Content steering and CMSD for broadcast delivery of media data

Abstract

An example device for retrieving media data includes: a memory configured to store media data; and a processing system implemented in circuitry and configured to: receive a manifest file for a media presentation, the manifest file advertising availability of segments of the media presentation, each of the segments corresponding to individually retrievable files including media data for the media presentation; send a request for a segment of the segments of the media presentation using the manifest file; receiving data representing an error in response to the request for the segment, the data representing the error indicating whether the segment will be available at a later time or will remain unavailable; and request one or more subsequent segments of the media presentation using the manifest file in response to receiving the data representing the error.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 1 / 49CONTENT STEERING AND CMSD FOR BROADCAST DELIVERY OF MEDIA DATA

[0001] This application claims priority to India Provisional Patent Application Serial Number 202541011223 filed February 10, 2025, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by referenceTECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to transport of media data.BACKGROUND

[0003] Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices, including digital televisions, digital direct broadcast systems, wireless broadcast systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop or desktop computers, digital cameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, video game consoles, cellular or satellite radio telephones, video teleconferencing devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement video compression techniques, such as those described in the standards defined by MPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263 or ITU-T H.264 / MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), ITU-T H.265 (also referred to as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)), and extensions of such standards, to transmit and receive digital video information more efficiently.

[0004] Video compression techniques perform spatial prediction and / or temporal prediction to reduce or remove redundancy inherent in video sequences. For blockbased video coding, a video frame or slice may be partitioned into macroblocks. Each macroblock can be further partitioned. Macroblocks in an intra-coded (I) frame or slice are encoded using spatial prediction with respect to neighboring macroblocks.Macroblocks in an inter-coded (P or B) frame or slice may use spatial prediction with respect to neighboring macroblocks in the same frame or slice or temporal prediction with respect to other reference frames.

[0005] After video data has been encoded, the video data may be packetized for transmission or storage. The video data may be assembled into a video file conforming to any of a variety of standards, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) base media file format and extensions thereof, such as AVC.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 2 / 49SUMMARY

[0006] In general, this disclosure describes techniques for transporting media data. In particular, a client device may include a middleware unit and a streaming client. The middleware unit may act as a broadcast or multicast client for receiving streamed media data. The middleware unit may cache the streamed media data and act as a proxy server for the streaming client. Thus, the streaming client may request the cached media data from the middleware unit using a unicast protocol, such as DASH or HLS via HTTP. In some examples, segments of media data may not be properly delivered via broadcast or multicast. Per techniques of this disclosure, the middleware unit may respond to requests for such segments from the streaming client using data indicating whether a request for such a segment should be retried at a later time, or whether the streaming client should move on to a subsequent segment. In this manner, the streaming client may receive more information about such a segment, and may avoid introducing latency into playback of the media data by waiting too long to retry the request or requesting the subsequent segment, thereby improving user experience.

[0007] The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG. l is a block diagram illustrating an example system that implements techniques for streaming media data over a network.

[0009] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of components of a retrieval unit.

[0010] FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating elements of example multimedia content.

[0011] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating elements of an example video file, which may correspond to a segment of a representation.

[0012] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of components that may be included in a client device for retrieval and playback of media data.

[0013] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of components that may be included in a client device for broadcast-only reception of media data.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 3 / 49

[0014] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an example procedure for receiving media data via broadcast.

[0015] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a system for supporting a generic application service.

[0016] FIGS. 9 and 10 are call flow diagrams illustrating an example method for performing the generic application service.

[0017] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of devices that may be used to perform content steering.

[0018] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method for performing content steering using the devices of, e.g., FIG. 11.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] In general, this disclosure describes techniques related to transporting media data, e.g., via broadcast, multicast, and / or unicast. A client device, such as a user equipment (UE) device, may include a middleware unit configured to receive media data via broadcast or multicast, and buffer the media data. The middleware unit may act as a proxy server, such that a streaming client, such as a Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) client, may retrieve the media data from the middleware unit, e.g., using unicast, such as DASH.

[0020] The middleware unit may be configured to use radio access network (RAN) protocols, such as 5G Broadcast or 5G Multicast. As such, the middleware unit may be configured to deliver and operate with modern media content. The middleware unit may be configured to interface with deployed players in existing applications, so that it may be difficult to replace these players in order to accommodate new techniques related to streaming media data.

[0021] A client device including such a middleware unit may support various use cases. For example, the client device may support broadcast only playback, DASH and HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) support, broadcast-unicast seamless switching, in-session repair, HTTPS support for players on a local interface, digital rights management (DRM) support, metrics / common media client data (CMCD) reporting, advertisement insertion, low latency streaming, immersive content (e.g., augmented reality (AR), extended reality (XR), mixed reality (MR), and / or virtual reality (VR) content), and / or A / B watermarking.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 4 / 49

[0022] In general, a media presentation may include a manifest file, such as a media presentation description (MPD) in DASH, that describes availability of media data (e.g., media files) for the media presentation. The manifest file may be sent by a server device to client devices as part of a Service Announcement for the media presentation and received by the middleware unit. In some examples, a Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (MBMS) client of the client device may rewrite portions of the manifest file, such as to indicate that media data is available from a localhost address, availability start times for media segments, a time shift buffer (TSB), and / or a minimum update period. The DASH client may check the manifest file regularly in order to properly retrieve media segments from the middleware unit.

[0023] The techniques of this disclosure may be applied to video files conforming to video data encapsulated according to any of ISO base media file format, Scalable Video Coding (SVC) file format, Advanced Video Coding (AVC) file format, Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) file format, and / or Multiview Video Coding (MVC) file format, or other similar video file formats.

[0024] In HTTP streaming, such as Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), frequently used operations include HEAD, GET, and partial GET. The HEAD operation retrieves a header of a file associated with a given uniform resource locator (URL) or uniform resource name (URN), without retrieving a payload associated with the URL or URN. The GET operation retrieves a whole file associated with a given URL or URN. The partial GET operation receives a byte range as an input parameter and retrieves a continuous number of bytes of a file, where the number of bytes correspond to the received byte range. Thus, movie fragments may be provided for HTTP streaming, because a partial GET operation can get one or more individual movie fragments. In a movie fragment, there can be several track fragments of different tracks. In HTTP streaming, a media presentation may be a structured collection of data that is accessible to the client. The client may request and download media data information to present a streaming service to a user.

[0025] In the example of streaming 3 GPP data using HTTP streaming, there may be multiple representations for video and / or audio data of multimedia content. As explained below, different representations may correspond to different coding characteristics (e.g., different profiles or levels of a video coding standard), different coding standards or extensions of coding standards (such as multiview and / or scalable extensions), or different bitrates. The manifest of such representations may be defined 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 5 / 49in a Media Presentation Description (MPD) data structure. A media presentation may correspond to a structured collection of data that is accessible to an HTTP streaming client device. The HTTP streaming client device may request and download media data information to present a streaming service to a user of the client device. A media presentation may be described in the MPD data structure, which may include updates of the MPD.

[0026] A media presentation may contain a sequence of one or more Periods. Each period may extend until the start of the next Period, or until the end of the media presentation, in the case of the last period. Each period may contain one or more representations for the same media content. A representation may be one of a number of alternative encoded versions of audio, video, timed text, or other such data. The representations may differ by encoding types, e.g., by bitrate, resolution, and / or codec for video data and bitrate, language, and / or codec for audio data. The term representation may be used to refer to a section of encoded audio or video data corresponding to a particular period of the multimedia content and encoded in a particular way.

[0027] Representations of a particular period may be assigned to a group indicated by an attribute in the MPD indicative of an adaptation set to which the representations belong. Representations in the same adaptation set are generally considered alternatives to each other, in that a client device can dynamically and seamlessly switch between these representations, e.g., to perform bandwidth adaptation. For example, each representation of video data for a particular period may be assigned to the same adaptation set, such that any of the representations may be selected for decoding to present media data, such as video data or audio data, of the multimedia content for the corresponding period. The media content within one period may be represented by either one representation from group 0, if present, or the combination of at most one representation from each non-zero group, in some examples. Timing data for each representation of a period may be expressed relative to the start time of the period.

[0028] A representation may include one or more segments. Each representation may include an initialization segment, or each segment of a representation may be selfinitializing. When present, the initialization segment may contain initialization information for accessing the representation. In general, the initialization segment does not contain media data. A segment may be uniquely referenced by an identifier, such as a uniform resource locator (URL), uniform resource name (URN), or uniform resource 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 6 / 49identifier (URI). The MPD may provide the identifiers for each segment. In some examples, the MPD may also provide byte ranges in the form of a range attribute, which may correspond to the data for a segment within a file accessible by the URL, URN, or URI.

