UE measurement and RO selection for SBFD ra triggered by ltm

Abstract

Methods are described for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution and / or selecting a RACH occasion A method performed by a user equipment includes receiving signaling comprising a medium access control element, MAC CE; selecting a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE; selecting one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration; and performing a RACH preamble transmission on the selected ROs.

Description

UE MEASUREMENT AND RO SELECTION FOR SBFD RA TRIGGERED BY LTMCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED INFORMATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States of America priority application No. 63 / 755,033 filed on February 06, 2025, titled “UE Measurement and RO Selection for SBFD RA Triggered by LTM.”TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution and / or selecting a RACH occasion.BACKGROUND

[0003] FDD and TDD Systems

[0004] Transmission and reception from a node, e.g., a terminal in a cellular system, can be multiplexed in the frequency domain or in the time domain, or combinations thereof. Frequency division duplex (FDD) (100) as illustrated in Figure 1 implies that downlink and uplink transmission take place in different, sufficiently separated, frequency bands. Time division duplex (TDD) (104) as illustrated in Figure 1, implies that downlink and uplink transmission take place in different, non-overlapping time slots. Thus, TDD (104) can operate in unpaired spectrum, whereas FDD (100) requires paired spectrum.

[0005] Typically, the structure of the transmitted signal in a communication system is organized in the form of a frame structure. In more detail, the following two information elements (IES) are defined in current specifications. The TDD (104) pattern is typically configured with at least a first IE and optionally a 2ndIE: TDD-DL-UL-ConfigCommon (cell-specific); TDD-DL-UL-ConfigDedicated (UE-specific). The first IE is cell specific, common to all UEs, and is provided by broadcast signaling. The first IE provides the number of slots in the TDD (104) pattern via a reference subcarrier spacing and a periodicity such that the S-slot pattern repeats every S slots. The first IE allows for very flexible configuration of the pattern characterized as follows: a number of full downlink slots at the beginning of the pattern configured by the parameternDownlinkSlots a number of full uplink slots at the end of the pattern configured by the parameter nUplinkSlots a number of downlink (‘D’) symbols following the full downlink slots configured by the parameter n ownlinkSymbols and / or a number of uplink (‘U’) symbols preceding the full downlink slots configured by the parameter nUplinkSlots .

[0006] If there is a gap between the last downlink symbol and the first uplink symbol, then all symbols in the gap are characterized as flexible (‘F’). A symbol classified as ‘F’ can be used for downlink or uplink. A UE determines the direction in one of the following two ways: detecting a downlink control information (DCI) that schedules / triggers a downlink (DL) signal / channel, e.g., physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), channel state informationreference signal (CSI-RS), or schedules / triggers an UL signal / channel, e.g. physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), sounding reference signal (SRS), etc.

[0007] By dedicated, UE-specific, signaling of the IE, TDD-DL-UL-ConfigDedicated. This parameter overrides some or all of the ‘F’ symbols in the pattern, thus providing a semi-static indication of whether a symbol is classified as ‘D’ or ‘U.’ Optionally, a 2ndpattern that is concatenated to the first pattern can be configured as above. If a 2ndpattern is configured, the constraint is that the sum of the periodicities of the two patterns must evenly divide 20 ms.

[0008] Figure 2 shows an exemplary TDD DL / UL pattern configured by TDD-DL-UL-ConfigCommon. It includes 3 full ‘D’ slots (200), 1 full ‘U’ slot (202), with a mixed slot (204) in between consisting of 4 ‘D’ symbols and 3 ‘U’ symbols. The remaining 7 symbols in the mixed slot are classified as ‘F.’ If a UE is not configured with TDD-DL-UL-ConfigDedicated (214), then the pattern at the top of the diagram is what it assumes. As stated above, the network can make use of the ‘F’ symbols flexibly, by scheduling / triggering either an uplink or a downlink signal / channel in a UE specific manner. This allows for very dynamic behavior: the direction is not known to the UE a priori; rather, the direction becomes known once the UE detects a DCI scheduling / triggering a particular DL or UL signal / channel.

[0009] In contrast, the DL / UL direction for some or all of the ‘F’ symbols in a particular slot can be provided to the UE in a semi-static manner by radio resource control (RRC) configuring the UE with TDD-DL-UL-ConfigDedicated (214). Figure 2 shows 3 exemplary configurations for overriding ‘F’ symbols (206) in Slot 3. If the IE indicates ‘allDownlink’ (208) or ‘allUplink’ (210) for a particular slot (or slots), then all ‘F’ symbols in the slot are converted toeither ‘D’ or ‘U,’ respectively. If the IE indicates ‘explicit’ (212), then a number of symbols at the beginning of the slot and / or a number of symbols at the end of the slot are indicated as ‘D’ and ‘U,’ respectively. In the example in Figure 2, the first 7 symbols and the last 5 symbols are indicated as ‘D’ and ‘U’, which converts some of the ‘F’ symbols (but not all in this example) to ‘D’ and ‘U.’

[0010] In the behavior shown in Figure 2, the UE-specific IE TDD-DL-UL-ConfigDedicated (214) can only override (i.e., specify ‘D’ or ‘U’) for symbols that are configured as ‘F’ by the cell-specific IE TDD-DL-UL-ConfigCommon. In other words, a UE does not expect to have a ‘D’ symbol converted to ‘U’ or vice versa.

[0011] Subband Full Duplex (SBFD)

[0012] As described in the last section, in a conventional TDD system, entire carrier bandwidth or all carriers in the same frequency band need to be utilizing the same DL transmission or UL reception directions. This is further illustrated in Figure 3.

[0013] For the Rel-18 evolution of the NR system, 3GPP has decided to study the technical feasibilities and potential benefits of SBFD systems. In such a system, a portion of a wide bandwidth carrier may be used for a different direction than that of the rest of the carrier (400), as shown in Figure 4. That is, unlike a conventional TDD system (300) as shown in Figure 3, where the entire bandwidth is used for DL transmission in the first three slots, the center portion of the SBFD carrier is used for UL reception while the rest of the carrier continues to be used for DL transmission (400) as shown in Figure 4.

[0014] Similarly, instead of utilizing all carriers for the same DL or UL directions in a conventional TDD system (302) as shown in Figure 3, some carriers in the SBFD system can be used for a different direction than that of the other carriers (402) as shown in Figure 4. In the 3 GPP Rel-18 study, the scope has been limited such that in SBFD operation, only gNBs transmit DL and receive UL simultaneously. An individual UE is scheduled in only one direction (DL or UL) at a time.

[0015] In RANI #117, RANI agreed to support two options for random access channel (RACH) configuration: a single RACH configuration and an additional RACH configuration. It was also agreed that a UE is not required to support both configurations, considering the scenarios for the different configurations are substantially different. An excerpt of the agreement is shown in Table 1.Table 1

[0016] The single RACH configuration i.e., RACH configuration Option 1 with Alt 1-1, may provide larger RACH capacity and lower latency. The second SBFD RACH configuration i.e., RACH configuration Option 2, will provide increased coverage and range (and higher RACH capacity). Higher RACH capacity comes at the expense of increased overhead, in particular for requiring more ROs in already scarce UL resources, and adding even more ROs. In practice, a cell needs to provide both lower latency, and increased coverage and range, which is not reasonable.

[0017] L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility (LTM) in 3GPP Release 18

[0018] LTM is introduced as a lower-layer mobility procedure in Rel-18, enabling a network node to receive measurement reports from a UE via LI signaling. These Ll-measurement reports are used by a network for mobility-related decisions, such as executing an LTM cell switch to a target cell by sending an LTM Cell Switch medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC CE) command. The LTM begins with the UE sending L3 -measurement report(s) to a gNB for one or more cells. Based on these reports, the gNB identifies and configures one or more cells as LTM candidate cells, initiating the LTM preparation phase. The gNB sends an RRC reconfiguration message to the UE with the configuration details for the LTM candidate cells. The UE stores the received LTM candidate configurations and acknowledges with an RRC Reconfiguration Complete message.

[0019] DL Pre-Synchronization: The UE may perform early DL synchronization with LTM candidate cells upon receiving a “Candidate Cell transmission configuration indicator(TCI) States Activation / Deactivation MAC CE,” reducing the mobility interruption by avoiding synchronization signal block (SSB) based synchronization after the cell switch.

[0020] UL Pre-Synchronization: If the UE receives a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order for early timing advance (TA) acquisition, it may also perform UL presynchronization with the candidate cells, further reducing the mobility delay.

[0021] The UE performs LI measurements on the configured LTM candidate cells and reports them to the source node. The source node decides the target cell for the switch and sends an “LTM Cell Switch” MAC CE containing the configuration index of the selected LTM cell. The UE switches to the target cell and applies the indicated configuration of the LTM candidate cell. If the UE lacks a valid timing advance (TA) value for the target cell, it performs a random-access procedure. If a valid TA was acquired earlier during early UL synchronization, this procedure is skipped. Moreover, if the target cell TCI state indicated in the LTM cell switch MAC CE differs from the pre-synchronized TCI state, additional synchronization may be required.

[0022] The UE completes the LTM cell switch by sending an RRC Reconfiguration Complete message to the target cell. For cases involving random-access, successful completion of the random-access procedure confirms the switch. For RACH-less LTM, the switch is deemed successful once the network acknowledges the UE’s first UL data transmission. Figure 5 depicts the overall procedure for LTM signaling 500. Figure 5 illustrates methods for LTM preparation, early synchronization, LTM cell switch execution, and LTM cell switch completion. Figure 5 illustrates traditional methods for LTM signaling 500. LTM preparation includes sending a measurement report, receiving an RRC configuration, and sending a complete RRC reconfiguration. Early synchronization includes DL and UL synchronization with LTM candidate cells. LTM cell switch execution includes sending an LI measurement report, receiving an LTM cell switch command, and executing a RACH procedure.SUMMARY

[0023] One embodiment under the present disclosure is a method performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, the method comprising: sending (4902), to a user equipment (2012 A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCI states of an LTM candidate cell, wherein the MACCE comprises an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell.

[0024] Another possible embodiments under the present disclosure is a method performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the method comprising: selecting (5104) at least one of: a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells; a target beam; and a target TCI state; and sending (5106), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.

[0025] Another possible embodiments under the present disclosure is a method performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the method comprising: receiving (5001) a SBFD RACH configuration for a LTM target cell; receiving (5002) signaling comprising a medium access control element, MAC CE; selecting (5004) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE; selecting (5006) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5008) on the selected one or more ROs.

