Targeted oxidation of melanin for hair lightening

Abstract

A system for the controlled lightening of hair is provided that comprises a thermally-responsive persulfate-free composition. The composition can include one or more carbonate compounds, hydrogen peroxide, and a repair agent, along with an optical component for the lightening of hair. The optical component includes, for example, one or more light sources configured to emit light in the range of 800 nm to 1200 nm. After the composition is applied to the hair and light is applied, the system can cause targeted oxidation of melanin, thus significantly lightening the hair while leaving it undamaged and healthy.

Description

TARGETED OXIDATION OF MELANIN FOR HAIR LIGHTENINGPRIORITY APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 755,151, filed February 6, 2025, titled System And Method For Targeted Oxidation Of Melanin, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application is related to the following commonly owned applications, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein for all purposes:

[0003] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 755,151, filed February 6, 2025, titled System And Method For Targeted Oxidation Of Melanin, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes;

[0004] WO Patent Application No. PCT / US2024 / 029799, titled “System And Methods For Modifying Surface Properties Of Keratin-Containing Surfaces,” filed 16 May 2024 (Atty Docket No. EDUL 1000-2), which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 523,627, titled “Catechol Derivatives With Stimuli-Responsive Adhesion To Human Hair,” filed 27 June 2023 (Atty Docket No. EDUL 1000-1), the content of each application incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes; and

[0005] U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 954,478, titled “Surface-Localized Polydopamine Co-Monomer Systems for Permanent Hair Coloration and Surface Modification,” filed 5 January 2026 (Atty Docket No. EDUL 1002-1), the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.BACKGROUNDField

[0006] The technology disclosed generally relates to hair lightening, including for example through the targeted oxidation of melanin.Description of the Related Art

[0007] Hair bleaching has been practiced for centuries. Hair bleaching practices are even documented during the Roman Empire, when burnt nuts and plants were employed as bleaching agents. Conventional bleaching employs chemical methods to break down hair pigments through{00995811.DOCX } Page 1 of 81oxidation. This process often includes the use of catalysts, such as persulfates, and strongly alkaline conditions.SUMMARY

[0008] Despite technological advancements, conventional hair bleaching still has drawbacks, including damage to hair and lengthy processing times. Thus, in several embodiments, provided herein are systems and methods for targeted oxidation of melanin for hair lightening that does not result in substantial damage to the hair. The disclosed method includes, for example, using a nearinfrared light source and a thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation, which together achieve rapid, targeted oxidation of melanin. In several embodiments, provided herein are systems for using a light source (including but not limited to a near-infrared light source) and a thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation to lighten dark hair. In some embodiments, hair is lightened by multiple levels. For example, Level 1-3 hair may be lightened to Level 4-6 or Level 7-10 with little or no damage to the hair or scalp, and / or without irritation to the user or salon professional.

[0009] In several embodiments, the technology described herein uses light at certain wavelengths in combination with a chemical composition to selectively destroy melanin while leaving keratin substantially intact. This is especially advantageous in some embodiments because it allows for hair to be lightened with nominal or no damage. This is particularly beneficial for users who have previously-colored hair, have damaged hair, and / or have processed hair (e.g., straightened, permed, etc.). Virgin hair also benefits because, according to several embodiments, the reduced damage during the bleaching process can preserve the hair’s natural appearance.

[0010] In several embodiments, light (e.g., irradiation) is provided at a wavelength (e.g., 800-1200 nm) to cause localized heating in a targeted fashion, wherein melanin will exhibit a photothermal effect, but keratin will generally not. In several embodiments, a first phase that includes a booster (such as carbonates and bicarbonates) is combined with a second phase that includes a developer (such as a peroxide) and an optional third phase that includes a repair component and then applied to wet or dry hair. The repair component may comprise, for example, vinyl PDMS, vitamin E, and glycerol, to react with free thiols that result from the breakage of disulfide bonds. The crosslinking of thiols via the repair component can add shine and gloss to the hair. After these ingredients are combined and applied to the hair and allowed to penetrate (e.g., for 10-60 minutes), light is applied for about 15-60 minutes. The hair is then rinsed and optionally washed with a hair wash that is slightly acidic to help the overall morphology of the hair. In some embodiments, the first phase can be combined with the second phase and then the{00995811.DOCX } Page 2 of 81third phase can be added. In some embodiments, all three phases are combined together at the same time. In some embodiments, the third phase can be combined with the first phase as a single combined phase prior to the addition of the second phase.

[0011] The composition may be applied to all of the hair or for highlights, balayage etc. In one embodiment, the composition is left on the hair for about 10-30 minutes (e.g., 15 or 20 minutes) and the light is applied for 15-45 minutes (e.g., 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 minutes). This results in a quick and effective hair lightening process that maintains and / or improves hair health. The light may be applied using a helmet or panel system, where the time and intensity can be controlled for different levels of lift. Because, according to several embodiments, brassiness is also reduced, a toner may not be necessary. However, toners can be used to alter the hue or warm. The composition can include stabilizers and viscosity agents to increase shelflife, viscosity, etc. According to some embodiments, the developer and booster are provided in a ratio of 1:1, 2:1 or 3 : 1. The repair component may be provided in a 1 : 1 ratio with respect to the booster. The helmet may be a soft and / or hard shelled device that partially or fully covers the head in a comfortable, hands-free manner. Light panels may be hand-held or hands-free.

[0012] Several embodiments disclosed herein provide a salon professional or at-home user with a light source and the compositions. Thus, the recipient’s hair may also be the end user with at-home embodiments. In the salon, the user is a salon professional that is applying the composition and light to the recipient’s (e.g., client’s) hair. Kits comprising one or more of the developer, booster, repair component and light source, as well as instructions for use, are provided herein in some embodiments. The light source may only need to be purchased once or infrequently, and can be provided in the kit or separately. To ensure that the light source is functioning as desired, the system may include a counter that alerts the user to repurchase after a certain number of uses. For at home use, the light source may be a handheld light panel, that can be lightweight and ergonomic, or may be on a stand or provided as a helmet (e.g., a soft and / or hard shelled device that partially or fully covers the head in a comfortable, hands-free manner). A home-use kit can include pre-measured amounts of the developer and booster (and optional repair component) that a consumer can easily mix together at the time of use. Shampoos, conditioners, serums, etc. can be included in the kit to enhance the user experience and help keep the hair healthy post lightening.

[0013] Several embodiments described herein include an artificial intelligence and / or machine learning (AI / ML) component that personalizes the composition and light application for a particular user or group of users / recipients. Data that is automatically sensed or manually inputted{00995811.DOCX } Page 3 of 81includes, but is not limited to, hair type (e.g., 2A, 4C etc.), hair color, condition of hair, prior processing of hair, hair density, desired lift, and combinations thereof. Cameras or other sensors may be used to gather data, including data before, and / or after during the lifting process to evaluate the amount of lift that has occurred. A sensor to detect melanin may be used to adjust the amount of irradiation and / or pulsing schedule. Data from the camera or other sensors may be used to manually or automatically adjust light parameters, such as duration, intensity, etc. The lightening system may be partially or fully closed loop, and may include robotic and / or automated components to, for example, apply light, move the light, change the light, remove the light, etc.

[0014] From a health perspective, the use of persulfates and ammonia have been correlated to dermal sensitization and respiratory issues, sometimes severe enough to motivate stylists to change careers. Additionally, users frequently experience skin irritation due to prolonged exposure of the scalp to persulfates, ammonia, and other components of the bleaching formula. Thus, in several embodiments, the formulation provided herein are free from persulfates, ammonia, or both.

[0015] After hair is lightened using various embodiments described herein, the hair can then be further processed (e.g., straightened, permed or colored) immediately because the hair is still sufficiently healthy to undergo further processing. In some embodiments, straightening or perming the hair (or other hair processing) can be done prior to the lightening described herein because of the unique low-damage technology provided herein. This may be particularly advantageous for users who would otherwise have to wait days or weeks in between lightening and other processing.

[0016] Whilst users may attempt to accelerate these long processing times via convection heating (e.g., blow dryers) or radiant heating (e.g., infrared lamps), these methods are characterized by a global heating effect. This indiscriminate heating accelerates damage to the hair protein and lipid structures just as quickly as it lightens the pigment, often yielding increased structural degradation without a significant, safe reduction in total "chair time". Thus in several embodiments, convention heating and radiant heating are not used, or are used nominally.

[0017] Conventional "infrared" lamps and dryers used in hair salons typically utilize broadspectrum irradiation that traverses the mid-infrared and far-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, often exceeding wavelengths of 1500 nm. These longer wavelengths are characterized by high absorption in water and keratin, the primary structural proteins of the hair fiber. This can result in a global heating effect. This non-selective heating indiscriminately accelerates chemical reactions across all hair structures, including those devoid of pigment, which exacerbates off-target{00995811.DOCX } Page 4 of 81oxidation and structural degradation. Thus, although convection and radiant heat application may be used in one embodiment, several embodiments disclosed herein use no heat or less heat.

[0018] In several embodiments, provided herein are hair bleaching systems and methods capable of reducing off-target oxidation, thereby limiting the extent of damage associated with the bleaching process as a result of the targeted oxidation of melanin. In several embodiments, hair lightening systems and methods are provided that advantageously reduce or eliminate negative health effects associated with bleach, such as dermal sensitization and respiratory complications.

[0019] Although the present disclosure frequently refers to the treatment of human hair, the disclosed system and methods are fundamentally directed to the targeted oxidation of melanin within any pigmented fiber matrix. Consequently, the implementations described herein are equally applicable to a variety of melanin-containing substrates, including but not limited to, animal fur, wool, and natural textiles.

[0020] By exploiting the universal photothermal properties of melanin, the technology provides a non-destructive alternative for lightening and processing high-value animal fibers and textiles where preserving the structural integrity of the keratinous or organic fiber can be important. This broad applicability allows the benefits of reduced off-target oxidation and eliminated chemical sensitizers extend beyond cosmetic hair care into industrial textile and agricultural fiber processing.

[0021] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a system for the controlled, persulfate-free lightening of hair, the system including: (a) a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for the persulfate-free lightening of hair, the composition including: (i) a carbonate compound; (ii) hydrogen peroxide; and wherein the composition is substantially free of ammonia and persulfates; and wherein the carbonate compound and the hydrogen peroxide are configured for combining and applying to a recipient's hair; (b) an optical component for the lightening of the recipient's hair, the light source including: (i) one or more light sources configured to emit at least one of: (a) a first spectral range (e.g., of 400 nm to 570 nm); and (b) a second spectral range (e.g., of 800 nm to 1200 nm); (ii) a controller configured to modulate emittance of the one or more optical components wherein the optical component is configured to irradiate the recipient's hair to cause lightening of the hair after the composition is applied to the recipient's hair. The system may be configured for at home or salon use.

[0022] In some embodiments, the composition further includes a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound. In some embodiments, the system further includes a cooling device configured to deliver airflow to the hair.{00995811.DOCX } Page 5 of 81

[0023] In some embodiments, the composition is not configured to lighten hair by more than 2 levels without said irradiation, and wherein the composition is configured to lighten hair by more than 2 levels after at least 30 minutes of said irradiation.

[0024] In some embodiments, the irradiation is provided in the range of 850-1100 nm and wherein the light is pulsed (e.g., at a duty cycle of 10-40%, 10-30%, 25-33%, and overlapping ranges therein).

[0025] In some embodiments, the composition is configured to undergo an accelerated reactive oxygen species release as the temperature around melanin in the recipient's hair increases resulting from melanin light absorption induced by the one or more light sources.

[0026] In some embodiments, the one or more light sources include one or more light emitting diodes.

[0027] In some embodiments, the composition further includes a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound, wherein the one or more light sources are configured to emit: a first spectral range of for example 400 nm to 570 nm; and a second spectral range of for example 800 nm to 1200 nm; wherein the irradiation is provided, in use, in the range of for example 850-1100 nm, wherein the irradiation is provided, in use, at last partially as pulsed light, wherein the composition is not configured to lighten the recipient's hair by more than 2 levels without said irradiation, and wherein the composition is configured to lighten hair by more than 2 levels after at least 15, 30, or 45 minutes of said irradiation, and wherein the system is configured to target melanin in the recipient's hair, while preserving keratin in the recipient's hair.

[0028] In some embodiments, the composition is configured to be responsive to a stimulus for the activation of the composition, wherein the stimulus for the activation of the composition is heat coming from a photothermal effect of melanin as a result of irradiation using the light source.

[0029] In some embodiments, the first phase includes: (a) bicarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight; and (b) carbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight. In some embodiments, the first phase includes: (a) bicarbonate (e.g., at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; (b) carbonate at approximately 10 to 20% by weight; and (c) metasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight.

[0030] In some embodiments, the third phase includes: (a) thermal-modulating solvent (e.g., at approximately 40 to 70% by weight); (b) pH-adjusting agent (e.g., at approximately 5 to 15% by weight); (c) a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound (e.g., at approximately 15 to 35% by weight). In some embodiments, the third phase further includes an antioxidant (e.g., of 5 - 20% by weight).{00995811.DOCX } Page 6 of 81

[0031] In some embodiments, the second phase further includes an emollient as a conditioner and a rheology-modifier as a thickener configured to provide a paint-like consistency upon mixing.

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition further including an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 and including an organic acid.

[0033] In some embodiments, the composition includes a pH of less than 10.

[0034] In some embodiments, the recipient’s hair comprises a plurality of cystine disulfide bonds, and wherein said bonds are not broken by more than 15% after the lightening of the recipient’s hair as compared to prior to said lightening.

[0035] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a system for the controlled, persulfate-free lightening of hair, the system including: (a) a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for the persulfate-free lightening of hair, the composition including: (i) a first phase including a carbonate compound; (ii) a second phase including hydrogen peroxide; and (iii) a third phase including a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound; wherein the composition is substantially free of ammonia and persulfates and includes a pH of less than 10; and (b) an irradiation apparatus for the lightening of hair, the irradiation apparatus including: (i) one or more optical components configured to emit at least one of: (a) a first spectral range of 400 nm to 570 nm; and (b) a second spectral range of 850 nm to 1100 nm; (ii) a cooling device configured to deliver airflow to a hair surface; and (iii) a controller configured to modulate emittance of the one or more optical components and / or the cooling device wherein the irradiation apparatus is configured to irradiate the hair; and; wherein the composition is configured to undergo an accelerated reactive oxygen species release as the temperature around melanin in the hair increases resulting from melanin light absorption induced by the irradiation apparatus.

