or a second node). Additionally, the term terminal and / or base station (or a first node and / or a second node) may be interpreted or substituted as in the following examples: for example, the terminal (or first node) and the base station (or second node) may correspond to a first endpoint and a second endpoint, respectively; may correspond to an endpoint and an intermediate point, respectively; may correspond to an intermediate point and an endpoint, respectively; or may correspond to a first intermediate point and a second intermediate point, respectively.

[0055] In the present disclosure, there may be no intermediate points between the base station and the terminal, or there may be one or more. If intermediate points exist, the intermediate points may correspond to IAB nodes, relays, RF repeaters, NTN nodes, or nodes supporting other functions. The intermediate points may be nodes with a fixed location or nodes with an indefinite location.

[0056] Systems applicable to the present disclosure

[0057] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0058] The communication system (100) to which the present disclosure applies includes a wireless device (110), a network device (120), and a network (130). Here, the wireless device (110) refers to a device that performs communication using wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device (110) may include a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (110c), a hand-held device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT (Internet of Thing) device (110f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (110g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with wireless communication capabilities, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (110c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (110d) may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). The home appliance (110e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (110f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. The wireless device (110) may correspond to a terminal (or first node) or an intermediate point.The network device (120) may correspond to a base station (or a second node) or another intermediate point. For example, the network device (120) may also be implemented as a wireless device (110), and a specific wireless device (120a) may operate as a network device (120) to another wireless device (110).

[0059] Wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to a network (130) through a network device (120). AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices (110a to 110f), and the wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to an AI server (110g) through the network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, or a 6G network. The wireless devices (110a to 110f) may communicate with each other through the network device (120) / network (130), but may also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the network device (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (110b-1, 110b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Also, an IoT device (110f) (e.g., a sensor) can communicate directly with another IoT device (e.g., a sensor) or other wireless devices (110a to 110f).

[0060] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (110a to 110f) / network devices (120) and between network devices (120). Here, wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between network devices (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices and network devices / wireless devices, and network devices and network devices can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on the various descriptions of the present disclosure, at least some of the following may be performed: a process for setting various configuration information for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, a process for various signal processing (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), a resource allocation process, etc.

[0061] Devices applicable to the present disclosure

[0062] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0063] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0064] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operation disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information within the memory (204) to generate a first information / signal and then transmit a wireless signal containing the first information / signal through the transceiver (206). Additionally, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal containing a second information / signal through the transceiver (206) and then store information obtained from the signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, memory (204) may store software code containing instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202) or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or sequences of operations disclosed in this document. Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals through at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (206) may be interchangeable with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In this disclosure, a wireless device may mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0065] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., functional layers such as PHY (physical), MAC (media access control), RLC (radio link control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol), RRC (radio resource control), and SDAP (service data adaptation protocol). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one PDU (Protocol Data Unit) and / or at least one SDU (service data unit) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) including a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals, and / or methods disclosed in this document and provide it to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) may receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and may obtain a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document.

[0066] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or microcomputer. At least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequences disclosed in this document may be included in at least one processor (202) or stored in at least one memory (204) and driven by at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and / or sets of instructions.

[0067] At least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. At least one memory (204) may be composed of ROM (read-only memory), RAM (random access memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), flash memory, hard drive, registers, cache memory, computer read storage media, and / or combinations thereof. At least one memory (204) may be located inside and / or outside of at least one processor (202). Additionally, at least one memory (204) may be connected to at least one processor (202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

[0068] At least one transceiver (206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts, etc. disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one processor (202) and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Additionally, at least one processor (202) may control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. Additionally, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation sequence diagrams disclosed in this document through at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc., from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., using at least one processor (202).At least one transceiver (206) can convert user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. processed using at least one processor (202) from a baseband signal to an RF band signal. To this end, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0069] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 may be referred to by other terms in terms of their function. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as the control unit, the transceiver (206) as the communication unit, and the memory (204) as the storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a part of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0070] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 can be understood as the structure of at least part of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be at least part of the various devices described with reference to FIG. 2 (e.g., robot (110a), vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), XR device (110c), portable device (110d), home appliance (110e), IoT device (110f), AI device / server (110g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, the device may include other components in addition to the components illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0071] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, smartpad, wearable device (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses), or portable computer (e.g., laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., an audio input / output port, a video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting video information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input by a user.

[0072] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, vehicle, train, manned / unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), or ship. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a drive unit comprising at least one of an engine, motor, power train, wheel, brake, and steering device of the device; a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, battery, etc.; a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings; an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting; and a position measurement unit that acquires position information of the moving body through a GPS (global positioning system) and various sensors.

[0073] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a HUD (head-up display) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that acquires control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs a generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses state information, environment information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0074] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc., depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a drive unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving robot joints.

[0075] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, projector, smartphone, PC, laptop, digital broadcasting terminal, tablet PC, wearable device, set-top box (STB), radio, washing machine, refrigerator, digital signage, robot, vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses state information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that learns a model composed of an artificial neural network using training data.

[0076] The structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be understood as part of a terminal (or first node), or part of an intermediate point, or part of a base station (or second node). If the device illustrated in FIG. 3 is a base station (or second node), the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communication. If the front haul and / or back haul communication is based on wireless communication, at least one transceiver (206) illustrated in FIG. 3 is used for front haul and / or back haul communication, and a wired transceiver may not be included.

[0077] Communication procedures

[0078] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0079] FIG. 4 illustrates the operation of a first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmitting and / or receiving data, and the operation performed prior to this.

[0080] In step S101, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform synchronization. For example, the terminal (110) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (110) can detect at least one synchronization signal transmitted from the base station (120) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal may include a plurality of synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal, a secondary synchronization signal) classified according to structure or use. Through this, the terminal (110) can identify the boundaries of the frame, subframe, slot, and / or symbol of the base station (120) and obtain information about the base station (120) (e.g., a cell identifier).

[0081] In step S103, the first node (110) can obtain system information transmitted from the second node (120). For example, the system information is information related to the attributes, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (120) required to connect to the base station (120) and use the service, and can be classified according to content (e.g., whether it is essential for connection), transmission structure (e.g., the channel used, whether it is provided on-demand), etc., and can be classified, for example, into a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB). If necessary, the terminal (110) may transmit a signal requesting the system information prior to receiving the system information. Such request and provision of system information may be performed after a random access procedure described later.

[0082] In step S105, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform a random access procedure. For example, the terminal (110) can transmit and / or receive at least one message for a random access procedure (e.g., a random access preamble, a RAR (random access response) message, etc.) based on information related to the random access channel of the base station (120) obtained through system information (e.g., channel location, channel structure, structure of a supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (110) may transmit a preamble (e.g., message 1 (MSG1)) through a random access channel, receive a random access response (RAR) message (e.g., message 2 (MSG2)), transmit a message (e.g., message 3 (MSG3)) containing information related to the terminal (110) (e.g., identification information) to the base station (120) using scheduling information included in the RAR message, and receive a message (e.g., message 4 (MSG4)) for contention resolution and / or connection establishment. As another example, MSG1 and MSG3 may be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., message A (MSG A), or MSG2 and MSG4 may be transmitted and received as a single message (e.g., message B (MSG B).

[0083] In step S107, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform signaling of control information. For example, the control information may be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls the connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transmission channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) may perform at least one of signaling to establish a connection, signaling to determine settings related to communication, and signaling to indicate allocated resources.

[0084] In step S109, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can transmit and / or receive data. For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can process data based on the signaling of control information and transmit and / or receive data. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on the information bits. For example, when receiving data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of extracting a signal from a resource, antenna-specific waveform demodulation, signal placement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding.

[0085] 6G System Core Technology

[0086] As core implementation technologies for 6G systems, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (Terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, free space optics (FSO) backhaul network, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0087] artificial intelligence

[0088] The introduction of AI into communications can streamline and enhance real-time data transmission. AI can determine how complex target tasks are performed using numerous analyses. AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing latency. Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a significant role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communication. Furthermore, AI can enable rapid communication in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0089] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0090] Below, to provide a more specific explanation of AI (or AI / ML (machine learning)), terms can be defined as follows.

[0091] - Data collection: Data collected from network nodes, management entities, or terminals, serving as a basis for AI model training, data analysis, and inference.

[0092] - AI model: A data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs containing predictive information and / or decision parameters based on a set of inputs.

[0093] - AI / ML Training: An online or offline process of training an AI model by learning features and patterns that best represent data and acquire an AI / ML model trained for inference.

[0094] - AI / ML Inference: A process of making predictions or deriving decisions based on collected data and an AI model using a trained AI model.

[0095] Referring to FIG. 5, the data collection function (10) is a function that collects input data and provides processed input data to the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30).

[0096] Examples of input data may include measurements from terminals or other network entities, feedback from actors, and outputs from AI models.

[0097] The data collection function (10) performs data preparation based on input data and provides the input data processed through data preparation. Here, the data collection function (10) does not perform specific data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, forming and transformation) for each AI algorithm, and can perform data preparation common to AI algorithms.

[0098] After the data preparation process is performed, the data collection function (10) can provide training data (11) to the model training function (20) and provide inference data (12) to the model inference function (30). Here, the training data (11) corresponds to data required as input for the AI ​​model training function (20), and the inference data (12) corresponds to data required as input for the AI ​​model inference function (30).

[0099] The data collection function (10) may be performed by a single entity (e.g., terminal, RAN node, network node, etc.) but may also be performed by multiple entities. In this case, training data (11) and inference data (12) from multiple entities may be provided to the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30), respectively.

[0100] The model training function (20) may correspond to a function that performs AI model training, validation, and testing, which can generate model performance metrics as part of the AI ​​model testing procedure. If necessary, the model training function (20) may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation, etc.) based on training data (11) provided by the data collection function (10).