[0029] Different representations may be selected for substantially simultaneous retrieval for different types of media data. For example, a client device may select an audio representation, a video representation, and a timed text representation from which to retrieve segments. In some examples, the client device may select particular adaptation sets for performing bandwidth adaptation. That is, the client device may select an adaptation set including video representations, an adaptation set including audio representations, and / or an adaptation set including timed text. Alternatively, the client device may select adaptation sets for certain types of media (e.g., video), and directly select representations for other types of media (e.g., audio and / or timed text).

[0030] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system 10 that implements techniques for streaming media data over a network. In this example, system 10 includes content preparation device 20, server device 60, and client device 40. Client device 40 and server device 60 are communicatively coupled by network 74, which may comprise the Internet. In some examples, content preparation device 20 and server device 60 may also be coupled by network 74 or another network, or may be directly communicatively coupled. In some examples, content preparation device 20 and server device 60 may comprise the same device.

[0031] Content preparation device 20, in the example of FIG. 1, comprises audio source 22 and video source 24. Audio source 22 may comprise, for example, a microphone that produces electrical signals representative of captured audio data to be encoded by audio encoder 26. Alternatively, audio source 22 may comprise a storage medium storing previously recorded audio data, an audio data generator such as a computerized synthesizer, or any other source of audio data. Video source 24 may comprise a video camera that produces video data to be encoded by video encoder 28, a storage medium encoded with previously recorded video data, a video data generation unit such as a computer graphics source, or any other source of video data. Content preparation device 20 is not necessarily communicatively coupled to server device 60 in all examples, but may store multimedia content to a separate medium that is read by server device 60.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 7 / 49

[0032] Raw audio and video data may comprise analog or digital data. Analog data may be digitized before being encoded by audio encoder 26 and / or video encoder 28. Audio source 22 may obtain audio data from a speaking participant while the speaking participant is speaking, and video source 24 may simultaneously obtain video data of the speaking participant. In other examples, audio source 22 may comprise a computer-readable storage medium comprising stored audio data, and video source 24 may comprise a computer-readable storage medium comprising stored video data. In this manner, the techniques described in this disclosure may be applied to live, streaming, real-time audio and video data or to archived, pre-recorded audio and video data.

[0033] Audio frames that correspond to video frames are generally audio frames containing audio data that was captured (or generated) by audio source 22 contemporaneously with video data captured (or generated) by video source 24 that is contained within the video frames. For example, while a speaking participant generally produces audio data by speaking, audio source 22 captures the audio data, and video source 24 captures video data of the speaking participant at the same time, that is, while audio source 22 is capturing the audio data. Hence, an audio frame may temporally correspond to one or more particular video frames. Accordingly, an audio frame corresponding to a video frame generally corresponds to a situation in which audio data and video data were captured at the same time and for which an audio frame and a video frame comprise, respectively, the audio data and the video data that was captured at the same time.

[0034] In some examples, audio encoder 26 may encode a timestamp in each encoded audio frame that represents a time at which the audio data for the encoded audio frame was recorded, and similarly, video encoder 28 may encode a timestamp in each encoded video frame that represents a time at which the video data for an encoded video frame was recorded. In such examples, an audio frame corresponding to a video frame may comprise an audio frame comprising a timestamp and a video frame comprising the same timestamp. Content preparation device 20 may include an internal clock from which audio encoder 26 and / or video encoder 28 may generate the timestamps, or that audio source 22 and video source 24 may use to associate audio and video data, respectively, with a timestamp.

[0035] In some examples, audio source 22 may send data to audio encoder 26 corresponding to a time at which audio data was recorded, and video source 24 may send data to video encoder 28 corresponding to a time at which video data was1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 8 / 49recorded. In some examples, audio encoder 26 may encode a sequence identifier in encoded audio data to indicate a relative temporal ordering of encoded audio data but without necessarily indicating an absolute time at which the audio data was recorded, and similarly, video encoder 28 may also use sequence identifiers to indicate a relative temporal ordering of encoded video data. Similarly, in some examples, a sequence identifier may be mapped or otherwise correlated with a timestamp.

[0036] Audio encoder 26 generally produces a stream of encoded audio data, while video encoder 28 produces a stream of encoded video data. Each individual stream of data (whether audio or video) may be referred to as an elementary stream. An elementary stream is a single, digitally coded (possibly compressed) component of a representation. For example, the coded video or audio part of the representation can be an elementary stream. An elementary stream may be converted into a packetized elementary stream (PES) before being encapsulated within a video file. Within the same representation, a stream ID may be used to distinguish the PES-packets belonging to one elementary stream from the other. The basic unit of data of an elementary stream is a packetized elementary stream (PES) packet. Thus, coded video data generally corresponds to elementary video streams. Similarly, audio data corresponds to one or more respective elementary streams.

[0037] Many video coding standards, such as ITU-T H.264 / AVC and the upcoming High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, define the syntax, semantics, and decoding process for error-free bitstreams, any of which conform to a certain profile or level. Video coding standards typically do not specify the encoder, but the encoder is tasked with guaranteeing that the generated bitstreams are standard-compliant for a decoder. In the context of video coding standards, a “profile” corresponds to a subset of algorithms, features, or tools and constraints that apply to them. As defined by the H.264 standard, for example, a “profile” is a subset of the entire bitstream syntax that is specified by the H.264 standard. A “level” corresponds to the limitations of the decoder resource consumption, such as, for example, decoder memory and computation, which are related to the resolution of the pictures, bit rate, and block processing rate. A profile may be signaled with a profile idc (profile indicator) value, while a level may be signaled with a level idc (level indicator) value.

[0038] The H.264 standard, for example, recognizes that, within the bounds imposed by the syntax of a given profile, it is still possible to require a large variation in the performance of encoders and decoders depending upon the values taken by syntax 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 9 / 49elements in the bitstream such as the specified size of the decoded pictures. The H.264 standard further recognizes that, in many applications, it is neither practical nor economical to implement a decoder capable of dealing with all hypothetical uses of the syntax within a particular profile. Accordingly, the H.264 standard defines a “level” as a specified set of constraints imposed on values of the syntax elements in the bitstream. These constraints may be simple limits on values. Alternatively, these constraints may take the form of constraints on arithmetic combinations of values (e.g., picture width multiplied by picture height multiplied by number of pictures decoded per second). The H.264 standard further provides that individual implementations may support a different level for each supported profile.

[0039] A decoder conforming to a profile ordinarily supports all the features defined in the profile. For example, as a coding feature, B-picture coding is not supported in the baseline profile of H.264 / AVC but is supported in other profiles of H.264 / AVC. A decoder conforming to a level should be capable of decoding any bitstream that does not require resources beyond the limitations defined in the level. Definitions of profiles and levels may be helpful for interpretability. For example, during video transmission, a pair of profile and level definitions may be negotiated and agreed for a whole transmission session. More specifically, in H.264 / AVC, a level may define limitations on the number of macroblocks that need to be processed, decoded picture buffer (DPB) size, coded picture buffer (CPB) size, vertical motion vector range, maximum number of motion vectors per two consecutive MBs, and whether a B-block can have submacroblock partitions less than 8x8 pixels. In this manner, a decoder may determine whether the decoder is capable of properly decoding the bitstream.

[0040] In the example of FIG. 1, encapsulation unit 30 of content preparation device 20 receives elementary streams comprising coded video data from video encoder 28 and elementary streams comprising coded audio data from audio encoder 26. In some examples, video encoder 28 and audio encoder 26 may each include packetizers for forming PES packets from encoded data. In other examples, video encoder 28 and audio encoder 26 may each interface with respective packetizers for forming PES packets from encoded data. In still other examples, encapsulation unit 30 may include packetizers for forming PES packets from encoded audio and video data.

[0041] Video encoder 28 may encode video data of multimedia content in a variety of ways, to produce different representations of the multimedia content at various bitrates and with various characteristics, such as pixel resolutions, frame rates, conformance to 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 10 / 49various coding standards, conformance to various profiles and / or levels of profiles for various coding standards, representations having one or multiple views (e.g., for two-dimensional or three-dimensional playback), or other such characteristics. A representation, as used in this disclosure, may comprise one of audio data, video data, text data (e.g., for closed captions), or other such data. The representation may include an elementary stream, such as an audio elementary stream or a video elementary stream. Each PES packet may include a stream id that identifies the elementary stream to which the PES packet belongs. Encapsulation unit 30 is responsible for assembling elementary streams into video files (e.g., segments) of various representations.

