Design of gas mixing vessel for gasifiers

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to gasifier vessels and processes for the conversion of synthetic gas.

Description

Attorney Docket No. 039621.01572DESIGN OF GAS MIXING VESSEL FOR GASIFIERSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.63 / 754,855 filed on February 6, 2025, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.SUMMARY OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] A first aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a gasifier vessel comprising: a) a first region wherein a first gas is introduced,b) a second region comprising at least one inlet which introduces a second gas or gas mixture into the second region where the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture to form reacted gases, andc) a third region wherein the reacted gases exit the vessel.In some embodiments, the first region which has a cylindrical shape and has a height of about 2.5 feet to about 25 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the first region is from about 1 foot to about 5 feet. In some embodiments, the second region which has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 5 feet to about 80 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region is from about 3 feet to about 8 feet. In some embodiments, the second region further comprises a dome shaped region. In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a height of about 3.3 feet to about 16.5 feet. In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a central arc length of about 32 inches to about 86 inches, a bottom terminal arc length of about 27 inches to about 72 inches, and a top terminal arc length of about 30 inches to about 82 inches. In some embodiments, the second region comprises 1 to 4 inlets. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 24 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 10° to about 70°. In some embodiments, the height of the third region is from about 2 feet to about 40 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the third region is from about 1 foot to about 5 feet.

[0003] A second aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a process for converting synthetic gas, comprising using synthetic gas as the first gas in the gasifier vessel.

[0004] Presently disclosed gasifier vessels may offer several benefits in connection with conversion of synthetic gas, such as rapid complete conversion of synthetic gas obtained from feedstocks.Attorney Docket No. 039621.01572BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] FIG. 1 A is a schematic of cylindrical gas mixing chamber with 4 inlets - 6 inches in diameter. FIG. IB is a schematic of cylindrical gas mixing chamber with 4 inlets - 6 inches in diameter with 3-inch nozzle inlet. FIG. 1C is a schematic showing wall shear rate with 3-inch nozzle inlet.

[0006] FIG. 2A is a schematic showing a comparison of mixing homogeneity between dome shape vs. straight cylindrical shape. FIG. 2B is a schematic showing a comparison of mixing homogeneity between two different angle inlets for the dome shaped geometry. FIG. 2C is a schematic showing a comparison of mixing homogeneity between dome shape vs. straight cylindrical shape with different angle inlets.

[0007] FIG. 3 is a schematic showing the geometry of the dome shape.

[0008] FIG. 4A is a schematic showing a one tangential inlet gasifier. FIG. 4B is a schematic showing a two downward tangential inlet gasifier.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] The disclosed gasifier vessels are highly efficient with the conversion of synthetic gas obtained from feedstocks and may offer several advantages over prior processes, e.g., improved rate of conversion due to faster and efficient mixing.

[0010] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the subject matter herein belongs. As used in the specification and the appended claims, unless specified to the contrary, the following terms have the meaning indicated in order to facilitate the understanding of the present disclosure.

[0011] Unless stated otherwise, the term “about” means within 10% e.g., within 5%, 2%, or 1%) of the particular value modified by the term “about.”

[0012] In one aspect, gasifier vessels of the disclosure comprise:a) a first region wherein a first gas is introduced,b) a second region comprising at least one inlet which introduces a second gas or gas mixture into the second region where the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture to form reacted gases, andc) a third region wherein the reacted gases exit the vessel.

[0013] In some embodiments, the first region which has a cylindrical shape and has a height of about 2.5 feet to about 25 feet. In some embodiments, the first region has a height of about 3 feet to about 22 feet. In some embodiments, the first region has a height of about 4 feet toAttorney Docket No. 039621.01572about 20 feet. In some embodiments, the first region has a height of about 55 inches to about 18 feet.

[0014] In some embodiments, the diameter of the first region is from about 1 foot to about 5 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the first region is from about 1 foot to about 4.5 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the first region is from about 1.5 feet to about 4 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the first region is from about 2 feet to about 3 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the first region is from about 2 feet to about 2.5 feet.