[0101] Here, model deployment / update (13) can be used to initially deploy a trained, validated, and tested AI model to the model inference function (30) or to provide an updated model to the model inference function (30).

[0102] The model inference function (30) may correspond to a function that provides an AI model inference output (16) (e.g., a prediction or a decision). The model inference function (30) may provide model performance feedback (14) to the model training function (20) where applicable. Additionally, the model inference function (30) may be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation, etc.) based on the inference data (12) provided by the data collection function (10) if necessary.

[0103] Here, output (16) refers to the inference output of an AI model generated by the model inference function (30), and the details of the inference output may vary depending on the use case.

[0104] Model performance feedback (14) can be used to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model if available, and this feedback may be omitted.

[0105] The actor function (40) is a function that receives an output (16) from the model inference function (30) and triggers or performs a corresponding operation / action. The actor function (40) can trigger an operation / action on another entity (e.g., one or more terminals, one or more RAN nodes, one or more network nodes, etc.) or on itself.

[0106] Feedback (15) can be used to derive training data (11) and inference data (12), or to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model, the impact on the network, etc.

[0107] Meanwhile, the definitions of training, validation, and testing in data sets used in AI / ML can be distinguished as follows.

[0108] - Training data: Refers to the dataset used to train a model.

[0109] - Validation data: This refers to a dataset used to validate a model that has already been trained. Validation data typically refers to a dataset used to prevent overfitting of the training dataset. Additionally, validation data can refer to a dataset used to select the best model among the various models trained during the learning process. Therefore, validation can be viewed as a type of training.

[0110] - Test data: Refers to the dataset for final evaluation. This data is unrelated to training.

[0111] For example, within the entire dataset, training data and validation data can be divided in a ratio of approximately 8:2 or 7:3. Alternatively, within the entire dataset, training data:validation data:test data can be divided in a ratio of 6:2:2.

[0112] Depending on whether the base station and the terminal possess the capability for AI / ML functions, the cooperation level can be defined as follows, and variations resulting from the combination of multiple levels below or the separation of any one level are also possible.

[0113] Category 0a: This corresponds to a no collaboration framework. In this case, the AI / ML algorithm is based on pure implementation and may not require changes to the wireless interface.

[0114] Category 0b: Corresponds to a framework that involves a wireless interface modified to fit efficient implementation-based AI / ML algorithms but lacks cooperation.

[0115] Category 1: This applies to cases involving inter-node support to improve the AI / ML algorithms of each node. For example, it applies when a terminal receives support from a base station (for training, adaptation, etc.), and vice versa. At this level, model exchange between network nodes is not required.

[0116] Category 2: This applies to cases where joint ML operations between a terminal and a base station can be performed. This level requires AI / ML model commands or exchanges between network nodes.

[0117] The functions exemplified in Figure 5 above may be implemented at RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station CU, etc.), network nodes, network operator's OAM (operation administration maintenance), or terminals.

[0118] Alternatively, two or more entities among a RAN, a network node, a network operator's OAM, or a terminal may cooperate to implement the functions exemplified in FIG. 5. For example, one entity may perform some of the functions of FIG. 5, and another entity may perform the remaining functions. As such, some of the functions exemplified in FIG. 5 are performed by a single entity (e.g., a terminal, a RAN node, a network node, etc.), the transmission / provision of data / information between each function may be omitted. For example, if the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30) are performed by the same entity, the transmission / provision of model distribution / update (13) and model performance feedback (14) may be omitted.

[0119] Alternatively, any one of the functions exemplified in FIG. 5 may be performed by two or more entities among the RAN, network node, network operator's OAM, or terminal in collaboration. This may be referred to as a split AI operation.

[0120] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0121] For example, the AI ​​model training function can be performed by network nodes (e.g., core network nodes, network operator's OAM, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function can be performed by RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station's CU, etc.).

[0122] Step 1: RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to a network node. Here, RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can also transmit data collected from terminals to the network node (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP (reference signal received power), RSRQ (reference signal received quality), and SINR (signal to interference-plus-noise ratio) of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, speed, etc.).

[0123] Step 2: Network nodes can train AI models using the received training data.

[0124] Step 3: The network node can distribute / update the AI ​​model to RAN Node 1 and / or RAN Node 2. RAN Node 1 (and / or RAN Node 2) may also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0125] For the sake of convenience of explanation, it is assumed that the AI ​​model was deployed / updated only to RAN Node 1.

[0126] Step 4: RAN Node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN Node 2.

[0127] Step 5: RAN Node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0128] Step 6: If applicable, RAN node 1 can send model performance feedback to network nodes.

[0129] Step 7: RAN Node 1, RAN Node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN Node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2') can perform an action based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing action, the terminal may move from RAN Node 1 to RAN Node 2.

[0130] Step 8: RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2 can transmit feedback information to network nodes.

[0131] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0132] For example, both AI model training and AI model inference functions can be performed by RAN nodes (e.g., base station, TRP, base station's CU, etc.).

[0133] Step 1: The terminal and RAN node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to RAN node 1.

[0134] Step 2: RAN Node 1 can train an AI model using the received training data.

[0135] Step 3: RAN Node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN Node 2.

[0136] Step 4: RAN Node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0137] Step 5: RAN Node 1, RAN Node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN Node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN Node 1 and RAN Node 2') can perform an action based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing action, the terminal may move from RAN Node 1 to RAN Node 2.

[0138] Step 6: RAN Node 2 can send feedback information to RAN Node 1.

[0139] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0140] For example, the AI ​​model training function may be performed by a RAN node (e.g., base station, TRP, base station CU, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function may be performed by a terminal.

[0141] Step 1: A terminal can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for training an AI model to a RAN node. Here, the RAN node can collect data (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP, RSRQ, SINR of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, velocity, etc.) from various terminals and / or other RAN nodes.

[0142] Step 2: The RAN node can train an AI model using the received training data.

[0143] Step 3: The RAN node can distribute / update the AI ​​model to the terminal. The terminal may also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0144] Step 4: Input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference can be received from terminals and RAN nodes (and / or other terminals).

[0145] Step 5: The terminal can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0146] Step 6: If applicable, the terminal can transmit model performance feedback to the RAN node.

[0147] Step 7: The terminal and the RAN node can perform actions based on the output data.

[0148] Step 8: The terminal can transmit feedback information to the RAN node.

[0149] THz communication

[0150] Data transmission rates can be increased by expanding bandwidth. This can be achieved by using sub-THz communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced large-scale MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter radiation, generally refer to a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz–300 GHz band range (sub-THz band) is considered the primary portion of the THz band for cellular communication. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band increases 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, the 300 GHz–3 THz band is located in the far-infrared (IR) frequency band. Although the 300 GHz–3 THz band is part of the broadband, it lies at the boundary of the broadband and immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz–3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0151] FIG. 9 shows an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0152] Key characteristics of THz communication include (i) widely available bandwidth to support very high data transmission rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are indispensable). The narrow beam width generated by highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and BSs operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies that can overcome range limitations.

[0153] When transmitting system information (e.g., MIB) of a cell in the THz frequency band, it can be inefficient because, in the case of high frequency bands, beam sweeping must be performed more frequently to cover the entire area of ​​the cell as the beam width becomes narrower. In particular, transmitting system information using this method is even more inefficient when there are not many users in the cell.

[0154] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0155] The example of FIG. 10 is applicable not only to THz communication environments but also to 6G communication environments where THz communication is not applied. In addition, the procedure exemplified in FIG. 10 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, embodiments described below can be performed based on system information obtained by the procedure exemplified in FIG. 10.

[0156] In step S1010, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) can transmit system information of cell #1 through cell #2. For example, the base station provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a frequency band other than the THz frequency band. Here, the system information may include at least one of a system frame number (SFN) generated at a higher layer, a PDCCH configuration for SIB1, cell barring, cell re-selection, and subcarrier spacing, and may include at least one of a synchronization signal / PBCH (physical broadcast channel) block index generated at a physical layer. To this end, as an example, cell #1 and cell #2 may have a secondary cell and primary cell relationship.

[0157] In step S1030, the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) can acquire synchronization for cell #1. Synchronization can be acquired by detecting a synchronization signal. Generally, synchronization is acquired prior to receiving system information, but since the system information of cell #1 is received in cell #2, the acquisition of synchronization for cell #1 can be performed after receiving system information. For example, the terminal can acquire synchronization based on system information. Alternatively, the acquisition of synchronization may be performed prior to step S1010.

[0158] In step S1050, the first node (110) may transmit a signal to connect to cell #1. For example, the signal may include a random access preamble. The structure of such a signal and the resource for transmitting the signal (e.g., a channel) may be identified through system information. Subsequently, in step S1070, the first node (110) and the second node (120) may perform a connection procedure to cell #1 and perform communication.

[0159] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 10 may be performed when the first node (110) first connects to cell #1 of the second node (120). Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when the first node (110) handovers to cell #1 of the second node (120). However, in the case of a handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a different base station other than cell #2 of the second node (120).

[0160] Communication in the THz band is expected to experience severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations may be required to use very sharp beams. The use of sharp beams implies that terminals and base stations must perform beam control in addition to beamforming, meaning that a very large number of beams are utilized. Consequently, aligning the transmit and receive beams between the base station and the terminal takes a very long time. Furthermore, if the beam alignment between the base station and the terminal is disrupted due to the movement of the terminal, time is frequently required to realign the beams, which may lead to link instability.

[0161] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0162] Figure 11 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication, but this procedure is not limited to a THz environment and can also be applied in a 6G communication environment where THz communication is not applied.