[0026] Another possible embodiments under the present disclosure is a method performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, the method comprising: selecting (5202) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by a medium access control element, MAC CE, or a physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, order; selecting (5204) the RO among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5206) on the selected RO.

[0027] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an indication of the scope of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0029] Figure 1 illustrates exemplary methods for frequency division duplex, halfduplex frequency division duplex, and time-division duplex;

[0030] Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary time-division duplex downlink / uplink pattern;

[0031] Figure 3 illustrates exemplary conventional time-division duplex carrier systems;

[0032] Figure 4 illustrates exemplary subband full duplex systems;

[0033] Figure 5 illustrates a flow chart of a method for L1 / L2 triggered mobility signaling;

[0034] Figure 6 illustrates an exemplary method for RACH occasion selection under the present disclosure;

[0035] Figure 7 illustrates a flow chart of a method for L1 / L2 triggered mobility signaling under the present disclosure;

[0036] Figure 8 illustrates a schematic of a communication system embodiment under the present disclosure;

[0037] Figure 9 illustrates a schematic of a communication system embodiment under the present disclosure;

[0038] Figure 10 illustrates a schematic of a wireless device embodiment under the present disclosure;

[0039] Figure 11 illustrates a schematic of a network node embodiment under the present disclosure;

[0040] Figure 12 illustrates a schematic of a virtualization environment embodiment under the present disclosure;

[0041] Figure 13 illustrates a method for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility preparation performed by a network node under the present disclosure;

[0042] Figure 14 illustrates a method for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility preparation performed by a user equipment under the present disclosure;

[0043] Figure 15 illustrates a method for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility preparation performed by a user equipment under the present disclosure;

[0044] Figure 16 illustrates a method for a method for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility preparation performed by a user equipment under the present disclosure;

[0045] Figure 17 illustrates a method for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility early sync under the present disclosure;

[0046] Figure 18 illustrates a method for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility early sync performed by a user equipment under the present disclosure; and

[0047] Figure 19 illustrates a method for selecting a RACH occasion.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] Before describing various embodiments of the present disclosure in detail, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the parameters of the particularly exemplified systems, methods, apparatus, products, processes, and / or kits, which may, of course, vary. Thus, while certain embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail, with reference to specific configurations, parameters, components, elements, etc., the descriptions are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the claimed embodiments. In addition, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing the embodiments and is not necessarily intended to limit the scope of the claimed embodiments. Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0049] As discussed above, there currently exist certain challenges in the state of the technology in the prior art. For subband full duplex (SBFD) WI in Rel-19, an SBFD aware UE in a cell capable of SBFD operation would be able to perform UL transmissions in both non SBFD symbols (e.g., configured as UL or flexible by TDD-DL-UL common) and SBFD slots / symbols (e.g., configured as DL by TDD-DL-UL common). For a SBFD aware UE, the UE can choose either legacy RO or SBFD RO for its RA operation. An RA procedure may be triggered by the UE for L1 / L2 triggered mobility (LTM) purpose.

[0050] In LTM, the measurement configuration and random-access resources are configured differently from legacy operations. In particular, the CSI measurements for LTM use adedicated abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1) structure which results in a separate configuration which is only used when at least an LTM candidate cell configuration is configured at the UE. At the same time, in LTM it is possible to use random access resources during both the early uplink synchronization procedure but also during an LTM cell switch execution. Also, in such case LTM used a special and dedicated random access configuration. Therefore, supporting SBFD is not obvious and changes dedicated to LTM are needed.

[0051] The following issues specifically for LTM need to be addressed. First, how the network (the serving gNB and / or the neighbor gNB) provides CSI-RS resources which are based on SBFD for LTM triggered handover / beam switch; how the UE should measure candidate cells (e.g., in terms of CSLRS), based on which a target cell can be selected by the gNB; and / or how the serving gNB signals / indicates RO type / symbol type to the UE within an LTM candidate cell configuration or during the handover and the RACH procedure triggered for the handover.

[0052] Certain aspects of the disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. For example, mechanisms may be provided to the gNB and / or the UE group to select the most suitable RACH occasions for the triggered random-access procedures by / for the UE. Additionally, an effective tradeoff may be achieved between minimized CLI and improved RACH performance with SBFD RA operation.

[0053] In a proposed mechanism, the gNB may be able to provide cell specific configuration to guide UEs in the cell regarding RACH occasion selection. Such choice may be beneficial to ensure the cell / system level performance for the targeted use case. The cell specific configuration may be feasible when the cell / system load is in low or medium level. When the cell / system is congested due to RACH transmissions, it may be necessary to configure only a part of UE groups, rather than the cell specific configuration, to apply SBFD RA operation. With properly configured settings / conditions / thresholds, only the UEs which need to apply SBFD RA operation are selected.

[0054] In one embodiment, the UE capable of SBFD and LTM may evaluate the potential candidates being configured considering the cell’s SBFD configuration. In another embodiment, the gNB may be able to configure and / or indicate a suitable symbol type to the UE for LTM related measurement behaviors. In yet another embodiment, the UE may be able to report separate LTM related measurements to the gNB according to the measured symbol type, enabling flexibility of the configuration in addition to assisting the gNB to schedule or determine LTMtarget cell considering SBFD specific measurements, which is beneficial for the UE to improve mobility performance especially in FR2 range.

[0055] In an additional embodiment, the MAC CE which triggers contention-free random access (CFRA) during the LTM cell switch procedure may include a field indicating the RO type for the random-access procedures, based on which, the UE may select suitable ROs for the random-access procedures. In a further embodiment, the PDCCH order which is used to trigger the early UL synchronization procedure for an LTM candidate configuration may include a field indicating the RO type for the random-access procedures, based on which, the UE may select suitable ROs for the random-access procedures.

[0056] For selecting the RO, the UE may follow a method embodiment (600), as shown in Figure 6. First, the UE can select (602) an RS, SSB or CSI-RS, according to the index indicated by the MAC CE or the PDCCH order. Then the UE can select (604) the next RO among the intersection of the following RO sets: ROs which are associated with the RS; ROs which are permitted according to the RO mask if configured / indicated in the MAC CE; and ROs determined according to the indicated RO type in the MAC CE or the PDCCH order. The UE then performs RACH preamble transmission (606) on the selected RO.

[0057] Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantage(s). The UE capable of SBFD and LTM can evaluate the potential candidates being configured considering the cell’s SBFD configuration. The gNB is able to configure and / or indicate the suitable symbol type to the UE for LTM related measurement behaviors. The UE is able to report separate LTM related measurements to the gNB according to the measured symbol type, to give flexibility of the configuration as well as assist the gNB to schedule or determine LTM target cell considering SBFD specific measurements, which is beneficial for the UE to improve mobility performance especially in FR2 range. Another technical advantage is making it feasible to efficiently exploit benefits and / or merits of SBFD RACH operation in case of LTM mobility cell switch or early UL synchronization procedure. The teachings of certain embodiments may improve the data rate, latency, and / or power consumption and thereby provide benefits such as reduced user waiting time, improved mobility performance, better responsiveness, extended battery lifetime, and / or other benefits.

[0058] An SBFD-aware UE means a UE which is capable of operating in a cell configured with SBFD feature. In other words, the cell / gNB transmits DL and receives ULsimultaneously in SBFD slots and symbols within a carrier. The UE may be aware of SBFD configurations so that the UE knows which slots and / or symbols are SBFD capable, which are also referred to as SBFD slots and / or symbols. The UE may or may not support full duplex operation. The UE may also be capable of operating in a cell configured with legacy DL / UL allocation (e.g., non-SBFD feature) and enabling the switch between operating SBFD and legacy DL / ULL allocation.

[0059] In addition to being SBFD-aware, an SBFD aware UE may also be capable of an LTM feature. An SBFD configuration of a cell in the embodiments referred to herein may refer to a configuration which may include SBFD related configuration, information, and / or parameters in the cell, which is related to LTM related UE measurement behaviors, RACH operation initiated by the UE using SBFD RA resources. An SBFD configuration may include whether the cell is SBFD capable; whether the cell has enabled SBFD operation if it is SBFD capable; whether the cell has enabled SBFD RA operation if the cell is SBFD capable; and / or CSI resource configuration in frequency and time domain which are configured for one or more LTM candidate configurations.

[0060] The CSLRS resources may be included in one set or multiple sets, wherein each set of CSLRS(s) serves different purposes. In an example, one set of CSI-RS resources is limited to legacy symbols (e.g., DL symbol, etc.). The gNB may only transmit this set of CSI-RSs during the period of legacy symbols. Another set of CSI-RS resources is limited to SBFD symbols. The gNB may only transmit this set of CSI-RSs during the period of SBFD symbols. In case there is only one set of CSI-RSs configured, the gNB may transmit the set of CSI-RSs in both legacy symbols and SBFD symbols.

[0061] Each CSI-RS may be associated with a different beam or TCI state. The type of symbols during which the UE may perform / derive measurements evaluation for LTM candidates may include: a legacy symbol (e.g., DL symbol, etc.) and / or an SBFD symbol. If both the legacy symbol and the SBFD symbol are configured, the UE may derive measurement results considering measurement samples from both legacy symbols and SBFD symbols In addition, weight factors may be considered for measurement samples of different symbol types. As an example, the UE may derive measurement results according to the below Equation 1 :Result = measurement results of legacy symbol s) x a+ measurement results of SBFD symbol s) x bEquation 1, wherein a and b are weight factorsWeight factor for a symbol type may be determined and / or configured based on percentage or ratio of transmissions during the symbol type contributed to the measurement period. RACH resources (e.g., RACH occasion (RO) type) configured and / or indicated by the network for the UE to perform the RACH procedure during a cell switch or handover triggered by LTM or during an early UL synchronization procedure

[0062] The term “L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility” may also be referred to as L1 / L2 based inter-cell mobility, Ll / L2-centric inter-cell mobility, lower-layer triggered mobility, LLM, or LTM. The basic principle is that the UE receives a lower layer signaling (e.g., a MAC CE) from the network indicating to the UE a change, switch, or activation of its serving cell (e.g., change of PCell, from a source to a target PCell), wherein a lower layer signaling is a message and / or signaling of a lower layer protocol, which may be referred to as a LTM execution command or LTM cell switch command. The change of serving cell (e.g., change of PCell) may also lead to a change in SCell(s) for the same cell group. For example, when the command triggers the UE to change to another cell group configuration of the same type (e.g., another MCG configuration). The change in cell group configuration may also refer to the switch in SpCell, activation or deactivation of some of the SCells, or addition, modification, or release of the SCells in the cell group. Before the UE receives the LTM cell switch command, the UE may be configured by the network with one or more LTM candidate cells (e.g., reception of an RRC Reconfiguration message, with at least one LTM candidate cell configuration). A candidate cell configuration may include parameters in the IE CellGroupConfig per LTM candidate cell and / or an embedded RRC Reconfiguration per LTM candidate cell.