[0042] Encapsulation unit 30 receives PES packets for elementary streams of a representation from audio encoder 26 and video encoder 28 and forms corresponding network abstraction layer (NAL) units from the PES packets. Coded video segments may be organized into NAL units, which provide a “network-friendly” video representation addressing applications such as video telephony, storage, broadcast, or streaming. NAL units can be categorized to Video Coding Layer (VCL) NAL units and non-VCL NAL units. VCL units may contain the core compression engine and may include block, macroblock, and / or slice level data. Other NAL units may be non-VCL NAL units. In some examples, a coded picture in one time instance, normally presented as a primary coded picture, may be contained in an access unit, which may include one or more NAL units.

[0043] Non-VCL NAL units may include parameter set NAL units and SEI NAL units, among others. Parameter sets may contain sequence-level header information (in sequence parameter sets (SPS)) and the infrequently changing picture-level header information (in picture parameter sets (PPS)). With parameter sets (e.g., PPS and SPS), infrequently changing information need not to be repeated for each sequence or picture; hence, coding efficiency may be improved. Furthermore, the use of parameter sets may enable out-of-band transmission of the important header information, avoiding the need for redundant transmissions for error resilience. In out-of-band transmission examples, parameter set NAL units may be transmitted on a different channel than other NAL units, such as SEI NAL units.

[0044] Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) may contain information that is not necessary for decoding the coded pictures samples from VCL NAL units, but may assist in processes related to decoding, display, error resilience, and other purposes. SEI messages may be contained in non-VCL NAL units. SEI messages are the normative 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 11 / 49part of some standard specifications, and thus are not always mandatory for standard compliant decoder implementation. SEI messages may be sequence level SEI messages or picture level SEI messages. Some sequence level information may be contained in SEI messages, such as scalability information SEI messages in the example of SVC and view scalability information SEI messages in MVC. These example SEI messages may convey information on, e.g., extraction of operation points and characteristics of the operation points. In addition, encapsulation unit 30 may form a manifest file, such as a media presentation descriptor (MPD) that describes characteristics of the representations. Encapsulation unit 30 may format the MPD according to extensible markup language (XML).

[0045] Encapsulation unit 30 may provide data for one or more representations of multimedia content, along with the manifest file (e.g., the MPD) to output interface 32. Output interface 32 may comprise a network interface or an interface for writing to a storage medium, such as a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a CD or DVD writer or burner, an interface to magnetic or flash storage media, or other interfaces for storing or transmitting media data. Encapsulation unit 30 may provide data of each of the representations of multimedia content to output interface 32, which may send the data to server device 60 via network transmission or storage media. In the example of FIG. 1, server device 60 includes storage medium 62 that stores various multimedia contents 64, each including a respective manifest file 66 and one or more representations 68A-68N (representations 68). In some examples, output interface 32 may also send data directly to network 74.

[0046] In some examples, representations 68 may be separated into adaptation sets. That is, various subsets of representations 68 may include respective common sets of characteristics, such as codec, profile and level, resolution, number of views, file format for segments, text type information that may identify a language or other characteristics of text to be displayed with the representation and / or audio data to be decoded and presented, e.g., by speakers, camera angle information that may describe a camera angle or real-world camera perspective of a scene for representations in the adaptation set, rating information that describes content suitability for particular audiences, or the like.

[0047] Manifest file 66 may include data indicative of the subsets of representations 68 corresponding to particular adaptation sets, as well as common characteristics for the adaptation sets. Manifest file 66 may also include data representative of individual characteristics, such as bitrates, for individual representations of adaptation sets. In this 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 12 / 49manner, an adaptation set may provide for simplified network bandwidth adaptation. Representations in an adaptation set may be indicated using child elements of an adaptation set element of manifest file 66.

[0048] Server device 60 includes request processing unit 70 and network interface 72. In some examples, server device 60 may include a plurality of network interfaces.Furthermore, any or all of the features of server device 60 may be implemented on other devices of a content delivery network, such as routers, bridges, proxy devices, switches, or other devices. In some examples, intermediate devices of a content delivery network may cache data of multimedia content 64, and include components that conform substantially to those of server device 60. In general, network interface 72 is configured to send and receive data via network 74.

[0049] Request processing unit 70 is configured to receive network requests from client devices, such as client device 40, for data of storage medium 62. For example, request processing unit 70 may implement hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) version 1.1, as described in RFC 2616, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP / 1.1,” by R. Fielding et al, Network Working Group, IETF, June 1999. That is, request processing unit 70 may be configured to receive HTTP GET or partial GET requests and provide data of multimedia content 64 in response to the requests. The requests may specify a segment of one of representations 68, e.g., using a URL of the segment. In some examples, the requests may also specify one or more byte ranges of the segment, thus comprising partial GET requests. Request processing unit 70 may further be configured to service HTTP HEAD requests to provide header data of a segment of one of representations 68. In any case, request processing unit 70 may be configured to process the requests to provide requested data to a requesting device, such as client device 40.

[0050] Additionally or alternatively, request processing unit 70 may be configured to deliver media data via a broadcast or multicast protocol, such as eMBMS. Content preparation device 20 may create DASH segments and / or sub-segments in substantially the same way as described, but server device 60 may deliver these segments or subsegments using eMBMS or another broadcast or multicast network transport protocol. For example, request processing unit 70 may be configured to receive a multicast group join request from client device 40. That is, server device 60 may advertise an Internet protocol (IP) address associated with a multicast group to client devices, including client device 40, associated with particular media content (e.g., a broadcast of a live event). Client device 40, in turn, may submit a request to join the multicast group. This 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 13 / 49request may be propagated throughout network 74, e.g., routers making up network 74, such that the routers are caused to direct traffic destined for the IP address associated with the multicast group to subscribing client devices, such as client device 40.

[0051] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 1, multimedia content 64 includes manifest file 66, which may correspond to a media presentation description (MPD). Manifest file 66 may contain descriptions of different alternative representations 68 (e.g., video services with different qualities) and the description may include, e.g., codec information, a profile value, a level value, a bitrate, and other descriptive characteristics of representations 68. Client device 40 may retrieve the MPD of a media presentation to determine how to access segments of representations 68.

[0052] In particular, retrieval unit 52 may retrieve configuration data (not shown) of client device 40 to determine decoding capabilities of video decoder 48 and rendering capabilities of video output 44. The configuration data may also include any or all of a language preference selected by a user of client device 40, one or more camera perspectives corresponding to depth preferences set by the user of client device 40, and / or a rating preference selected by the user of client device 40. Retrieval unit 52 may comprise, for example, a web browser or a media client configured to submit HTTP GET and partial GET requests. Retrieval unit 52 may correspond to software instructions executed by one or more processors or processing units (not shown) of client device 40. In some examples, all or portions of the functionality described with respect to retrieval unit 52 may be implemented in hardware, or a combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware, where requisite hardware may be provided to execute instructions for software or firmware.

[0053] Retrieval unit 52 may compare the decoding and rendering capabilities of client device 40 to characteristics of representations 68 indicated by information of manifest file 66. Retrieval unit 52 may initially retrieve at least a portion of manifest file 66 to determine characteristics of representations 68. For example, retrieval unit 52 may request a portion of manifest file 66 that describes characteristics of one or more adaptation sets. Retrieval unit 52 may select a subset of representations 68 (e.g., an adaptation set) having characteristics that can be satisfied by the coding and rendering capabilities of client device 40. Retrieval unit 52 may then determine bitrates for representations in the adaptation set, determine a currently available amount of network bandwidth, and retrieve segments from one of the representations having a bitrate that can be satisfied by the network bandwidth.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 14 / 49

[0054] In general, higher bitrate representations may yield higher quality video playback, while lower bitrate representations may provide sufficient quality video playback when available network bandwidth decreases. Accordingly, when available network bandwidth is relatively high, retrieval unit 52 may retrieve data from relatively high bitrate representations, whereas when available network bandwidth is low, retrieval unit 52 may retrieve data from relatively low bitrate representations. In this manner, client device 40 may stream multimedia data over network 74 while also adapting to changing network bandwidth availability of network 74.