[0163] Here, the term "beam" can be interpreted as other terms having equivalent technical meanings capable of distinguishing beams, such as "spatial domain filter," "spatial domain transmit filter," "spatial domain receive filter," reference signal (RS) resources for distinguishing beams, and SSB index.

[0164] In step S1110, the second node (120) (e.g., base station) may set resources for beam management to the first node (110) (e.g., terminal). Here, the resources may include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station may utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from the existing downlink signal / channel for beam search. Here, the BSS may be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port may be a port different from the port for transmitting the existing downlink signal / channel (e.g., SSB, PDSCH (physical downlink shared channel), etc.). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. For example, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / set for beam search may be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0165] In step S1130, the second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmits measurement signals using multiple transmission beams. For example, the measurement signals may include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals may be transmitted as many times as the number of beams requiring measurement, and may be transmitted using a multi-beam transmission method that forms multiple beams simultaneously to reduce sweeping time. Here, multi-beam transmission may be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, or a true time delay (TTD).

[0166] In step S1150, the first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) may transmit a feedback signal to the second node (120) (e.g., a base station). The feedback signal may indicate at least one beam selected by the terminal. The terminal may select at least one preferred beam based on the measurement signals received in step S1130.

[0167] In step S1170, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can communicate. For example, the second node (120) can perform transmission to the first node (110) using the receiving beam of the first node (110) selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the first node (110) can also be determined through steps S1130 and S1150, so the transmission operation from the first node (110) can also be performed using a beam that has a reciprocity relationship with the beam selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is not established, a procedure including the transmission of measurement signal(s) by the first node (110) and the transmission of feedback signal(s) by the second node (120) may be performed first to determine the transmission beam of the first node (110).

[0168] Non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

[0169] FIGS. 12 and FIGS. 13 show examples of NTN scenarios to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0170] NTN can represent a network or network segment that uses RF (radio frequency) resources mounted on a satellite (or UAS (unmanned aerial system) platform).

[0171] Figure 12 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a transparent payload, and Figure 13 shows an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a regenerative payload.

[0172] Referring to FIG. 12, the satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. The satellite can be connected to a data network via the gateway. A beam footprint may refer to an area where signals transmitted by the satellite can be received.

[0173] Referring to FIG. 13, a satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) connected to the terminal can be connected to another satellite (or UAS platform) via inter-satellite links (ISL). Another satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. Based on a regenerated payload, the satellite can be connected to a data network via another satellite and a gateway. If no ISL exists between the satellite and another satellite, a feeder link between the satellite and the gateway may be required.

[0174] FIGS. 12 and 13 are merely examples of NTN scenarios, and NTN can be implemented based on various scenarios. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can implement a transparent or regenerative (with on-board processing) payload. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can generate multiple beams across a designated service area depending on the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform). For example, the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) may vary depending on the on-board antenna diagram and the minimum elevation angle.

[0175] For example, the transparent payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload may not be altered.

[0176] For example, the regeneration payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. For example, the regeneration payload may be substantially the same as carrying all or part of the base station functions on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0177] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

[0178] Wireless sensing is a technology that utilizes radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (or range) of an object, thereby obtaining information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within that environment. Since radio frequency sensing capabilities do not require connecting to objects via devices within a network, they can provide services for determining object locations without the need for devices. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can provide a wide range of new functions, such as various object detection and recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), as well as high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to various industries (e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.) that enable applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing may utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of a wireless sensing service, such as sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering processing of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing can provide an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from communication networks to wireless communication and sensing networks.

[0179] FIG. 14 shows examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0180] Specifically, FIG. 14(a) illustrates an example of monostatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at the same position. FIG. 14(b) illustrates an example of bistatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at separate positions. A sensing receiver receives a signal that is reflected or scattered by a sensing object from a sensing signal transmitted from a sensing transmitter, and can extract or acquire sensing data based on the received signal. A sensing result can be generated or determined through appropriate processing of this sensing data. The sensing result can be provided to a trusted third-party entity or service outside the 3GPP system via an entity or service within the 3GPP system.

[0181] Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT)

[0182] Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting significant attention in the world of wireless communication. By reducing the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices, and by installing and connecting tens of billions to hundreds of billions of IoT devices, it becomes possible to apply them to various fields.

[0183] In this regard, the IoT technology is being developed under the name Ambient IoT (A-IoT) for various use cases, scenarios, requirements, signaling, configuration, etc.

[0184] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be one of the communication technologies considered to achieve low-power operation of A-IoT devices. For example, backscattering can enable the device to communicate with the network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with the information to be transmitted. For example, the device may be powered by an incident RF signal or stored energy.

[0185] A-IoT devices can be classified into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on the energy storage and transmission signal generation methods. For example, passive devices do not have energy storage devices (e.g., capacitors) and can communicate based on backscattering communication technology. For example, semi-passive devices have energy storage devices and can communicate using backscattering communication technology with the assistance of energy storage devices. For example, active devices have energy storage devices and can communicate by actively generating signals using active RF components and stored energy.

[0186] In the present disclosure, the following types of IoT devices may be considered.

[0187] Device type 1 has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW and can perform uplink transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node). For example, device type 1 may be a device without energy storage and without independent signal generation.

[0188] Device type 2 has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW and can perform uplink transmission by backscattering carrier waves provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node) or by using signals generated internally. Specifically, a device type that performs signal transmission via backscattering may be referred to as device type 2a, and a device type that performs signal transmission via signals generated internally may be referred to as device type 2b. For example, device type 2a is a device with energy storage and no independent signal generation, in which case the use of the stored energy may include amplification of the reflected signal. Additionally, for example, device type 2b may be a device with energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with an active RF component for transmission).

[0189] In addition, in addition to the classification methods described above, the type / class of an A-IoT device can be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, degree of energy / power consumption, presence / capability of amplification, presence / capability of a band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or combinations of parameters.

[0190] Regarding A-IoT communication, various basic topologies may be considered to support A-IoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, basic topologies may include a direct connection topology between a base station and an A-IoT device, a topology where the base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node, a topology where connection via an auxiliary node is supported, and / or a connection topology between a terminal and an A-IoT device.

[0191] The basic topologies described in this disclosure are merely examples, and the proposals of this disclosure may be extended to other types of topologies.

[0192] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0193] FIG. 15(a) shows a direct connection topology between a base station and an A-IoT device (e.g., topology 1) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0194] Referring to FIG. 15(a), an A-IoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with a base station. For example, communication between a base station and an A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the base station performing transmission to the A-IoT device and the base station performing reception from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in Topology 1, a base station in a micro-cell environment and an A-IoT device can communicate directly with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology.

[0195] FIG. 15(b) shows a topology (e.g., topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0196] Referring to FIG. 15(b), an A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and the base station. For example, the intermediate node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc. The intermediate node may transmit A-IoT data and / or signals between the base station and the A-IoT device. A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the intermediate node performing transmission to the A-IoT device and the intermediate node performing reception from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in Topology 2, an intermediate node may exist between the base station in a macro-cell environment and the A-IoT device. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology. For example, the intermediate node may be limited to a terminal, and the intermediate node may be located indoors.

[0197] FIG. 15(c) shows a topology (e.g., topology 3) in which connection by an auxiliary node is supported according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0198] Referring to the left topology of FIG. 15(c), an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from the auxiliary node. Additionally, referring to the right topology of FIG. 15(c), an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an A-IoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to the auxiliary node. For example, the auxiliary node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc.

[0199] FIG. 15 (d) shows a connection topology (e.g., topology 4) between a terminal and an A-IoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0200] Referring to FIG. 15 (d), the A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with a terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. The A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0201] Additionally, A-IoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscattering transmission. For example, the CW can be used to supply energy to A-IoT devices or as CW for DL ​​transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscattering transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0202] In this regard, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the type of CW waveform can be a single-tone CW waveform or a somewhat complex multi-tone CW waveform. For example, since single-tone CW uses fewer resources, it may be advantageous compared to multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of the tag or reader and in terms of interference. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages such as being able to deliver more energy when transmitting CW via DL and securing greater coverage on a single device.

[0203] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types may be supported in the A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system may be pre-configured / defined, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure / instruct / display the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0204] In the present disclosure, for A-IoT communication, at least one of the necessary characteristics of a carrier waveform for a carrier provided outside of an A-IoT device (including interference handling at an A-IoT device UL receiver and an NR base station) may be proposed. Additionally, in the present disclosure, for A-IoT communication, at least one of paging, random access, data transmission including necessary radio resource control aspects complying with general range limitations, interaction with upper layers (e.g., RRC layer, NAS (non-access stratum) layer, application layer, etc.), device context management, data transmission, coexistence of A-IoT and 6G / NR / LTE, and / or RF requirements for A-IoT may be proposed.

[0205] Technical terms used in this disclosure may be as follows.

[0206] - SSB: Synchronization Signal Block

[0207] - MIB: Master Information Block

[0208] - RMSI: Remaining Minimum System Information

[0209] - FR1: Frequency Range 1. Refers to the frequency range of 6 GHz or lower (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz).

[0210] - FR2: Frequency Domain 2. Refers to the millimeter wave (mmWave) region above 24 GHz (e.g., 24,250 MHz ~ 52,600 MHz).

[0211] - BW: Bandwidth

[0212] - BWP: Bandwidth Part

[0213] - RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0214] - CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0215] - SIB: System Information Block

[0216] - SIB1: SIB1 for NR devices (e.g., RMSI). Broadcasts information necessary for cell connection of NR terminals.

[0217] - CORESET: Control Resource Set. Time / frequency resource for which the NR terminal attempts candidate PDCCH decoding.