[0063] The term LTM cell switch procedure refers to the process of a UE changing its cell from a source cell to a target cell, which may be called a candidate cell or a neighbor cell, using L1 / L2 triggered mobility. In the context of LTM execution or LTM cell switch, the serving cell may be referred to before the LTM cell switch as source cell, old source cell, or previous source cell. An LTM cell switch procedure may also be known as dynamic switch, LTM switch, LTM cell switch, LTM serving cell change, LTM cell change, or LTM execution. Even if the term change of cell is used, that may include a change of a whole cell group configuration, which includes a change in the SpCell (e.g., change of PCell or change of PSCell) and a change in SCells of the cell group (e.g., addition, modification and / or release of one or more SCells). The LTM cellswitch procedure may be triggered by the UE receiving an LTM cell switch command from the network. The source and target cells in a LTM cell switch procedure may be controlled by the same gNB, which sometimes is referred to as the intra-gNB case, or when the gNB uses a distributed CU / DU RAN architecture, the intra-CU inter-DU case or the intra-CU intra-DU case, depending on whether the cells are controlled by the same DU or different DUs. When the source and target cells in an LTM cell switch procedure are controlled by different gNBs, this may be referred to as the inter-gNB case, or inter-CU case, or sometimes known as an inter-CU LTM cell switch procedure.

[0064] The term LTM candidate cell refers to a cell the UE is configured with when configured with Ll / L2-triggered mobility. That is, a cell the UE can move to in an LTM cell switch procedure upon reception of an LTM cell switch command. These types of cells may also be referred to as candidate cell(s), LTM candidate cells, LTM target cells, candidates, mobility candidates, non-serving cells, additional cells, target candidate cell, and / or target candidate. An LTM candidate cell may be a cell the UE performs lower layer measurements on, such as Layer 1 reference signal received power (Ll-RSRP) and / or SS-RSRP, derived from SSBs and / or CSI-RSs of either the source cell and / or an LTM candidate cell. Lower layer measurements, in this context, are measurements reported to support lower layer procedures like beam management, candidate cell TCI state activation / deactivation, early TA acquisition, and link adaptation. Additionally, lower layer measurements may not be filtered based on Layer 3 (L3) parameters, though there may or may not be some filtering of these measurements based on the other lower layer parameters. Lower layer measurement and reporting may also involve receiving the configuration of the parameters such as event condition(s), event identified s), offset(s), threshold(s), reference signal (RS) type, and trigger quantity such as RSRP, RSRQ or SINR, time-to-trigger (TTT), for example. The UE may report these lower layer measurements, and the network may make an educated decision on which beam (e.g., TCI state) and / or cell the UE is to be switched to. An LTM candidate cell may be a candidate to be a target PCell or PSCell, or an SCell of a cell group (e.g., MCG SCell). An LTM candidate cell may also pertain to a candidate cell in a 5G Radio Access Technology like NR, or a future 6G Radio Access Technology.

[0065] An LTM cell switch procedure may be triggered in the UE upon the reception of LTM cell switch or by some other event, e.g., an event condition evaluated on L3 -RSRP for conditional configuration, such as conditional handover, being fulfilled, as a result ofrecovery from radio link failure or handover failure. The term cell may be used to identify a location (or coverage) on which the UE is located. However, the term cell can also be exchanged without any loss of meaning with the terms radio resources, beams, TCI state, or Tracking reference signal (TRS). Certain embodiments herein may not target specifically a scenario where there is a cell, but may rather target a scenario where a UE uses a set of source radio resources and needs to switch to a target set of radio resources. In such a case, radio resources can also identify a set of configurations, field, parameters, or ASN.1 structures or IES.

[0066] LTM Preparation

[0067] Systems and methods for LTM preparation may provide solutions for: how a neighbor / target or current serving (source gNB) cell sends SBFD configuration to a UE; how a UE is otherwise provided with the SBFD configuration of a list of candidate cells, which are SBFD aware and LTM capable; and / ow how one or multiple candidate cells are selected by the serving gNB and / or the UE considering SBFD configuration.

[0068] In an embodiment, a serving gNB or cell may send a signaling containing SBFD configuration with respect to one or multiple candidate LTM cells to a UE, wherein a SBFD configuration is provided per candidate cell. In a variant of this embodiment, if the SBFD configuration of a specific candidate LTM cell is the same as that of the serving cell, then the serving cell may not explicitly indicate this SBFD configuration. That is if there is no explicit SBFD configuration for a specific LTM candidate cell from the serving cell, then UE may regard the same SBFD configuration as the serving cell for this specific LTM candidate cell.

[0069] As an additional embodiment, a cell (e.g., candidate LTM cell) or gNB may send its SBFD configuration to another cell or gNB (e.g., serving gNB of the UE) via Xn or Fl interface. In some embodiments, the UE may be provided with a CSI measurement resource configuration which include two different CSI resource sets. One resource set may be for the case when SBFD reference signals are configured, and the other resource set may be for the case where no SBFD reference signals are configured. When no SBFD reference signals are configured, the UE may already be provisioned for an LTM candidate configuration with both SBFD and no SBFD signals, and the serving cell can indicate dynamically to the UE which one to use. In an embodiment, the UE may be provided with a list of measurement targets (e.g., LTM-CSL ResourceConfig) as part of LTM-Config without explicitly associating each one with either SBFD or non-SBFD symbols. The UE may dynamically deduce based on the SBFD configuration ofcandidate cell and LTM CSI resource identifier (ID) indicated within the LTM measurement report configuration (e.g., LTM-CSI-ReportConfig) within CSI-MeasConfig. The serving cell may indicate in measurement report configuration explicitly whether a specific measurement report is to be done on SBFD symbols or non-SBFD symbols or both. Based on that, the UE can perform the measurements accordingly.

[0070] In another embodiment, the UE may be provided with a random-access configuration which include two different random access occasion types. One type may be for the case when ROs related to SBFD are used and another may be for the case where ROs which are not related to SBFD are used. In the case where ROs not related to SBFD are used, the UE may already be provisioned for an LTM candidate configuration with both types of ROs and the serving cell can indicate dynamically to the UE which one to use. In another embodiment, the UE may use the configuration received by the serving cell for any configuration parameter that is not provided by a candidate cell (e.g., an SBFD time and frequency configuration), or it may use a configuration as provided herein.

[0071] In another embodiment, upon reception of SBFD configurations for one or multiple candidate cells, the UE may perform and / or derive measurements for each candidate cell considering the received SBFD configuration associated with the candidate cell. For example, the UE may derive results according to the configured symbol type.

[0072] In some embodiments, in addition to considering CSLRS based L1 / L3 measurement results, the UE may determine preferred target cells from the UE perspective considering if the cell is SBFD capable. As an example, the UE may only consider candidate cells, which have enabled SBFD (RA) operation, as potential target cells for LTM triggered handover or cell switch. As another example, the UE may only consider candidate cells, which are not SBFD (RA) capable or which have disabled SBFD (RA) operation, as potential target cells for LTM triggered handover or cell switch.

[0073] The UE may further indicate its preferred target cell(s) to the serving gNB explicitly or implicitly so the network can add, modify, or release the current LTM candidate cells at the UE. When the indication is explicit, the UE may send a signaling to the gNB which may include indices of its preferred target cells. When the indication is implicit, the UE may send a measurement report to the gNB comprising measurement results of neighbor and / or candidatecells, wherein the cells are sorted in an order in the list indicating the UE’s preference. For example, the cell(s) first included in the list are the cells which are most / more preferred by the UE.

[0074] In another embodiment, the serving gNB may determine and / or select LTM target cell(s) for a UE considering whether cells are SBFD (RA) capable and / or cells have enabled / disabled SBFD (RA) operation. In one example, the serving gNB selects a cell for the UE as a target cell if that cell is SBFD (RA) capable. In a second example, the serving gNB selects a cell for the UE as a target cell if that cell has enabled SBFD (RA) operation. In a third example, the serving gNB selects a cell for the UE as a target cell if that cell is not SBFD (RA) capable. In a fourth example, the serving gNB selects a cell for the UE as a target cell if that cell has disabled SBFD (RA) operation. In addition, the serving gNB may select a cell for the UE as a target cell if that cell has lower RACH load or no congestion caused by SBFD operation in the cell.

[0075] LTM Early Sync

[0076] In an embodiment, the serving gNB may send a MAC CE to a UE for activating or deactivating TCI states of a LTM candidate cell, wherein the MAC CE includes an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state to be activated by the UE in that LTM candidate cell. In this case, the indicated TCI state may be directly configured as a TCI state which is part of an SBFD configuration, meaning the TCI state as a dedicated index for SBFD, or the relationship between the TCI state and SBFD can be implicit from the configuration itself, meaning that TCI state has only SBFD reference signals in its configuration.

[0077] In some embodiments, the MAC CE may also indicate the type of symbols during which the UE may measure / derive radio or channel quality for the concerned TCI states or beams in that cell. In another embodiment, the MAC CE may include the indicator indicating the symbol type for each activated TCI state in the MAC CE. In another embodiment, the MAC CE may include indicators indicating the symbol type for multiple LTE candidate cells. In another embodiment, if a TCI state is activated by the network for an LTM candidate cell, the UE may decide autonomously to measure and / or derive results of radio channel quality for beams or TCI state of a candidate LTM cell according to the indicated symbol type, for example, in case a measurements configuration for the LTM candidate cell is available at the UE. For example, if the indicated symbol type is the legacy symbol, the UE may derive and / or measure radio channel quality for a concerned beam according to received RS transmission (e.g., CSLRS transmissions) during the legacy symbols within a measurement window. If the indicated symbol type is theSBFD symbol, the UE may derive and / or measure radio channel quality for a concerned beam according to received RS transmission (e.g., CSI-RS transmissions) during the SBFD symbols within a measurement window. If the indicated symbol type(s) are the SBFD symbol and the legacy symbol, the UE may derive and / or measure radio channel quality for a concerned beam according to received RS transmission (e.g., CSI-RS transmissions) during both legacy symbols and SBFD symbols within a measurement window. As described previously, the UE may apply weight factors when computing measurement results considering measurements in both legacy symbols and SBFD symbols.