[0036] In some embodiments, the one or more optical components include one or more light sources.

[0037] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to modulate emittance of the one or more optical components with pulse timing.

[0038] In some embodiments, the composition is configured to be responsive to a stimulus for the activation of the composition, wherein the stimulus for the activation of the composition is heat coming from a photothermal effect of melanin as a result of the irradiation using the irradiation apparatus.

[0039] In some embodiments, the first phase includes: (a) bicarbonate at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; (b) carbonate at approximately 10 to 20% by weight; and (c) metasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight.{00995811.DOCX } Page 7 of 81

[0040] In some embodiments, the first phase includes: (a) bicarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight; (b) carbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight;

[0041] In some embodiments, the third phase includes: (a) thermal-modulating solvent at approximately 40 to 70% by weight; (b) pH-adjusting agent at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; (c) a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound at approximately 15 to 35% by weight.

[0042] In some embodiments, the third phase further includes an antioxidant conditioner of 5 - 20% by weight.

[0043] In some embodiments, the second phase further includes an emollient as a conditioner and a rheology-modifier as a thickener configured to provide a paint-like consistency upon mixing.

[0044] In some embodiments, the composition further including an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 and including an organic acid.

[0045] In some embodiments, the composition further includes a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, and combinations thereof; wherein said photocatalyst is incorporated into at least one of the first, second, or third phases, or is provided as a separate fourth phase.

[0046] In some embodiments, the composition is a thermally-activatable formulation characterized by chemical stability at 25°C and wherein the composition undergoes accelerated reactive oxygen species release upon heating of the melanin induced by irradiation of the hair at the second spectral range by the irradiation apparatus; wherein said chemical stability is characterized by a hair-lightening effect of no more than 2 levels within a 30-minute period at 25°C.

[0047] In some embodiments, the average total irradiance is no more than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, or 2 (e.g., 0.356) W / cm2at a distance of 0-5 inches (e.g., 2, 3, 4 inches) from the device surface. The light source can be placed directly on the hair or at a distance away .1- 12 inches or more from the hair

[0048] In some embodiments, the cooling device and the one or more optical components are configured to be controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature of 40°C.

[0049] In some embodiments, the one or more optical components include an emitter array configured to provide a spatial irradiance uniformity at a target hair-plane of + / - 10%.{00995811.DOCX } Page 8 of 81

[0050] In some embodiments, the irradiation apparatus further includes at least one optical element configured to diffuse the radiation from the emitter array to achieve a spatial irradiance uniformity of + / - 10% across a target hair-plane.

[0051] In some embodiments, the irradiation apparatus further including a thermal overtemperature sensor configured to halt optical emission if a safety threshold is exceeded.

[0052] In some embodiments, the irradiation apparatus further including a user interface configured to provide a preset program, wherein the controller is configured to automatically adjusts the duty cycle and wavelength mixing based on a selected preset program.

[0053] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to stagger the activation of the one or more optical components; wherein the staggered activation of the one or more optical component is configured to maintain a current draw.

[0054] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method for lightening hair using a stimuli-responsive photothermal system, the method including: (a) mixing a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition including a first carbonate-containing phase, a second hydrogen peroxide phase, and a third phase including at least one of a glycerol and / or a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound; (b) applying the composition to at least one section of hair; and (c) irradiating the hair with an irradiation apparatus configured to emit at least one of visible light or near-infrared (NIR) light radiation for an irradiation period of 5 to 60 minutes.

[0055] In some embodiments, the method further including an incubating step after the application of the composition to the hair for a period of 5 to 20 minutes.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition is applied using a hair brush to achieve a hair lightening technique, the hair lightening technique including global blonding, balayage, foiling, highlights, and / or babylights.

[0057] In some embodiments, the hair is enclosed within a transparent foil to allow the transmission of the NIR radiation when the hair is irradiated.

[0058] In some embodiments, the method, wherein irradiating the hair includes selecting a pre-set program on the irradiation apparatus, wherein a controller automatically adjusts a pulsed duty cycle and wavelength mixing based on the selected program.

[0059] In some embodiments, the method, wherein irradiating the hair is performed while simultaneously delivering airflow to the hair surface to maintain a surface temperature at or below 40°C.{00995811.DOCX } Page 9 of 81

[0060] In some embodiments, the method further including a multiple-treatment protocol, wherein steps (b) through (c) are repeated on the same hair sections.

[0061] In some embodiments, the method further including applying an aqueous posttreatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 to the hair following the irradiation period.

[0062] In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the first carbonate-containing phase to the second hydrogen peroxide phase to the hydrophobic-compound-containing third phase is within the range of (1-10) : (15-45) : (2-20).

[0063] In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the carbonate-containing phase to the second hydrogen peroxide phase to the hydrophobic-compound-containing third phase is within the range of 5 : (3-8) : (3-8).

[0064] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for the persulfate-free lightening of hair, the composition including: (a) a first phase including a carbonate compound; (b) a second phase including hydrogen peroxide; and (c) a third phase including a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound; wherein the composition is formed by combining the first, second, and third phases and wherein the total composition is substantially free of ammonia and persulfates and includes a pH of less than 10, and wherein the first phase is applied to the hair prior to the application of the second and third phases.

[0065] In some embodiments, the first phase includes: (a) bicarbonate at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; (b) carbonate at approximately 10 to 20% by weight; and (c) metasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight.

[0066] In some embodiments, the first phase includes: (a) bicarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight; (b) carbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight;

[0067] In some embodiments, the third phase includes: (a) Thermal-modulating solvent at approximately 40 to 70% by weight; (b) pH-adjusting agent at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; (c) a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound at approximately 15 to 35% by weight.

[0068] In some embodiments, the third phase (c) further includes an antioxidant of 5 - 20% by weight.

[0069] In some embodiments, the second phase further includes an emollient as a conditioner and a rheology-modifier as a thickener configured to provide a paint-like consistency upon mixing.

[0070] In some embodiments, the composition further including an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 and including an organic acid.{00995811.DOCX } Page 10 of 81

[0071] In some embodiments, the composition further includes a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, and combinations thereof; wherein said photocatalyst is incorporated into at least one of the first, second, or third phases, or is provided as a separate fourth phase.

[0072] In some embodiments, the composition is a thermally-activatable formulation characterized by chemical stability at 25°C and wherein the composition undergoes accelerated reactive oxygen species release upon heating of melanin in the hair induced by near-infrared (NIR) radiation; wherein said chemical stability is characterized by a hair-lightening effect of no more than 2 levels within a 30-minute period at 25°C.

[0073] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to an irradiation apparatus for the photothermal lightening of hair, the apparatus including: (a) an optical component, the optical component including: (i) a first wavelength or wavelengths in the range of 400 nm to 570 nm; and (ii) a second wavelength or wavelengths in the range of 850 nm to 1100 nm; (b) a cooling device configured to deliver airflow to a hair surface; and (c) a controller configured to modulate modulating one or more of duty cycle, peak irradiance, pulse width, and / or ratio of intensity of wavelengths in the first spectral range to intensity of wavelengths in the second spectral range.

[0074] In some embodiments, the one or more optical components include a light emitting diode, and the wavelength or wavelengths are produced from the light emitting diode.

[0075] In some embodiments, the average total irradiance is no more than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, or 2 (e.g., 0.356) W / cm2at a distance of 0-5 inches (e.g., 2, 3, 4 inches) from the device surface. The light source can be placed directly on the hair or at a distance away .1- 12 inches or more from the hair

[0076] In some embodiments, the cooling module and the one or more optical component are controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature of 40°C.

[0077] In some embodiments, the one or more optical component include an emitter array configured to provide a spatial irradiance uniformity at a target hair-plane of + / - 10%.

[0078] In some embodiments, the apparatus further including at least one optical element configured to diffuse the radiation from the emitter array to achieve a spatial irradiance uniformity of + / - 10% across a target hair-plane.

[0079] In some embodiments, the apparatus further including a thermal over-temperature sensor configured to halt optical emission if a safety threshold is exceeded.{00995811.DOCX } Page 11 of 81

[0080] In some embodiments, the apparatus further including a user interface configured to provide a preset program, wherein the controller is configured to automatically adjusts the duty cycle and wavelength mixing based on a selected preset program.

[0081] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to stagger the activation of the one or more optical components; wherein the staggered activation of the one or more optical component is configured to maintain a current draw.

[0082] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method for treating keratinous fibers to effect crosslinking in hair prior to blonding, the method including: applying, to the fibers, an emulsion including: (a) a stimuli-responsive composition for the crosslinking of hair, the composition including: (i) a first phase including a photoinitiator capable of initiating a thiol-ene click reaction, (ii) a second phase including a vinyl-containing modifier, and (iii) a pH modifier; and applying an irradiation apparatus to the fibers for irradiating the fibers for the photothermal lightening of hair, the irradiation apparatus including: (a) an optical component configured to emit at least a spectral range of 400 nm to 700 nm; (b) a cooling module configured to deliver airflow to a hair surface; and (c) a controller for modulating emittance of the optical component, wherein the controller modulates pulse timing and wavelength mixing for emittance from the optical component.

[0083] In some embodiments, the method further including applying a cosmetically acceptable reducing system to the keratinous fibers prior to emulsion application, wherein the cosmetically acceptable reducing system is selected from: (i) thiol or thiolate agents; (ii) sulfite-based reducers; (iii) biogenic or mild reducers; and (iv) combinations thereof.

[0084] In some embodiments, the reducing system active is about 5-10 wt% at pH about 9.0 and the immersion time is between 5-30 minutes.

[0085] In some embodiments, the base pH modifier includes potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or a combination thereof.

[0086] In some embodiments, the optical component includes a source of visible light, wherein the source of visible light is a continuous or pulsed LED having a peak wavelength of about between approximately 400 nm and approximately 700 nm.

[0087] In some embodiments, the irradiation is conducted for 15-60 minutes at a predetermined fixed distance and an irradiance between 0.01 to 0.1 W / cm2

[0088] In some embodiments, the second phase includes a blend of vinyl-containing polydimethylsiloxanes of different molecular weights and viscosities ranging from 100-3000 cP.

[0089] In some embodiments, the second phase further includes at least one surfactant.{00995811.DOCX } Page 12 of 81

[0090] In some embodiments, the photoinitiator includes one or more of a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, or a combination thereof.

[0091] In some embodiments, the photoinitiator is optionally in the presence of a co-initiating amine.

[0092] In some embodiments, the co-initiating amine includes is selected from a group including: (a) cosmetic-suitable, lower-odor, water-soluble alkanolamines; and / or (b) silicone- or polymer-based amines.

[0093] In some embodiments, the vinyl-terminated polymer includes surface-active moieties configured to increase at least one of fiber shine, gloss, slip, or hydrophobicity, the moieties selected from the group consisting of (i) functional siloxane oligomers or copolymers, including phenyl-substituted siloxane units, alkyl- substituted siloxane units, and (ii) pendant linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon chains having 6-30 carbon atoms.

[0094] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a kit for implementing the method, including: (a) a first container (Part A) including an aqueous solution of a photoinitiator and a co-initiating amine; (b) a second container (Part B) including a vinyl-terminated surface modifier and at least one surfactant; and (c) instructions to combine Part A with Part B to form an emulsion adjusted to pH about 7-8 and to apply the emulsion to keratinous fibers followed by irradiation with visible light having a peak wavelength of 400 - 700 nm.

[0095] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a persulfate-free system for lightening melanin-containing fibers including: a composition including: (i) at least one carbonate compound, and (ii) hydrogen peroxide at a pH of less than 9.75; and a pulsing, non-laser light source having at least 50% of a fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm.

[0096] In some embodiments, the composition is free of persulfates.

[0097] In some embodiments, the composition is a stimuli-responsive composition.

[0098] In some embodiments, the carbonate compound is present at 2-15% by weight.

[0099] In some embodiments, the carbonate is potassium carbonate.

[0100] In some embodiments, the carbonate compound is selected from a group including: Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, Caesium bicarbonate, Magnesium bicarbonate, Calcium bicarbonate, and Ammonium bicarbonate. Examples of carbonates include Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), copper(II) carbonate (CuCO3), iron(II) carbonate (FeCO3) - also known as siderite, zinc carbonate (ZnCO3),{00995811.DOCX } Page 13 of 81lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3), barium carbonate (BaC03), strontium carbonate (SrCO3), silver carbonate (Ag2CO3), nickel(II) carbonate (NiC03), cobalt(II) carbonate (CoCO3), manganese(II) carbonate (MnC03), cadmium carbonate (CdCO3), bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO)2CO3), and lanthanum carbonate (La2(CO3)3).

[0101] In some embodiments, the composition includes glycerol at 10-90% by weight.

[0102] In some embodiments, the composition includes glycerol at 70-90% by weight.

[0103] In some embodiments, the composition includes glycerol at 10-20% by weight.

[0104] In some embodiments, the composition includes glycerol, and wherein a percentage by weight of the glycerol in the composition is determined at least partially in dependence on a parameter of the pulsing, non-laser light source.

[0105] In some embodiments, the system further including a cooling unit configured to cool a surface of the melanin-containing fiber concurrently with the melanin-containing fiber being irradiated.

[0106] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a persulfate-free system for lightening melanin-containing fibers including: a thermally-responsive composition applied directly to a melanin-containing fiber; and a pulsing, non-laser light source with 50% of its fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm, wherein the pulsing, non-laser light source is configured to irradiate the melanin-containing fiber treated with the thermally-responsive composition.

[0107] In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive composition contains a carbonate compound.

[0108] In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive composition contains glycerol at 10-90% by weight.

[0109] In some embodiments, the system further including a cooling unit configured to cool a surface of the melanin-containing fiber, concurrently with the irradiation of the melanin-containing fiber.

[0110] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a persulfate-free system for lightening a melanin-containing fiber including: a thermally-activatable persulfate-free lightening formulation configured for application to the melanin-containing fiber; a photoinitiator and oligo(vinyl) compound; and a blue light source configured for indirect activation of the lightening formulation via a melanin-mediated photothermal effect and directly the photoinitiator.{00995811.DOCX } Page 14 of 81

[0111] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a composition for stimuli-responsive lightening of a melanin-containing fiber including: a carbonate; and hydrogen peroxide, wherein the composition has a pH less than 9.75.

[0112] In some embodiments, the carbonate is present at 2-15% by weight.

[0113] In some embodiments, the carbonate is potassium carbonate.