[0218] - CORESET#0: CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set for NR devices (set in MIB)

[0219] - Type0-PDCCH CSS Set: A search space set in which NR terminals monitor a set of PDCCH candidates for DCI format with CRCs scrambled to SI-RNTI.

[0220] - MO: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0221] - SIB1-R: (Additional) SIB1 for NR devices with reduced capability. Limited to cases where it is created as a separate TB from the SIB1 and transmitted via a separate PDSCH.

[0222] - CORESET#0-R: CORESET#0 for Reduced Capability NR Devices

[0223] - Type0-PDCCH-R CSS Set: A search space set with redcap UEs monitoring a set of PDCCH candidates for DCI format with CRCs scrambled with SI-RNTI.

[0224] - MO-R: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0225] - Cell defining SSB (CD-SSB): An NR SSB that includes RMSI scheduling information

[0226] - Non-cell defining SSB (non-CD-SSB): Refers to an SSB placed in an NR sync raster that does not include the corresponding cell's RMSI scheduling information for measurement purposes. However, it may include information indicating the location of the cell defining SSB.

[0227] - SCS: Subcarrier spacing

[0228] - SI-RNTI: System Information-RNTI

[0229] - Camp On: "Camp On" is a terminal state where the UE remains in a cell and is ready to start potential dedicated services or receive ongoing broadcast services.

[0230] - TB: Transport Block

[0231] - RSA (Redcap standalone): A cell that supports only the Redcap device or service.

[0232] - SIB1(-R)-PDSCH: PDSCH transmitting SIB1(-R)

[0233] - SIB1(-R)-DCI: DCI scheduling SIB1(-R)-PDSCH. DCI format 1_0 CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI.

[0234] - SIB1(-R)-PDCCH: PDCCH transmitting SIB1(-R)-DCI

[0235] - FDRA: Frequency Domain Resource Allocation

[0236] - TDRA: Time Domain Resource Allocation

[0237] - RA: Random Access

[0238] - MSGA: Transmission of preamble and payload of a 2-stage RA type random access procedure.

[0239] - MSGB: Response to MSGA in a two-stage random access procedure. MSGB may consist of responses to contention resolution, fallback instructions, and backoff instructions.

[0240] - RO-N: RO (RACH Occasion) for general terminal 4-stage RACH and 2-stage RACH (if configured)

[0241] - RO-N1, RO-N2: When a separate RO is configured for general terminal 2-stage RACH, it is classified as RO-N1 (4 stages) and RO-N2 (2 stages).

[0242] - RO-R: RO (RACH Occasion) configured separately from RO-N for Redcap terminal Level 4 RACH and Level 2 RACH (if configured)

[0243] - RO-R1, RO-R2: When a separated RO is configured for Redcap terminal 2-stage RACH, it is classified as RO-R1 (4 stages) and RO-R2 (2 stages).

[0244] - PG-R: MsgA-preamble group for redcap terminals

[0245] - RAR: Random Access Response

[0246] - RAR Window: Time window to monitor RA responses

[0247] - FH: Frequency Hopping

[0248] - iBWP: Initial BWP

[0249] - iBWP-DL(-UL): Initial DL(UL) BWP

[0250] - iBWP-DL(-UL)-R: Initial DL(UL) BWP (separated) for redcap

[0251] - CS: Cyclic shift

[0252] - NB: Narrowband

[0253] - TO: Traffic Offloading

[0254] - mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communications

[0255] - eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication

[0256] - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication

[0257] - RedCap: Reduced Capability

[0258] - eRedCap: Enhanced RedCap

[0259] - FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

[0260] - HD-FDD: Half-Duplex-FDD

[0261] - DRX: Discontinuous Reception

[0262] - RRC: Radio Resource Control

[0263] - RRM: Radio Resource Management

[0264] - MM: Mobility Management

[0265] - IWSN: Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

[0266] - LPWA: Low Power Wide Area

[0267] - RB: Resource Block

[0268] - CCE: Control Channel Element

[0269] - AL: Aggregation Level

[0270] - PRG: Physical Resource-block Group

[0271] - DFT-s-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM

[0272] - PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

[0273] - A-PBCH: Additional PBCH

[0274] - BD: Blind detection

[0275] - EPRE: Energy Per RE

[0276] - SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

[0277] - TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

[0278] - FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0279] - DMRS: Demodulation Reference Signal

[0280] - TDD: Time Division Duplex

[0281] - PCI: Physical layer Cell ID

[0282] - EH: Energy Harvesting

[0283] - EH Device: A device operating based on EH. This may include all device types in A-IoT. Additionally, while this disclosure primarily considers RF EH, the EH device is not necessarily RF EH-based.

[0284] - ES: Energizing Signal. A signal / channel transmitted by a base station / IN / AN / UE for the purpose of supplying RF energy to a device operating based on RF-based EH. (Modulated) CW, NR / LTE DL / UL signals, etc. can be ES, and a dedicated signal / channel for ES can be designed to support it.

[0285] - ET: Energy Transfer

[0286] - CW: Carrier wave. A-IoT devices supporting backscattering-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating and backscattering an "externally provided" CW. A-IoT devices supporting independent signal generation-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating an "internally generated" CW. Unless otherwise noted, it is assumed to mean the "externally provided" CW for backscattering. The CW can be used as an ES (Energizing Signal) for RF energy transfer.

[0287] - CWN: CW Node. A node that provides CW. It can be a base station, IN, AN, or UE, and a separate CWN may exist for the purpose of providing CW.

[0288] - R: Reader / Interrogator. In the A-IoT description, depending on the topology, gNB / eNB, intermediate node (IN) / assisting node (AN), terminal, etc., can be readers. Additionally, since A-IoT is not limited to 4G / 5G communication systems, it may include base stations, intermediate nodes / assisting nodes, and terminals of next-generation communication systems. It may have the meaning of an A-IoT reader.

[0289] - T: Tag / A-IoT device. It may be interchangeable with EH device in this disclosure, and in the A-IoT description, it mainly refers to an A-IoT device, device type 1 / 2a / 2b.

[0290] - D: A-IoT device (may have the same meaning as the aforementioned T)

[0291] - R=>T: Reader-to-Tag or Reader-to-Tag communication link. May have the same meaning as DL or forward link when the base station or intermediate node / auxiliary node is the reader.

[0292] - R2D: Reader (R)-to-Device (D) Link (May have the same meaning as R=>T or A-IoT DL. May be denoted as R=>D.)

[0293] - CW2D: CWN-to-Device(D) Link (CW Node-to-A-IoT Device Link)

[0294] - T=>R: Tag-to-Reader or Tag-to-Reader communication link. If the base station or intermediate / auxiliary node is the leader, it may have the same meaning as a UL or reverse / backward link.

[0295] - D2R: Device (D)-to-Reader (R) Link (May have the same meaning as T=>R or A-IoT UL. May be denoted as D=>R.)

[0296] - R<=>T: Includes cases of R=>T and T=>R, or R=>T or T=>R. May apply to both R=>T and T=>R.

[0297] - R<=>D: Includes cases of R2D and D2R, or R2D or D2R. May apply to both R2D and D2R. (May have the same meaning as R<=>T)

[0298] - RF-EH: RF energy harvesting

[0299] - PRDCH: Physical R2D Channel (may be denoted as PR2DCH). A physical channel for R2D communication.

[0300] - PDRCH: Physical D2R Channel (may be denoted as PD2RCH). A physical channel for D2R communication.

[0301] - BS: Base Station

[0302] - IN: Intermediate node. In Topology 2 (BS <-> IN <-> A-IoT Device), the IN acts as the leader. Relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc. can be the IN.

[0303] - AN: Assisting node. It can assist in DL transmission in Topology 3-1 (BS -> AN -> A-IoT Device -> BS) or assist in UL transmission in Topology 3-2 (BS -> A-IoT Device -> AN -> BS). Relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc. can be ANs.

[0304] - UE: User Equipment. In the case of LTE, NR, or next-generation communication systems, it refers to the LTE, NR, or next-generation communication system UE / terminal, respectively. It is a general wireless communication terminal form distinct from A-IoT devices or device types 1 / 2a / 2b. In Topology 4 (UE <-> A-IoT device), the UE acts as the leader.

[0305] - Device: Unless otherwise noted, and when used alone, refers to an EH device, an A-IoT device, or device type 1 / 2a / 2b without distinction.

[0306] - A-IoT: Ambient IoT

[0307] - F-gap: Frequency gap

[0308] - T-gap: Time gap

[0309] - TD: Time Domain

[0310] - FD: Frequency Domain

[0311] - PEI: Paging Early Indication

[0312] - LP-WUS: Low-Power Wake-Up Signal

[0313] - LP-SS: Low-Power Synchronization Signal

[0314] - RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

[0315] - ESRP: ES Received Power. May refer to RSRP measured using ES. May have the same meaning as ES-RSRP.

[0316] - PRB: Physical Resource Block

[0317] - EH Circuit: A circuit that performs EH operation. An EH device can be viewed as including an EH circuit in the form of a component.

[0318] - PHR: Power Headroom Report

[0319] - EHR: Energy Headroom Report

[0320] - BPF: Band-Pass Filter

[0321] - SM: Subcarrier Modulation

[0322] R2D and / or D2R mid-amp

[0323] In an A-IoT system, physical channels between a reader and a device may include PRDCH from the reader to the device and PDRCH from the device to the reader. Physical signals between a reader and a device in an A-IoT system may include paging signals, preamble signals, midamble signals, postamble signals, etc. In the following description, the terms PRDCH and PDRCH are used as representative examples of A-IoT physical channels / signals, but the same examples may apply to physical channels or physical signals with other names between a reader and a device.

[0324] The present disclosure describes a method for providing parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH from a reader to a device. For example, the reader may set or instruct the device to set parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH, or predefined parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH may be applied without separate signaling. Transmission and reception of PRDCH / PDRCH may be performed based on these parameters.