[0078] In some embodiments, after the UE has obtained measurement results (e.g., LI and / or L3) for one or multiple beams, TCI states, and / or CSI-RS resources, the UE may send a report (e.g., CSI on PUCCH / PUSCH or measurement report in RRC) containing the measurement results to the gNB, wherein the measurement report includes a symbol type indicator (e.g., legacy symbol or SBFD symbol) for each measured beam, TCI state, and / or CSI-RS resource indicating the type of measured symbols for which the UE has derived measurement results.

[0079] In another embodiment, if the serving gNB wants to trigger an early UL sync procedure at the UE, the serving gNB may send a DCI signaling to the UE, triggering a contention free random access procedure to a LTM candidate cell, wherein the DCI (e.g., PDCCH order) may include a field indicating RO type, legacy RO or SBFD RO, for which the UE shall select ROs to perform the random access procedure.

[0080] Upon reception of the DCI signaling, the UE may perform the following steps to determine one or multiple ROs for the random access procedure. First, the UE may select an RS, SSB or CSI-RS, according to the index indicated by the DCI. Then the UE can select the next RO among the intersection of the following RO sets: ROs which are associated with the RS; ROs which are permitted according to the RO mask if configured / indicated in the DCI; ROs determined according to the indicated RO type; and / or ROs determined according to the RACH configuration, if configured, for the early UL synchronization procedure associated with the LTM candidate cell. The UE can then perform RACH preamble transmission on the selected RO.

[0081] Some of the RO sets may not always be required when determining the intersection of the RO sets. The mandatory RO sets may include ROs which are associated with the RS, and ROs determined according to the indicated RO type in the MAC CE or as configured by the serving cell. If the intersection contains multiple ROs in the intersection, the UE may furtherselect one RO which comes first in time domain. If there are multiple ROs occurring in frequency domain simultaneously, the UE may randomly select one RO among these ROs with equal probability. The UE may also consider gaps, if configured (e.g., measurement gap), when selecting ROs so that the selected RO fulfils the configured gaps in relation to the selected RS.

[0082] In an embodiment, the ROs which are associated with the selected RS may be configured / signaled to the UE beforehand (i.e., before the DCI is received by the UE) via an RRC signaling. The RRC signaling may configure separate RS to RO mapping tables for legacy ROs and SBFD ROs. In this case, according to the indicated RO type, the UE may apply different RS to RO mapping table when selecting ROs for the random-access procedure.

[0083] In some embodiments, for CFRA related RRC configuration (e.g., RACH-ConfigDedicated or EarlyUL-SyncConfig), the gNB may indicate and / or configure the RO type for CFRA procedures triggered based on the RRC configuration. Meanwhile, the gNB may send a DCI (e.g., PDCCH order) to the UE triggering a CFRA procedure, wherein the DCI may also include the RO type, which may not be aligned and / or same as the RO type configured in the RRC configuration. In this case, the UE may apply the RO type indicated in the DCI for the RA procedure. Such behavior can be interpreted as one-shot indication (e.g., DCI based indicator) overrides semi-static indication (e.g., RRC signaling based indicator).

[0084] LTM Cell Switch Execution

[0085] In an embodiment, after the UE sends L1 / L3 measurement report to the gNB as described above, the gNB may determine a LTM target cell and / or target beams and / or target TCI state for the UE. After that, the gNB may send a MAC CE (e.g., LTM Cell Switch Command MAC CE) to the UE for triggering the cell switch to an LTM candidate cell. The MAC CE may comprise a field indicating the RO type (e.g., legacy RO or SBFD RO) for the UE so that the UE needs to choose ROs according to the indicated type for the random-access procedure. In some embodiments, the UE may select RO type based on the serving cell configuration, or according to a specification. For example, the serving cell may have configured the UE to use SBFD ROs, or a specification may state that only legacy ROs are used for LTM handover.

[0086] Upon reception of the MAC CE, the UE may perform the following steps to determine one or multiple ROs for the random-access procedure. First, the UE can select an RS, SSB or CSI-RS, according to the index indicated by the MAC CE. Then the UE can select the next RO among the intersection of the following RO sets: ROs which are associated with the RS; ROswhich are permitted according to the RO mask if configured and / or indicated in the MAC CE; ROs determined according to the indicated RO type in the MAC CE or as configured by the serving cell; and / or ROs determined according to the RACH configuration (if configured) for the early UL synchronization procedure associated with the LTM candidate cell. The UE may then perform RACH preamble transmission on the selected RO.

[0087] Some of the RO sets may not always be required when determining the intersection of the RO sets. The mandatory RO sets may comprise ROs which are associated with the RS, and ROs determined according to the indicated RO type in the MAC CE or as configured by the serving cell. If the intersection contains multiple ROs in the intersection, the UE may further select one RO which comes first in time domain. If there are multiple ROs occurring in frequency domain simultaneously, the UE may randomly select one RO among these ROs with equal probability. The UE may also consider gaps, if configured (e.g., measurement gap), when selecting ROs so that the select RO fulfils the configured gaps in relation to the selected RS.

[0088] In some embodiments, the ROs which are associated with the selected RS may be configured / signaled to the UE beforehand (i.e., before the MAC CE is received by the UE) via an RRC signaling. The RRC signaling may configure separate RS to RO mapping tables for legacy ROs and SBFD ROs. In this case, according to the indicated RO type, the UE may apply different RS to RO mapping table when selecting ROs for the random access procedure.

[0089] Additionally, in an embodiment, for CFRA related RRC configuration (e.g., RACH-ConfigDedicated, or BeamFailureRecoveryConfig), the gNB may indicate / configure the RO type for CFRA procedures triggered based on the RRC configuration. Meanwhile, the MAC CE may also include the RO type, which may not be aligned or the same as the RO type configured in the RRC configuration. In this case, the UE may apply the RO type indicated in the MAC CE for the RA procedure. Such behavior can be interpreted as one-shot indication (e.g., MAC CE based indicator) overrides semi-static indication (e.g., RRC signaling based indicator). The UE may further conduct the cell switch to the target cell indicated in the MAC CE.

[0090] Figure 7 illustrates a flow chart of a method for L1 / L2 triggered mobility signaling under the present disclosure. First, a method (2000) performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, includes sending (2002), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, signaling including one or more sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configurations based on one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein each of the one or morecandidate LTM cells include a SBFD configuration. In some versions, the network node does not explicitly indicate an SBFD configuration from the one or more SBFD configurations if the SBFD configuration is the same as that of the SBFD configuration of a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells. In some versions, the method (2000) includes sending (2004), to the UE, a channel state information, CSI, measurement resource configuration comprising a plurality of CSI resource sets. The plurality of CSI resource sets includes a first resource set for when at least one reference signal in SBFD symbol is configured; and a second resource set for when no SBFD reference signal is configured.

[0091] In some versions, the method (2000) includes sending (2006), to the UE, a list of measurement targets without explicitly associating each measurement target from the list of measurement targets with either a SBFD or a non-SBFD symbol. In some versions, the method (2000) includes sending (2008), to the UE, a random access configuration comprising a plurality of random access occasion types. The plurality of random access occasion types includes a first type for when RACH occasions, ROs, related to SBFD are used; and a second type for when ROs not related to SBFD are used. In some versions, the method (2000) includes selecting one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on being SBFD (RA) capable; having enabled SBFD (RA) operation; having disabled SBFD (RA) operation; or having lower RACH load / no congestion caused by SBFD operation.

[0092] In some versions, the method (2000) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, includes receiving (2010), from a network node (4400), one or more sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configurations for one or more candidate L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cells and performing (2012) measurements for each of the one or more candidate LTM cells based on the received one or more SBFD configurations. In some versions, the method (2000) includes identifying (2014) one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on whether the one or more preferred target cells are SBFD capable. In some versions, the method (2000) indicating (2016), to the network node, the one or more preferred target cells. This may be done by sending, to the network node, signaling including indices of the one or more preferred target cells; or sending a measurement report to the network node comprising measurement results of the one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein the measurement results are sorted based on the preference of UE.

[0093] In some versions, the method (2000) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, includes sending (2018), to a second network node (2010B), signaling including a sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configuration via an Xn or Fl interface.

[0094] Second, Figure 7 illustrates a method (3000) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, including sending (3002), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCI states of an LTM candidate cell. The MAC CE includes an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell. In some versions, the MAC CE includes a second indicator for the type of symbols during which the UE may measure radio channel quality for the one or more TCI states of the LTM candidate cell. Embodiment 13: In some versions, the MAC CE further includes a third indicator indicating the symbol type for each activated TCI state of the one or more TCI states in the MAC CE. In some versions, LTM candidate cell is one of a plurality of LTM candidate cells, and the MAC CE further includes a fourth indicator indicating the symbol type for one or more of the LTM candidate cells of the plurality of LTE candidate cells.

[0095] In some versions, the method (3000) further includes measuring (3004), if a TCI state from the one or more TCI states is activated by the network node for the LTM candidate cell, results of radio channel quality for the TCI state / beams of the LTM candidate cell according to an indicated symbol type. In some versions, the method (3000) further includes sending (3006), to the UE, signaling including downlink control information, DCI, to trigger a contention free random access, CFRA, procedure to the LTM candidate cell. The DCI includes a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type that will be used to select ROs for the contention free random access procedure. In some versions, the network node indicates a second RO type for the CFRA procedure based on a radio recourse control, RRC, configuration, and the second RO type is used to select ROs instead of the first RO type.

[0096] In some versions, the method (3000) is performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, and includes receiving (3008) signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI; selecting (3010) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the DCI; selecting (3012) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission(3014) on the selected one or more ROs. In some versions, the intersection of RO sets includes one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the DCI; a third set of ROs based on an RO type; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the early uplink synchronization procedure of any of the above procedures. In some versions, the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling. In some versions, the method (3000) further includes obtaining (3016) measurement results for: one or more beams; one or more TCI states; or one or more channel state information reference signal, CSI-RS, resources; and sending (3018), to a network node, a report comprising the measurement results. The report includes a symbol type indicator for each of the measurement results, the symbol type indicator indicating the type of measured symbol which the UE has obtained the measurement result for.

[0097] Third, Figure 7 illustrates a method (4000) performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, including selecting (4004) at least one of: a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells; a target beam; and a target TCI state; and sending (4006), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells. In some versions, the MAC CE includes a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type that will be used to select ROs for a contention free random access procedure. In some versions, the network node indicates a second RO type for the CFRA procedure based on a radio recourse control, RRC, configuration, and the second RO type is used to select ROs instead of the first RO type.