[0114] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a composition for stimuli-responsive lightening a melanin-containing fiber including: hydrogen peroxide; a carbonate; and a phenol-containing polymer, wherein a backbone of the polymer is not conjugated.

[0115] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method of lightening a melanin-containing fiber, the method including: applying, to the melanin-containing fiber, a stimuli-responsive lightening chemical formulation; and irradiating the melanin-containing fiber with a pulsing, non-laser light source, wherein the pulsing, non-laser light source having at least 50% of a fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm.

[0116] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method of lightening a melanin-containing fiber, the method including: applying, to a surface the melanin-containing fiber , a first stimuli-responsive chemical mixture; incubating the chemical mixture on the melanincontaining fiber for a predetermined time period; removing the first chemical mixture from a surface of the melanin-containing fiber ; adding a second chemical mixture to the surface of the melanin-containing fiber, wherein the second chemical mixture includes a radical quenching component or an acidic component; and irradiating the melanin-containing fiber with a pulsing, non-laser light source having at least 50% of a fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm.

[0117] In some embodiments, the predetermined time period is 5 minutes.

[0118] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method of reducing a risk of hair damage acquired by lightening of a hair fiber via a pre-treatment, the method including: applying, to the hair fiber, (i) a polymer or an oligomer, and (ii) a photoinitiator, wherein the polymer or the oligomer includes a oligo(vinyl) compound having two or more vinyl group functionalities; and irradiating the hair fiber at a wavelength between 380nm and 700nm for a period of 30 minutes.

[0119] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the irradiation wavelength falls between 380nm and 500nm.

[0120] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the oligo(vinyl) compound includes at least three vinyl group functionalities.{00995811.DOCX } Page 15 of 81

[0121] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the polymer or oligomer has an organosilicon type structure.

[0122] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the polymer or oligomer is an [(acryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane] - dimethylsiloxane copolymer.

[0123] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to a method, wherein the photoinitiator is 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA).

[0124] In some aspects, systems are methods are provided herein for lightening of fibers, including hair in which a composition is applied to the hair and then light is used to lighten the hair by several levels in a manner that is less damaging than using conventional techniques. For example, a composition comprising one or more a thermally-responsive chemical lightening agents is provided, together with a near infrared light source in the range of 800-1200 nm that is applied to the hair for 15-30 minutes or more. In one aspect, the composition comprises one or more carbonate compounds and peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide). In one aspect, the composition does not contain persulfate and / or ammonia. In one aspect, the carbonate compound(s) and the peroxide(s) are configured for combining and applying to a recipient's hair. The composition may optionally include a third component that is a repair agent (including but not limited to a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound). After the composition to the hair, the hair is subsequently irradiated with light via one or more optical components in the range of 800-1200 nm and optionally 400 nm to 570 nm. The light sources comprises LEDs in one aspect. A controller may be provided that is configured to modulate emittance or other features of the one or more optical components. Optionally the light is pulsed and has a duty cycle as described herein. The system may be configured for at home or salon use. In one aspect, the composition can only lighten hair by 1-2 levels without said irradiation (e.g., within 30-60 minutes after applied to the hair at about 25 degrees Celsius), but advantageously can lighten hair by more than 2 levels after at least 30 minutes of said irradiation, and further can do so while keeping the keratin substantially preserved whilst oxidizing melanin, which thereby leads to a hair lightening process with less damage. In one aspect, melanin lightening of more than 3, 4 or 5 levels is achieved while only exhibiting less than 15%, 10% or 7% increase in broken cystine disulfide bonds (as characterized by FTIR analysis).

[0125] In some aspects, the irradiation is provided in the range of 850-1100 nm and wherein the light is pulsed at a duty cycle of 10-40%. In one aspect, the systems and methods optionally includes a cooling device configured to deliver airflow to the hair. In one aspect, the composition includes: (a) bicarbonate at approximately 30-60% (e.g., 5 to 15%) by weight; (b) carbonate at{00995811.DOCX } Page 16 of 81approximately 30-60% (e.g., 10 to 20%) by weight; (c) metasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight, as well as other ingredients for application to the hair, that when irradiated, causes a lightening effect. One or more of water, emollients, pH adjusters, stabilizers, and preservatives may be included in components of the composition.

[0126] In several embodiments, provided herein are systems and methods of lightening of hair by 5-7 levels, wherein such lightening exhibits less than a 15%, 10% or 7% increase in broken cystine disulfide bonds, optionally as characterized by FTIR analysis.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0127] In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, with an emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the technology disclosed. Various embodiments are depicted in the accompanying drawings for illustrative purposes, and should in no way be interpreted as limiting the scope of the embodiments. Furthermore, various features of different disclosed embodiments can be combined to form additional embodiments, which are part of this disclosure.

[0128] FIG. 1A illustrates hair samples in an untreated state, treated with embodiments described herein, and treated with a commercial bleaching formulation

[0129] FIG. IB illustrates increases in broken cystine disulfide bonds, as determined by FTIR analysis.

[0130] FIG. 2 is a thermal image of two hair tresses of low and high melanin content following irradiation with near-infrared light (NIR), illustrating the melanin-specific photothermal effect.

[0131] FIG. 3A illustrates the NIR-mediated, stimuli-responsive nature of the described lightening systems and methods compared to a conventional commercial bleaching system.

[0132] FIG. 3B illustrates shades of hair corresponding to levels 1-10 of lift (lightness).

[0133] FIG. 4 illustrates optical microscopy images (40x magnification) of hair after bleaching in the absence and presence of a repair component (e.g., poly(catechol-styrene)) to mitigate cuticle damage.

[0134] FIG. 5 illustrates images of hair before and after bleaching comparing the textural integrity of hair treated with and without a protective oligo(vinyl)-based pre-treatment.

[0135] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example hair lightening system, including integrated optical components, chemical components (booster and developer), and control systems.{00995811.DOCX } Page 17 of 81

[0136] FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example hair lightening method including mixing, incubation, and irradiation stages.

[0137] FIG. 8 provides a schematic cross-sectional view of the hair treatment system, illustrating the functional integration of the light source, the hair substrate, and the convective cooling mechanism used for thermal stabilization.

[0138] FIG. 9 compares the surface damage via optical microscopy between hair samples treated with the described formula versus a professional conventional commercial formula after multiple treatment cycles.

[0139] FIG. 10 is a bar graph comparing the degree of hair swelling (measured by diameter under hydrated conditions) between samples treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition and a professional conventional commercial formula.

[0140] FIG. 11 illustrates the staggered activation logic of the controller firmware, showing the independent modulation of pulse rate and width for multiple LED zones to manage peak current draw.

[0141] FIG. 12 compares the level of lift (lightness) for hair treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition under NIR irradiation versus a professional conventional commercial formula over multiple treatment cycles.

[0142] FIG. 13 provides optical micrographs comparing surface damage (cuticle peeling) between hair samples treated with a conventional commercial formula and the disclosed thermally-responsive chemical lightening system.

[0143] FIG. 14 evaluates fiber integrity by comparing hair swelling (diameter under hydrated conditions) after treatment with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition and a conventional commercial formula.

[0144] FIG. 15 provides a comparative photographic and colorimetric characterization of diverse hair types treated with NIR light, blue light, or a synergistic NIR + Blue combination.

[0145] FIG. 16 is a bar graph quantifying oxidative hair damage by measuring the relative increase in cysteic acid content with and without the integrated convective cooling mechanism.

[0146] FIG. 17 illustrates a comparative analysis of hair fiber degradation (cysteic acid formation) between samples treated with a continuous 100% duty cycle versus a pulsed 25% duty cycle.{00995811.DOCX } Page 18 of 81DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0147] The following detailed description is made with reference to the figures. Sample implementations are described to illustrate the technology disclosed, not to limit its scope, which is defined by the claims.

[0148] The technology disclosed, in several embodiments, offers a solution to the hair damage and health risks associated with conventional hair bleaching (or hair lightening, used synonymously herein) systems. The described system and method implementations result in reduced damage to the hair, such as off-target oxidation damage. The hair shaft includes an outermost layer referred to as the cuticle and an interior cortex layer that is surrounded by the cuticle. Melanin is the pigment that colors the hair and the melanin is located in the cortex of the hair strand and provides the color for the hair strand. Accordingly, during hair bleaching or hair lightening processes, the systems and compositions act on the melanin pigment to lighten the hair. Therefore, reduced damage to the hair can be achieved through increased selectivity for melanin oxidation over other structures of the hair during the hair lightening process. In some embodiments, the methods, systems, and compositions described herein include using a thermally-activated bleaching formulation that utilizes selective heating of melanin. This selective heating of melanin allows for localized oxidation that is substantially limited to regions of melanin that are exposed to the high heat. The thermally-activated bleaching formulation, system, and method described herein can allow for localized oxidation limited to the melanin in the hair that is selectively heated.

[0149] Selective heating of melanin involves only heating regions of the hair structure containing the melanin pigment, thereby directing or targeting the bleaching activity (also referred to herein as oxidation or oxidative processes) to the regions of the hair structure containing the melanin pigment. This can reduce damage to the other regions of the hair structure including the outer cuticle layer. Targeted oxidation of melanin pigment-containing regions of the hair reduces damage to alternate structures within the hair tissue such as proteins and lipids, which are intrinsically linked to hair health and good appearance. Further, in some embodiments, the system reduces or entirely eliminates ammonia, persulfate, or both, which are highly sensitizing components of conventional hair bleaching and hair lightening systems.

[0150] Some conventional chemical hair bleaching techniques utilize unstable chemical compositions that must be prepared immediately before use, because the composition is immediately activated upon preparation. In several embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are not immediately activated upon preparation in that without the light source, they would{00995811.DOCX } Page 19 of 81not be capable of lifting the hair by more than 1-2 levels. With the light source, in several embodiments, 2-9 levels of lift can be achieved. In several embodiments, the technology described herein reduce or avoid untargeted bleaching that results in oxidation of pigment alongside oxidation of the other tissue components that are more susceptible to damage, like protein and lipid components. For example, these components (and other sensitive structures) may be contained in both the outermost cuticle layer and the inner cortex layer. The protein and lipid components of the hair include proteins, such as keratin, and lipids, which can provide strength and structural integrity to the hair. These proteins and lipids are linked to hair health and appearance. Immediate activation of the composition upon preparation in conventional chemical hair bleaching techniques is problematic in some situations, when considering the morphology of the hair, which is organized in layers. The innermost layer, the cortex, contains the pigment (melanin) and the outermost layer, the cuticle, is characteristically devoid of pigment. Hence, a conventional chemical bleaching formulation typically requires diffusion through the pigment-less cuticle layer prior to accessing the pigment within the cortex. Consequently, a pre-activated formulation may yield off-target oxidation by reacting with hair regions that do not contain pigment, for example, the proteins and lipids in the cuticle layer, during the diffusion process. Indeed, perturbations to the hair surface (e.g., lipid loss, cysteic acid production) are some of the most frequently reported hair changes that are undesirable to consumers. Said perturbations to the hair are perceivable as increased roughness, dullness, or hydrophilicity (frizz).

[0151] The technology disclosed herein in several embodiments offers a solution for conventional targeted bleaching of melanin via using both optical and chemical components that function in concert to achieve lightening of human hair or other melanin-containing fibers such as animal fur or textiles. The targeted bleaching of melanin through the combination of optical and chemical components can maintain and / or improve hair integrity after hair bleaching by reducing the impact of the chemical hair lightening components on other structures of the hair. In several embodiments, on their own, neither the optical or chemical component yields desirable lightening and / or bleaching results. However, in combination, the optical and chemical components can achieve the targeted hair lightening or bleaching according to several embodiments.

[0152] Melanin has the capacity to absorb light and convert it to thermal energy with high efficiency. The optical component of the system can exploit this strong photothermal effect exhibited by melanin. The photothermal effect can refer to the process whereby a material absorbs energy in the form of light (visible, infrared, etc.) and increases in temperature possibly emitting it as heat as radiation. In some embodiments, the photothermal effect as used herein can refer to{00995811.DOCX } Page 20 of 81the absorption of near-infrared light by melanin and subsequent heating and / or increase in temperatures as well as possible emission of heat. The photothermal effect phenomenon occurs at wavelength ranges such as UV, visible, infrared, and near-infrared (NIR). However, the photothermal effect of melanin exhibits orthogonality to other common tissues and biological structures in the near-infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The Near-infrared (NIR) irradiation applied can be a non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths typically between 700-2500nm, situated between visible light and mid-infrared. Any wavelength or wavelength band within the NIR spectrum can be used with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition to achieve the targeted oxidation of the melanin pigment. However, in some embodiments, specific bands and bandwidths such as possibly referred to herein can be used to achieve enhanced results. The characteristics associated with the photothermal effect with respect to NIR light may enable localized or pigment-proportional heating of melanin-containing substrates, such as hair, upon irradiation with NIR light. Importantly, keratin, which is the main component of hair and a common target for hair damage, does not appear to and thus may not exhibit high photothermal or responsiveness and / or efficiency with NIR. Thus, several embodiments, include systems and methods for targeted oxidation of melanin for the lightening or blonding of hair. The disclosed method includes, for example, using a near-infrared light source and a thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation, which together achieve rapid, targeted oxidation of melanin. In several embodiments, provided herein are systems for using a light source (including but not limited to a near-infrared light source) and a thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation to lighten dark hair. In some embodiments, hair is lightened by multiple levels. For example, Level 1-3 hair may be lightened to Level 4-6 or Level 7-10 with little or no damage to the hair or scalp, and / or without irritation to the user or salon professional. In some embodiments, different hair types (e.g., la, lb, 1c, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a etc.) can experience different levels of lightening.

[0153] In several embodiments, the composition disclosed herein is not configured to lighten the recipient’s hair by more than 1-2 levels without said irradiation, but is configured to lighten hair by 3-9 levels after at least 15-30 minutes of said irradiation.

[0154] In addition, in several embodiments, melanin lightening of up to 6.5 levels is achieved, corresponding to an increase of 7,573% in L* value (FIG. 1A; Table 1), while exhibiting only a ~7% increase in broken cystine disulfide bonds, as characterized by FTIR analysis (FIG. 2). FIG.1A illustrates hair samples in an untreated state, treated with embodiments as described herein, and treated with a commercial bleaching formulation. FIG. IB shows a bar graphs illustrating{00995811.DOCX } Page 21 of 81increases in broken cystine disulfide bonds, as determined by FTIR analysis, following treatment with example embodiments as described herein and a commercial bleaching formulation relative to untreated hair.