[0325] Parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH may include parameters for the waveform. Alternatively, in some examples, parameters for PRDCH / PDRCH may be referred to as waveforms for PRDCH / PDRCH. Since waveforms for PRDCH / PDRCH are primarily determined based on M values ​​(e.g., the number of OOK chips per symbol), parameters for the waveform may include or correspond to M values, or waveforms may be interchangeable with or used with the same meaning as M values.

[0326] In R2D transmission, a total of M OOK chips can form one OFDM symbol using DFT-s-OFDM. In the examples described below, the term "chip" may refer to an OOK chip unless specifically limited otherwise.

[0327] In the examples described below, A-IoT communication may include a wireless communication system (e.g., LTE E-UTRA, 5G NR, 6G, etc.), a mother system, etc. For example, the base station and terminal described in this disclosure may refer to the base station and terminal of the said wireless communication system.

[0328] In addition, the time unit utilized in A-IoT communication may refer to a time unit related to the configuration of signals / channels for A-IoT communication (e.g., the time unit during which an A-IoT device operates), and can be interpreted as an A-IoT symbol unit, chip duration, OOK (on / off keying) symbol unit, etc.

[0329] In the following, for clarity of explanation, the time unit used in A-IoT communication is referred to as an A-IoT symbol. Additionally, among the basic topologies for A-IoT communication described above, the proposed method is explained using Topology 1 (e.g., refer to FIG. 15 (a)) and / or Topology 2 (e.g., FIG. 15 (b)) as representative examples, but the proposed method of the present disclosure can be extended and applied to other topologies (e.g., Topology 3 and / or Topology 3).

[0330] An A-IoT device can communicate via a carrier wave (CW) transmitted by a base station or an intermediate node (IN). For example, the CW may correspond to a CW for energy harvesting and / or a CW for backscattering. The proposed method of the present disclosure may be applied restrictively to one of the two types of CW, or may be applied commonly to both types of CW.

[0331] A-IoT devices operate in units of distinct A-IoT symbols, and frame structures, numerology, waveforms, and modulations for A-IoT communication systems need to be newly defined. As mentioned above, frame structures, waveforms, and modulations need to be considered for A-IoT communication systems in light of coexistence with other wireless communication systems (e.g., NR / LTE systems). Taking these points into consideration, the present disclosure proposes a method for configuring a plurality of A-IoT symbols to be included / mapped within a CP-OFDM symbol interval for coexistence with NR / LTE systems.

[0332] However, when transmitting CW in the manner described above and receiving backscattering signals at base stations / intermediate nodes (IN) / auxiliary nodes (AN) / terminals, problems may arise from the reception perspective due to the influence of interference, etc. For example, when receiving backscattering signals with an OFDM-based receiver using FFT (fast Fourier transform), A-IoT and NR signal / channel reception may be affected as orthogonality is not satisfied.

[0333] As a method for handling cyclic prefixes (CP) in R2D transmission of A-IoT, two main methods can be considered, taking into account signal reception performance, implementation complexity, NR interference, and frequency efficiency. The first method (method 1) is a method in which the terminal removes the CP itself without explicit support from the transmitter side; specifically, methods such as removing the CP by assuming that the CP length of all symbols is the same (Alt M1-1) and removing the CP by analyzing the spacing between edges (Alt M1-2) can be considered. The second method (method 2) is a method that focuses on controlling to prevent false edges from occurring at the boundaries between symbols when generating an OFDM-based waveform; specifically, methods such as copying the CP from the end of the symbol to maintain orthogonality between subcarriers (Alt M2-1) and abandoning orthogonality as necessary (Alt M2-2) can be considered. As a more detailed example of Alt M2-1, a method of matching the first chip and the last chip (Alt M2-1-1) or suppressing edge occurrence during CP (Alt M2-1-2) may be considered.

[0334] The design goal of the A-IoT physical layer (RAN1) is to differentiate the capabilities of R2D and D2R for ultra-low power implementation. For example, R2D uses TDMA, OOK-4 modulation, and Manchester line coding to minimize complexity and may not support Forward Error Correction (FEC) or repeat transmission techniques. For example, D2R supports both TDMA and FDMA for efficient data transmission and may support OOK / BPSK modulation, convolutional codes, and repeat transmission techniques. For CRC, 6-bit, 16-bit, or no CRC mode may be optionally applied.

[0335] The R2D timing acquisition signal (R-TAS) is located immediately before PRDCH transmission and may include a preamble comprising a start-indicator part (SIP) for detecting the start of transmission and a clock-acquisition part (CAP) for determining the chip period. A predefined sequence method based on energy detection or using digital correlation may be applied to the SIP, and it may have the characteristic of maintaining a fixed length (e.g., duration) regardless of the value of the modulation factor (e.g., M) of the PRDCH. The CAP may assist the terminal in estimating the chip length by utilizing OOK edges without line coding, and the total duration length may be applied variably depending on the value of M or may be maintained constant through repeated transmission.

[0336] As described above, SIP is designed with a fixed duration (e.g., N OFDM symbols) regardless of the M value of the waveform used in PRDCH transmission, and can be designed with two options depending on the ON-OFF pattern. The CAP includes at least two rising edges or falling edges, and the A-IoT device can indicate / set / determine the OOK chip duration used in PRDCH (e.g., the M value of the waveform used in PRDCH transmission) through the CAP. The CAP can have two options that can be designed depending on the M value used in the CAP / PRDCH waveform. The first option (Option 1) is a method in which the duration used in the CAP varies depending on the M value, and the second option (Option 2) is a method in which the duration used in the CAP is the same regardless of the M value, and the duration used in the CAP can be matched identically through repetition according to the M value. Options 1 and 2 for such CAP designs may also be referred to as Options 1 and 2 of the CAP structure in the following description.

[0337] In the following description, the M value of the waveform used in CAP is denoted as M_CAP, the M value of the waveform used in PRDCH is denoted as M_PRDCH, the M value of the waveform used in PDRCH is denoted as M_PDRCH, the M value of the waveform used in X-ambles (e.g., preamble, midamble, postamble) that can be used in R2D / D2R is denoted as M_X-amble, and the M value of the waveform used in paging messages is denoted as M_Paging_CAP. For various channels / signals, the M value may correspond to the number of OOK chips transmitted within 1 OFDM symbol in the corresponding channel / signal.

[0338] The D2R ampble and / or R2D ampble may be configured as follows: Option 1, which includes only a preamble; Option 2, which includes a preamble and X (where X is one or more) midamble(s); Option 3, which includes a preamble and a postamble; and Option 4, which includes a preamble, Y (where Y is one or more) midamble(s) and a postamble.

[0339] Examples of setting / instructing / deriving the periodicity (or mid-ampl insertion interval) and / or the number of mid-amplifiers for R2D mid-amplifiers and / or D2R mid-amplifiers transmitted / received by an A-IoT device are described below.

[0340] Although the following examples are described primarily under the assumption of D2R mid-amples, the examples of this disclosure regarding the period (or mid-ample insertion interval) and / or number of mid-amples of D2R mid-amples may be equally applied to the period (or mid-ample insertion interval) and / or number of mid-amples of R2D mid-amples without separate explanation.

[0341] FIG. 16 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a first device according to the present disclosure.

[0342] In step S1610, the first device can receive information related to the midamble interval from the second device.

[0343] In some examples, the midamble interval may also be referred to as the midamble period. The midamble interval / period may correspond to the interval in bits for midamble insertion in the assembly of bits to be transmitted. For example, midamble(s) may be included / inserted between payload bits, and in the case where multiple midambles are included / inserted, the number of bits (e.g., distance / interval in bits) between the first midamble and the second midamble may correspond to the midamble interval / period. For example, the distance / interval between the n-th midamble and the n+1-th midamble (n=1, 2, 3, ...) may be the same.

[0344] In the following examples, the midamble interval / period may also be denoted by the variable I.

[0345] In step S1620, the first device can generate a transmission from the first device to the second device by inserting one or more midambles into the payload bits based on the midamble interval.

[0346] In the following examples, the number of mid-amplifiers can be denoted by a variable X. X can be an integer greater than or equal to 1.

[0347] In the following examples, the size of the payload bit can be denoted by a variable P. P can be an integer greater than or equal to 1.

[0348] In some examples, the number of midambles X may be based on the size P of the payload bits. For example, a larger X may be derived for a larger P. For example, a smaller X may be derived for a smaller P. For example, as the value of P increases, a larger value of X may be derived. For example, P and X may have a positive correlation.

[0349] In some examples, the number of midamblers X may be based on the midambler interval I. For example, a larger X may be derived for a smaller I. For example, a smaller X may be derived for a larger I. For example, as the value of I decreases, a larger value of X may be derived. For example, I and X may have a negative correlation.

[0350] In some examples, the number of midambles X can be derived based on the mathematical formula X = P / Y.

[0351] For example, the parameter Y can be based on a midamble interval I. For instance, a smaller I yields a smaller Y, and a larger I yields a larger Y. For instance, as the value of I increases, a larger value of Y may be derived. For instance, I and Y can have a positive correlation.

[0352] For example, the parameter Y can be based on the number of chips per OFDM symbol, M. For instance, a larger M may yield a smaller Y, and a smaller M may yield a larger Y. For instance, as the value of M decreases, a larger value of Y may be derived. For instance, M and Y can have a negative correlation.

[0353] In some examples, the number of midamblers X can be derived based on the mathematical formula X = floor(P / Y). Here, floor(P / Y) can be the largest integer not greater than the value of P / Y.

[0354] In some examples, the number of midambles X can be derived based on the mathematical formula X = ceiling(P / Y). Here, ceiling(P / Y) can be the smallest integer not smaller than the value of P / Y.