[0098] In some versions, the method (4000) is performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, and includes receiving (4008) signaling comprising a medium access control element, MAC CE; selecting (4010) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE; selecting (4012) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (4014) on the selected one or more ROs. In some versions, the intersection of RO sets includes one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the early uplink synchronizationprocedure of any of the previous procedures. In some versions, the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling. In some versions, the method (4000) includes triggering (4016) a switch to a candidate LTM cell, and the received MAC CE comprises the candidate LTM cell.Additional Embodiments

[0099] Figure 8 shows an example of a communication system 4100 in accordance with some embodiments.[000100] In the example, the communication system 4100 includes a telecommunications network 4102 that includes an access network 4104, such as a radio access network (RAN), and a core network 4106, which includes one or more core network nodes 4108. The access network 4104 includes one or more access network nodes or base stations of various types, access network nodes 4110A and 4110B are depicted (which may be collectively referred to as network nodes 4110), or any other similar 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points (APs). Some embodiments of the access network 4104 may include more than one access network technology. The network nodes 4110 of access network 4104 facilitate direct or indirect connection of wireless devices, also referred to as user equipments (UEs), such as by connecting UEs 4112A, 4112B, 4112C, and 4112D (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 4112) to the core network 4106 over one or more wireless connections.[000101] Moreover, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunications network 4102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a network node in the telecommunications network 4102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other network nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any network node in the telecommunications network 4102, including one or more access network nodes 4110 and / or core network nodes 4108.[000102] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU), an open distributed unit (O-DU), an open central unit (O-CU), including an O-CU control plane(O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP), a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp), or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification). An ORAN network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an Al, Fl, Wl, El, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN network node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an 0-2 interface defined by the 0-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies.[000103] The network nodes 4110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of one or more UEs 4112 to the core network 4106 over one or more wireless connections. Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 4100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 4100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.[000104] The UEs 4112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 4110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 4108, 4110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., via other devices of telecommunications network 4102) with the UEs 4112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunications network 4102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunications network 4102. More specifically, UEs 4112 may sendmessages, data, and / or other signals to network nodes 4108, 4110 or other elements of the telecommunications network 4102 by transmitting such signals to the relevant device directly without the signals passing through any intervening devices or by transmitting such signals to the relevant device indirectly through an intervening device (or multiple intervening devices) that then transmit the signal to the relevant device. Similarly, network nodes 4108, 4110 may send messages, data, and other signals to UEs 41122, other network nodes 4108, 4110, and other devices in telecommunications network 4102 directly or indirectly. As one specific example, a core network node 108 may transmit a particular message to a UE 4112 by transmitting the message to an access network node 4110 that will then transmit the message to the intended UE 4112. Similarly, a core network node 108 may receive a particular message from a UE 4112 by receiving the message from an access network node 4110 that itself received the message from the UE 4112.[000105] In the depicted example, the core network 4106 connects elements of the access network 4104 (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 4110) to one or more host computing systems, such as host 4116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 4106 includes one or more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 4108) of various types, one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 4108. Network nodes 4108 are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, access network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 4108. Example core network nodes provide functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), Network Exposure Function (NEF), and / or a User Plane Function (UPF).[000106] The host 4116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 4104 and / or the telecommunications network 4102. The host 4116 may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host 4116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collectionservices such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.[000107] As a whole, the communication system 4100 of Figure 8 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system 4100 may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G); wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi); and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-Max), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, Li-Fi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox. Moreover, the communication system 4100 may be configured to support multiple different standards, protocols, or other rule sets, with individual components supporting all of the relevant rule sets or with different components or sub-systems within the communication system 4100 supporting different standards, protocols, or rule sets.[000108] As one example, in certain embodiments, access network 4104 may contain some access network nodes 4110 that support 3GPP radio access technologies (RAT), such as LTE or NR, while other access network nodes 4110 support (or the same access network nodes 4110 additionally support) non-3GPP RATs, such as Wi-Fi or a proprietary RAT. As another example, telecommunications network 4102 may support multiple generations of related communication standards (e.g., 4G and 5G 3GPP communication standards) and, as a result, may include an access network 104 and / or a core network 106 that supports multiple different standard generations or may include multiple access networks 104 and / or multiple core networks 106 with individual networks 104, 106 supporting different standard generations.[000109] Telecommunications network 4102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunications network 4102. For example, the telecommunications network 4102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced MobileBroadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive loT services to yet further UEs.[000110] In some examples, one or more of the UEs 4112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 4104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 4104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single- or multi-RAT or multi -standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC), such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio - Dual Connectivity (EN-DC).[000111] In the example, the hub 4114 communicates with the access network 4104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE4112C and / or 4112D) and network nodes (e.g., network node 4110B). In some examples, the hub 4114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 4114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 4106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 4114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 4110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 4114.[000112] As another example, the hub 4114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 4114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 4114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 4114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 4114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy loT devices.[000113] The hub 4114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 4110B. The hub 4114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 4114 and UEs (e.g., UE 4112C and / or 4112D), and between thehub 4114 and the core network 4106. In other examples, the hub 4114 is connected to the core network 4106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 4114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 4104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 4110 while still connected via the hub 4114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 4114 may be a dedicated hub - that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 4110B. In other embodiments, the hub 4114 may be a non-dedicated hub - that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 4110B, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.[000114] Figure 9 is another example of a communication system 4200 according to some embodiments. As used herein, the communication system 4200 includes multiple access points (APs) 4210 (with four exemplary APs 4210 A, 4210B, 4210C, and 4210D being depicted) and multiple wireless devices, referred to in the context of communication system 4200 as stations (STAs) 4212 (referred to individually as STA4212A, STA4212B, STA4212C, STA4212D, and STA 4212E). STA 4212A is served by AP 4210A in a first basic service set (BSS) 4220A. STA 4210B and STA 4210C are served by AP 4210B in a second BSS, BSS 4220B. STA 4212D is served by AP 4210C in a third BSS, BSS 4220C. STA 4212E is served by AP 4210D in a fourth BSS, BSS 4220D. Stations 4212 may be non-AP STAs and correspond to various kinds of wireless devices, for example, user terminals, such as mobile or stationary computing devices like smartphones, laptop computers, desktop computers, tablet computers, gaming devices, headmounted displays (HMDs) for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR), or the like. Further, stations 4212 could, for example, correspond to other kinds of equipment like smart home devices, printers, multimedia devices, data storage devices, or the like.[000115] Each of STAs 4212 may connect through a radio link to one of APs 4210. For example, depending on location or channel conditions experienced by a given STA 4212, the STA may select an appropriate AP and BSS for establishing the radio link. The radio link may be based on one or more orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) carriers from a frequency spectrum that is shared on the basis of a contention-based mechanism, e.g., anunlicensed or license exempt band like 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, the 5 GHz band, the 6 GHz band, or the 60 GHz band.[000116] Each AP 4210 may provide data connectivity to STAs 4212 connected to a particular AP 4210. As illustrated, APs 4210 may be connected to a data network 4230. In this way, APs 4210 may also provide data connectivity between STAs 4212 and other entities, e.g., to one or more servers, service providers, data sources, data sinks, user terminals, or the like. Accordingly, the radio link established between a given STA 4212 and its serving AP 4210 may be used for providing various kinds of services to STA 4212, e.g., a voice service, a multimedia service, or other data service. Such services may be based on applications that are executed on STA 4212 and / or on a device linked to STA 4212. By way of example, Figure 9 illustrates an application service platform 4232 provided in data network 4230. The application(s) executed on STA 4212 and / or on one or more other devices linked to STA 4212 may use the radio link for data communication with one or more other STA 4212 and / or the application service platform 4232, thereby enabling utilization of the corresponding service(s) at STA 4212.[000117] Figure 10 shows a wireless device 4300, also referred to as a user equipment, which may be configured to operate in communication system 4100 of Figure 8 or in communication system 4200 of Figure 9. The wireless device 4300 may be alternatively referred to as a UE 4300, like a UE 4112 within the context of communication system 4100, or as a station (STA) 4300 or as a non-access-point station (non-AP STA) 4300, like a STA 4212 within the context of the communication system 4200, in accordance with respective embodiments. As used herein, a wireless device refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Examples of a wireless device include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop -embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE), vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, and wireless terminal. Other examples include any type of UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP), including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.[000118] A wireless device 4300 may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to-everything (V2X). In other examples, wireless device 4300 may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, wireless device 4300 may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, wireless device 4300 may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter).[000119] In particular embodiments, wireless device 4300 includes processing circuitry 4302 that is operatively coupled via a bus 4304 to an input / output interface 4306, a power source 4308, a memory 4310, a communication interface 4312, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain embodiments of wireless device 4300 may include all or a subset of the components shown in Figure 10. The level of integration between the components may vary from one embodiment of wireless device 4300 to another. In general, in a particular embodiment of wireless device 4300, processing circuitry 4302, input / output interface 4306, power source 4308, memory 4310, and communication interface 4312 may, in whole or in part, represent or include physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of wireless device 4300. Further, certain embodiments of wireless devices 4300 may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.[000120] The processing circuitry 4302 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 4310. The processing circuitry 4302 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 4302 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs).[000121] In the example, the input / output interface 4306 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into wireless device 4300. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.[000122] In some embodiments, the power source 4308 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used to supply power to circuitry or to charge an associated battery. The power source 4308 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 4308 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of wireless device 4300 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power source 4308 may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to make accessible power suitable for the respective components of the wireless device 4300 to which power is supplied.[000123] The memory 4310 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 4310 includes one or more programs 4314, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 4316. The memory 4310 may store, for use by wireless device 4300, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.[000124] The memory 4310 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC), integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card.’ The memory 4310 may allow wireless device 4300 to access instructions, programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 4310, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.[000125] The processing circuitry 4302 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network via or using the communication interface 4312. The communication interface 4312 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 4322. The communication interface 4312 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another wireless device or a network node in an access network). Each transceiver may include a transmitter 4318 and / or a receiver 4320 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth). Moreover, the transmitter 4318 and receiver 4320 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 4322) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.[000126] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 4312 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard), LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or anycombination thereof. Communications may be implemented according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP), synchronous optical networking (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and so forth.[000127] In particular embodiments, wireless device 4300 may provide an output of data captured via a sensor, through its communication interface 4312, via a wireless connection to a network node, and / or in any appropriate manner. Data captured by sensors of a wireless device 4300 can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another wireless device 4300. In particular embodiments, such output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature), random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors), in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent), in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request), or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient).[000128] As another example, wireless device 4300 comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, wireless device 4300 may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.[000129] Wireless device 4300, when in the form of an Internet of Things (loT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Nonlimiting examples of such an loT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation orsensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal- or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. In particular embodiments, wireless device 4300 represents an loT device that comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the loT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the example embodiment of wireless device 4300 shown in Figure 10.[000130] As yet another specific example, in an loT scenario, wireless device 4300 may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another wireless device and / or a network node. Wireless device 4300 may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, wireless device 4300 may implement the 3GPPNB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, wireless device 4300 may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.[000131] In practice, any number of wireless devices 4300 may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first wireless device 4300 might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second wireless device 4300 that is a remote controller operating the drone. When a user makes changes from the remote controller, the first wireless device 4300 may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second wireless device 4300 can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, wireless device 4300 might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.[000132] Figure 11 shows a network node 4400 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunications network. In accordance with respective embodiments, network node 4400 may be configured to operate in communication system 4100 of Figure 8, like network nodes 4108 or 4110, or in communication system 4200 of Figure 9, like an AP 4210 or astation 4212. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NRNodeBs (gNBs)), O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU).[000133] Network nodes 4400 may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. Network node 4400 may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. Network nodes 4400 may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS).[000134] Other examples of network nodes 4400 include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi -standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs), Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs)), and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs).[000135] In particular embodiments, network node 4400 includes a processing circuitry 4402, a memory 4404, a communication interface 4406, and a power source 4408. In general, in a particular embodiment of network node 4400, processing circuitry 4402, memory 4404, communication interface 4406, and power source 4408 may, in whole or in part, represent or include physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of network node 4400.[000136] The network node 4400 may be composed of multiple distinct network entities (e.g., a NodeB entity and a RNC entity, or a BTS entity and a BSC entity, etc.), which may each have or utilize their own respective physical components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 4400 comprises multiple such entities (e.g., BTS and BSC), one or more of theseparate entities may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 4400 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memories 4404 or portions of memory 4404 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 4410 may be shared by different RATs). The network node 4400 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 4400, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, Wi-Fi (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard), Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 4400.[000137] The processing circuitry 4402 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other components, such as the memory 4404, to provide network node 4400 functionality.[000138] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 4402 includes a system on a chip (SOC). In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 4402 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 4412 and baseband processing circuitry 4414. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 4412 and the baseband processing circuitry 4414 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 4412 and baseband processing circuitry 4414 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.[000139] The memory 4404 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memorydevices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 4402. The memory 4404 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 4402 and utilized by the network node 4400. The memory 4404 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 4402 and / or any data received via the communication interface 4406. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 4402 and memory 4404 is integrated.[000140] The communication interface 4406 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data with UEs, other network nodes, and / or any other network equipment. In the illustrated embodiment, communication interface 4406 comprises port(s) / terminal(s) 4416 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. In particular embodiments, network node 4300 may be capable of wireless communication and communication interface 4406 may also include radio front-end circuitry 4418 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, an antenna 4410. Particular embodiments of radio front-end circuitry 4418 include filter(s) 4420 and amplifier(s) 4422. The radio front-end circuitry 4418 may be connected to an antenna 4410 and processing circuitry 4402. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 4410 and processing circuitry 4402. The radio front-end circuitry 4418 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio frontend circuitry 4418 may convert the digital data into a radio signal(s) having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 4420 and / or amplifiers 4422. The radio signal(s) may then be transmitted via the antenna 4410. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 4410 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 4418. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 4402. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.[000141] In certain alternative embodiments, network node 4400 may be capable of wireless communication but does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 4418, instead, the processing circuitry 4402 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 4410. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 4412 is part of the communication interface 4406. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 4406includes one or more ports or terminals 4416, the radio front-end circuitry 4418, and the RF transceiver circuitry 4412, as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the communication interface 4406 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 4414, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).[000142] The antenna 4410 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 4410 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 4418 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 4410 is separate from the network node 4400 and connectable to the network node 4400 through one or more interfaces or ports.[000143] The antenna 4410, communication interface 4406, and / or the processing circuitry 4402 may be configured to perform some or all of the receiving operations and / or obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node 4400. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 4410, the communication interface 4406, and / or the processing circuitry 4402 may be configured to perform some or all of the transmitting or sending operations described herein as being performed by the network node 4400. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.[000144] The power source 4408 provides power to the various components of network node 4400 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). The power source 4408 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 4400 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 4400 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 4408. As a further example, the power source 4408 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.[000145] Embodiments of the network node 4400 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 11 for providing certain aspects of the network node’sfunctionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 4400 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 4400 and to allow output of information from the network node 4400. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 4400.[000146] Figure 12 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 4500 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 4500 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as an access network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which a virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host), then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 4500 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.[000147] Applications 4502 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.[000148] Hardware 4504 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 4506 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs)), provide VM 4508A and VM 4508B (which may be collectively referred to as VMs 4508), and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. Thevirtualization layer 4506 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to one or more of the VMs 4508.[000149] The VMs 4508 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by virtualization layer 4506. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 4502 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 4508, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.[000150] In the context of NFV, each of the VMs 4508 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 4508, and that part of hardware 4504 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more of the VMs 4508 on top of the hardware 4504 and corresponds to an application 4502.[000151] Hardware 4504 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 4504 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 4504 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 4510, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 4502. In some embodiments, hardware 4504 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 4512 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.[000152] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodimentsmay comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.[000153] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.[000154] Figure 13 illustrates a method (4600) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: sending (4602), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, signaling comprising one or more sub-band full duplex,SBFD, configurations based on one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein each of the one or more candidate LTM cells comprise a SBFD configuration. In some versions, the method (4600) may be performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, and include: sending (4602), to a second network node (201 OB), signaling comprising a sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configuration via an Xn or Fl interface.[000155] In some versions, the network node (2010A) does not explicitly indicate an SBFD configuration from the one or more SBFD configurations if the SBFD configuration is the same as that of the SBFD configuration of a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.[000156] In some embodiments, the method (4600) may further include sending to the UE, a channel state information, CSI, measurement resource configuration comprising a plurality of CSI resource sets, the plurality of CSI resource sets comprising: a first resource set for when at least one reference signal in SBFD symbol is configured; and a second resource set for when no SBFD reference signal is configured.[000157] In some embodiments, the method (4600) may further include sending, to the UE, a list of measurement targets without explicitly associating each measurement target from the list of measurement targets with either a SBFD or a non-SBFD symbol.[000158] In some embodiments, the method (4600) may further include sending, to the UE, a random access configuration comprising a plurality of random access occasion types, the plurality of random access occasion types comprising: a first type for when RACH occasions, ROs, related to SBFD are used; and a second type for when ROs not related to SBFD are used.[000159] In some embodiments, the method (4600) may further include selecting one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on at least one of: SBFD (RA) capability; having enabled SBFD (RA) operation; having disabled SBFD (RA) operation; or having lower RACH load caused by SBFD operation.[000160] Figure 14 illustrates a method (4700) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method (4700) including: receiving (4702), from a network node (2010A), one or more sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configurations for one or more candidate L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cells; and performing (4704) measurements for each of the one or more candidate LTM cells based on the received one or more SBFD configurations.[000161] In some embodiments, the method (4700) may further include identifying one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on whether the one or more preferred target cells are SBFD capable.[000162] In some embodiments, the method (4700) may further include indicating, to the network node, the one or more preferred target cells by: sending, to the network node, signaling comprising one or more indices of the one or more preferred target cells; or sending a measurement report to the network node comprising one or more measurement results of the one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein the measurement results are sorted based on a preference ofUE.[000163] Figure 15 illustrates a method (4800) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: sending (4802) an LI measurement report to a network node (2010A); receiving (4804) an LTM cell switch command, MAC CE, from the network node (2010A).[000164] Figure 16 illustrates a method (4900) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, including: sending (4902), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCI states of an LTM candidate cell, wherein the MAC CE comprises an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell.[000165] In some embodiments, the MAC CE further includes a second indicator for a type of symbols during which the UE is capable of measuring radio channel quality for the one or more TCI states of the LTM candidate cell.[000166] In some embodiments, the MAC CE further includes a third indicator indicating a symbol type for each activated TCI state of the one or more TCI states in the MAC CE.[000167] In some embodiments, the LTM candidate cell is one of a plurality of LTM candidate cells, and wherein the MAC CE further comprises a fourth indicator indicating a symbol type for one or more of the LTM candidate cells of the plurality of LTE candidate cells.[000168] In some embodiments, the method (4900) may further include measuring, if a TCI state from the one or more TCI states is activated by the network node for the LTMcandidate cell, one or more results of radio channel quality for the TCI state of the LTM candidate cell according to an indicated symbol type.[000169] In some embodiments, the method (4900) may further include sending, to the UE, signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI, to trigger a contention free random access, CFRA, procedure to the LTM candidate cell, wherein the DCI comprises a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type that will be used to select ROs for the contention free random access procedure.[000170] Figure 17 illustrates a method (5000) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, the method comprising: receiving (5001) a SBFD RACH configuration for a LTM target cell; receiving (5002) signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI; selecting (5004) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the DCI; selecting (5006) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5008) on the selected one or more ROs.[000171] In some embodiments, the intersection of RO sets may include one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the DCI; a third set of ROs based on an RO type; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the method of any of claims 11 to 17.[000172] In some embodiments, the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling.[000173] In some embodiments, the method (4900) may further include obtaining one or more measurement results for: one or more beams; one or more TCI states; or one or more channel state information reference signal, CSI-RS, resources; and sending, to a network node, a report comprising the one or more measurement results, wherein the report comprises a symbol type indicator for each of the one or more measurement results, the symbol type indicator indicating the type of measured symbol which the UE has obtained the measurement result for.[000174] In some versions, the method (5000) may be performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, and include receiving (5001) a SBFD RACH configuration for a LTM target cell; receiving (5002) signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI; selecting (5004) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the DCI; selecting (5006) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5008) on the selected one or more ROs.[000175] In some embodiments, the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the DCI; a third set of ROs based on an RO type; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the method of any of claims 11 to 17.[000176] In some embodiments, the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling.[000177] In some embodiments, the method (5000) may include obtaining one or more measurement results for: one or more beams; one or more TCI states; or one or more channel state information reference signal, CSLRS, resources; and sending, to a network node, a report comprising the one or more measurement results, wherein the report comprises a symbol type indicator for each of the one or more measurement results, the symbol type indicator indicating the type of measured symbol which the UE has obtained the measurement result for.[000178] In some embodiments, the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the method of any of claims 12 to 17.[000179] In some embodiments, the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling.[000180] In some embodiments, the method (5000) may include triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell, wherein the received MAC CE comprises the candidate LTM cell.[000181] Figure 18 illustrates a method (5100) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, including selecting (5104) at least one of: a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells; a target beam; and a target TCI state; and sending (5106), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.[000182] In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type used to select ROs for a contention free random access procedure.[000183] Figure 19 illustrates a method (5200) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, including selecting (5202) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by a medium access control element, MAC CE, or a physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, order; selecting (5204) the RO among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5206) on the selected RO.[000184] In some embodiments, the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; and a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or the PDCCH order.[000185] In some embodiments, selecting the RO among an intersection of RO sets includes prioritizing a RO indication provided by a MAC CE over a RO indication provided by RRC signaling.[000186] In some embodiments, the RO sets include at least one of: a set of ROs associated with the RS; a set of ROs which are permitted according to the RO mask if indicated in the MAC CE; a set of ROs determined according to the indicated RO type in the MAC CE; and a set of ROs determined according to the RACH configuration for early UL synchronization procedure associated with the LTM candidate cell.[000187] In some embodiments, the method (5200) further includes, when the intersection comprises a plurality of ROs, selecting an RO which comes first in a time domain.[000188] A network node (2010A, 2010B) can perform L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution, the network node, including: processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of the methods described herein; and power supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.[000189] A SBFD aware user equipment (2012A) can perform L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, cell switch execution, or for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, including: processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of any of the methods herein; and power supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.[000190] An apparatus (4300) can perform L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution; and a memory (4310) storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of any of the methods herein.Example Embodiments[000191] Group A Embodiments[000192] Embodiment 1 : A method (2000) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: sending (2002), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, signaling comprising one or more sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configurations based on one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein each of the one or more candidate LTM cells comprise a SBFD configuration.[000193] Embodiment 2: The method of embodiment 1, wherein the network node does not explicitly indicate an SBFD configuration from the one or more SBFD configurations if the SBFD configuration is the same as that of the SBFD configuration of a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.[000194] Embodiment 3: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: sending (2004), to the UE, a channel state information, CSI, measurement resource configuration comprising a plurality of CSI resource sets, the plurality of CSI resource sets comprising: a first resource set for when at least one reference signal in SBFD symbol is configured; and a second resource set for when no SBFD reference signal is configured.[000195] Embodiment 4: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: sending (2006), to the UE, a list of measurement targets without explicitly associatingeach measurement target from the list of measurement targets with either a SBFD or a non-SBFD symbol.