[0155] As shown in FIG. IB, damage to keratin is limited, with only a 3.8%-7% increase in broken cystine disulfide bonds observed when using the embodiments described herein. In contrast, conventional chemical bleaching processes employing a 30-volume developer and persulfate-containing boosters result in a substantially higher degree of keratin damage, showing a 64%-104.4% increase in broken cystine disulfide bonds.Table 1. Comparison of Hair Lightening Performance (Level Lift and L* Change) for Some Embodiments Described Herein versus Conventional Commercial Bleaching Systems

[0156] In several embodiments, the formulation provided herein are free from persulfates, ammonia, or both. Because the system reduces or entirely eliminates the highly sensitizing components, ammonia, persulfate, or both and because of the targeting oxidation to the hair regions containing pigments, the hair regions that do not contain pigment, for example, the keratin, experience minimal to no damage and allow for an improved appearance compared to conventional {00995811.DOCX } Page 22 of 81commercial hair bleaching systems that are not targeted and that contain highly sensitizing components.

[0157] In several embodiments, the technology described herein uses light at certain wavelengths in combination with a chemical composition to selectively destroy melanin while leaving keratin substantially intact. This is especially advantageous in some embodiments because it allows for hair to be lightened with nominal or no damage. This is particularly beneficial for users who have previously-colored hair, have damaged hair, and / or have processed hair (e.g., straightened, permed, etc.). Virgin hair also benefits because, according to several embodiments, the reduced damage during the bleaching process can preserve the hair’s natural appearance. In several embodiments, light is provided at a wavelength (e.g., 800-1200 nm) to cause localized heating in a targeted fashion, wherein melanin will exhibit a photothermal effect, but keratin will not. Irradiating the hair with light at a wavelength (e.g., 800-1200 nm) to caused localized heating produces improved results over a heating source such as a traditional hair dryer. While the heat from a heating source like a traditional hair dryer could be used to lighten the hair while using the compositions and formulations herein, the hair can become damaged and brittle through this process because the keratin can be damaged / denatured. The selective targeting of melanin in the hair with the light source described herein can prevent the hair from becoming damaged and brittle. In several embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein, without the light source, would not be capable of lifting the hair by more than 1-2 levels. With the light source, in several embodiments, 2-9 levels of lift can be achieved.

[0158] In several embodiments, the disclosed method which includes, for example, using a near-infrared light source and a thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation can be utilized in a salon by a salon professional or by a user in an at home setting. The reduction or elimination of irritants and high sensitizing components can reduce the risk and negative impacts to the salon profession or user allowing for safer application. Accordingly, in several embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation can be applied by the user or salon professional to the hair of another or through self-application.

[0159] In several embodiments a multi-phase system is provided that comprises or consists essentially of a booster, a developer, and optionally one or more of a repair component and an acidic wash, along with a light source, to target melanin while leaving keratin substantially preserved. The compositions may be provided as liquids, creams, gels, powders, and other suitable formats, and combinations thereof. Natural and / or synthetic preservatives, stability agents, viscosity agents and fragrance may be included. In several embodiments, when the booster and{00995811.DOCX } Page 23 of 81developer are combined, they each comprises 25-75% (%m / m or w / w of the total). In several embodiments, when the booster, developer and repair component are combined, they each comprises 25-50% (%m / m or w / w of the total).

[0160] In several embodiments, a first phase that includes a booster (such as carbonates and bicarbonates) is combined (e.g., mixed) with a second phase that includes a developer (such as a peroxide) and an optional third phase that includes a repair component and then applied to wet or dry hair. The repair component may include, for example, vinyl PDMS, vitamin E, and glycerol, to react with free thiols that result from the breakage of disulfide bonds. The crosslinking of thiols via the repair component can add shine and gloss to the hair. After these ingredients are combined and applied to the hair and allowed to penetrate (e.g., for 10-60 minutes), light from a light source is applied for about 15-60 minutes. The hair is then rinsed and optionally washed with a hair wash that is slightly acidic (e.g., a pH between about 5.5-6.9) to help the overall morphology of the hair. In some embodiments, the first phase can be combined with the second phase and then the third phase can be added. In some embodiments, all three phases are combined together at the same time. In some embodiments, the third phase can be combined with the first phase as a single combined phase prior to the addition of the second phase.

[0161] The composition may be applied to all of the hair or for highlights, balayage etc. In one embodiment, the composition is left on the hair for about 10-30 minutes (e.g., 15 or 20 minutes) and the light is applied for 15-45 minutes (e.g., 20 or 30 minutes). This results is a quick and effective hair lightening process that maintains and / or improves hair health. The light may be applied using a helmet or panel system, where the time and intensity can be controlled for different levels of lift. Because, according to several embodiments, brassiness is also reduced, a toner may not be necessary. However, toners can be used to alter the hue or warm. The composition can include stabilizers and viscosity agents to increase shelf life, viscosity, etc. According to some embodiments, the developer and booster are provided in a ratio of 1:1, 2:1 or 3:1. The repair component may be provided in a 1:1 ratio with respect to the booster.

[0162] Several embodiments disclosed herein provide a salon professional or at-home user with a light source and the compositions. In some embodiments, the salon professional or at-home user can use a kit comprising one or more of the developer, booster, repair component, and light source, as well as instructions for use, are provided herein. The light source may only need to be purchased once or infrequently, and can be provided in the kit or separately. To ensure that the light source is functioning as desired, the system may include a counter that alerts the user to repurchase after a certain number of uses. In some embodiments, the salon professional or at-{00995811.DOCX } Page 24 of 81home user can use a kit comprising one or more of the developer, booster, repair component, and a reusable or disposable light panel or helmet, as well as instructions for use, are provided herein. In some embodiments, the light panel or helmet can incorporate a light guide that is optically connected to an external light source. In some embodiments, the light panel can include an integrated light source. In other embodiments, the light panel does not include an integrated light source and instead can use or act like a light guide to provide the light to the target region. The light panel can be discarded after one use or multiple uses. The light source may be a handheld light panel, that can be lightweight and ergonomic, or may be on a stand or as a helmet. A kit can include pre-measured amounts of the developer and booster (and optional repair component) so that a consumer can easily mix together at the time of use, which may be especially convenient for home use.

[0163] Several embodiments described herein include an AI / ML component that personalizes the composition and light application for a particular user or group of users. Data that is automatically sensed or manually inputted includes, but is not limited to, hair type (e.g., 2A, 4C etc.), condition of hair, prior processing of hair, hair density, desired lift, and combinations thereof. Cameras or other sensors may be used to gather data, including data during the lifting process to evaluate the amount of lift that has occurred. Data from the camera or other sensors may be used to manually or automatically adjust light parameters, such as duration, intensity, etc. The lighting system may be partially or fully closed loop, and may include robotic and / or automated components to, for example, apply light, move the light, change the light, remove the light, etc. In some embodiments, for example, the cameras and sensors can identify areas of the hair that is being lightened unevenly and an apply adjustments to the emittance in that region to correct for the non-uniformity during the treatment time. In some embodiments, the lighting system can collect the data over multiple users and / or over a single user for the amount of lightening is occurring during the duration of the treatment time and can use that information to provide adjustments to preset programs for a particular device and / or in a particular environment.

[0164] FIG. 2 (shown below) illustrates the photothermal effect of near-infrared (NIR) light on melanin-containing hair. The hair sample 110 (left side of FIG. 2) is blonde, thus, hair sample 110 has a low melanin content. The hair sample 120 (right side of FIG. 2) is dark brown and accordingly, has a high melanin content. Both hair samples 110 and 120 were irradiated for 10 minutes using a NIR light source. After the NIR irradiation, the resulting visualization of FIG. 2 was obtained by a thermal imaging camera. FIG. 2 shows an average temperature difference of approximately 26°C between blonde (sample 110) and dark brown (sample 120) hair samples. The{00995811.DOCX } Page 25 of 81temperature differential shown in FIG. 2 illustrates the photothermal characteristics of melanin in hair. As shown in FIG. 2, sample 120 has a higher melanin content and therefore a higher temperature when exposed to NIR irradiation than sample 110 which has a lower melanin content and therefore a lower temperature. As such, sample 120 shows greater thermal energy than sample 110. Accordingly, FIG. 2 illustrates that the use of NIR irradiation achieves melanin-specific heating according to several embodiments.

[0165] Conventional dryers and lamps often used in hair salons and by some at-home users to accelerate processing during hair lightening generally use broad-spectrum irradiation to achieve globalized, indiscriminate heating of the hair tissues (e.g., not just the melanin-containing structures). Conventional light used by said dryers and lamps traverses both the mid and far regions of infrared light, which are absorbed generally by various structures in the hair, thereby yielding globalized heating. In contrast, the systems and methods disclosed herein use NIR irradiation (e.g., tuned NIR) that achieves melanin-specific heating, as illustrated in FIG. 2 as an example.

[0166] In some embodiments, the disclosed hair lightening system uses irradiation in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the spectrum. In some embodiments, the irradiation uses wavelengths ranging from 700-2500nm (e.g., 700-800, 800-1000, 1000-1200, 600nmto 1200nm, 800-1000nm, 1200-2000nm, 2000-2500nm and overlapping ranges therein). In some embodiments, the irradiation uses wavelengths ranging from 800-1200 nm (e.g., 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1150, 1200nm, and overlapping ranges therein). Light panels with different wavelengths that are configured to be used depending on the hair type and lift desired are provided in some embodiments. Different wavelengths may also be used in a single hair lifting session. The terms lifting, lightening, blonding, and bleaching can be used interchangeably herein. The irradiance of the NIR light is lower than 5 w / cm2at the device surface, in one embodiment (e.g., less than 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2 w / cm2).

[0167] In some embodiments, the optical component of the disclosed system is provided by one or more light sources integrated into a device or multiple devices. For example, a device having multiple light sources that emit NIR light can include features to target or direct the emitted NIR light. Example features for targeting, directing, and modifying the emitted NIR light may include reflectors, reflective housings, lenses, optical diffusers, light-homogenizing elements, light guides, and / or other light directing or targeting features, or combinations thereof. These light-directing features can be used alone or in combination specifically to distribute the radiation to achieve a high degree of consistency across the treatment area. Specifically, the optical configuration (for example, an arrangement of diffusers and / or lenses) can be used to provide a spatial irradiance{00995811.DOCX } Page 26 of 81uniformity at a target hair-plane of + / - 10%. This uniformity in irradiance over the treatment area can result in consistent activation of the hair treatment composition throughout the treatment area according to several embodiments. In some embodiments, the emitted NIR light as well as features for targeting, directing, and modifying the emitted NIR light can be directed to irradiate the hair, whilst minimizing off-target irradiance, such as to the face, eyes, or other bodily structures that may be sensitive to excessive exposure. The device can include one or more adjustable arms that are connected to one or more light sources. Each of the light sources can have a housing disposed thereabout that can assist in directing or targeting the emitted NIR light in order to minimize undirected light scattering. Light panels with a single housing may be used.

[0168] In several embodiments, the light source can comprise one or more light emitters such as one or more solid state emitters, including but not limited to, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and / or organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In several embodiments, non-laser light is used. However, in other embodiments, lasers such as laser diodes may be used instead of or in addition to LEDs / OLEDs. Examples used herein that refer to any one or more of the solid state emitters, light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, laser diodes, or organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), or other light sources, can also be used with any of the other solid state emitter or light source either in place of or in addition. In several embodiments, the light source or light sources can be arranged in a delivery apparatus or housing. The delivery apparatus or housing of the light source can include a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, or organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In several embodiments, the delivery apparatus or housing can include light-directing features alone or in combination specifically to distribute the radiation, for example, to achieve a high degree of consistency across the treatment area. Examples of light-directing features for targeting, directing, and modifying the emitted NIR light from the light source may include reflectors, reflective housings, lenses, optical diffusers, light-homogenizing elements, light guides (including but not limited to optical fibers, optical fiber bundles, light pipes, and waveguides etc.), and / or other light directing or targeting and / or focusing features or elements (e.g., optical elements), or combinations thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the light source can be used with a light guide to distribute light output by the light source throughout the housing or delivery apparatus of the light source, for example, one or more optical fibers or optical fiber bundles could be used to distribute the light emitted from a light source through a housing. In some example embodiments, the housing can include a helmet, plate, or panel arranged in a particular geometry (e.g., reflective dome or reflective panel (for example a curved reflective panel)) or including light-directing features (e.g., turning features or scatter features) in particular{00995811.DOCX } Page 27 of 81arrangements to reflect, refract, and / or scatter or otherwise direct the light emitted to provide the desired level of intensity, emittance, optical power or energy, or amount of light throughout the treatment time. In some embodiments, such distribution, e.g., using a plurality of optical fibers or a waveguide possibly with scatter features or simply distributing emitters across an area, can reduce the occurrence of hot spots that can cause uneven or nonuniform hair lightening. In some embodiments, the light source housing or delivery apparatus can be flexible to allow it to conform to the contours of the human head.

[0169] In several embodiments, the light source and / or the light source housing or delivery apparatus can be a single use, disposable device or it can be used over multiple hair lightening session. In one example embodiment, the light source delivery apparatus can include a disposable light guide helmet or panel (for example, a plastic and / or flexible light guide helmet or panel) used with an optical fiber bundle that is optically coupled with a remote LED or other light emitting source via for example an optical fiber line, the connection being implemented through a connector (such as, for example, an optical fiber connector line). The light emitted from the LED can be dispersed and spread throughout the helmet or panel to an output point or points over the hair to be irradiated. After the hair lightening treatment is complete, the disposable light guide can be disconnected from the remote LED light source and disposed of while the LED light source can be maintained for use with another hair lightening kit / another disposable light guide delivery apparatus. This arrangement can allow the user in an at home setting or in a salon to use different delivery apparatuses on different hair while reusing the remote LED device. In the salon setting this may be helpful as it can improve the ability to sanitize the device between uses with different users. In the at-home setting, this allows the user to buy a single LED device but use a different housing or delivery apparatus for each hair lightening session. In some embodiments, a new housing or delivery apparatus can be provided with each kit containing the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation.