[0015] In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the first region is about 20: 1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the first region is about 18:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the first region is about 16:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the first region is about 14:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the first region is about 12:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the first region is about 10:1.

[0016] In some embodiments, the second region which has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 5 feet to about 80 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 7.5 feet to about 75 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 10 feet to about 70 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 12.5 feet to about 65 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 15 feet to about 60 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 17.5 feet to about 55 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 20 feet to about 50 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 25 feet to about 50 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 20 feet to about 40 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 20 feet to about 30 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 5 feet to about 50 feet. In some embodiments, the second region which has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 25 feet to about 80 feet. In some embodiments, the second region has a height of about 27 feet to about 80 feet.

[0017] In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region is from about 3 feet to about 8 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region is from about 3.5 feet to about 7 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region is from about 4 feet to about 6 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region is from about 4 feet to about 5 feet.

[0018] In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the second region is about 20: 1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the second region is about 18:1. In someAttorney Docket No. 039621.01572embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the second region is about 16:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the second region is about 14:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the second region is about 12:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the second region is about 10:1.

[0019] In some embodiments, the second region further comprises a dome shaped region. In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a height of about 3.3 feet to about 16.5 feet. In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a height of about 3.5 feet to about 16 feet. In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a height of about 4 feet to about 15 feet.

[0020] In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a central arc length of about 32 inches to about 86 inches, a bottom terminal arc length of about 27 inches to about 72 inches, and a top terminal arc length of about 30 inches to about 82 inches. In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a central arc length of about 35 inches to about 80 inches, a bottom terminal arc length of about 30 inches to about 68 inches, and a top terminal arc length of about 32 inches to about 76 inches. In some embodiments, the dome shaped region has a central arc length of about 40 inches to about 75 inches, a bottom terminal arc length of about 33 inches to about 65 inches, and a top terminal arc length of about 35 inches to about 72 inches.

[0021] In some embodiments, the central arc length of the domed shaped region is about 90% of the radius of the cylindrical shape of the second region.

[0022] In some embodiments, the bottom terminal arc length of the domed shaped region is about 75% of the radius of the cylindrical shape of the second region.

[0023] In some embodiments, the top terminal arc length of the domed shaped region is about 85% of the radius of the cylindrical shape of the second region.

[0024] In some embodiments, the second region comprises 1 to 4 inlets. In some embodiments, the second region comprises 4 inlets. In some embodiments, the second region comprises 3 inlets. In some embodiments, the second region comprises 2 inlets.

[0025] In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 24 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 20 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 16 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 12 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 4 inches to about 12 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 5 inches to about 12 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 6 inches to about 12 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 6 inches to about 18 inches. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 6 inches to about 24 inches.Attorney Docket No. 039621.01572

[0026] In some embodiments, the inlet(s) contains a nozzle. In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter that is less than the diameter of the inlet(s). In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 24 inches. In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 20 inches. In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 16 inches. In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 12 inches. In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter of about 4 inches to about 12 inches. In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter of about 5 inches to about 12 inches. In some embodiments, the nozzle has a diameter of about 6 inches to about 12 inches.

[0027] In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 10° to about 70°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 15° to about 70°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 15° to about 65°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 20° to about 65°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 20° to about 60°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 25° to about 60°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 30° to about 60°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 30° to about 55°. In some embodiments, the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 35° to about 55°.

[0028] In some embodiments, the second region is made from a refractory material. As used herein “refractory material” references to a material that is chemically and physically stable at high temperatures and is resistant to thermal shock. In some embodiments, the refractory material is refractory ceramic. Representative refractory ceramics include fireclay, alumina, silicon carbide, caramic fiber, clay bricks, silica, and zirconium dioxide.

[0029] In some embodiments, the third region which has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 2 feet to about 40 feet. In some embodiments, the third region has a length of about 3 feet to about 35 feet. In some embodiments, the third region has a length of about 4 feet to about 30 feet. In some embodiments, the third region has a length of about 5 feet to about 25 feet.