[0055] Additionally or alternatively, retrieval unit 52 may be configured to receive data in accordance with a broadcast or multicast network protocol, such as eMBMS or IP multicast. In such examples, retrieval unit 52 may submit a request to join a multicast network group associated with particular media content. After joining the multicast group, retrieval unit 52 may receive data of the multicast group without further requests issued to server device 60 or content preparation device 20. Retrieval unit 52 may submit a request to leave the multicast group when data of the multicast group is no longer needed, e.g., to stop playback or to change channels to a different multicast group.

[0056] Network interface 54 may receive and provide data of segments of a selected representation to retrieval unit 52, which may in turn provide the segments to decapsulation unit 50. Decapsulation unit 50 may decapsulate elements of a video file into constituent PES streams, depacketize the PES streams to retrieve encoded data, and send the encoded data to either audio decoder 46 or video decoder 48, depending on whether the encoded data is part of an audio or video stream, e.g., as indicated by PES packet headers of the stream. Audio decoder 46 decodes encoded audio data and sends the decoded audio data to audio output 42, while video decoder 48 decodes encoded video data and sends the decoded video data, which may include a plurality of views of a stream, to video output 44.

[0057] Video encoder 28, video decoder 48, audio encoder 26, audio decoder 46, encapsulation unit 30, retrieval unit 52, and decapsulation unit 50 each may be implemented as any of a variety of suitable processing circuitry, as applicable, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic circuitry, software, hardware, firmware or any combinations thereof. Each of video encoder 28 and video decoder 48 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 15 / 49either of which may be integrated as part of a combined video encoder / decoder (CODEC). Likewise, each of audio encoder 26 and audio decoder 46 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part of a combined CODEC. An apparatus including video encoder 28, video decoder 48, audio encoder 26, audio decoder 46, encapsulation unit 30, retrieval unit 52, and / or decapsulation unit 50 may comprise an integrated circuit, a microprocessor, and / or a wireless communication device, such as a cellular telephone.

[0058] Client device 40, server device 60, and / or content preparation device 20 may be configured to operate in accordance with the techniques of this disclosure. For purposes of example, this disclosure describes these techniques with respect to client device 40 and server device 60. However, it should be understood that content preparation device 20 may be configured to perform these techniques, instead of (or in addition to) server device 60.

[0059] Encapsulation unit 30 may form NAL units comprising a header that identifies a program to which the NAL unit belongs, as well as a payload, e.g., audio data, video data, or data that describes the transport or program stream to which the NAL unit corresponds. For example, in H.264 / AVC, a NAL unit includes a 1-byte header and a payload of varying size. A NAL unit including video data in its payload may comprise various granularity levels of video data. For example, a NAL unit may comprise a block of video data, a plurality of blocks, a slice of video data, or an entire picture of video data. Encapsulation unit 30 may receive encoded video data from video encoder 28 in the form of PES packets of elementary streams. Encapsulation unit 30 may associate each elementary stream with a corresponding program.

[0060] Encapsulation unit 30 may also assemble access units from a plurality of NAL units. In general, an access unit may comprise one or more NAL units for representing a frame of video data, as well as audio data corresponding to the frame when such audio data is available. An access unit generally includes all NAL units for one output time instance, e.g., all audio and video data for one time instance. For example, if each view has a frame rate of 20 frames per second (fps), then each time instance may correspond to a time interval of 0.05 seconds. During this time interval, the specific frames for all views of the same access unit (the same time instance) may be rendered simultaneously. In one example, an access unit may comprise a coded picture in one time instance, which may be presented as a primary coded picture.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 16 / 49

[0061] Accordingly, an access unit may comprise all audio and video frames of a common temporal instance, e.g., all views corresponding to time X. This disclosure also refers to an encoded picture of a particular view as a “view component.” That is, a view component may comprise an encoded picture (or frame) for a particular view at a particular time. Accordingly, an access unit may be defined as comprising all view components of a common temporal instance. The decoding order of access units need not necessarily be the same as the output or display order.

[0062] A media presentation may include a media presentation description (MPD), which may contain descriptions of different alternative representations (e.g., video services with different qualities) and the description may include, e.g., codec information, a profile value, and a level value. An MPD is one example of a manifest file, such as manifest file 66. Client device 40 may retrieve the MPD of a media presentation to determine how to access movie fragments of various presentations. Movie fragments may be located in movie fragment boxes (moof boxes) of video files.

[0063] Manifest file 66 (which may comprise, for example, an MPD) may advertise availability of segments of representations 68. That is, the MPD may include information indicating the wall-clock time at which a first segment of one of representations 68 becomes available, as well as information indicating the durations of segments within representations 68. In this manner, retrieval unit 52 of client device 40 may determine when each segment is available, based on the starting time as well as the durations of the segments preceding a particular segment.

[0064] After encapsulation unit 30 has assembled NAL units and / or access units into a video file based on received data, encapsulation unit 30 passes the video file to output interface 32 for output. In some examples, encapsulation unit 30 may store the video file locally or send the video file to a remote server via output interface 32, rather than sending the video file directly to client device 40. Output interface 32 may comprise, for example, a transmitter, a transceiver, a device for writing data to a computer-readable medium such as, for example, an optical drive, a magnetic media drive (e.g., floppy drive), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a network interface, or other output interface. Output interface 32 outputs the video file to a computer-readable medium, such as, for example, a transmission signal, a magnetic medium, an optical medium, a memory, a flash drive, or other computer-readable medium.

[0065] Network interface 54 may receive a NAL unit or access unit via network 74 and provide the NAL unit or access unit to decapsulation unit 50, via retrieval unit 52. 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 17 / 49Decapsulation unit 50 may decapsulate a elements of a video file into constituent PES streams, depacketize the PES streams to retrieve encoded data, and send the encoded data to either audio decoder 46 or video decoder 48, depending on whether the encoded data is part of an audio or video stream, e.g., as indicated by PES packet headers of the stream. Audio decoder 46 decodes encoded audio data and sends the decoded audio data to audio output 42, while video decoder 48 decodes encoded video data and sends the decoded video data, which may include a plurality of views of a stream, to video output 44.

[0066] Per techniques of this disclosure, as discussed in greater detail below (e.g., with respect to FIG. 2), retrieval unit 52 may include a middleware unit configured to receive media data via broadcast or unicast, and to cache the media data and act as a proxy server. A streaming client, such as a DASH client or HLS client, may retrieve the media data from the middleware unit using a unicast protocol, such as DASH or HLS via HTTP.

[0067] In some cases, a manifest file, such as manifest file 66 (e.g., a DASH MPD) may advertise segment availability data. However, the segment availability data may not be accurate for a streaming client of retrieval unit 52, e.g., because a segment is not properly delivered via broadcast or multicast, or because the segment is not timely delivered due to variations in available network bandwidth. Thus, in some cases, the streaming client may request a segment too early or a segment that is expected to remain unreceived. Per techniques of this disclosure, the middleware client may respond to a request for an unavailable segment with data indicating whether the streaming client should reattempt retrieval of the segment in the future, or to forego the segment and move on to a subsequent segment.

[0068] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of components of retrieval unit 52 of FIG. 1 in greater detail. In this example, retrieval unit 52 includes eMBMS middleware unit 100, DASH client 110, and media application 112.

[0069] In this example, eMBMS middleware unit 100 further includes eMBMS reception unit 106, cache 104, and proxy server unit 102. In this example, eMBMS reception unit 106 is configured to receive data via eMBMS, e.g., according to File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE), described in T. Paila et al., “FLUTE — File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport,” Network Working Group, RFC 6726, Nov. 2012, available at tools.ietf.org / html / rfc6726. That is, eMBMS1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 18 / 49reception unit 106 may receive files via broadcast from, e.g., server device 60, which may act as a broadcast / multicast service center (BM-SC).

[0070] As eMBMS middleware unit 100 receives data for files, eMBMS middleware unit may store the received data in cache 104. Cache 104 may comprise a computer-readable storage medium, such as flash memory, a hard disk, RAM, or any other suitable storage medium.

[0071] Proxy server unit 102 may act as a server for DASH client 110. For example, proxy server unit 102 may provide a MPD file or other manifest file to DASH client 110. Proxy server unit 102 may advertise availability times for segments in the MPD file, as well as hyperlinks from which the segments can be retrieved. These hyperlinks may include a localhost address prefix corresponding to client device 40 (e.g., 127.0.0.1 for IPv4). In this manner, DASH client 110 may request segments from proxy server unit 102 using HTTP GET or partial GET requests. For example, for a segment available from link http: / / 127.0.0. l / repl / seg3, DASH client 110 may construct an HTTP GET request that includes a request for http: / / 127.0.0.1 / repl / seg3, and submit the request to proxy server unit 102. Proxy server unit 102 may retrieve requested data from cache 104 and provide the data to DASH client 110 in response to such requests.