[0170] In some embodiments, the one or more light sources (also referred to as lightgenerating sources) can be used to emit radiation across specific, targeted spectral ranges to facilitate the photothermal lightening of hair. Specifically, in some embodiments, the light source may include a first light source configured to emit a first spectral range in the visible range (for example, 400 nm to 700 nm, 400 nm to 570 nm, 500 nm to 700 nm). This visible range can be utilized for both user visibility during application and to provide supplemental energy to the treatment site. The apparatus can further include a Near-Infrared (NIR) light source configured to emit a second spectral range (for example, 850 nm to 1100 nm, 700 nm to 2500 nm, 900 nm to{00995811.DOCX } Page 28 of 811000 nm, 900 nm to 950nm). This NIR range can be specifically selected to cause selective heating of the melanin contained in the hair, enabling photothermal lightening with high precision. Additionally, the use of the first spectral range in the visible range and the second spectral range in the NIR range can cause the selective heating of melanin while minimizing damage to the other structures of the hair. In several embodiments, one, two, or more light sources emit in the visible range and one, two, or more light sources emit in the NIR range. Additional light sources may also be provided in some embodiment. In some embodiments, the use of the first spectral range within the visible range can allow for visibility of the area of the hair that is irradiated with the light source. This can allow for the user to determine the area of the hair being irradiated and the user can confirm complete coverage (or the desired coverage) of the treatment area of the hair with the light emitted from the NIR light source. In some embodiments, the use of the first spectral range can provide a lightening benefit as well as providing visibility for the user. In some embodiments, light in the blue and green spectrum can be used in combination with the NIR for enhanced hair lightening results. For example, the visible light can help to boost the lift accomplished with the treatment of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition and the NIR irradiation.

[0171] In some embodiments, the NIR light source and the visible light source are provided as separate components, such as a dedicated NIR-emitting light source and a visible-emitting light source. In other embodiments, a single, multi- wavelength light source or an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may be used to emit both the first and second spectral ranges simultaneously or sequentially. Example light sources can include one or more of a bulb, an LED, a laser diode, or other similar radiative sources capable of irradiating or heating the region of hair to be treated and / or emitting within the specified ranges of 400-570 nm and 850-1100 nm. In some embodiments, the light source described herein can irradiate and apply irradiation to the hair by exposing the hair to a specialty light source, for example, a light source that emits radiation within the near-infrared range.

[0172] In one embodiment, each of the one or more light sources can include a NIR light source. Herein, a light source may also be referred to as a light-generating source. In another embodiment, one or more light sources may include a NIR light source and a visible light source. In other embodiment, the NIR light source and the visible light source can be in separate light sources of the device, such as in a NIR-emitting light source and a visible-emitting light source. Example light sources can include one or more of a bulb, a light-emitting diode (LED) and / or other similar light sources. The NIR light source emits NIR light that is directed towards the hair, and{00995811.DOCX } Page 29 of 81causes selective heating of the melanin contained in the hair. The visible light source can emit broad or tuned spectrum visible light, e.g., to assist with visibility during product application. In one embodiment, separate light sources can be used, with a first light source emitting NIR light and a second light source emitting visible light. In another embodiment, a broad-spectrum light source can be used that emits both NIR and visible light.

[0173] In several embodiments, a light source, such as a NIR-emitting light source, a visible-emitting light source, or a combined NIR / visible-emitting light source, can include a filter or lens to further tune the light emitted therefrom. The light emitted from a light source can be directed through the filter or lens to alter a parameter of the emitted light, such as blocking or reducing transmittance of a wavelength or range of wavelengths. For example, each of the NIR-emitting light sources can include a filter that inhibits, or reduces, transmittance of light having a wavelength that is outside of the NIR spectrum. A plurality of filters (e.g., 2-6 or more) are used in one embodiment.

[0174] The duration of NIR exposure correlates to a level of hair lightening, also referred to as hair lift in several embodiments. Levels of lift refer to the shades of lightness and darkness existing between black (darkest, level = 1) and white (lightest, level = 10). Various hair lift levels are shown in FIG. 3B, with each of the shown indicators (e.g., LI, L2, ... L10) corresponding to a level of lift. The duration of light emittance by the device, or specific light sources, can be manipulated to assist with controlling the level of lift. Control of the light emittance by the device commensurately can control the duration of exposure to the emitted light. In some embodiments, the device can include a timer or timer functionality to control the emittance of light. The timer can be coupled to one or more light sources of the device, such that the timer can trigger turning at least one light source on or off. In one example, each of the one or more light sources can be coupled to a timer or timer functionality so that the duration of the emittance of light from each respective light source can be controlled. In a further example, the timer functionality can be coupled to each of the NIR light sources and each of the visible light sources / light-generating sources to allow for more granular control. Additionally, the timer functionality of a particular light source can be coupled to the timer functionality of another particular light source(s) allowing for grouped control of multiple light source(s).

[0175] In some embodiments, the technical architecture of the hair treatment system represents a sophisticated integration of power management and digital control designed to facilitate targeted melanin oxidation. The operation of the control system operation begins with the incoming line power, which is designed to draw from a standard salon electrical service, typically rated at 120{00995811.DOCX } Page 30 of 81V, 20 A. This incoming energy is partitioned into distinct conversion stages for a DC power supply to run the logic and cooling components, and dedicated NIR and blue light power supplies with integrated LED drivers. In some embodiments, the incoming energy can be partitioned into three distinct conversion stages for the DC power supply to run the logic and cooling components, and dedicated NIR and blue light power supplies with integrated LED drivers. This subdivided power architecture is essential for the system's safety logic, which sequentially offsets the activation of high-power components to ensure the total aggregate current draw never exceeds the rated capacity of the circuit. In some embodiments, the microcontroller coordinates operation of multiple LED light panels by temporally offsetting their pulse timing to manage aggregate power consumption.

[0176] The microcontroller can manage the cooling device to provide contemporaneous convective cooling during the irradiation process. In some embodiments, this can happen simultaneously with the coordination of the pulsing timing of the light panels. This hardware-driven thermal stabilization works in tandem with the radiant energy to maintain a hair surface temperature at or below 40°C. By intercepting the path of irradiation with controlled airflow, the cooling module can inhibit oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduction in cysteic acid formation compared to treatments conducted without integrated cooling. Ultimately, this electrical framework can serve as the catalyst for the stimuli-responsive composition, ensuring that the high-efficiency oxidation of melanin remains localized and safe for the structural integrity of the keratin matrix.

[0177] Additionally, the light source device includes a control system according to several embodiments. The control system can include a controller including firmware or software to regulate, adjust, and / or modulate the emittance of light from the one or more light sources. The controller can be specifically engineered or programed for modulating pulse timing (e.g., pulse duration and frequency) and wavelength mixing, allowing for the simultaneous or sequential delivery of the first and second spectral ranges. Control of the light intensity may involve the regulation of the number of light sources concurrently activated and / or the adjustment of the duty cycle through the controller (e.g., firmware and / or software). In some embodiments, the controller can modulate emittance of the one or more light sources with pulse timing. In some embodiments, the controller can modulate emittance of both the light sources with pulse timing. In some embodiments, the pulsing schedule can be about 1-10 ms (e.g., 2-8 ms, 4-6 ms) at 25 -33% (e.g., 25%, 33%) duty cycle.

[0178] In several embodiments, the controller can vary the intensity of the light by modulating the level of light emitted from a single light source or multiple light sources. In several{00995811.DOCX } Page 31 of 81embodiments, the device can vary the delivery of light from a single light source or multiple light sources by pulse width modulation. In some embodiments, for example, with a helmet or panel light source, the controller can control the light emitted from different portions of the helmet or panel light source at different times. For example, the helmet or panel light source can allow for pulsing of the light source so that the light emitted from the entire surface area of the device is turned off and turned on all together. In other examples embodiments, the helmet or panel light source can allow for pulsing of the light source so that the light emitted from different regions of the surface area of the device are turned off and turned on at different times. For example, the helmet or panel light source can have a first region for positioning over the left side of the user’s head, a second region for positioning over the right side of the user’s head, and a third region for positioning over the middle or top section of the user’s head. The helmet or panel light source can allow for pulsing of the light source so that the light emitted from the first region, second region, and third region can be pulsed on and off at different times or at the same time depending on the desired emittance, duty cycle, and / or pulsing to achieve the desired level of hair lightening while minimizing damage to the non-melanin containing structures of the hair. In some embodiments, the light emitted from the first region, second region, and third region of the helmet or panel light source can have portions within each region that pulse on and off at different times and / or in different increments. For example, each region can have a first group of light sources and a second group of light sources and all light sources in the first group in the first, second, and third region can be turned on and off at the same time and all light sources in the second group of light sources in the first, second, and third region can be turned on and off at the same time. While the examples refer to a first, second, and third regions of the light source, any number of regions can be defined to achieve the desired modulation or emittance schedule to achieve the desired level of hair lightening while minimizing damage to the non-melanin containing structures of the hair. Additionally, while the examples refer to a first group of light sources and second group of light sources, any amount of groups can be created to achieve the desired modulation or emittance schedule to achieve the desired level of hair lightening while minimizing damage to the non-melanin containing structures of the hair. While the example refers to controlling the light sources to turn them on and off, the light sources can be controlled in the same way to adjusts the duty cycle (the ratio of 'on' time to 'off time in a pulse cycle) and wavelength mixing (the proportional intensity of the first spectral range relative to the second spectral range) based on a selected treatment profile.{00995811.DOCX } Page 32 of 81

[0179] The light source may be pulsed on and off for 1-10 milliseconds (e.g., 2, 4, 6 ms, and overlapping ranges therein). This pulsing may be invisible to the naked eye and can provide cooling (reduce heat) to keep the effect localized. To allow the high intensity needed in one embodiment, different zones of light may be turned on at different times. In one embodiment, the pulsing schedule depends on amount of melanin, with longer off times used when more melanin is present in the recipient’s hair.

[0180] The device can also include a user interface in communication with the controller. The user interface can provide simplified preset programs for salon operators or other users. In some embodiments, these programs can function as an automated execution layer that automatically adjusts the duty cycle (the ratio of 'on' time to 'off time in a pulse cycle) and wavelength mixing (the proportional intensity of the first spectral range relative to the second spectral range) based on a selected treatment profile. Additionally, the device can include a feature to adjust and / or control the light intensity of the light source(s), such as the NIR or visible light source(s). Control of the intensity can involve regulation of a number of light source(s) that are concurrently activated. The adjustment of the light intensity can be controlled in a similar scheme as described above with respect to the timer functionality. Additionally, the timer functionality and intensity control adjustment functionality can be integrated into a control system that controls the emittance of the light from the device.

[0181] In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein include a thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation for use in the hair lightening system. In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation can exhibit little-to-no bleaching activity on its own when applied to hair, absent any exposure to NIR light irradiance. Accordingly, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation can display stimuli-responsive behavior due to the interaction between the NIR light irradiance and the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation. The stimuli-responsive behavior of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation is illustrated in one embodiment in FIG. 3 A. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation or thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be used herein to refer to a type of a stimuli-responsive formulation or stimuli-responsive composition that is activated upon exposure to a light source (for example, NIR light source).

[0182] FIG. 3 A illustrates a comparative study between hair samples treated with a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition described herein and those treated with a conventional{00995811.DOCX } Page 33 of 81commercial bleaching system. Table 2 provides the corresponding colorimetric data in the L*a*b* color space, where L* represents lightness (0 = black, 100 = white).

[0183] As illustrated in FIG. 3 A, hair sample 210, treated with the described thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation and irradiated with NIR light according to one embodiment, exhibits significant lightening. This is confirmed by the data in Table 2, where sample 210 achieved an L* value of 42.72. In contrast, hair sample 212, treated with the same thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation but lacking NIR light exposure, exhibits no visually-detectable lightening and a significantly lower L* value of 12.93. The delta in L* values between sample 210 and 212 demonstrates the "on-demand" activation triggered by the thermalmodulating stimulus. Table 2 illustrates one example. In some embodiments, L* values achieved using some embodiments disclosed herein are within a range of 30-80, 30-60, 30-50, 40-80, 40-50, or more than 80.

[0184] Hair samples 220 and 222 serve as control samples treated with a conventional commercial bleaching system. Unlike the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition, the conventional commercial system exhibits immediate activation upon preparation. As shown in Table 2, sample 220 (NIR-exposed, L*=50.62) and sample 222 (non-exposed, L*=35.56) both exhibit substantial lightening relative to the baseline.

[0185] As shown in FIG. 2 and Table 2, while the conventional commercial bleaching system shows some thermal sensitivity, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening_composition (Sample 210 vs 212) exhibits a vastly higher activation ratio. Whereas the conventional commercial bleach system lightens regardless of the stimulus, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition remains substantially inactive (L*=12.93) until the specific NIR irradiance is applied. Once the NIR irradiance is applied to the sample 210 treated with thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition, the lightness increases (in some embodiments by greater than 100%, 150%, 200%, e.g. approximately 230%). Accordingly, NIR irradiance of hair treated with the conventional commercial bleaching system solution has a non-critical impact, as the solution does not exhibit the true stimuli-responsive behavior of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition described herein.

[0186] FIG. 3 A shows a sample of hair 210 that has been treated with the described chemical formulation and irradiance by NIR light. In contrast, hair sample 212 was treated with the same chemical formulation but was not exposed to NIR light irradiance. As illustrated in FIG. 3 A, hair sample 210 exposed to both the chemical formulation and NIR light irradiance exhibits lightening, whereas hair sample 212 (not exposed to NIR light irradiance) does not exhibit visually-detectable{00995811.DOCX } Page 34 of 81lightening. Hair samples 220 and 222 are control samples treated with a conventional commercial bleaching system exhibiting immediate activation upon preparation, as described above. Sample 220 has been exposed to NIR irradiance, whereas sample 222 was not exposed to NIR irradiance. Regardless of exposure to NIR irradiance, samples 220 and 222 exhibit a similar degree of lightening. Accordingly, NIR irradiance of hair treated with the conventional commercial bleaching solution has little to no impact on the bleaching / lightening exhibited by the hair because the conventional commercial bleaching solution does not exhibit stimuli-responsive behavior.Table 2: Comparative Colorimetric Analysis of Stimuli-Responsive vs. Conventional Commercial Bleaching Compositions

[0187] The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for the persulfate-free lightening of hair can be formulated as a multi-component system including a first phase, a second phase, and / or a third phase. For example, the system for the controlled, persulfate-free lightening of hair can include a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for the persulfate-free lightening of hair. In some embodiments, the composition can include a first phase including a carbonate compound, a second phase including hydrogen peroxide, and an optional third phase including a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound. The system can also include a light source for irradiation of the hair sample in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the spectrum. The light source can be used to activate the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition{00995811.DOCX } Page 35 of 81and thereby lighten hair treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition. The light source can include a single light source or an optical component (or multiple optical components or light sources) to emit at least one of a first spectral range of 400 nm to 570 nm and a second spectral range of 850 nm to 1100 nm (using near-infrared irradiation (NIR)).