[000196] Embodiment 5: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: sending (2008), to the UE, a random access configuration comprising a plurality of random access occasion types, the plurality of random access occasion types comprising: a first type for when RACH occasions, ROs, related to SBFD are used; and a second type for when ROs not related to SBFD are used.[000197] Embodiment 6: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: selecting one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on: being SBFD (RA) capable; having enabled SBFD (RA) operation; having disabled SBFD (RA) operation; or having lower RACH load / no congestion caused by SBFD operation.[000198] Embodiment 7: A method (2000) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: receiving (2010), from a network node (4400), one or more sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configurations for one or more candidate L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cells; and performing (2012) measurements for each of the one or more candidate LTM cells based on the received one or more SBFD configurations.[000199] Embodiment 8: The method of embodiment 7, further comprising: identifying (2014) one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on whether the one or more preferred target cells are SBFD capable.[000200] Embodiment 9: The method of embodiments 7 or 8, further comprising: indicating (2016), to the network node, the one or more preferred target cells by: sending, to the network node, signaling comprising indices of the one or more preferred target cells; or sending a measurement report to the network node comprising measurement results of the one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein the measurement results are sorted based on the preference of UE.[000201] Embodiment 10: A method (2000) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: sending (2018), to a second network node (2010B), signaling comprising a sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configuration via an Xn or Fl interface.[000202] Group B Embodiments[000203] Embodiment 11: A method (3000) performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, the method comprising: sending (3002), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCI states of an LTM candidate cell, wherein the MAC CE comprises an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell.[000204] Embodiment 12: The method of embodiment 11, wherein the MAC CE further comprises a second indicator for the type of symbols during which the UE may measure radio channel quality for the one or more TCI states of the LTM candidate cell.[000205] Embodiment 13: The method of embodiments 11 or 12, wherein the MAC CE further comprises a third indicator indicating the symbol type for each activated TCI state of the one or more TCI states in the MAC CE.[000206] Embodiment 14: The method of any of embodiments 11 to 13, wherein LTM candidate cell is one of a plurality of LTM candidate cells, and wherein the MAC CE further comprises a fourth indicator indicating the symbol type for one or more of the LTM candidate cells of the plurality of LTE candidate cells.[000207] Embodiment 15: The method of any of embodiments 11 to 14, further comprising: measuring (3004), if a TCI state from the one or more TCI states is activated by the network node for the LTM candidate cell, results of radio channel quality for the TCI state / beams of the LTM candidate cell according to an indicated symbol type.[000208] Embodiment 16: The method of any of embodiments 11 to 15, further comprising: sending (3006), to the UE, signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI, to trigger a contention free random access, CFRA, procedure to the LTM candidate cell, wherein the DCI comprises a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type that will be used to select ROs for the contention free random access procedure.[000209] Embodiment 17: The method of embodiment 16, wherein the network node indicates a second RO type for the CFRA procedure based on a radio recourse control, RRC, configuration, and wherein the second RO type is used to select ROs instead of the first RO type.[000210] Embodiment 18: A method (3000) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, the method comprising: receiving (3008) signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI; selecting (3010) areference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the DCI; selecting (3012) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (3014) on the selected one or more ROs.[000211] Embodiment 19: The method of embodiment 18, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the DCI; a third set of ROs based on an RO type; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the early uplink synchronization procedure of any of embodiments 11 to 17.[000212] Embodiment 20: The method of embodiments 18 or 19, wherein the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling.[000213] Embodiment 21: The method of any of embodiments 18 to 20, further comprising: obtaining (3016) measurement results for: one or more beams; one or more TCI states; or one or more channel state information reference signal, CSI-RS, resources; and sending (3018), to a network node, a report comprising the measurement results, wherein the report comprises a symbol type indicator for each of the measurement results, the symbol type indicator indicating the type of measured symbol which the UE has obtained the measurement result for.[000214] Group C Embodiments[000215] Embodiment 22: A method (4000) performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the method comprising: selecting (4004) at least one of: a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells; a target beam; and a target TCI state; and sending (4006), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.[000216] Embodiment 23: The method of embodiment 22, wherein the MAC CE comprises a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type that will be used to select ROs for a contention free random access procedure.[000217] Embodiment 24: The method of embodiment 23, wherein the network node indicates a second RO type for the CFRA procedure based on a radio recourse control, RRC, configuration, and wherein the second RO type is used to select ROs instead of the first RO type.[000218] Embodiment 25: A method (4000) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the methodcomprising: receiving (4008) signaling comprising a medium access control element, MAC CE; selecting (4010) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE; selecting (4012) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (4014) on the selected one or more ROs.[000219] Embodiment 26: The method of embodiment 25, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the early uplink synchronization procedure of any of embodiments 11 to 17.[000220] Embodiment 27: The method of embodiments 25 or 26, wherein the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling.[000221] Embodiment 28: The method of any of embodiments 25 to 27, further comprising: triggering (4016) a switch to a candidate LTM cell, wherein the received MAC CE comprises the candidate LTM cell.[000222] Group D Embodiments[000223] Embodiment 29: A method (1000) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, the method comprising: selecting (1002) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by a medium access control element, MAC CE, or a physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, order; selecting (1004) the RO among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (1006) on the selected RO.[000224] Embodiment 30: The method of embodiment 29, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; and a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or the PDCCH order.[000225] Embodiment 31 : The method of embodiment 30, wherein selecting the RO comprises RO indication provided by MaC CE is prioritized over RO indication by RRC signaling [000226] Group E Embodiments[000227] Embodiment 31 : A network node (2010A, 2010B) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution, the network node,comprising: processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of any of embodiments 1-6, 10-17, and 22-24; and power supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.[000228] Embodiment 32: A SBFD aware user equipment (2012A) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, cell switch execution, or for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, comprising: processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of any of embodiments 7-9, 18-21, and 25-30; and power supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.[000229] Group F Embodiments[000230] Embodiment 33: A method (4600) performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: sending (4602), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, signaling comprising one or more sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configurations based on one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein each of the one or more candidate LTM cells comprise a SBFD configuration.[000231] Embodiment 33 : The method of the first embodiment, wherein the network node (2010 A) does not explicitly indicate an SBFD configuration from the one or more SBFD configurations if the SBFD configuration is the same as that of the SBFD configuration of a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.[000232] Embodiment 34: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: sending, to the UE, a channel state information, CSI, measurement resource configuration comprising a plurality of CSI resource sets, the plurality of CSI resource sets comprising: a first resource set for when at least one reference signal in SBFD symbol is configured; and a second resource set for when no SBFD reference signal is configured.[000233] Embodiment 35: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: sending, to the UE, a list of measurement targets without explicitly associating each measurement target from the list of measurement targets with either a SBFD or a non-SBFD symbol.[000234] Embodiment 36: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: sending, to the UE, a random access configuration comprising a plurality of random access occasion types, the plurality of random access occasion types comprising: a firsttype for when RACH occasions, ROs, related to SBFD are used; and a second type for when ROs not related to SBFD are used.[000235] Embodiment 37: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising: selecting one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on at least one of: SBFD (RA) capability; having enabled SBFD (RA) operation; having disabled SBFD (RA) operation; or having lower RACH load caused by SBFD operation.[000236] Embodiment 38: A method (4700) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: receiving (4702), from a network node (2010A), one or more sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configurations for one or more candidate L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cells; and performing (4704) measurements for each of the one or more candidate LTM cells based on the received one or more SBFD configurations.[000237] Embodiment 39: The method of embodiment 38, further comprising: identifying one or more preferred target cells from the one or more candidate LTM cells based on whether the one or more preferred target cells are SBFD capable.[000238] Embodiment 40: The method of embodiments 38 or 39, further comprising: indicating, to the network node, the one or more preferred target cells by: sending, to the network node, signaling comprising one or more indices of the one or more preferred target cells; or sending a measurement report to the network node comprising one or more measurement results of the one or more candidate LTM cells, wherein the measurement results are sorted based on a preference of UE.[000239] Embodiment 41 : A method (4800) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: sending (4802) an LI measurement report to a network node (2010A); receiving (4804) an LTM cell switch command, MAC CE, from the network node (2010A).[000240] Embodiment 42: A method (4600) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, the method comprising: sending (4602), to a second network node (2010B), signaling comprising a sub-band full duplex, SBFD, configuration via an Xn or Fl interface.[000241] Embodiment 43 : A method (4900) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, the method comprising: sending (4902), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCI states of an LTM candidate cell, wherein the MAC CE comprises an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell.[000242] Embodiment 44: The method of embodiment 43, wherein the MAC CE further comprises a second indicator for a type of symbols during which the UE is capable of measuring radio channel quality for the one or more TCI states of the LTM candidate cell.[000243] Embodiment 45: The method of embodiments 43 or 44, wherein the MAC CE further comprises a third indicator indicating a symbol type for each activated TCI state of the one or more TCI states in the MAC CE.[000244] Embodiment 46: The method of any of embodiments 43 to 45, wherein the LTM candidate cell is one of a plurality of LTM candidate cells, and wherein the MAC CE further comprises a fourth indicator indicating a symbol type for one or more of the LTM candidate cells of the plurality of LTE candidate cells.[000245] Embodiment 47: The method of any of embodiments 43 to 46, further comprising: measuring, if a TCI state from the one or more TCI states is activated by the network node for the LTM candidate cell, one or more results of radio channel quality for the TCI state of the LTM candidate cell according to an indicated symbol type.[000246] Embodiment 48: The method of any of embodiments 43 to 47, further comprising: sending, to the UE, signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI, to trigger a contention free random access, CFRA, procedure to the LTM candidate cell, wherein the DCI comprises a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type that will be used to select ROs for the contention free random access procedure.[000247] Embodiment 53 : A method (5100) performed by a network node (2010A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the method comprising: selecting (5104) at least one of: a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells; a target beam; and a target TCI state; and sending (5106), to a SBFD aware user equipment (2012 A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.[000248] Embodiment 54: The method of embodiment 53, wherein the MAC CE comprises a field indicating a first RACE! occasion, RO, type used to select ROs for a contention free random access procedure.[000249] Embodiment 55: A method (5000) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the method comprising: receiving (5001) a SBFD RACH configuration for a LTM target cell; receiving (5002) signaling comprising a medium access control element, AC CE; selecting (5004) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE; selecting (5006) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5008) on the selected one or more ROs.[000250] Embodiment 56: The method of embodiment 55, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration for the method of any of claims 12 to 17.[000251] Embodiment 57: The method of embodiments 55 or 56, wherein the one or more selected ROs are provided to the UE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling.[000252] Embodiment 58: The method of any of embodiments 55 to 57, further comprising: triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell, wherein the received MAC CE comprises the candidate LTM cell.[000253] Embodiment 58: A method (5200) performed by a SBFD aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, the method comprising: selecting (5202) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by a medium access control element, MAC CE, or a physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, order; selecting (5204) the RO among an intersection of RO sets; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5206) on the selected RO.[000254] Embodiment 59: The method of embodiment 58, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; and a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or the PDCCH order.[000255] Embodiment 60: The method of embodiment 58, wherein selecting the RO among an intersection of RO sets comprises prioritizing a RO indication provided by a MAC CE over a RO indication provided by RRC signaling.[000256] Embodiment 61 : The method of embodiment 58, wherein the RO sets comprise at least one of: a set of ROs associated with the RS; a set of ROs which are permitted according to the RO mask if indicated in the MAC CE; a set of ROs determined according to the indicated RO type in the MAC CE; and a set of ROs determined according to the RACH configuration for early UL synchronization procedure associated with the LTM candidate cell.[000257] Embodiment 62: The method of embodiment 58, further comprising, when the intersection comprises a plurality of ROs, selecting an RO which comes first in a time domain.[000258] Embodiment 63: A network node (2010A, 2010B) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution, the network node, comprising: processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of any of embodiments 33-37 and 42-54; and power supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.[000259] Embodiment 64: A SBFD aware user equipment (2012A) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, cell switch execution, or for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, comprising: processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of any of embodiments 38-41 and 55-62; and power supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.[000260] Embodiment 65: An apparatus (4300) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution; and a memory (4310) storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of any of embodiments 33-62.[000261] Embodiment 66: A network node (4400) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, comprising: processing circuitry; and a memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of: sending (4902), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCI states of an LTM candidate cell, wherein theMAC CE comprises an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell.[000262] Embodiment 67: A network node (4400) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, comprising: processing circuitry; and a memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of: selecting (5104) at least one of: a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells; a target beam; and a target TCI state; and sending (5106), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.[000263] Embodiment 68: A user equipment (4300) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, comprising: processing circuitry; and a memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of: receiving (5001) a SBFD RACH configuration for a LTM target cell; receiving (5002) signaling comprising a medium access control element, MAC CE; selecting (5004) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE; selecting (5006) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of: a first set of ROs associated with the RS; a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; and a fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5008) on the selected one or more ROs.[000264] Embodiment 69: A user equipment (4300) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, comprising: processing circuitry; and a memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of: selecting (5104) at least one of: a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells; a target beam; and a target TCI state; and sending (5106), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method (5000, 4000) performed by a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012A), UE, for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the method comprising:receiving (5001) a SBFD random access channel, RACH, configuration for a LTM target cell;receiving (5002, 4008) signaling comprising a medium access control element, MAC CE; selecting (5004, 4010) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE;selecting (5006, 4012) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets,wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of:a first set of ROs associated with the RS;a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE;a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; anda fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration; and performing a RACH preamble transmission (5008, 4014) on the selected one or more ROs.