[0072] In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, some segments may not be received by eMBMS reception unit 106 in a timely manner or at all. Thus, certain segments of a media presentation may not be received by the time indicated in a corresponding manifest file, e.g., a DASH MPD. DASH client 110 may request a segment from proxy server 102 that is not present in cache 104. Proxy server 102 may, per techniques of this disclosure, respond to such a request with an HTTP 404 error, along with an error code that indicates either that DASH client 110 should retry the request at a later time or move on to a subsequent segment. In some examples, the data indicating that DASH client 110 should retry the request at a later time may further include data representing the later time at which the request should be retried. Such data for error codes may be included in a common media server data (CMSD) header as discussed in greater detail below.

[0073] FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating elements of example multimedia content 120. Multimedia content 120 may correspond to multimedia content 64 (FIG.1), or another multimedia content stored in storage medium 62. In the example of FIG.3, multimedia content 120 includes media presentation description (MPD) 122 and a plurality of representations 124A-124N (representations 124). Representation 124A 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 19 / 49includes optional header data 126 and segments 128A-128N (segments 128), while representation 124N includes optional header data 130 and segments 132A-132N (segments 132). The letter N is used to designate the last movie fragment in each of representations 124 as a matter of convenience. In some examples, there may be different numbers of movie fragments between representations 124.

[0074] MPD 122 may comprise a data structure separate from representations 124. MPD 122 may correspond to manifest file 66 of FIG. 1. Likewise, representations 124 may correspond to representations 68 of FIG. 1. In general, MPD 122 may include data that generally describes characteristics of representations 124, such as coding and rendering characteristics, adaptation sets, a profile to which MPD 122 corresponds, text type information, camera angle information, rating information, trick mode information (e.g., information indicative of representations that include temporal sub-sequences), and / or information for retrieving remote periods (e.g., for targeted advertisement insertion into media content during playback).

[0075] Header data 126, when present, may describe characteristics of segments 128, e.g., temporal locations of random access points (RAPs, also referred to as stream access points (SAPs)), which of segments 128 includes random access points, byte offsets to random access points within segments 128, uniform resource locators (URLs) of segments 128, or other aspects of segments 128. Header data 130, when present, may describe similar characteristics for segments 132. Additionally or alternatively, such characteristics may be fully included within MPD 122.

[0076] Segments 128, 132 include one or more coded video samples, each of which may include frames or slices of video data. Each of the coded video samples of segments 128 may have similar characteristics, e.g., height, width, and bandwidth requirements. Such characteristics may be described by data of MPD 122, though such data is not illustrated in the example of FIG. 3. MPD 122 may include characteristics as described by the 3 GPP Specification, with the addition of any or all of the signaled information described in this disclosure.

[0077] Each of segments 128, 132 may be associated with a unique uniform resource locator (URL). Thus, each of segments 128, 132 may be independently retrievable using a streaming network protocol, such as DASH. In this manner, a destination device, such as client device 40, may use an HTTP GET request to retrieve segments 128 or 132. In some examples, client device 40 may use HTTP partial GET requests to retrieve specific byte ranges of segments 128 or 132.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 20 / 49

[0078] In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, MPD 122 may include data representing times at which segments 128, 132 are expected to be available for retrieval. However, these times may correspond to times at which these segments are available from a server device, and not necessarily from a proxy server, such as proxy server 102 of FIG. 3.

[0079] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating elements of an example video file 150, which may correspond to a segment of a representation, such as one of segments 128, 132 of FIG. 3. Each of segments 128, 132 may include data that conforms substantially to the arrangement of data illustrated in the example of FIG. 4. Video file 150 may be said to encapsulate a segment. As described above, video files in accordance with the ISO base media file format and extensions thereof store data in a series of objects, referred to as “boxes.” In the example of FIG. 4, video file 150 includes file type (FTYP) box 152, movie (MOOV) box 154, segment index (sidx) boxes 162, movie fragment (MOOF) boxes 164, and movie fragment random access (MFRA) box 166. Although FIG. 4 represents an example of a video file, it should be understood that other media files may include other types of media data (e.g., audio data, timed text data, or the like) that is structured similarly to the data of video file 150, in accordance with the ISO base media file format and its extensions.

[0080] File type (FTYP) box 152 generally describes a file type for video file 150. File type box 152 may include data that identifies a specification that describes a best use for video file 150. File type box 152 may alternatively be placed before MOOV box 154, movie fragment boxes 164, and / or MFRA box 166.

[0081] In some examples, a Segment, such as video file 150, may include an MPD update box (not shown) before FTYP box 152. The MPD update box may include information indicating that an MPD corresponding to a representation including video file 150 is to be updated, along with information for updating the MPD. For example, the MPD update box may provide a URI or URL for a resource to be used to update the MPD. As another example, the MPD update box may include data for updating the MPD. In some examples, the MPD update box may immediately follow a segment type (STYP) box (not shown) of video file 150, where the STYP box may define a segment type for video file 150.

[0082] MOOV box 154, in the example of FIG. 4, includes movie header (MVHD) box 156, track (TRAK) box 158, and one or more movie extends (MVEX) boxes 160. In general, MVHD box 156 may describe general characteristics of video file 150. For 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 21 / 49example, MVHD box 156 may include data that describes when video file 150 was originally created, when video file 150 was last modified, a timescale for video file 150, a duration of playback for video file 150, or other data that generally describes video file 150.

[0083] TRAK box 158 may include data for a track of video file 150. TRAK box 158 may include a track header (TKHD) box that describes characteristics of the track corresponding to TRAK box 158. In some examples, TRAK box 158 may include coded video pictures, while in other examples, the coded video pictures of the track may be included in movie fragments 164, which may be referenced by data of TRAK box 158 and / or sidx boxes 162.

[0084] In some examples, video file 150 may include more than one track.Accordingly, MOOV box 154 may include a number of TRAK boxes equal to the number of tracks in video file 150. TRAK box 158 may describe characteristics of a corresponding track of video file 150. For example, TRAK box 158 may describe temporal and / or spatial information for the corresponding track. A TRAK box similar to TRAK box 158 of MOOV box 154 may describe characteristics of a parameter set track, when encapsulation unit 30 (FIG. 3) includes a parameter set track in a video file, such as video file 150. Encapsulation unit 30 may signal the presence of sequence level SEI messages in the parameter set track within the TRAK box describing the parameter set track.

[0085] MVEX boxes 160 may describe characteristics of corresponding movie fragments 164, e.g., to signal that video file 150 includes movie fragments 164, in addition to video data included within MOOV box 154, if any. In the context of streaming video data, coded video pictures may be included in movie fragments 164 rather than in MOOV box 154. Accordingly, all coded video samples may be included in movie fragments 164, rather than in MOOV box 154.

[0086] MOOV box 154 may include a number of MVEX boxes 160 equal to the number of movie fragments 164 in video file 150. Each of MVEX boxes 160 may describe characteristics of a corresponding one of movie fragments 164. For example, each MVEX box may include a movie extends header box (MEHD) box that describes a temporal duration for the corresponding one of movie fragments 164.

[0087] As noted above, encapsulation unit 30 may store a sequence data set in a video sample that does not include actual coded video data. A video sample may generally correspond to an access unit, which is a representation of a coded picture at a specific 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 22 / 49time instance. In the context of AVC, the coded picture include one or more VCL NAL units, which contain the information to construct all the pixels of the access unit and other associated non-VCLNAL units, such as SEI messages. Accordingly, encapsulation unit 30 may include a sequence data set, which may include sequence level SEI messages, in one of movie fragments 164. Encapsulation unit 30 may further signal the presence of a sequence data set and / or sequence level SEI messages as being present in one of movie fragments 164 within the one of MVEX boxes 160 corresponding to the one of movie fragments 164.

[0088] SIDX boxes 162 are optional elements of video file 150. That is, video files conforming to the 3 GPP file format, or other such file formats, do not necessarily include SIDX boxes 162. In accordance with the example of the 3GPP file format, a SIDX box may be used to identify a sub-segment of a segment (e.g., a segment contained within video file 150). The 3GPP file format defines a sub-segment as “a self-contained set of one or more consecutive movie fragment boxes with corresponding Media Data box(es) and a Media Data Box containing data referenced by a Movie Fragment Box must follow that Movie Fragment box and precede the next Movie Fragment box containing information about the same track.” The 3GPP file format also indicates that a SIDX box “contains a sequence of references to subsegments of the (sub)segment documented by the box. The referenced subsegments are contiguous in presentation time. Similarly, the bytes referred to by a Segment Index box are always contiguous within the segment. The referenced size gives the count of the number of bytes in the material referenced.”