[0188] In some embodiments, the light source can include a controller comprising firmware and / or software for modulating pulse timing. In some embodiments, the controller can modulate one or more of duty cycle, peak irradiance, pulse width, and / or ratio of intensity of wavelengths in the first spectral range to intensity of wavelengths in the second spectral range. In some embodiments, the wavelength or wavelengths are produced from a light emitting diode (LED), laser diode, or other light source.

[0189] In some embodiments, the average total irradiance emitted by the light source is no more than .2-.5 (e.g., 0.356 W / cm2) at a distance of 1-3 inches from the device surface. In some embodiments, the average total irradiance is no more than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, or 2 (e.g., 0.356) W / cm2at a distance of 0-5 inches (e.g., 2, 3, 4 inches) from the device surface. The light source can be placed directly on the hair or at a distance away 0.1- 12 inches or more from the hair. In some embodiments, the average total irradiance emitted by the light source can be lower than 5 w / cm2at 1-3 inches from the device surface, and in one embodiment (e.g., less than 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2 w / cm2). In some embodiments, the light is applied directly to the hair and can be touching the hair or within .1 inch of the hair (e.g., by using plates that clamp the hair for example). In some embodiments, the emitter array of the light source can be configured to provide a spatial irradiance uniformity at a target hair-plane of + / - 10%. In some embodiments, the light source can include at least one optical element configured to diffuse the radiation from the emitter array to achieve a spatial irradiance uniformity of + / - 10% across a target hair-plane. In some embodiments, the light source can include a sensor, for example a temperature sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor can operate as a thermal over-temperature sensor to allow for the halt of optical emission if a safety threshold is exceeded. In some embodiments, the thermal over-temperature sensor can be combined with an alert that can alert the user to manually stop or halt optical emission from the light source. In some embodiments, the thermal over-temperature sensor can be integrated into the light source and can cause the optical emission to be automatically halted or the device to be turned off when the temperature exceeds a safety threshold.

[0190] In some embodiments, the light source can include a user interface configured to provide simplified preset programs for users (such as salon operators or at-home consumers). In some embodiments, the light source can include firmware and / or software that can automatically{00995811.DOCX } Page 36 of 81adjust the duty cycle and wavelength mixing based on a selected program. In some embodiments, the controller can used to stagger the activation of the plurality of independently controllable light emitting diode (LED) or laser diode panels or groups thereof to maintain a peak current draw within prescribed limits of a salon electrical service in a region of use.

[0191] In some embodiments, the light source can include a cooling device used to deliver airflow to a hair surface. In some embodiments, the light source or device that houses the light source (or light sources) can be used in combination with or can incorporate a cooling device used to deliver airflow to a hair surface. The cooling device can work in combination with the light source for the improved treatment of hair treated with a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition as described herein.

[0192] In some embodiments, the cooling module and the light-emitting diodes or light sources can be controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature of 40°C. In some embodiments, the cooling module and the light-emitting diodes or light sources can be controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature in the range of 30°C-40°C, 30°C - 50°C, 35°C - 50°C, 35°C - 45°C, 35°C -40°C, 40°C- 50°C, 45°C - 50°C.

[0193] As described previously, thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for the lightening of hair can be formulated as a multi-component system including a first phase, a second phase, and / or a third phase, in several embodiments. In some embodiments, the total thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be formed by combining the first, second, and third phases, either simultaneously or sequentially. In some embodiments, the first phase may be applied to the hair prior to the application of the second and third phases. In some embodiments, the total thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be substantially free of ammonia and / or persulfates. In some embodiments, the total composition can be characterized by a pH of between 7-10, 8-10, 9-10, 7-9, 7-8, or 8-9. In some embodiments, the total thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can selectively target the melanin in the hair as described previously. Accordingly, the total thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can undergo accelerated reactive oxygen species release as the temperature around the melanin increases from the melanin light absorption induced by the light source.The First Phase

[0194] In some case, the first phase comprises at least one carbonate compound. In some embodiments, the first phase can be provided as a booster powder. In some embodiments, the first phase can be provided as a paste. The carbonate compound may be selected from the group{00995811.DOCX } Page 37 of 81consisting of carbonates, bicarbonates, and / or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, bicarbonate examples can include sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, caesium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, and / or ammonium bicarbonate. In some embodiments, carbonate examples can include Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), magnesium carbonate (MgC03), ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), copper(II) carbonate (CuCO3), iron(II) carbonate (FeCO3) - also known as siderite, zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3), barium carbonate (BaCO3), strontium carbonate (SrCO3), silver carbonate (Ag2CO3), nickel(II) carbonate (NiC03), cobalt(II) carbonate (CoCO3), manganese(II) carbonate (MnC03), cadmium carbonate (CdCO3), bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO)2CO3), and / or lanthanum carbonate (La2(CO3)3).

[0195] In some embodiments, the first phase can include a metasilicate. In other embodiments, the first phase does not include a metasilicate. When the metasilicate is included, the metasilicate can act as an alkalizing agent. In some embodiments, the metasilicate can function as an alkalizing agent and as a buffering component to maintain the pH of the composition during the photothermal lightening process. The metasilicate compound can be selected from alkali metal metasilicates and alkaline earth metal metasilicates. Suitable metasilicates include, but are not limited to, sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3), potassium metasilicate (I SiCh), lithium metasilicate (LESiCh), and / or magnesium metasilicate (MgSiCh). The metasilicate may be present in an anhydrous form and / or in a hydrated form. In some embodiments, representative hydrated forms include sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na2SiO3SILO) and / or sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (Na2SiO39H2O).

[0196] The tables below illustrate non-limiting examples in which one, two, three or all of the components (ingredients) in the applicable table are included, and wherein additional ingredients may be optionally included as well.

[0197] Examples of the first phase are shown in Table 3 A and Table 3B:Table 3A Non-Limiting Example of First Phase Formulation Comprising a Metasilicate Alkalizing Agent{00995811.DOCX } Page 38 of 81Table 3B: Non-Limiting Example of First Phase Formulation Comprising a Carbonate- Bicarbonate System

[0198] In some embodiments, the first phase can include bicarbonate at approximately 5 to 15% by weight, carbonate at approximately 10 to 20% by weight, and metasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight. In some embodiments, the first phase can include bicarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight and carbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight. The Second Phase

[0199] In some embodiments, the second phase of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can include water as a primary solvent and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing or lightening agent. In some embodiments, the second phase can be provided as a developer. In some embodiments, the hydrogen peroxide concentration can be between 3% and 12% by volume (e.g., 10 volume to 40 volume developer). In some embodiments, to maintain the stability of the peroxide and the structural integrity of the hair, the second phase can incorporate a synergistic blend of stabilizers, rheology modifiers, and / or protective agents.Stabilization and Chelation System

[0200] To prevent the premature decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide and buffer the pH, a multi-stage stabilization system can be employed. This system can include sodium salicylate, phosphoric acid, sodium sulfate, citric acid, sodium phytate, tetrasodium EDTA, trisodium phosphate, and / or etidronic acid. Furthermore, the second phase can include a dual-action chelating complex to sequester transition metal ions, including, for example, tetrasodium etidronate and / or tetrasodium pyrophosphate.Rheology and Emulsification{00995811.DOCX } Page 39 of 81

[0201] In some embodiments, the second phase may be categorized as a "clear" aqueous solution, a cream, and / or an emulsion-based system. Its physical structure can be managed through rheology modifiers. In some embodiments, the physical structure can be modified with thickeners and / or surfactants (or a combination thereof) such as cetearyl alcohol, sodium sulfate, stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, acrylic acid polymers, cellulose polymers, alginate polymers, polysaccharide polymers, polyether urethanes, gel network thickeners, worm-like micelle thickening systems, and / or anionic thickeners.

[0202] In some embodiments, to ensure a homogeneous mixture and assist in the dispersion of lipophilic components, the second phase can incorporate emulsifiers and / or solubilizers such as sodium cetearyl sulfate, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl stearate, steareth-21, cetyl alcohol, ceteareth-20, laureth-23, dodecyl benzene sulfonate, nonoxynol-9, oleth-10, and / or oleth-2.Conditioning, Protective, and Humectant Components

[0203] In some embodiments, to mitigate oxidative stress on the hair fiber, the second phase includes conditioning oils and protectors such as paraffinum liquidum (mineral oil), coconut oil, argan oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, moringa oil, babassu oil, silicone oil, paraffin oil, amaranth oil, and / or dimethicone. In some embodiments, for example, the second phase may further incorporate humectants and / or conditioning agents. In some embodiments, the humectants can include, for example, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, butylene glycol, trimethylglycine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), amino acids (e.g., proline), monosaccharides, disaccharides (e.g., trehalose), and / or sugar alcohols (e.g., glycerol). In some embodiments, the conditioning agents can include, for example, behentrimonium chloride, polyquaternium-10, PEG-75 lanolin, lanolin alcohol, siloxanes, and / or cetylstearyl alcohol.

[0204] Examples of the second phase are shown in Table 4 A and Table 4B:Table 4A: Non-Limiting Example of Second Phase Formulation (Emulsion-Based Creme Developer){00995811.DOCX } Page 40 of 81Table 4B: Non-Limiting Example of Second Phase Formulation (Aqueous Clear Developer)

[0205] In some embodiments, the second phase comprises hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the second phase can include an emollient (such as a conditioner) and / or a rheologymodifier as a thickener to provide a paint-like consistency upon mixing.

[0206] The developer includes at least hydrogen peroxide and a stabilizer. The hydrogen peroxide concentration is between 3% and 12% by volume (e.g., 7.00%, 9.00%), also referred to as 10 volume and 40 volume developer. The stabilizer can buffer the pH, chelate or adsorb free metals, or both. Example stabilizers can include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid, citric acid, sodium phytate, tetrasodium EDTA, trisodium phosphate, and etidronic acid. The developer may be categorized as “clear,” meaning that the developer is aqueous, creme, or emulsion based. The developer may also include a thickener. Example thickeners can include, but are not limited to, cetearyl alcohol, stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, acrylic acid polymers, cellulose polymers, alginate polymers, polysaccharide polymers, polyether urethanes, gel network thickeners, wormlike micelle thickening systems, or anionic thickeners. The developer may also include an emulsifier or surfactant. Example emulsifiers can include, but are not limited to, glyceryl stearate, steareth-21, cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, ceteareth-20, laureth23, ceteareth-20, dodecyl benzene sulfonate, nonoxynol-9, oleth-10, and oleth-2. The developer may contain a humectant. Examples{00995811.DOCX } Page 41 of 81of humectants include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, butylene glycol, trimethylglycine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), amino acids (proline or other) monosaccharides, disaccharides (trehalose or other), or sugar alcohols (glycerol or other). The developer may contain a conditioning agent. Example conditioning agents include, but are not limited to, behentrimonium chloride, polyquaternium-10, peg-75 lanolin, lanolin alcohol, siloxanes, and cetyl stearyl alcohol. The developer may contain an oil. Examples of oils include, but are not limited to, coconut oil, argan oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, moringa oil, babassu oil, silicone oil, paraffin oil, mineral oil, amaranth oil, and dimethicone. The developer may also contain an oligo(vinyl) compound, as described previously. In some embodiments, an oligo(vinyl) compound is any compound having two or more vinyl groups, including but not limited to allyls, acrylates, or methacrylates.The Third Phase

[0207] In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can include an optional third phase. The third phase of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can modulate the chemical activity of the carbonate and hydrogen peroxide phases in response to precise irradiation parameters. This phase can serve as a thermal-responsive matrix that maintains the composition in a latent state until the specific thermal-modulating threshold is reached.

[0208] In some embodiments, the third phase can include a balanced ratio of solvents and / or hydrophobic compounds. In some embodiments, for example, the third phase can include a thermal-modulating solvent or humectant, a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound, and / or a pH-adjusting agent. In some embodiments, the thermal-modulating solvent or humectant can be, for example, at a concentration of approximately 40% to 70% by weight of the third phase. In some embodiments, the vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound can be, for example, at a concentration of approximately 15% to 35% by weight of the third phase. In some embodiments, the pH-adjusting agent can be, for example, at a concentration of approximately 5% to 15% by weight of the third phase.

[0209] In some embodiments, the thermal-modulating solvent can be selected for its ability to shift the enthalpy of the mixture, allowing the vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound to undergo a phase or state change when irradiated. This vinyl-containing compound may include various oligo(vinyl) or poly(vinyl) structures that create a hydrophobic barrier, preventing the premature interaction of the first and second phases. Upon reaching the activation temperature managed by the controller, the third phase can undergo a transition that permits the rapid diffusion of the{00995811.DOCX } Page 42 of 81carbonate and hydrogen peroxide (from the first and second phase respectively), initiating the lightening process.

[0210] In some embodiments, the vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound can be selected from a group including several distinct chemical classes designed to modulate the stimuli-responsive behavior of the composition. Each of the chemical groups described herein is further characterized as encompassing a broad range of molecular weights and structures, including small molecules, dimers, oligomers, and / or polymers containing at least one vinyl group.

[0211] In some embodiments, this vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound may include alkyl chains featuring at least one vinyl group, including alkyl groups that are terminal-functionalized at a single end or alkyl chains having both ends terminated with a vinyl group. Within this class, the compound may be provided as a small molecule, dimer, oligomer, and / or polymer. In some embodiments, examplary alkyl-based compounds can include long-chain alkenes such as 1-decene, 1 -dodecene, 1 -tetradecene, 1 -hexadecene, and / or 1 -octadecene, as well as vinyl ethers like 1,4-divinyloxybutane, vinyl n-butyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, and / or vinyl octadecyl ether.

[0212] In other embodiments, the vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound may be selected from various polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) featuring vinyl functionality positioned at the ends of the chain or along the backbone. Consistent with the broad molecular weight range of this phase, these siloxanes may exist as small molecules, dimers, oligomers, and / or high-molecular-weight polymers. In some embodiments, suitable terminal vinyl groups can include vinyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane), (diphenylsiloxane)-dimethylsiloxane vinyl terminated copolymer, and / or vinyl terminated polyphenylmethylsiloxane. Internal and hybrid vinyl siloxanes can include (vinylmethylsiloxane)-dimethylsiloxane copolymer (trimethylsiloxy terminated), (0.8- 1.2% vinylmethylsiloxane)-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinylmethylsiloxane homopolymer (trimethylsiloxy terminated), vinylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, and / or vinylmethylsiloxane-octylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane terpolymer.