[0355] In some examples, the first device may be an A-IoT device and the second device may be a reader. In this case, transmission from the first device to the second device may include PDRCH and D2R midamble.

[0356] In some examples, the first device may be a reader and the second device may be an A-IoT device. In this case, transmission from the first device to the second device may include PRDCH and R2D midamble.

[0357] The method described in the example of FIG. 16 may be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 corresponding to the first node (110) (e.g., A-IoT device) or second node (120) (e.g., reader) of FIG. 2 described above. For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 may be configured to receive information related to a midamble interval from another device through one or more transceivers (206), and to generate a transmission to another device by inserting one or more midambles into a payload bit based on the midamble interval. Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 16 or the examples described below when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0358] FIG. 17 is a drawing for explaining a method performed by a second device according to the present disclosure.

[0359] In step S1710, the second device can transmit information related to the midamble interval to the first device.

[0360] In step S1720, the second device can receive from the first device a transmission to the second device in which one or more midambles are inserted into the payload bits based on the midamble interval.

[0361] In the example of FIG. 17, the specific characteristics regarding the number of midambles, midamble interval, and payload bit size are the same as those described with reference to the example of FIG. 16, so redundant descriptions are omitted.

[0362] The method described in the example of FIG. 17 may be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 corresponding to the second node (120) (e.g., a reader) or the first node (110) (e.g., an A-IoT device) of FIG. 2 described above. For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 may be configured to transmit information related to a midamble interval to another device through one or more transceivers (206), and to receive from another device a transmission in which one or more midambles are inserted into a payload bit based on the midamble interval. Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 17 or the examples described below when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0363] Various examples of the present disclosure regarding the setting / instruction / derivation of the period (or interval) and / or number of mid-amples of R2D / D2R mid-amples are described below.

[0364] In the following examples, a single midamble may correspond to a single midamble beat sequence. Among multiple midambles, each midamble may correspond to a single midamble beat sequence. The lengths of multiple midamble beat sequences corresponding to multiple midambles may be defined to be equal to each other.

[0365] Example 1

[0366] This embodiment relates to a method for setting / instructing / deriving a midamble transmission period (or midamble insertion interval) based on parameters related to the payload, waveform, and modulation.

[0367] Since A-IoT devices have lower oscillator performance compared to readers (e.g., base stations or terminals (UE)), more sampling frequency offset (SFO) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) may occur for D2R transmissions than for R2D transmissions. As mentioned above, in order for a reader to successfully receive a PDRCH, time and / or frequency synchronization may need to be continuously acquired. During PDRCH transmission, time / frequency synchronization may be provided via mid-ambles. Therefore, A-IoT devices may need to transmit mid-ambles according to specific periods / intervals for PDRCH transmissions.

[0368] A single mid-ample may be inserted / included in the PDRCH payload, or multiple mid-amples may be inserted / included. When multiple mid-amples are inserted / included, the distance / spacing between the mid-amples may be the same. This distance / spacing between the mid-amples may be referred to as the mid-ample period / interval.

[0369] This describes the parameters or factors required for the device to set / instruct the midamble period / interval or for the device to derive it.

[0370] Example 1-1

[0371] A midamble period / interval can be set / instructed / derived based on the payload size (or the number of payload bits).

[0372] For example, the period / interval of a midamble can be set / instructed / derived according to the payload size (or TBS (transport block size)) set / instructed by the A-IoT device through L1 (Layer 1, PHY) R2D control information or the payload size (or TBS) of the PDRCH that the A-IoT device must transmit.

[0373] Since mid-ambles can be transmitted during a PDRCH to acquire time and / or frequency synchronization with the reader, the period / interval of the mid-amble can be set / instructed / derived based on the size of the PDRCH payload. More specifically, when an A-IoT device transmits a PDRCH with a large payload size (e.g., 400 bits), it takes a relatively long time to transmit the entire payload, which can lead to increased timing drift (e.g., timing drift due to SFO). Therefore, when a PDRCH with a large payload size is transmitted, the A-IoT device may transmit mid-ambles more frequently. More frequent mid-amble transmission may mean that the time intervals for mid-amble transmission are denser and that the mid-amble period / interval is shorter. Less frequent midamble transmissions may imply that the time intervals between midamble transmissions are more sparse, and that the midamble period / interval is longer. In other words, the larger the payload size, the shorter the midamble period / interval may be, and the smaller the payload size, the longer the midamble period / interval may be.

[0374] A threshold for the payload size may be applied in relation to the number (or transmission) of midambles. For example, if the payload size is less than or equal to the threshold, zero midambles may be inserted into the payload, and if the payload size is greater than or equal to the threshold, one or more midambles may be inserted into the payload.

[0375] For example, assume that the value of the payload size threshold Th_payload is 100 bits. The payload size threshold may be set / instructed to the device or may be predefined without separate signaling. If the payload size of the PDRCH to be transmitted is less than or equal to Th_payload, the PDRCH may be transmitted without mid-ambles (e.g., with 0 mid-ambles inserted / included). If the payload size of the PDRCH to be transmitted is greater than or equal to Th_payload, the PDRCH may be transmitted with one or more mid-ambles inserted / included within the PDRCH.

[0376] Multiple Th_(payload,n) may be set / instructed / applied (n=1, 2, 3, ...). For each interval distinguished by multiple payload size thresholds, the period / interval of the midamble may be set / instructed / derived. For example, assume the case where two Th_(payload,1) = 100 bits and Th_(payload,2) = 300 bits are given. In this case, if the PDRCH payload size is less than 100 bits, 0 midambles may be inserted / included in the PDRCH, X1 (e.g., X1=1) midambles may be inserted / included in the PDRCH if it is 100 bits or more and less than 300 bits, and X2 (e.g., X2=4) midambles may be inserted / included in the PDRCH and transmitted.

[0377] Parameters X1 and X2 may be set / instructed to the device through separate signaling from the reader (e.g., paging message, L1 (Layer 1, PHY) control information, and / or L2 (Layer 2, MAC) control information), or may be predefined without separate signaling.

[0378] Examples 1-2

[0379] A midamble period / interval can be set / instructed / derived based on the waveform (or M value, or bit duration, or chip duration).

[0380] For example, the M value of the waveform used for PDRCH transmission can be defined as the number of OOK bits (or chips) present in one OFDM symbol. Based on such an M value, the period / interval of the midamble can be set / indicated / derived.

[0381] From the perspective of a reader receiving the PDRCH, the synchronization requirements for successful OOK detection may vary depending on the waveform of the PDRCH. For example, as the value of M increases, the OOK chip duration (or bit duration) may decrease. As the value of M increases (or the chip duration decreases, or the bit duration decreases), more precise synchronization is required. Therefore, as the value of M used in the PDRCH increases (or the chip duration decreases, or the bit duration decreases), midambles may be transmitted more frequently. More frequent midamble transmission may imply that the time intervals for midamble transmission are denser and that the midamble period / interval is shorter. Less frequent midamble transmissions may imply that the time intervals between midamble transmissions are more sparse, and that the midamble period / interval is longer. In other words, the larger the value of M (or the smaller the chip duration or bit duration), the shorter the midamble period / interval may become, and the smaller the value of M (or the larger the chip duration or bit duration), the longer the midamble period / interval may become.

[0382] Furthermore, for the same PDRCH payload size / length, the shorter the insertion / inclusion mid-ample period / interval, the greater the number of mid-amples inserted / included in that PDRCH. Conversely, for the same PDRCH payload size / length, the longer the insertion / inclusion mid-ample period / interval, the smaller the number of mid-amples inserted / included in that PDRCH.

[0383] A threshold for the value of M may be applied in relation to the number of midambles (or transmission). For example, if the value of M is less than or equal to the threshold, zero midambles may be inserted into the payload, and if the value of M is greater than or equal to the threshold, one or more midambles may be inserted into the payload.

[0384] For example, the M value threshold may be set / instructed to the device or may be predefined without separate signaling. If the M value of the PDRCH to be transmitted is less than or equal to Th_M, the PDRCH may be transmitted without mid-amples (e.g., with zero mid-amples inserted / included). If the M value of the PDRCH to be transmitted is greater than or equal to Th_M, the PDRCH may be transmitted with one or more mid-amples inserted / included within the PDRCH.

[0385] Multiple Th_(M,n) can be set / instructed / applied (n=1, 2, 3, ...). For each interval distinguished by multiple M value thresholds, the period / interval of the midamble can be set / instructed / derived. For example, assume the case where two Th_(M,1) = 4 and Th_(M,2) = 16 are given. In this case, if the M value used in the PDRCH is less than 4, 0 midambles are inserted / included in the PDRCH; if it is 4 or more and less than 16, X1 midambles (e.g., X1=1) are inserted / included; and if it is 16 or more, X2 midambles (e.g., X2=4) are inserted / included in the PDRCH, and the PDRCH can be transmitted.

[0386] Parameters X1 and X2 may be set / instructed to the device from the reader via separate signaling (e.g., paging messages, L1 control information, and / or L2 control information), or may be predefined without separate signaling.

[0387] Examples 1-3

[0388] Midamble periods / intervals can be set / instructed / derived based on a modulation scheme.

[0389] For example, it can be assumed that the modulation technique applicable to an A-IoT device is either OOK or BPSK (binary phase shift keying). The required synchronization accuracy may differ depending on the modulation technique. Therefore, the midamble period / interval for OOK and the midamble period / interval for BPSK can be set / instructed / derived differently.