[0089] SIDX boxes 162 generally provide information representative of one or more sub-segments of a segment included in video file 150. For instance, such information may include playback times at which sub-segments begin and / or end, byte offsets for the sub-segments, whether the sub-segments include (e.g., start with) a stream access point (SAP), a type for the SAP (e.g., whether the SAP is an instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) picture, a clean random access (CRA) picture, a broken link access (BLA) picture, or the like), a position of the SAP (in terms of playback time and / or byte offset) in the sub-segment, and the like.

[0090] Movie fragments 164 may include one or more coded video pictures. In some examples, movie fragments 164 may include one or more groups of pictures (GOPs), each of which may include a number of coded video pictures, e.g., frames or pictures. In addition, as described above, movie fragments 164 may include sequence data sets in 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 23 / 49some examples. Each of movie fragments 164 may include a movie fragment header box (MFHD, not shown in FIG. 4). The MFHD box may describe characteristics of the corresponding movie fragment, such as a sequence number for the movie fragment. Movie fragments 164 may be included in order of sequence number in video file 150.

[0091] MFRA box 166 may describe random access points within movie fragments 164 of video file 150. This may assist with performing trick modes, such as performing seeks to particular temporal locations (i.e., playback times) within a segment encapsulated by video file 150. MFRA box 166 is generally optional and need not be included in video files, in some examples. Likewise, a client device, such as client device 40, does not necessarily need to reference MFRA box 166 to correctly decode and display video data of video file 150. MFRA box 166 may include a number of track fragment random access (TFRA) boxes (not shown) equal to the number of tracks of video file 150, or in some examples, equal to the number of media tracks (e.g., non-hint tracks) of video file 150.

[0092] In some examples, movie fragments 164 may include one or more stream access points (SAPs), such as IDR pictures. Likewise, MFRA box 166 may provide indications of locations within video file 150 of the SAPs. Accordingly, a temporal subsequence of video file 150 may be formed from SAPs of video file 150. The temporal sub-sequence may also include other pictures, such as P-frames and / or B-frames that depend from SAPs. Frames and / or slices of the temporal sub-sequence may be arranged within the segments such that frames / slices of the temporal sub-sequence that depend on other frames / slices of the sub-sequence can be properly decoded. For example, in the hierarchical arrangement of data, data used for prediction for other data may also be included in the temporal sub-sequence.

[0093] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of components that may be included in a client device for retrieval and playback of media data. The components shown in FIG. 5 may be included in, e.g., client device 40 of FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the RN / LTE / WiFi and LTE modem of FIG. 5 may correspond to network interface 54 of FIG. 1, while the HLOS and MBMS client of FIG. 5 may correspond to retrieval unit 52 of FIG. 1.

[0094] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of components that may be included in a client device for broadcast-only reception of media data.

[0095] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating an example procedure for receiving media data via broadcast. The set of components shown in FIG. 6 may be configured to 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 24 / 49perform various parts of the method of the call flow as shown in FIG. 7 attributed to the broadcast TV / radio service application. Per the example method of FIG. 7, the main methods include regular local manifest file updates, adjusting timing in the manifest file, adjusting available resources, and sending error codes on late, lost, and partial segments.

[0096] Per MBMS, if an object is delivered as a FLUTE object with an availability time defined by the service, then each of the following may hold: the MBMS download session shall deliver the object such that the last packet of the delivered object is available at the UE at latest at its availability start time as announced in the application service document; and the content-location element in the file delivery table (FDT) for the delivered object shall match the URL in the application service document. If an update to the application service document is delivered as a FLUE object, then the content-location element in the FDT for the delivered object may match the URJ of the appropriate referenced application service document by using the rl2:appService element and the document referenced by this element. For a DASH MPD, if templating is used, the MPD need not be changed.

[0097] Various issues may arise during streaming of media data, such as lost segments, partial segment delivery, startup delays, transport delays, and / or time shift buffer issues. Table 1 below describes various techniques that may be used to address these issues:TABLE 11616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 25 / 49

[0098] This disclosure describes techniques that may address these issues in various ways. The middleware unit (e.g., eMBMS middleware 100 of FIG. 2) may be configured with the assumption that a distributed manifest file (e.g., a DASH MPD) is correct in terms of timing (e.g., availability of segments of media data). The middleware unit may modify the manifest file to add a UTCTiming element to create a local UTC timing server that converts a network time protocol (NTP) value to an ISO clock value. The middleware unit may make the MPD available to the streaming client (e.g., DASH client) only once the first segment is received for each media type.

[0099] At startup, the middleware unit may signal to the streaming client data representing a first available segment. The middleware unit may, additionally or alternatively, rewrite the manifest file to create the start of the live session at the first segment, which may address the time shift buffer but may be complex due to the PTO of the first segment that can only be determined by reading the segment. The middleware unit may, in some examples, simply provide the received manifest file to1616-620 WO01Qualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 26 / 49the DASH client and hope for the best, where the middleware unit may be configured to send error codes if the timing information in the manifest file is wrong.

[0100] During operation, the middleware unit may monitor the manifest file and incoming segments for correctness of availability times for the segments, and update the manifest file if needed (e.g., by adding a constant offset value to the availability times). The middleware unit may send error codes for missing segments (e.g., HTTP 404 errors). In some examples, the middleware unit may send partially received segments to the DASH client. Additionally or alternatively, the middleware unit may send error codes in response to requests for segments that are not yet available that may not yet have been received (or hold the request and serve the request once the segments have been received). The middleware unit may update the manifest file to correct the time shift buffer if needed. Conditional GETs may be issued for the manifest file, which may be served only if the manifest file has been changed from a previous GET.

[0101] The DASH client or other streaming client may be configured to receive various different error codes, e.g., along with an HTTP 404 error. For example, the middleware unit may respond to a request for a segment that is not yet available with an HTTP 404 error and a code indicating that the DASH client should retry the request at a later time. As another example, for segments that have taken too long to arrive, the middleware unit may respond to a request for such segments with an HTTP 404 error and a different code indicating that the segment is not expected to be received, so skip that segment and continue with a next segment. The DASH client may retrieve updated manifest files including adjusted timing information for the segments. The DASH client may further accept partially received segments during playback, in some examples.

[0102] Thus, the middleware unit may be configured to indicate, to the DASH client, whether the DASH client should wait for a segment and retry requesting the segment later or to accept failure of retrieval of the segment and move on to a subsequent segment. Per techniques of this disclosure, the middleware unit may construct a response packet including a common media server data (CMSD) header (which may be aligned with Server and Network Assisted DASH (SAND)) that includes data indicating whether the DASH client should accept loss of the segment and move on to the next segment, or to indicate that the request was too early and that the DASH client should retry the request for the segment at a later time. Different CMSD headers may be constructed for this purpose. Thus, the client device may receive the packet and process the CMSD header to determine whether to move on to a next packet or to retry1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 27 / 49requesting the packet at a later time. These response packets may further specify an HTTP 404 error. In some examples, a CMSD header may indicate availability of past segments, such as cached segments.

[0103] CMSD may include parameters to enhance media streaming performance.CMSD generally uses key-value pairs to allow the flow of information about the state of the origin and intermediary clients. A client may be an intermediary server or a player. Table 2 below describes an example of supported headers and keys in CMSD:TABLE 2

[0104] Table 3 below represents an example CMSD extension that may be used per techniques of this disclosure to indicate whether a requested segment should be1616-620 WO01Qualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 28 / 49considered unavailable such that the DASH client should move on to a subsequent segment, or whether the requested segment is not currently available but the DASH client should retry the request for the segment:TABLE 3&

[0105] For the example of HLS, various options may be used for distribution of media data. In one option, the middleware unit may receive a master playlist, then create a playlist locally. As another option, the playlist may be regularly sent via carousel and1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 29 / 49succeeds each segment once available. As still another option, the middleware may create the HLS playlist based on a DASH MPD.