[0213] In some embodiments, the vinyl- containing hydrophobic composition may further include PDMS with polymerizable handles, such as acrylate or methacrylate groups, across a spectrum of small molecule to polymeric structures to enhance thermal-responsiveness. Acryloxy-based examples can include (acryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, poly[(acryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane], and / or (3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxypropyl) terminated polydimethylsiloxane. Methacryloxy-based examples can include methacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, l,3-bis(3-methacryloxypropyl)tetrakis(trimethylsiloxy)disiloxane, and / or (methacryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer. Additionally, in some{00995811.DOCX } Page 43 of 81embodiments, mixed functional species such as (3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxypropyl)methylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer may be employed.

[0214] In some embodiments, extreme hydrophobicity and unique thermal properties may be provided by perfluoroalkyl substances (PF AS) featuring vinyl groups, which may similarly range from small molecule vinyl-functionalized fluorocarbons to fluorinated oligomers and polymers. In some embodiments, example fluorinated alkenes can include lH,lH,2H-perfluoro-l -decene, lH,lH,2H-perfluoro-l-octene, and / or 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafhioro-l-hexene, while fluorinated acrylates can include lH,lH,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate and / or lH,lH,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl methacrylate.

[0215] In some embodiments, the third phase may incorporate hydrophobic monomers with vinyl groups, as well as their corresponding dimers, oligomers, and / or polymers. These hydrophobic monomers with vinyl groups, as well as their corresponding dimers, oligomers, and / or polymer can be used to fine-tune phase transition temperatures. These include styrenics like styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, and / or 4-tert-butyl styrene; acrylates or methacrylates such as isodecyl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, and / or behenyl acrylate; and sulfone-based compounds such as vinylsulfone-PEG (polyethylene glycol functionalized with vinylsulfone).

[0216] The third phase can include a pH-adjusting agent. The pH-adjusting agent can allow for maintaining the chemical environment necessary for the stability of the vinyl-containing hydrophobic matrix and / or for modulating the activation kinetics of the carbonate and hydrogen peroxide components upon photothermal stimulation. The pH-adjusting agent can be selected from several distinct chemical classes of alkalizing agents, acidifying agents, and / or buffering systems, wherein each of these classes can encompasses a broad range of molecular weights and structures, including small molecules, dimers, oligomers, and / or polymers.

[0217] In some embodiments, the pH-adjusting agent may include organic amines and alkanolamines, which are nitrogen-containing compounds used to adjust the alkalinity of the third phase. In some embodiments, examples of organic amines can include, but are not limited to, alkanolamines such as ethanolamine (monoethanolamine), diethanolamine, triethanolamine, isopropanolamine, and / or 2-amino-2-methyl-l -propanol (AMP), as well as alkylamines such as ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, and / or various polyamines.

[0218] In addition to organic options, in some embodiments, the pH-adjusting agent may include inorganic bases and carbonates for fine-tuning the pH of the stimuli-responsive matrix. Examples of such inorganic bases include alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides, such as sodium{00995811.DOCX } Page 44 of 81hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and / or magnesium hydroxide, as well as ammonium compounds like ammonium hydroxide and / or ammonium carbonate.

[0219] In some embodiments, to ensure the system is properly balanced or buffered, the pH-adjusting agent may also include organic and inorganic acidifying agents. Examples of suitable mineral acids can include phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and / or sulfuric acid, while example organic acids can include citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, and / or glycolic acid.

[0220] Additionally, in some embodiments, the third phase may utilize amino acids and buffering salts to ensure pH stability throughout the irradiation process. In some embodiments, examples of such buffering agents can include amino acids such as arginine, lysine, histidine, and / or glycine, as well as salts such as sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium citrate, and / or potassium citrate. In some embodiments, these agents may be provided in small molecule, dimeric, oligomeric, and / or polymeric forms to achieve the desired thermal-modulating characteristics.

[0221] In some embodiments, the third phase may also include an antioxidant conditioner at a concentration of approximately 5% to 20% (e.g., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) by weight to preserve the structural integrity of the hair and prevent over-oxidation during the photothermal lightening process. This antioxidant conditioner can be selected from several distinct chemical classes of antioxidants, free-radical scavengers, and / or conditioning agents, wherein each class can encompass a broad range of molecular weights and structures, including small molecules, dimers, oligomers, and / or polymers.

[0222] In some embodiments, the antioxidant conditioner may include fat-soluble and / or water-soluble compounds such as vitamins and their derivatives, which serve to quench reactive oxygen species generated during the interaction of the carbonate and hydrogen peroxide phases. In some embodiments, an example of an antioxidant can include vitamin E, including its various forms such as alpha-tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl nicotinate, and / or other tocopherol esters or isomers. Other suitable vitamins can include Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and its derivatives such as ascorbyl palmitate and / or magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, as well as Vitamin A (retinol) and its various esters.

[0223] The antioxidant conditioner may also include polyphenols and botanical extracts known for high radical scavenging activity. This group can include, but is not limited to, green tea extract (epigallocatechin gallate), grape seed extract (proanthocyanidins), resveratrol, quercetin, ferulic acid, and / or phloroglucinol. In some embodiments, these antioxidant conditioner{00995811.DOCX } Page 45 of 81compounds can provide a protective secondary barrier on the hair cuticle, especially when the hair is subjected to the specific pulse sequences managed by the controller.

[0224] In some embodiments, in addition to vitamins and polyphenols, the antioxidant conditioner may include synthetic antioxidants and stabilized sulfur-containing compounds. Example compounds in this class include butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate, sodium metabisulfite, thioglycolic acid, and / or cysteamine. In some embodiments, similar to the other elements of the stimuli-responsive matrix, these antioxidant conditioners may be provided in oligomeric and / or polymeric forms, for example, such as PEG-fimctionalized antioxidants to modulate their solubility and thermal stability within the third phase.

[0225] Examples of the third phase are shown in Table 5 and Table 6:Table 5: Non-Limiting Example of Third Phase FormulationTable 6 : Non-Limiting Example of Third Phase Formulation with Antioxidant{00995811.DOCX } Page 46 of 81

[0226] In some embodiments, the third phase can include thermal-modulating solvent at approximately 40 to 70% by weight, pH-adjusting agent at approximately 5 to 15% by weight, and a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound at approximately 15 to 35% by weight. In some embodiments, the third phase can include an antioxidant conditioner of 5 - 20% by weight. In some embodiments, the glycerol (or pentylene glycol or propanediol) can act as protein stabilizer and can help with the reduction in damage through stabilization of protein / keratin in hair. In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can include an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 and including an organic acid. In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can include an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH in the range of 3.0 - 6.0, 3.0 - 5.0, 3.0 - 4.0, 4.0-6.0, 4.0 -5.0. In some embodiments, the post-treatment solution can include an aqueous citric acid wash.

[0227] In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can include a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, photocatalyst is incorporated into at least one of the first, second, or third phases, or can be provided as a separate fourth phase.

[0228] In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be a thermally-activatable formulation characterized by chemical stability at 25°C (no heating or minimal heating) and accelerated reactive oxygen species release upon heating of the melanin induced by near-infrared (NIR) radiation. In some embodiments, the chemical stability of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be characterized by a hair-lightening effect of no more than 2 levels (e.g., 1, 2 levels) within a 30-minute period at 25°C. In some embodiments, the efficacy of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be fundamentally linked to the precise stoichiometric and mass balance maintained between the three reactive phases. In some embodiments, the specific interaction between the carbonate-containing first phase, the hydrogen peroxide-containing second phase, and the hydrophobic-compound-containing third phase can be engineered to establish a latent state at normal ambient temperatures while permitting high-efficiency oxidation only upon targeted photothermal activation.

[0229] In some embodiments, the composition can included a broad mass ratio range of the carbonate-containing first phase to the hydrogen peroxide second phase to the hydrophobic-{00995811.DOCX } Page 47 of 81compound-containing third phase of approximately (1-10) : (15-45) : (2-20). In some embodiments optimized for maximum fiber integrity and precise thermal control, the mass ratio of the carbonate-containing phase to the hydrogen peroxide phase to the hydrophobic-compound-containing phase can be maintained within the range of 5 : (3-8) : (3-8). In some embodiments, this operational window allows the system to be tailored to diverse hair morphologies and initial pigment concentrations while ensuring that the stimuli-responsive "on-demand" behavior is preserved across various application scenarios. Within this ratio range, the high relative mass of the second phase can provide a sufficient oxidative reservoir to achieve significant lift, while the third phase can ensure a robust hydrophobic barrier that minimizes off-target oxidation of other structures of the hair during the diffusion process through the hair cuticle.

[0230] The disclosed chemical formulation can be divided into at least two mixtures, a booster powder and a developer, which are combined before use. The booster powder contains at least a carbonate. The carbonate can be one of a carbonate, bicarbonate, or a combination thereof. Examples of bicarbonates include Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, Caesium bicarbonate, Magnesium bicarbonate, Calcium bicarbonate, and Ammonium bicarbonate. Examples of carbonates include Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), copper(II) carbonate (CuCO3), iron(II) carbonate (FeCO3) - also known as siderite, zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3), barium carbonate (BaCO3), strontium carbonate (SrCO3), silver carbonate (Ag2CO3), nickel(II) carbonate (NiCO3), cobalt(II) carbonate (CoCO3), manganese(II) carbonate (MnC03), cadmium carbonate (CdCO3), bismuth subcarbonate ((BiO)2CO3), and lanthanum carbonate (La2(CO3)3). In several embodiments, the booster contains at least one repair component. The repair component can be configured or selected to reduce or limit off-target oxidation or alkaline-hydrolysis, thereby mitigating damage to the hair. The repair component could be an antioxidant, acid, metal chelator or sequestrant, protein restoration components, crosslinking agents, oligo(vinyl) compounds, or other. Possible repair components can include but are not limited to phenolic compounds, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, cystine, amino acids, erythorbic acid, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, poly(carboxylic acids). In some embodiments, the booster powder may additionally contain an initiator, such as a photoinitiator or thermal initiator. The initiator serves to initiate a radical reaction for the purpose of bleaching, polymerizing added components, covalently crosslinking components of the hair, covalently tethering an added component to the hair, or some combination thereof. In several embodiments, the photoinitiator is activated by blue light or near-infrared light.{00995811.DOCX } Page 48 of 81Examples of initiators can include, but are not limited to, 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMP A), 2,2-Dimethoxy- 1 ,2-diphenylethan- 1 -one, Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, Ethyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphosphinate, 2 -Hydroxy-4 '-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone, 1 -Hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, Diethoxyacetophenone, Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide, Camphorquinone, Esacure KIP 150, Thioxanthone Derivatives, and Irgacure 2100.

[0231] In some embodiments, the composition, system, or method can include the addition of a repair component such as a polycatechol, which can provide additional protection from off-target damage. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can include the repair component, for example, a polycatechol. A high molecular weight polycatechol, for example, can serve as a radical quencher but is too sterically hindered to reach the melanin-containing cortex. Thus, the polycatechol can serve to reduce localized radical activity at the hair surface, mitigating cuticle damage. FIG. 4 shows the optical micrographs (40x magnification) for hair that has been bleached by equivalent methods in the absence (left) and presence (right) of repair component, poly(catechol-styrene), abbreviated PCS. The reduction in surface damage, as visualized by reduced fiber roughness (e.g., reduction in the density of peeling cuticle cells) is evident for hair bleached in the presence of PCS when compared to hair processed by the equivalent method in the absence of PCS.

[0232] Alternatively, in some embodiments, repair components or processes may be applied in advance of oxidative treatment or the thermally-responsive chemical lightening treatment, referred to as a “pre-treatment.” In some embodiments, the repair components or processes can be applied to the hair as a pre-treatment and subsequently a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition treatment can be applied to the hair as a hair lightening treatment. This pre-treatment can involve the use of any of the aforementioned repair components and / or other agents. In some embodiments, the pre-treatment can involve the application of only a chemical preparation. In other embodiments, the pre-treatment can include the application of a chemical preparation in combination with energetic conditions. For example, the pre-treatment may involve the simultaneous or sequential use of irradiation, heat, ultrasound, and / or other type of energetic stimulus, in addition to a chemical pre-treatment preparation. In some embodiments, the pretreatment can consist of treating the hair with at least one oligo(vinyl) compound and a photoinitiator compound. In some embodiments, examples of oligo(vinyl) compounds can include, but are not limited to, (acryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane] - dimethylsiloxane copolymer, poly[(acryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane], vinyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane),{00995811.DOCX } Page 49 of 81methacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, l,3-bis(3-methacryloxypropyl)tetrakis(trimethylsiloxy)disiloxane, (3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxypropyl) terminated polydimethylsiloxane, (methacryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane - dimethylsiloxane copolymer, (3-acryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxypropyl)methylsiloxane]-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinylsulfone-peg, (diphenylsiloxane)-dimethylsiloxane vinyl terminated copolymer, ( vinylmethylsiloxane)-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, (0.8- 1.2% vinylmethylsiloxane)-dimethylsiloxane copolymer (trimethylsiloxy terminated), trimethylsiloxy terminated, vinylmethylsiloxane homopolymer, trimethylsiloxy terminated vinylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, vinylmethylsiloxane - octylmethylsiloxane - dimethylsiloxane terpolymer, and / or 1,4-divinyloxybutane.

[0233] In some embodiments, the chemical pretreatment composition can be applied, with or without manual massaging into the hair, and allowed to sit for an incubation period during which the chemical pretreatment compounds diffuse into the hair before further treatment. In some embodiments, the hair may be rinsed, washed with shampoo, fully dried, towel-dried, wiped, or left untouched before being treated with an energetic stimulus such as heat or irradiation. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the chemical composition may also be applied, with or without manual massaging into the hair, followed by promptly treating the hair with an energetic stimulus such as irradiation.

[0234] In some embodiments, compositions and methods can be used for treating keratinous fibers to effect crosslinking within the hair structure as an optional pre-treatment prior to a blonding or lightening process. Keratin is the primary structural protein in hair. The keratin can form a tough, fibrous, and insoluble structural framework, the keratin matrix, within the hair that provides strength, flexibility, and shape. In some embodiments, this optional pre-treatment can utilize a stimuli-responsive composition specifically formulated to reinforce the hair fiber through a thiol-ene click reaction, which serves to preserve the structural integrity of the keratin matrix under the extreme conditions of oxidative processing. This photocatalyzed thiol-ene click reaction pre-treatment can assist in hair repair from past damage and / or can protect the hair from the hair lightening treatment.