[0030] In some embodiments, the diameter of the third region is from about 1 foot to about 5 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the third region is from about 2 feet to about 4 feet. In some embodiments, the diameter of the third region is about 3 feet.

[0031] In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the third region is about 20:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the third region is about 18:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the third region is about 16:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the third region is about 14:1. In someAttorney Docket No. 039621.01572embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the third region is about 12:1. In some embodiments, the length to diameter ratio of the third region is about 10:1.

[0032] In other aspects, the disclosed gasifier vessels have combinations of any of the length to diameter ratios of each of the first, second, and third regions described herein and / or ranges of any of the length to diameter ratios of each of the first, second, and third regions described herein.

[0033] In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the first region ratio is about 10:1.3. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the first region ratio is about 8:1.3. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the first region ratio is about 6:1.3.

[0034] In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the third region ratio is about 10:1.3. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the third region ratio is about 8:1.3. In some embodiments, the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the third region ratio is about 6:1.3.

[0035] The disclosed gasifier vessels also embrace all combinations of the specific embodiments disclosed above.

[0036] In some embodiments, the gasifier vessels comprise:a) a first region wherein a first gas is introduced,wherein the first region has a cylindrical shape and has a height of about 55 inches to about 18 feet, andwherein the diameter of the first region is about 2 feet to about 2.5 feet, b) a second region comprising 2 to 4 inlets which introduce a second gas or gas mixture into the second region where the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture to form reacted gases,wherein the second region has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 25 feet to about 50 feet,wherein the diameter of the second region is about 4 feet to about 8 feet, wherein the inlets have a diameter of about 6 inches to about 24 inches, and wherein the inlets are placed at an incline angle of about 30° to about 60°, andc) a third region wherein the reacted gases exit the vessel,wherein the third region has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 2 feet to about 40 feet,wherein the diameter of the second region is about 1 foot to about 5 feet.Attorney Docket No. 039621.01572

[0037] In some embodiments, the gasifier vessels comprise:a) a first region wherein a first gas is introduced,wherein the first region has a cylindrical shape and has a height of about 55 inches to about 18 feet, andwherein the diameter of the first region is about 2 feet to about 2.5 feet, b) a second region comprising 2 to 4 inlets which introduce a second gas or gas mixture into the second region where the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture to form reacted gases,wherein the second region has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 25 feet to about 50 feet,wherein the diameter of the second region is about 4 feet to about 8 feet, wherein the inlets have a diameter of about 6 inches to about 24 inches, wherein the inlets are placed at an incline angle of about 30° to about 60°, and wherein the second region further comprises a dome shaped region, wherein the dome shaped region has a height of about 3.3 feet to about 16.5 feet, andwherein the dome shaped region has a central arc length of about 32 inches to about 86 inches, a bottom terminal arc length of about 27 inches to about 72 inches, and a top terminal arc length of about 30 inches to about 82 inches,andc) a third region wherein the reacted gases exit the vessel,wherein the third region has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 2 feet to about 40 feet,wherein the diameter of the second region is about 1 foot to about 5 feet.Methods of Use

[0038] In some aspects, the disclosed gasifier vessels may be used in a process for converting synthetic gas. Full conversion (100% conversion) is achieved when a residence time of 2 seconds is achieved in the second region. In some embodiments, partial conversion is achieved, e.g., about 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, or 90% conversion.

[0039] In some embodiments, the process involves introducing synthetic gas into the gasifier vessel via the first region, whereby the synthetic gas reacts with a second gas or a gas mixture in the second region, as the second gas or the gas mixture is introduced via inlets contained in the second region, and the reacted gases exit via the third region of the gasifier vessel. In otherAttorney Docket No. 039621.01572aspects, the method comprises (i) introducing synthetic gas into a gasifier vessel via a first region; (2) introducing a second gas or a gas mixture into a second region of the gasifier vessel; (3) reacting the synthetic gas with the second gas or the gas mixture; and (4) allowing the reacted gas to exit the gasifier vessel via a third region.

[0040] In some embodiments, the second gas is a gas mixture.

[0041] In some embodiments, the gas mixture is mixed in a premixed chamber outside the gasifier vessel.