[0106] In the case of the playlist being sent via carousel, the middleware unit may be configured under the assumption that the HLS manifest is correct. Thus, the middleware unit may make the HLS playlist available to the HLS client once the first segment has been received for each media type. At startup, the middleware unit may rewrite HLS M3U8 to include available segments or provide HLS M3U8 to the HLS client and hope for the best, sending error codes if wrong. During operation, if the playlist is form the carousel, the middleware unit may monitor the HLS playlist and incoming segments for correctness of availability times, send error codes for missing segments, send partially received segments, and send error codes for segments that are not yet available but should be requested again later.

[0107] The HLS client, for network M3U8, may wait and come back later for a missing segment for a certain error code, and accept failure and continue with a subsequent segment for another error code. For a local M3U8, the HLS client may, if not updated, handle gaps in the playback. The HLS client may be configured to accept partially received segments in the playback.

[0108] A Generic Application service, at a high level, may be as follows. A User service announcement may contain an explicit Application Service Description, for example a DASH MPD or an HLS M3U8, or both. In this case, all resources that are directly or indirectly referenced in the application service entry point document instance of this metadata fragment, and are expected to be retrieved by HTTP GET, may be delivered as an MBMS User Service. However, the user service may use MBMS broadcast or unicast. In order to support generic application services in MBMS, the User service description may contain an Application Service Description, which describes the service, including a content-type parameter to describe the information.

[0109] If the User service description contains a reference to an application service entry document containing broadcast-delivered objects, then the user service may be a download delivery service using FLUTE and the MBMS download session may deliver objects that are directly or indirectly referenced by the service entry document. If an object is delivered as a FLUTE object with an availability time defined by the service is delivered, then the MBMS download session delivers the objects such that the last packet of the delivered object is available at the UE at latest at its availability time, as announced in the application service document and the Content-Location element in the 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 30 / 49FDT for the delivered object matches the URL in the application service document. If an update to the application service document is delivered as a FLUTE object, then the Content-Location element in the FDT for the delivered object matches the URI of the appropriate referenced application service document.

[0110] As conveyed by the application service document, an Application Service belonging to a MBMS User Service and carried by the MBMS download delivery method may be made available such that the resources are partly available on broadcast and are partly available in unicast. Two example use cases in this context are as follows. In one example use case, unicast fallback reception may be used should the UE move outside the MBMS coverage area of the corresponding User Service.Subsequently, should the UE move back into MBMS coverage, it may be required by network operator policy that only broadcast reception of the Service is permitted (network policy and the means for its delivery and execution is outside the scope of this specification). It may also be desired by the MBMS service provider that reception of individual broadcast resources are restricted by MBMS service areas. As another example use case, unicast-supplemented service offerings, for which certain resources are only available on unicast and these resources provide an additional user experience and therefore should be accessible by the application, regardless of whether the MBMS client is in the coverage for broadcast reception or not.[OHl] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a system for supporting a generic application service. In this example, a DASH / HLS client issues requests for unicast resources, e.g., from application provider (AP) devices and / or from an MBMS client. The application service document may be requested through the media service on the client, e.g., from service location 1 (SL1). This allows application of different policy enforcement mechanisms, such as SAND4M, manifest rewriting, or content steering.

[0112] FIGS. 9 and 10 are call flow diagrams illustrating an example method for performing the generic application service. A middleware unit may receive a Service Announcement that includes URLs for unicast and broadcast as announced in the manifest file. Broadcast coverage may be determined using a system information block (SIB) message. If out of the broadcast coverage area, the middleware unit may switch to unicast segment requests and proxy manifest file requests. Policy may be enforced by SAND4M, by which information for what BaseURLs are available may be provided. The DASH / HLS client may support SAND4M and multiple BaseURLs. Supplementary service URLs and MPD rewrites may not be supported.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 31 / 49

[0113] A SAND channel may be established by offering a document that the DASH client regularly processes. An extension header MPEG-DASH-SAND may be present that specifies a SAND header field that provides the URI to the SAND message that is to be fetched by the DASH client using an HTTP GET request. SAND4M may permit ResourceStatus and DANEResourceStatus information. This allows resources to be marked as either available or not available. Per techniques of this disclosure, a CMSD header may include a URI to a SAND document.

[0114] An example SAND4M is shown below that indicates to the client that broadcast is not available, which may be sent as part of a manifest file request:<?xml version-' 1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><SANDMessage xmlns="um:mpeg:dash:schema:sandmessage:2016" xmlns:xsi="http: / / www. w3.org / 2001 / XMLSchema-instance"xsi : schemaLocation="um : mpeg : dash : schema : sandmessage : 2016 SAND%20Message-Restricted.xsd" senderld-'MSDC. qualcomm.com" generationTime="2024- 12- 11 T 15 : 12 :23 "><ResourceStatus messageId="O"><Re sourceURLInfo baseUrl="http: / / localhost:4009 / service_2 / bmscServer.qualcomm.com / bmscCont ent / svc_3 / Audio" status="unavailable" / ><Re sourceURLInfo baseUrl="http: / / localhost:4009 / service_2 / bmscServer.qualcomm.com / bmscCont ent / svc_3 / qsurff status="unavailable" / ><ResourceURLInfobaseUrl="http: / / bmscServerl. qualcomm.com / bmscContent / svc_3 / Audio" status-' available" / ><ResourceURLInfobaseUrl="http: / / bmscServerl. qualcomm.com / bmscContent / svc_3 / qsuif" status-' available" / >< / ResourceStatus>< / SANDMessage>

[0115] The XML code below represents an example of data that may be included in an MPD for DANE operation mode in 2.5:<1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 32 / 49"" """" "" """"""""""> <><>< "" "">< "" "">< >< "" "" "" "" "" "" "">< ""><>< "" ""> "" ""> < ""><>< >"" ""> "" ""> "" "">< >< >< "" "" "" "" "" "" ""><""><>1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 33 / 49< "" "">< "" "">< "" "">< "" ""> "" ""> "" ""> "" ""> "" ""> < >< >< "" "" "" "" "">< ""> <>< "" ""> "" ""> < ""> <>< >"" "">< >< >< "" "" "" "" "">< ""> <>< "" ""> "" ""> "" "">< >1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 34 / 49<><>

[0116] The following XML code represents an example of a generic app service in USD:<r 12 : broadcast App S ervi ce><r 12 : b asePattern>http : / / exampl e . com / b c< / r 12 : b asePattern>< / r 12 : broadcast App S ervi ce><r 12 : uni cast App S ervi ce><r 12 : b asePattern>http : / / exampl e . com / uc< / r 12 : b asePattern>< / r 12 : uni cast App S ervi ce><r 15 : supplementaryUnicastAppService><rl 5 :basePattern>http: / / example.com / suc< / rl 5 :basePattem>< / r 15 : supplemenaryUnicastAppService>

[0117] The following XML code represents an example of a SAND message in broadcast coverage:<SAND><Status baseURL="http: / / localhost / "><Resource Status status="cached" / >< / Status><Status baseURL="http: / / example.com / uc"><Resource Status status="unavailable" / >< / Status><Status baseURL="http: / / example.com / suc"><Resource Status status="available" / >< / Status>< / SAND>

[0118] The following XML code represents an example of a SAND message outside of broadcast coverage:<SAND><Status baseURL="http: / / localhost / "><Resource Status status="unavailable" / >< / Status><Status baseURL="http: / / example.com / uc">1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 35 / 49<Resource Status status="available" / >< / Status><Status baseURL="http: / / example.com / suc"><Resource Status status="available" / >< / Status>< / SAND>

[0119] Per techniques of this disclosure, the CMSD header may include an extension as shown in Table 4 below to describe SAND information:TABLE 4&

[0120] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of devices that may be used to perform content steering. That is, a DASH client may request a list of available content locations (e.g., different content delivery networks (CDNs)) from a content steering server. Then, based on the location of the DASH client, the DASH client may select one of the content locations from which to retrieve the content from the list.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 36 / 49

[0121] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method for performing content steering using the devices of, e.g., FIG. 11.

[0122] Table 5 below describes various values that may be sent to a client device for performing content steering per techniques of this disclosure:TABLE 51616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 37 / 49

[0123] The ContentSteeringServer value may be considered mandatory if content steering is to be performed. Thus, queryBeforeStart and defaultServiceLocations need not be signaled; the data represented by these values may be addressed in a response or by client operation. Resolution may be performed as soon as the information is available. Client requirements may be addressed by adding two parameters, such as a requirement and an assistance. The values of Table 5 may be included in a CMSD extension to the CMSD header per techniques of this disclosure.