[0390] For example, from the perspective of a reader receiving a PDRCH, the performance of channel estimation and / or synchronization based on X-ambles (e.g., preamble / midamble / postamble) for a PDRCH modulated based on BPSK may be better than the performance of channel estimation and / or synchronization based on X-ambles for a PDRCH modulated based on OOK. Therefore, midambles may be transmitted more frequently for a PDRCH modulated with OOK compared to a PDRCH modulated with BPSK. Midambles may be transmitted less frequently for a PDRCH modulated with BPSK compared to a PDRCH modulated with OOK. More frequent midamble transmission may mean that the time intervals for midamble transmission are denser and that the midamble period / interval is shorter. Less frequent midamble transmissions may mean that the time intervals between midamble transmissions are sparse, and that the midamble period / interval is longer.

[0391] For example, a PDRCH with OOK modulation technique applied can be transmitted with X2 (e.g., X2=4) mid-ambles, and a PDRCH with BPSK modulation technique applied can be transmitted with X1 (e.g., X1=1) mid-ambles.

[0392] The modulation techniques applicable to A-IoT devices are not limited to OOK and BPSK, and for other modulation techniques (e.g., FSK), larger or smaller midamble periods / intervals compared to other modulation techniques may be applied, as in the example above. Additionally, by assuming a number of candidates for more than two modulation techniques, different midamble periods / intervals may be applied for each modulation technique.

[0393] In this case, the modulation technique that serves as the standard for applying different midamble periods / intervals can be defined as TH_MCS. For example, TH_MCS may correspond to a specific attribute value (e.g., modulation order) corresponding to OOK, and for each modulation technique, a specific attribute value (e.g., modulation order) can be compared with TH_MCS. For example, it can be defined that a relatively long midamble period / interval is applied to modulation techniques of a higher order (or more complex) than TH_MCS, and a relatively short midamble period / interval is applied to modulation techniques of a lower order (or simpler) than TH_MCS (or OOK).

[0394] Contrary to the example above, mid-ambles may be inserted / included less frequently (or with longer periods / intervals) in a PDRCH with OOK modulation compared to a PDRCH with BPSK modulation. Mid-ambles may also be inserted / included more frequently (or with shorter periods / intervals) in a PDRCH with BPSK modulation compared to a PDRCH with OOK modulation.

[0395] Parameters X1 and X2 may be set / instructed to the device from the reader via separate signaling (e.g., paging messages, L1 control information, and / or L2 control information), or may be predefined without separate signaling.

[0396] Examples 1-4

[0397] Midamble periods / intervals can be set / instructed / derived based on the payload size, waveform (or M value), and / or modulation technique.

[0398] For example, the payload size of PDRCH (or the size of the payload bit) is denoted as P, the waveform (e.g., the value of M, which is the number of chips per OFDM symbol) is denoted as M, and a specific attribute value of the modulation scheme can be denoted as MCS (modulation and coding scheme). The midamble period / interval can be denoted as I.

[0399] In this embodiment, various examples are described in which a midamble period / interval (I) is set / instructed / derived based on a combination of P and M, or based on a combination of P and MCS, or based on a combination of M and MCS, or based on a combination of P, M, and MCS.

[0400] While Examples 1-1 to 1-3 define the relationship between a single parameter and a midamble period / interval, Example 1-4 defines the relationship between multiple parameters and a midamble period / interval.

[0401] Parameter Z_1 is defined as a parameter for deriving the number of midambles based on P, M, and / or MCS. For example, it can be defined as a relationship where a larger value of parameter Z_1 results in a larger number of midamble(s) being inserted / included, and a smaller value of parameter Z_1 results in a smaller number of midamble(s) being inserted / included.

[0402] The relationship between the combination of P, M, and / or MCS and Z_1 can be defined as follows.

[0403] Z_1 = P * M

[0404] Z_1 = P * MCS

[0405] Z_1 = M * MCS

[0406] Z_1 = P * M * MCS

[0407] Considering the thresholds for each parameter (e.g., TH_payload, TH_M, TH_MCS), the relationship between the combination of P, M, and / or MCS and Z_1 can be defined as follows.

[0408] Z_1 = P / TH_Payload * M / TH_M

[0409] Z_1 = P / TH_Payload * MCS / TH_MCS

[0410] Z_1 = M / TH_M * MCS / TH_MCS

[0411] Z_1 = P / TH_Payload * M / TH_M * MCS / TH_MCS

[0412] In this way, when thresholds for each parameter are considered, the threshold TH_total for Z_1 can be applied.

[0413] Among the examples of mathematical formulas for Z_1, we assume the case where Z_1 = P / TH_Payload * M / TH_M * MCS / TH_MCS is applied. Additionally, we can assume a case where the PDRCH payload size = 400 bits, Th_payload = 100 bits, M used in PDRCH = 4, Th_M = 8, and the MCS value and TH_MCS value are the same (e.g., MCS / TH_MCS = 1). In this case, Z_1 can be derived as 2. For the Z_1 value derived in this way, the reader and A-IoT device compare it with the threshold TH_total to finally derive the number of midambles.

[0414] For example, TH_total is assumed to be given as 1. For example, the value of TH_total may be provided to the A-IoT device through separate signaling (e.g., paging message, L1 R2D control information, and / or L2 R2D control information), or it may be predefined without separate signaling.

[0415] If the value of Z_1 is greater than or equal to TH_total, X2 (e.g., X2=4) mid-amples are inserted / included in PDRCH, and if the value of Z_1 is less than TH_total, X1 (e.g., X1=1) mid-amples are inserted / included in PDRCH, so that PDRCH transmission from the A-IoT device to the reader can be performed.

[0416] Similar to the embodiments described above, the threshold TH_total for Z_1 may also be set / instructed / defined as a plurality of thresholds TH_(total,n) (n=1, 2, 3, ...). The number of midambles X transmitted may differ for each interval distinguished by different TH_(total,n). The different values ​​of X for each interval, X1, X2, X3, ..., may be set / instructed to the device by a separate signaling from the reader (e.g., paging message, L1 control information, and / or L2 control information), or may be predefined without separate signaling.

[0417] As such, the larger the value of Z_1, the larger the value of X, the number of mid-amples inserted / included in PDRCH may be. The smaller the value of Z_1, the smaller the value of X, the number of mid-amples inserted / included in PDRCH may be.

[0418] Therefore, among the examples of the relationship between Z_1 and the combination of parameters mentioned above, the mathematical equation Z_1 = P * M can also be expressed as X = P * M.

[0419] Furthermore, as described in Examples 1-2, assuming that the values ​​of other parameters (e.g., payload size P and / or modulation technique attribute value MCS) are fixed (or independently of the values ​​of other parameters), the midamble period / interval may become shorter (e.g., the value of I becomes smaller) as the value of parameter M (e.g., number of chips per OFDM symbol) increases (or the chip duration decreases, or the bit duration decreases), and the midamble period / interval may become longer (e.g., the value of I becomes larger) as the value of parameter M decreases (or the chip duration increases, or the bit duration increases).

[0420] A parameter that reflects this relationship between M and I can be defined as Y. Accordingly, the example mathematical expression X = P * M can also be expressed as X = P / Y.

[0421] Here, the parameter Y can be based on the parameter M. For example, a smaller Y may be derived for a larger M, and a larger Y may be derived for a smaller M. For example, as the value of M decreases, a larger value of Y may be derived. For example, M and Y can have a negative correlation.

[0422] Furthermore, parameter Y can be based on parameter I. For example, a smaller I may yield a smaller Y, and a larger I may yield a larger Y. For instance, as the value of I increases, a larger value of Y may be derived. For instance, I and Y can have a positive correlation.

[0423] An example of deriving the number of midambles based on parameter Z_1 is specified, and the number of midambles may be derived based on the result of applying a ceiling operation or a floor operation to parameter Z_1. For example, if Z_1 is derived as 3.5, applying a ceiling operation (e.g., ceiling(Z_1) means the smallest integer not smaller than Z_1) yields X = 4, and applying a floor operation (e.g., floor(Z_1) means the largest integer not larger than Z_1) yields X = 3. Accordingly, the number of midambles corresponding to the derived X value can be inserted / included in PDRCH, and PDRCH transmission can be performed.

[0424] As another example, the midamble period / interval (or number of midambles) can be set / instructed / derived in units of PDRCH transmission time.

[0425] For example, the number of midambles can be derived based on the total time during which the PDRCH is transmitted (or the PDRCH payload size P) and the chip duration (or bit duration). For example, the chip duration (or bit duration) used in the PDRCH can be denoted as parameter T. The value of T may have a negative correlation with the value of M.

[0426] For example, if the value of P * T is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold, one or more midambles are transmitted, and if it is less than the threshold, no midambles may be transmitted.

[0427] For example, multiple thresholds for P * T may be set / indicated through specific signaling (e.g., L1 R2D control information, L2 R2D control information), or they may be predefined without separate signaling. Accordingly, different midamble counts (or midamble periods / intervals) can be derived for each section distinguished by the multiple thresholds. For example, parameter Z_2 may be defined as a value that can be used to finally derive the midamble count.

[0428] This can be expressed as a mathematical formula as follows.

[0429] Z_2 = P * T

[0430] For example, assuming the payload size is 400 bits and the PDRCH chip duration is 1 µs (microsecond), Z_2 can be derived as 400. If the threshold applied to Z_2 is given as 200, since the value of Z_2 is greater than or equal to the threshold, X2 midambles are transmitted, which means the period / interval of the midambles is 400 / X2 µs. If the value of Z_2 is less than the threshold of 200, X1 midambles are transmitted, which means the period / interval of the midambles is 400 / X1 µs.

[0431] In the examples described above, the number of midambles can be derived by comparing the parameter Z_1 or Z_2 with the threshold, and similarly, the midamble period / interval can be derived by comparing Z_1 or Z_2 with the threshold. For example, the midamble period / interval can be defined as a chip duration unit (e.g., T) or a multiple of the chip duration (e.g., N * T) of the PDRCH set / instructed / derived through L1 R2D control information.