2. The method (5000, 4000) of claim 1, wherein the one or more selected ROs are provided to the LE via radio recourse control, RRC, signaling.

3. The method (5000, 4000) of claims 1 or 2, further comprising:triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell, wherein the received MAC CE comprises the candidate LTM cell.

4. A method (5200) performed by a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012A), LE, for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, the method comprising:selecting (5202) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by a medium access control element, MAC CE, or a physical downlink control channel, PDCCH, order;selecting (5204) the RO among an intersection of RO sets; andperforming a RACH preamble transmission (5206) on the selected RO.

5. The method (5200) of claim 4, wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of:a first set of ROs associated with the RS;a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE; and a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or the PDCCH order.

6. The method (5200) of claim 4, wherein selecting the RO among an intersection of RO sets comprises prioritizing a RO indication provided by a MAC CE over a RO indication provided by RRC signaling.

7. The method (5200) of claim 4, wherein the RO sets comprise at least one of: a set of ROs associated with the RS; a set of ROs which are permitted according to the RO mask if indicated in the MAC CE; a set of ROs determined according to the indicated RO type in the MAC CE; and a set of ROs determined according to the RACH configuration for early UL synchronization procedure associated with the LTM candidate cell.

8. The method (5200) of claim 4, further comprising, when the intersection comprises a plurality of ROs, selecting an RO which comes first in a time domain.

9. A method (4900) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, the method comprising:sending (4902), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCI states of an LTM candidate cell, wherein the MAC CE comprises an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell.

10. The method (4900) of claim 9, wherein the MAC CE further comprises a second indicator for a type of symbols during which the UE is capable of measuring radio channel quality for the one or more TCI states of the LTM candidate cell.

11. The method (4900) of claims 9 or 10, wherein the MAC CE further comprises a third indicator indicating a symbol type for each activated TCI state of the one or more TCI states in the MAC CE.

12. The method (4900) of any of claims 9 to 11, wherein the LTM candidate cell is one of a plurality of LTM candidate cells, and wherein the MAC CE further comprises a fourth indicator indicating a symbol type for one or more of the LTM candidate cells of the plurality of LTE candidate cells.

13. The method (4900) of any of claims 9 to 12, further comprising:measuring, if a TCI state from the one or more TCI states is activated by the network node for the LTM candidate cell, one or more results of radio channel quality for the TCI state of the LTM candidate cell according to an indicated symbol type.

14. The method (4900) of any of claims 9 to 13, further comprising:sending, to the UE, signaling comprising downlink control information, DCI, to trigger a contention free random access, CFRA, procedure to the LTM candidate cell, wherein the DCI comprises a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type that will be used to select ROs for the contention free random access procedure.

15. A method (5100) performed by a network node (2010 A) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, the method comprising:selecting (5104) at least one of:a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells;a target beam; anda target TCI state; andsending (5106), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012 A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.

16. The method (5100) of claim 15, wherein the MAC CE comprises a field indicating a first RACH occasion, RO, type used to select ROs for a contention free random access procedure.

17. A subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012A) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, cell switch execution, or for selecting a RACH occasion, RO, comprising:processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of any of claims 1-8; andpower supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.

18. A network node (2010A, 2010B) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution, the network node, comprising:processing circuitry (QQ302) configured to perform any of the steps of any of claims 9-16; andpower supply circuitry (QQ308) configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.

19. An apparatus (4300) for performing L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, preparation, early sync, or cell switch execution; anda memory (4310) storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of any of claims 1-16.

20. A network node (4400) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, early sync, comprising: processing circuitry; anda memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of:sending (4902), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012 A), UE, a medium access control element, MAC CE, for activating or deactivating one or more TCIstates of an LTM candidate cell, wherein the MAC CE comprises an indicator for the LTM candidate cell indicating the TCI state from the one or more TCI states to be activated by the UE in the LTM candidate cell.

21. A network node (4400) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, comprising:processing circuitry; anda memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of:selecting (5104) at least one of:a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells;a target beam; anda target TCI state; andsending (5106), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012 A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.

22. A user equipment (4300) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, comprising:processing circuitry; anda memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of:receiving (5001) a SBFD RACH configuration for a LTM target cell;receiving (5002) signaling comprising a medium access control element, MAC CE;selecting (5004) a reference signal, RS, based on an index indicated by the MAC CE;selecting (5006) one or more RACH occasions, ROs, among an intersection of RO sets,wherein the intersection of RO sets comprises one or more of:a first set of ROs associated with the RS;a second set of ROs permitted according to an RO mask configured in the MAC CE;a third set of ROs based on an RO type indicated in the MAC CE or as configured by the network node; anda fourth set of ROs based on a random access channel, RACH, configuration; andperforming a RACH preamble transmission (5008) on the selected one or more ROs.

23. A user equipment (4300) for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility, LTM, cell switch execution, comprising:processing circuitry; anda memory storing instructions whereby the processing circuitry is operable to perform the steps of:selecting (5104) at least one of:a target cell from one or more candidate LTM cells;a target beam; anda target TCI state; andsending (5106), to a subband full duplex, SBFD, aware user equipment (2012 A), a medium access control element, MAC CE, for triggering a switch to a candidate LTM cell from the one or more candidate LTM cells.

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