[0124] The following XML code represents an example of usage of content steering to mimic the approach used for SAND4M:<"" """" "" """"""""""> <><>< "" "">< "" "">< >< "" "" "" "" "" "" "">< ""><>< "" ""> "" ""> <""><>1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 38 / 49< >"" ""> < "" ""> < "" "">< >< >< "" "" "" "" "" "" "">< ""><>< "" "">< "" ""> < "" "">< "" ""> < "" ""> < "" ""> < "" ""> < "" "">< >< >< "" "" "" "" "">< ""> <>< "" ""> < "" "">< ""> <>< >1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 39 / 49"" "">< >< >< "" "" "" "" "">< ""> <>< "" ""> "" ""> "" "">< ><><>

[0125] The following XML code represents an example generic application service in USD:<r 19 : broadcast App S ervi ce><r 19 : serviceLocation>broadcast< / >< / r 19 : broadcast App S ervi ce><r 19 : uni cast App S ervi ce><r 19 : serviceLocation>fallback< / >< / r 19 : uni cast App S ervi ce><r 19: supplementaryUnicastAppService><r 19 : serviceLocation>unicast< / >< / r 15 : supplemenaryUnicastAppService>

[0126] The following XML code represents an example content steering message in broadcast coverage:{"VERSION": 1,"TTL": 5,"RELOAD-URI" : "http: / / localhost / mbms / steering""PATHWAY-PRIORITY": ["broadcast", "unicast"]}1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 40 / 49

[0127] The following XML code represents an example content steering message outside of broadcast coverage:{"VERSION": 1,"TTL": 5,"RELOAD-URI" : "http: / / localhost / mbms / steering""PATHWAY-PRIORITY": ["fallback", "unicast"]}

[0128] Table 6 below depicts an example CMSD extension to a CMSD header that may indicate content steering enforcement and assistance, per techniques of this disclosure:TABLE 6&1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 41 / 49

[0129] Table 7 below depicts an example CMSD extension to a CMSD header that may indicate network enforcement and assistance, per techniques of this disclosure:TABLE 7&1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 42 / 49

[0130] In this manner, this disclosure describes various techniques related to media streaming. Per techniques of this disclosure, HTTP headers (e.g., CMSD headers) may be used to provide information about reasons for 404 error codes being sent to a media player. CMSD headers and / or SAND headers may be used for this. HTTP headers, e.g., CMSD headers, may provide information about operations, such as a SAND message, a content steering server, and / or general messages. A user service description (USD) field may be included in a broadcast announcement that allows for assignment of service locations (e.g., in DASH MPD and / or HLS M3U8 tags) to distribution means. Enforcement and assistance may also be differentiated.

[0131] Various examples of the techniques of this disclosure are summarized in the following clauses:

[0132] Clause 1: A method of retrieving media data, the method comprising: receiving a manifest file for a media presentation, the manifest file advertising availability of segments of the media presentation, each of the segments corresponding to individually retrievable files including media data for the media presentation; sending a request for a segment of the segments of the media presentation using the manifest file; receiving data representing an error in response to the request for the segment, the data representing the error indicating whether the segment will be available at a later time or will remain unavailable; and requesting one or more subsequent segments of the media presentation using the manifest file in response to the data representing the error.

[0133] Clause 2: The method of clause 1, wherein when the data representing the error indicates that the segment will be available at the later time, the method includes sending a second request for the segment at the later time.1616-620 WO01Qualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 43 / 49

[0134] Clause 3: The method of clause 1, wherein when the data representing the error indicates that the segment will remain unavailable, the method includes skipping the segment.

[0135] Clause 4: The method of any of clauses 1-3, wherein receiving the data representing the error comprises receiving a packet including a common media server data (CMSD) header including an error value, the error value indicating whether the segment will not be made available or whether the segment is not yet available.

[0136] Clause 5: The method of clause 4, wherein when the error value indicates that the segment is not yet available, the method further comprises determining the later time using data of the CMSD header indicating the later time at which the segment will be available.

[0137] Clause 6: The method of any of clauses 4 and 5, wherein the CMSD header further includes data representing a uniform resource identifier (URI) for a Server and Network Assisted DASH (SAND) document.

[0138] Clause 7: The method of clause 6, further comprising retrieving the SAND document using the URI.

[0139] Clause 8: The method of any of clauses 6 and 7, wherein the CMSD header includes a uniform resource locator (URL) representing a network location of the SAND document.

[0140] Clause 9: The method of any of clauses 1-8, further comprising receiving data representing a content steering server for the media presentation, the method further comprising determining a plurality of service locations from which media data for the media presentation can be retrieved, wherein sending the request for the segment comprises sending the request for the segment to one of the service locations of the plurality of service locations.

[0141] Clause 10: The method of clause 9, wherein the data representing the content steering server comprises a uniform resource locator (ULR) for the content steering server.

[0142] Clause 11 : A device for retrieving media data, the device comprising one or more means for performing the method of any of clauses 1-10.

[0143] Clause 12: The device of clause 11, wherein the one or more means include a memory configured to store media data and a processing system implemented in circuitry.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 44 / 49

[0144] Clause 13: The device of clause 11, wherein the device comprises at least one of: an integrated circuit; a microprocessor; or a wireless communication device.

[0145] Clause 14: A device for retrieving media data, the device comprising: means for receiving a manifest file for a media presentation, the manifest file advertising availability of segments of the media presentation, each of the segments corresponding to individually retrievable files including media data for the media presentation; means for sending a request for a segment of the segments of the media presentation using the manifest file; means for receiving data representing an error in response to the request for the segment, the data representing the error indicating whether the segment will be available at a later time or will remain unavailable; and means for requesting one or more subsequent segments of the media presentation using the manifest file in response to the data representing the error.

[0146] In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code, and / or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

[0147] By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and 1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 45 / 49microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0148] Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and / or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

[0149] The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and / or firmware.

[0150] Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.1616-620 WOOl

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 46 / 49WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of retrieving media data, the method comprising:receiving a manifest file for a media presentation, the manifest file advertising availability of segments of the media presentation, each of the segments corresponding to individually retrievable files including media data for the media presentation;sending a request for a segment of the segments of the media presentation using the manifest file;receiving data representing an error in response to the request for the segment, the data representing the error indicating whether the segment will be available at a later time or will remain unavailable; andrequesting one or more subsequent segments of the media presentation using the manifest file in response to receiving the data representing the error.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein when the data representing the error indicates that the segment will be available at the later time, the method includes sending a second request for the segment at or after the later time.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein when the data representing the error indicates that the segment will remain unavailable, the method includes skipping the segment.

4. The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein receiving the data representing the error comprises receiving a packet including a common media server data (CMSD) header including an error value, the error value indicating whether the segment will not be made available or whether the segment is not yet available.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein when the error value indicates that the segment is not yet available, the method further comprises determining the later time using data of the CMSD header indicating the later time at which the segment will be available.

6. The method of any of claims 4 and 5, wherein the CMSD header further includes data representing a uniform resource identifier (URI) for a Server and Network Assisted DASH (SAND) document.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising retrieving the SAND document using the URI.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 47 / 498. The method of any of claims 6 and 7, wherein the CMSD header includes a uniform resource locator (URL) representing a network location of the SAND document.

9. The method of any of claims 1-8, further comprising receiving data representing a content steering server for the media presentation, the method further comprising determining a plurality of service locations from which media data for the media presentation can be retrieved, wherein sending the request for the segment comprises sending the request for the segment to one of the service locations of the plurality of service locations.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the data representing the content steering server comprises a uniform resource locator (ULR) for the content steering server.

11. A device for retrieving media data, the device comprising one or more means for performing the method of any of claims 1-10.

12. The device of claim 11, wherein the one or more means include a memory configured to store media data and a processing system implemented in circuitry.

13. The device of claim 11, wherein the device comprises at least one of:an integrated circuit;a microprocessor; ora wireless communication device.1616-620 WOOlQualcomm Ref. No. 2502450WO 48 / 4914. A device for retrieving media data, the device comprising:means for receiving a manifest file for a media presentation, the manifest file advertising availability of segments of the media presentation, each of the segments corresponding to individually retrievable files including media data for the media presentation;means for sending a request for a segment of the segments of the media presentation using the manifest file;means for receiving data representing an error in response to the request for the segment, the data representing the error indicating whether the segment will be available at a later time or will remain unavailable; andmeans for requesting one or more subsequent segments of the media presentation using the manifest file in response to the data representing the error.1616-620 WOOl

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