[0432] Alternatively, a midamble period table may be predefined, and an index of the table may be set / directed / derived by comparing a parameter Z_1 or Z_2 with a threshold. For example, if the value of parameter Z_1 or Z_2 is less than the threshold, table index 0 may be set / directed / derived, and if it is greater than or equal to the threshold, table index 1 may be set / directed / derived.

[0433] FIG. 18 is a drawing showing an example of a time resource location of a midamble according to the present disclosure.

[0434] In the examples above, if the number of midambles and / or the period / interval of the midambles is set / directed / derived, the time resource location of the midambles within the PDRCH can be set / directed / derived.

[0435] In the example of FIG. 18, the mid-amplifiers can be inserted / included in the PDRCH payload bits at equal intervals (or intervals similar to equal intervals).

[0436] The indices of the total K OFDM symbols in the PDRCH containing the midamble are k = 0, 1, ..., K-1. The indices of the total M chips in each OFDM symbol are m = 0, 1, ..., M-1. The indices of the total K*M chips in the PDRCH containing the midamble are m = 0, 1, ..., K*M-2, K*M-1.

[0437] If midamble(s) within PDRCH start / end at the chip level, the chip index of each midamble can be derived according to the following mathematical formula.

[0438] m = n * ceiling((K * M) / (X + 1))

[0439] m = n * floor((K * M) / (X + 1))

[0440] Here, X is the number of mid-amples inserted / included in PDRCH, and n=1, 2, ..., X.

[0441] If mid-ampl(s) within a PDRCH start / end at the OFDM symbol level, the OFDM symbol index of each mid-ampl can be derived according to the following mathematical formula.

[0442] k = n * ceiling(K / (X+1))

[0443] k = n * floor(K / (X+1))

[0444] If the start / end times of a midamble need to be aligned with the OFDM symbol boundaries, midamble transmission can be performed from the chip index where the start / end times are aligned with the OFDM symbol index k derived from the above mathematical formula.

[0445] If the start / end times of a midamble are not aligned with the OFDM symbol boundaries, the midamble start / end chip index within the OFDM symbol may be set / indicated through separate signaling (e.g., paging message, L1 control information, L2 control information), or the midamble start / end chip index within the OFDM symbol may be predefined or derived according to a predefined rule without separate signaling.

[0446] Examples 1-5

[0447] The period / interval of the midamble can be directly set / instructed / derived through L1 R2D control information.

[0448] For example, from the L1 R2D control information provided via PRDCH, the period / interval (or number of midambles) of the direct midamble can be set / instructed to the device.

[0449] For example, if the reader sets / instructs the A-IoT device to the number of midambles via L1 R2D control information, the device can derive the midamble start / end OFDM symbol index or chip index based on a mathematical formula for m and / or k. Accordingly, the midambles can be inserted / included in the PDRCH at the derived time resource location to generate a PDRCH transmission.

[0450] For example, if the period / interval of a midamble is set / instructed / derived to the device, the midamble can be inserted / included within the PDRCH according to the corresponding period / interval to generate a PDRCH transmission. Here, the set / instructed / derived period / interval can be defined as a chip duration unit (e.g., T) or a multiple of the chip duration (e.g., N * T) of the PDRCH set / instructed / derived through L1 R2D control information.

[0451] In the examples described above, it is assumed that the PDRCH signal transmitted by the A-IoT device transmits M OOK chip(s) within one OFDM symbol, which may be derived from the chip duration set / instructed by the reader to the A-IoT device via the PRDCH. For example, given a chip duration T, it is defined as the relationship M = 1 / T, and M can be substituted as 1 / T and applied to the examples described above and mathematical formulas.

[0452] In the examples based on the payload size P described above, P may be the TBS actually transmitted (e.g., size including line / channel encoding, CRC attachment, and repetitions). Alternatively, the payload size P may correspond to the information bits intended to be transmitted in the PDRCH (e.g., payload size transmitted from the upper layer). The scope of this disclosure is not limited to these examples, and a value of P according to various criteria may be defined and applied as the payload size in the examples described above.

[0453] According to the examples described above, the number of midambles (or midamble period / interval) inserted / included in the PDRCH (or PRDCH) based on various parameter(s) can be clearly and efficiently derived. Accordingly, the synchronization performance required by the PDRCH (or PRDCH) can be satisfied, and D2R data (or R2D data) via the PDRCH (or PRDCH) can be successfully obtained at the receiving end (e.g., a reader or device).

[0454] The embodiments described above are combinations of the components and features of the present disclosure in a specific form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless otherwise explicitly stated. Each component or feature may be implemented in a form not combined with other components or features. Additionally, it is possible to construct embodiments of the present disclosure by combining some components and / or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment, or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is obvious that embodiments may be constructed by combining claims that are not explicitly related in the claims, or that they may be included as new claims by amendment after filing.

[0455] It is obvious to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential features of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the detailed description set forth above should not be interpreted restrictively in all respects and should be considered exemplary. The scope of the present disclosure shall be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the equivalent scope of the present disclosure are included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0456] The scope of the present disclosure includes software or machine-executable instructions (e.g., operating systems, applications, firmware, programs, etc.) that enable operations according to the methods of various embodiments to be executed on a device or computer, and a non-transitory computer-readable medium on which such software or instructions, etc. are stored and executable on a device or computer. Instructions that may be used to program a processing system to perform the features described in the present disclosure may be stored on or within a storage medium or a computer-readable storage medium, and the features described in the present disclosure may be implemented using a computer program product comprising such a storage medium. The storage medium may include, but is not limited to, high-speed random access memory such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid-state memory devices, and may include non-volatile memory such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state storage devices. The memory may optionally include one or more storage devices located remotely from the processor(s). Memory or alternatively, non-volatile memory device(s) within memory comprises a non-transient computer-readable storage medium. The features described in this disclosure may be stored in any one of the machine-readable media and integrated into software and / or firmware that can control the hardware of a processing system and allow the processing system to interact with other mechanisms utilizing results according to the embodiments of this disclosure. Such software or firmware may include, but is not limited to, application code, device drivers, operating systems, and execution environments / containers.

[0457] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication. In this case, for example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology and may be implemented according to standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, but is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally, or generally, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of the present disclosure may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. In this case, for example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally or generally, wireless communication technology implemented in the device (100, 200) of the present disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) for low-power communication, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. As an example, ZigBee technology may create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0458] Although the method proposed in this disclosure has been described with an example applied to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems, it is possible to apply it to various wireless communication systems in addition to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems.

Claims

1. A method performed by a first device, wherein the method comprises: The step of receiving information related to a midamble interval from a second device by a first device; and The method includes the step of inserting one or more midambles into a payload bit based on the midamble interval by the first device to generate a transmission from the first device to the second device, The number of midambles X is based on the size P of the payload bits, method.

2. In Paragraph 1, For a larger P, a larger X is derived, and A method for deriving a smaller X for a smaller P.

3. In Paragraph 1, X is based on the midamble interval I, and A method for deriving a larger X for a smaller midamble interval I.

4. In Paragraph 3, A method for deriving a smaller X for a larger midamble interval I.

5. In Paragraph 3, Midamble interval I is a method corresponding to the number of bits between midambles or the period of a midamble.

6. In Paragraph 1, X is derived based on the mathematical formula X=P / Y, and For a larger M or for a smaller I, a smaller Y is derived, and For M smaller than or I larger than, a larger Y is derived, and M is a method corresponding to the number of chips per OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) symbol.

7. In Paragraph 6, X is derived based on the mathematical formula X=floor(P / Y), and floor(P / Y) is a method corresponding to the largest integer not greater than the value of P / Y.

8. In Paragraph 6, X is derived based on the mathematical formula X=ceiling(P / Y), and ceiling(P / Y) is a method corresponding to the smallest integer not less than the value of P / Y.

9. In Paragraph 1, The first device mentioned above is an ambient IoT (internet of things) device, and The second device mentioned above is a reader, and A method in which transmission from the first device to the second device comprises a PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel) and a D2R midamble.

10. In Paragraph 1, The first device above is a reader, and The above-mentioned second device is an ambient IoT (internet of things) device, and A method in which transmission from the first device to the second device comprises a PRDCH (physical reader-to-device channel) and an R2D midamble.

11. In the first device, One or more transceivers; and It includes one or more processors connected to the above one or more transmitters and receivers, and The above one or more processors are: Information related to the midamble interval is received from a second device through the one or more transceivers; Based on the above midamble interval, one or more midambles are inserted into the payload bit to generate transmission from the first device to the second device, and The number of midambles X is a first device based on the size P of the payload bit.

12. A method performed by a second device, wherein the method comprises: A step of transmitting information related to a midamble interval to a first device by a second device; and The method includes the step of receiving from the first device a transmission from the first device to the second device, wherein one or more midambles are inserted into the payload bit based on the midamble interval, and The number of midambles X is based on the size P of the payload bits, method.

13. In the second device, One or more transceivers; and It includes one or more processors connected to the above one or more transmitters and receivers, and The above one or more processors are: Information related to the midamble interval is transmitted to a first device through one or more transceivers; and Based on the above midamble interval, transmission from the first device to the second device, in which one or more midambles are inserted into the payload bit, is configured to be received from the first device through the one or more transceivers, and The number of midambles X is a second device based on the size P of the payload bit.

14. One or more processors; and A processing device comprising one or more computer memories that are operably connected to one or more processors and store instructions for performing a method according to any one of claims 1 to 10 based on execution by one or more processors.

15. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions that are executed by one or more processors to control the execution of a method according to any one of claims 1 through 10.

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