[0042] In some embodiments, the gas mixture comprises at least O2 and CO2.

[0043] In some embodiments, the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture for at least 2 seconds in the second region.

[0044] In some embodiments, the temperature inside the second region is about 600°C to about 1400°C when the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture.

[0045] These and other aspects of the present disclosure will be further appreciated upon consideration of the following Examples, which are intended to illustrate certain particular embodiments of the disclosure but are not intended to limit its scope, as defined by the claims.EXAMPLES

[0046] Example 1 : Computational Methods

[0047] To evaluate the mixing of different premixed gas streams to react with crude Syn gas for maximum conversion, computational fluid dyamics models were built to understand the geometry of different mixing configurations. Multiple mixing configuration geometries were modeled by using the state-of-the-art engineering analysis software called ANSYSFluent™, and tested the same.

[0048] Example 2: Cylindrical Gas Mixing Chamber with Four Inlets

[0049] A gas mixing column was designed with a total synthentic (Syn) gas mass fraction of 47.5% and all the other premixed gas fraction of 52.5% (FIG. 1 A). With four inlets of 6 inches diameter, it took a significant amount of space for the gas to come to homogeneity and residence time after homogeneous mixing was around 1 second for the height of the column. The gas mixing space was improved (shortened) by introducing nozzles of 3 inches or smaller in diameter (FIG. IB). The wall shear rate (FIG. 1C) and higher impingement velocity may be a concern over a long period of use.

[0050] Example 3: Dome-Shaped Geometry and Straight Cylindrical GeometryAttorney Docket No. 039621.01572

[0051] The mixing homogeneity of the dome-shaped geometry and straight cylindrical geometry were evaluated (FIG. 2A). Faster homogeneity of the gas mixing was possible with dome-shaped geometry as compared to the straight cylindrical geometry. Introduction of premixed gases in a dome-shaped geometry improved the mixing efficacy as the Syn gas expanded in a larger area which interacts with the premixed off gases for a longer amount of time for a short length. Therefore, mixing of different gases could be achieved in a shorter distance with the dome-shape geometry than that of straight cylindrical geometry. Full conversion of the syn gas could be achieved with both geometries.

[0052] Two larger diameter (12 inches) inlets without nozzle were evaluated with the domeshaped gasifier vessel. The first design was about 60° (actual 58°) inclined angle inlet and the second design one was 30° inclined angle inlet (FIG. 2B). Results showed that two 30° inclined angle inlets, which are adjacent to the Syn gas inlet, significantly enhanced the mixing in a shortest possible space. The two off gas premixed inlets and Syn gas inlet which are very close to each other created a huge turbulence near the intersection of all gases. Also, expansion of the Syn gas improved the mixing residence time inside the dome-shaped gasifier. Since, the Syn gas expanded inside the dome shape, the inlet supply line could also be reduced without sacrificing any adverse effect of fully developed flow inside the supply line. That is an added advantage of dome-shaped geometry. Therefore, two inlets with 30° inclined angle would be the preferred choice for the gas mixing vessel (FIG. 3). Similar results were achieved with the straight cylindrical geometry when the inlet inclined angle was about 60° (FIG. 2C).

[0053] Example 4: One and Two Tangential Inlets

[0054] Two other tangential off gas inlets were considered. In the first case, only one horizontal inlet had been taken into account and the mixing was not adequate (FIG. 4A). In the second case, two downwards tangential off gas inlets were considered, and a heavy swirling motion created by the premixed gases via those inlets which resulted in poor mixing (FIG. 4B). Syn gas introduced at the bottom mostly travelled at the center towards the exit of the column, on the other hand the premixed off gasses swirled around the edges of the column.

[0055] All patent publications and non-patent publications are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. All these publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference.Attorney Docket No. 039621.01572

[0056] Although the disclosure herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present disclosure. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. Attorney Docket No. 039621.01572What is claimed is:

1. A gasifier vessel comprising:a) a first region wherein a first gas is introduced,b) a second region comprising at least one inlet which introduces a second gas or gas mixture into the second region where the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture to form reacted gases, andc) a third region wherein the reacted gases exit the vessel.

2. The gasifier vessel of claim 1, wherein the first region which has a cylindrical shape and has a height of about 2.5 feet to about 25 feet.

3. The gasifier vessel of claim 2, wherein the first region has a height of about 55 inches to about 18 feet.

4. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the diameter of the first region is from about 1 foot to about 5 feet.

5. The gasifier vessel of claim 4, wherein the diameter of the first region is about 2 feet to about 2.5 feet.

6. The gasifier vessel of claim 1, wherein the length to diameter ratio of the first region is about 20:1.

7. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the second region which has a cylindrical shape and has a length of about 5 feet to about 80 feet.

8. The gasifier vessel of claim 7, wherein the length is about 27 feet to about 80 feet.

9. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the diameter of the second region is from about 3 feet to about 8 feet.

10. The gasifier vessel of claim 9, wherein the diameter of the second region is about 4 feet to about 5 feet.Attorney Docket No. 039621.0157211. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the length to diameter ratio of the second region is about 20: 1.

12. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the second region further comprises a dome shaped region.

13. The gasifier vessel of claim 12, wherein the dome shaped region has a height of about 3.3 feet to about 16.5 feet.

14. The gasifier vessel of claim 13, wherein the dome shaped region has a central arc length of about 32 inches to about 86 inches, a bottom terminal arc length of about 27 inches to about 72 inches, and a top terminal arc length of about 30 inches to about 82 inches.

15. The gasifier vessel of claim 14, wherein the central arc length of the domed shaped region is about 90% of the radius of the cylindrical shape of the second region.

16. The gasifier vessel of claim 14, wherein the bottom terminal arc length of the domed shaped region is about 75% of the radius of the cylindrical shape of the second region.

17. The gasifier vessel of claim 15, wherein the top terminal arc length of the domed shaped region is about 85% of the radius of the cylindrical shape of the second region.

18. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the second region comprises 1 to 4 inlets.

19. The gasifier vessel of claim 18, wherein the second region comprises 4 inlets.

20. The gasifier vessel of claim 18 or 19, wherein the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 3 inches to about 24 inches.

21. The gasifier vessel of claim 20, wherein the inlet(s) has a diameter of about 6 inches to about 12 inches.Attorney Docket No. 039621.0157222. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 19-22, wherein the inlet(s) is placed at an incline angle of about 10° to about 70°.

23. The gasifier vessel of claim 22, wherein the incline angle is about 30° to about 60°.

24. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the second region is made from a refractory material.

25. The gasifier vessel of claim 24, wherein the refractory material is ceramic.

26. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the third region which has a cylindrical shape and has a length from about 2 feet to about 40 feet.

27. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the diameter of the third region is from about 1 foot to about 5 feet.

28. The gasifier vessel of claim 27, wherein the diameter is about 3 feet.

29. The gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the length to diameter ratio of the third region is about 20: 1.

30. The gasifier vessel of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the first region ratio is about 10:1.3.

31. The gasifier vessel of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the second region to the diameter of the third region ratio is about 10:1.3.

32. A process for converting synthetic gas, comprising introducing synthetic gas into the gasifier vessel of any one of claims 1-31 via the first region, whereby the synthetic gas reacts with a second gas or a gas mixture in the second region of the gasifier vessel as the second gas or the gas mixture is introduced via inlets contained in the second region, and the reacted gases exit via the third region of the gasifier vessel.

33. The process of claim 32, wherein the second gas is gas mixture.Attorney Docket No. 039621.0157234. The process of claim 33, wherein the gas mixture is mixed in a premixed chamber outside the gasifier vessel.

35. The process of claim 33 or 34, wherein the gas mixture comprises at least O2 and CO2.

36. The process of any one of claims 32-35, wherein the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture for at least 2 seconds in the second region.

37. The process of any one of claims 32-36, wherein the temperature inside the second region is about 600°C to about 1400°C when the first gas reacts with the second gas or gas mixture.

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