[0235] A method of treating keratinous fibers to effect crosslinking in hair prior to hair lightening can be used preserve the structural integrity of the keratin matrix under the extreme conditions of oxidative processing. The method can include applying, to the fibers, an emulsion including a first phase comprising a photoinitiator capable of initiating a thiol-ene click reaction, a second phase comprising a vinyl-containing modifier, and a pH modifier. The method can also{00995811.DOCX } Page 50 of 81include irradiating the fibers with a light source for the photothermal lightening of hair. In some embodiments, the light source can emit at least a spectral range of 400 nm to 700 nm (e.g. 450 nm to 650 nm, 500 nm- 600nm). In some embodiments, the light source can include a cooling module configured to deliver airflow to a hair surface. In other embodiments, the cooling module can be provided separately from the light source. In some embodiments, the light source can include a controller comprising firmware and / or software for modulating pulse timing and wavelength mixing.

[0236] In some embodiments, before the optional application of the crosslinking emulsion, the keratinous fibers may be contacted with a cosmetically acceptable reducing system designed to provide available thiol groups for subsequent crosslinking. In some embodiments, this reducing system can be selected from a Markush group consisting of (i) thiol or thiolate agents comprising cysteamine or cysteamine acid-addition salts, ammonium thioglycolate, glyceryl thioglycolate, thiolactic acid, 3 -mercaptopropionic acid, or thioglycerol; (ii) sulfite-based reducers comprising ammonium sulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, or potassium metabisulfite; (iii) biogenic or mild reducers comprising reduced glutathione, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, ascorbic acid, or sodium ascorbate; and (iv) combinations thereof.

[0237] In some embodiments, the reducing system can include a reducing solution active maintained at a concentration of approximately 5-10 wt% (e.g. 5-8 wt%, 6-8 wt%, 6-10 wt%, 7-10 wt%, and 6-7 wt%) at a pH of about 9.0, with an immersion or contact time of between 5 and 30 minutes to ensure adequate diffusion into the hair cortex.

[0238] In some embodiments, following the reductive step of the reducing system, the crosslinking pre-treatment emulsion can be applied to the fibers comprising a first phase with a photoinitiator capable of initiating a thiol-ene click reaction, a second phase comprising a vinylcontaining modifier, and a pH modifier. In some embodiments, the photoinitiator is selected from a group including a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, or a combination thereof. The photoinitiator may optionally be provided in the presence of a co-initiating amine, such as cosmetic-suitable, lower-odor, water-soluble alkanolamines or silicone- and polymer-based amines. The pH modifier incorporated into the emulsion can include potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or a combination thereof to establish the optimal alkaline environment for the crosslinking reaction.

[0239] The second phase of the crosslinking pre-treatment emulsion can include a vinylcontaining modifier, specifically a blend of vinyl-containing polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) featuring different molecular weights and viscosities ranging from 100 to 3000 cP. To ensure{00995811.DOCX } Page 51 of 81stability within the emulsion, the silicone-based oil phase can include at least one surfactant. In some embodiments, the at least one surfactant can be selected from PEG- 12 dimethicone, Bis-PEG / PPG-20 / 20 dimethicone, or a combination thereof. This vinyl-terminated polymer may also include surface-active moieties used to increase fiber shine, gloss, slip, or hydrophobicity. These moieties can be selected from functional siloxane oligomers or copolymers, including phenylsubstituted or alkyl-substituted siloxane units, and pendant linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon chains having 6-30 carbon atoms.

[0240] In some embodiments, a stimuli-responsiveness of the crosslinking pre-treatment can be achieved by exposing the treated fibers to a visible light source. In some embodiments, the visible light source can be a continuous or pulsed LED having a peak wavelength between approximately 400 nm and 700 nm. The irradiation can be conducted for a duration of 15 to 60 minutes at a pre-determined fixed distance, with an irradiance maintained between 0.01 and 0.5 W / cm2(e.g., 0.01 - 0.1 W / cm2, 0.01 and 0.3 W / cm2, 0.05 - 0.1 W / cm2, 0.05 - 0.3 W / cm2, 0.05 -0.5 W / cm2). This targeted irradiation can catalyze the click reaction between the available thiol groups in the hair and the vinyl- containing modifiers in the emulsion.

[0241] In some embodiments, a kit can be used for implementing any of the systems or methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the kit can include a first container (Part A) including an aqueous solution of a photoinitiator and a co-initiating amine. In some embodiments, the kit can include a second container (Part B) including a vinyl-terminated surface modifier and at least one surfactant. The kit can additionally include instructions to combine Part A with Part B to form an emulsion adjusted to pH of about 7-8 and to apply the emulsion to keratinous fibers followed by irradiation with visible light having a peak wavelength of 400 - 700 nm. In some embodiments, as an example, the visible light can have a peak wavelength of 400 - 700 nm, 500 -600nm, 450 - 550nm, 550-640nm. The technical efficacy of the optional crosslinking pretreatment for treating keratinous fibers is illustrated in FIG. 5, which compares hair integrity under extreme processing conditions. As shown in the center image of FIG. 5, hair treated with the crosslinking pre-treatment maintains the structural strength and textural characteristics of virgin hair, even after multiple bleaching cycles. In stark contrast, the right-most image in FIG. 5 demonstrates that hair processed without this pre-treatment exhibits visible breakage and abnormal texture. This contrast underscores how the crosslinking of vinyl- containing modifiers into the keratin matrix provides a critical protective framework that mitigates the damage typically associated with deep blonding in hair lightening treatments.{00995811.DOCX } Page 52 of 81

[0242] Specifically, FIG. 5 provides a visual comparison of hair tresses categorized into three states: before treatment (left), after bleaching following a pre-treatment (middle), and after bleaching without a pre-treatment (right). In one case, for example, the pre-treatment consists of incubating the hair in a mixture of 97% [15-20% (acryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane] -dimethylsiloxane copolymer and 3% 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA).

[0243] The crosslinking pre-treatment process can involve incubating the hair for a period of 90 minutes to allow the chemical compounds to diffuse into the hair structure. Following incubation, the hair surface is dried with a paper towel, and the hair is subsequently irradiated at 405 nm for a period of 40 minutes to initiate the thiol-ene click reaction. To underscore the discrepancies in structural damage under extreme processing conditions, the hair is then washed with shampoo, dried, and subjected to two bleaching cycles using a commercial system under nearinfrared irradiation. As evidenced by the results, the pre-treated hair maintains the strength and textural characteristics of the virgin hair, whereas the hair bleached twice in the absence of pretreatment displays visible breakage and an abnormal, compromised texture.

[0244] In some embodiments, the hair lightening system can be formulated such that lightening of the hair using optical and chemical components can include a multiple-stage application. In these embodiments, the hair can be treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation in excess. The formulation can be massaged through or otherwise applied to the hair. The formulation can then be allowed to incubate at normal ambient temperature for a period of 1-60 minutes, 5-45 minutes, 15-30 minutes. In some embodiments, the normal ambient temperatures refer to temperatures between 20 and 22°C (68 - 72°F).

[0245] In one example, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation is allowed to incubate for 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, or 30 minutes. During this incubation period, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation components can diffuse into the cortex of the hair.

[0246] Following incubation, the excess formulation can be removed from the surface of the hair to reduce or minimize light scattering by opacity. Removal of the excess formulation can be done by patting, wiping, dabbing, scraping, massaging, stroking, and / or otherwise removing without washing or rinsing. In some embodiments, the components of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation that have diffused into the internal structure of the hair are not removed during the excess removal process and the surface-residing chemical formulation is at least partially reduced through the excess removal steps.{00995811.DOCX } Page 53 of 81

[0247] Some implementations further include a second formulation, designed to be applied to the hair surface in order to minimize scattering at the surface. The second formulation is configured to stabilize the hair surface during bleaching and thus contains a high concentration of repair agents. Repair prevention may also include wrapping the hair in transparent film, as to prevent the hair from drying.

[0248] The hair is then irradiated for a period of 1-60, 10-50, 20-40, or 30 minutes with nearinfrared light, wherein the time period for irradiation can be based on the desired level of lift. The hair may be washed after irradiation.

[0249] In some embodiments, the stimulus for the activation of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be heat coming from photothermal effect of melanin as a result of the irradiation using the light source described herein. In some embodiments, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be a thermally-activatable formulation characterized by chemical stability at 25°C and accelerated reactivity only when the controller triggers the second spectral range (NIH) to increase the temperature surrounding melanin within the hair. In some embodiments, the chemical stability can be characterized by a hair-lightening effect of no more than 2 levels within a 30-minute period at 25°C.

[0250] FIG. 6 illustrates an example lightening system 500, in accordance with some of the systems and methods described herein for using thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulations. The lightening system 500 can be used to lighten a melanin-containing substance, including hair as described above. The system 500 can include an optical component 510, a chemical component 550 and / or other component(s). In some embodiments, the optical 510 and chemical 550 components in conjunction can work together to achieve a lightening or bleaching of hair. In some embodiments, the optical component 510 can be the light source described herein. In some embodiments, the chemical component 550 can be the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation.

[0251] The optical component 510 includes one or more Near-Infrared (NIR) light sources 520, one or more optical light sources 530, and a control system 540. In some embodiments, the one or more optical light sources 530 can be omitted. The NIR light sources 520 emit near-infrared light possessing one or more manipulable parameters such as a wavelength 522, a pulse frequency, an intensity, and / or other parameters recognizable to a skilled user. The NIR light sources 520 can include one or more NIR light emitting sources. For example, an NIR light source 520 can include one or more NIR light emitting LEDs, laser diodes, or other light sources. As discussed above, the NIR light sources 520 can be tuned light sources that emit a predetermined range of wavelengths.{00995811.DOCX } Page 54 of 81In one example, respective LEDs, corresponding to respective wavelengths, may be selected amongst a discrete series, enabling the operator to tailor the peak wavelengths of the emission spectrum to the application.

[0252] In some embodiments, the optical component 510 of the system 500 can include one or more visible light sources 530. The visible light sources 530 emit visible light, in comparison with the NIR light sources 520, which emit light that is unlikely to be visible to human eyes. The visible light sources 520 can emit light having a predetermined wavelength or spectrum 532. As discussed above, the visible light source(s) 530 can assist with illuminating an area in which the system 500 is being used or applied or can indicate that the device is on. In some embodiments, the NIR 520 and visible light 530 sources can be integrated into a unitary element, or can be discrete elements from one another. In some embodiments, the NIR 520 and visible light 530 sources can be integrated into a light source as described herein. In some embodiments, the NIR 520 and visible light 530 sources can be integrated into the same light source. In some embodiments, the NIR 520 and visible light 530 sources can be integrated into separate devices or separate light source.

[0253] In some embodiments, an optional control system (e.g., a controller) 540 can be included in the optical component 510 of the lightening system 500. The terms control system or controller can be used interchangeably herein to refer to the component of the device that controls operation of the optical components and / or the operation of the light source that includes the optical components. The control system 540 can control various aspects of the NIR 520 and / or visible 530 light source(s), such as duration 542, intensity 544, pattern 546 and / or other aspects of the light sources 520, 530. The duration 542 can include the amount of time one or more of the NIR 520 and visible 530 light source(s) are activated or emitting light. The intensity 544 can include the intensity of an emission by one or more of the NIR 520 and visible 530 light source(s). The control system 540 can include programming that controls the duration 542 and intensity 544 in concert, allowing for a variation of intensity 544 over time / duration 542. In one example, the control system 540 can cause the light emitted by the NIR light source(s) 520 to be initially emitted at a first intensity and at a second intensity at a later time. Additionally, the transition between the first and second intensities can be gradual over the duration between the intensities. Further, additional intensities 544 can be programmed to occur at different times over the duration 542. The pattern 546 can include an activation of one or more particular source(s) of the NIR 520 and / or visible 530 light source(s) and can also include the frequency of pulsing of either the NIR 520 or visible 530 light source(s). This can allow control of a pattern of the emission of light by the light{00995811.DOCX } Page 55 of 81source(s). The pattern 546 can be similarly linked to the duration 542 and / or intensity 544 of the emitted light by the NIR 520 and / or visible 530 light source(s).

[0254] The chemical component 550 of the lightening system 500 can include a booster 560 and a developer 570 of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation. The booster 560 includes at least a carbonate 564 in one embodiment, and may also include one or more repair components 566. In some embodiments, the booster 560 can include the first phase of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation described herein. The developer 570, in one embodiment, includes at least hydrogen peroxide 572 and a stabilizer 574. In some case, the developer 570 is second phase of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening formulation described herein.

[0255] The booster 560 and developer 570 can be combined as described herein to form the chemical component 550 of the lightening system 500. In one example, the booster 560 and developer 570 can be combined by a user prior to use or can be provided as a pre-combined chemical component 550 when prepared as stable, non-reactive forms.

[0256] FIG. 7 illustrates an example flowchart 600 for lightening hair or another melanincontaining fiber. At 602, a booster and stabilizer are combined to form a chemical component. At 604, the chemical component is applied to hair. The applied chemical component is allowed to incubate for a first duration at 606. The first duration for incubation can be based on temperature, strength / formulation of the chemical component, the degree of lightening or bleaching desired and / or other considerations. A formula, table, flow chart, directions, and / or other aid can be provided to assist with determining the first duration. At 608, the excess chemical component can be removed, but it may not be removed at this stage in certain implementations. The removal of the excess can be done by mechanical and / or chemical means, such as by scrapping, dabbing or other removal techniques. At 610, a second formulation that includes at least a repair component can be applied in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the repair component can be included in the chemical component or applied therewith, such as concurrently within 604. At 612, the hair is irradiated with near-infrared light for a second duration.

[0257] FIG. 8 provides a schematic cross-sectional view of the hair treatment system in one embodiment, illustrating the functional integration of the light source 802, the hair substrate 804, and an optional cooling device such as a convective cooling mechanism. The light source can include a cooling device used to deliver airflow to a hair surface. In some embodiments, the cooling device and the light-emitting diodes (or alternatively or additionally, laser diodes) of the light source can be controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface{00995811.DOCX } Page 56 of 81temperature. For example, the cooling device and the light-emitting diodes (or alternatively or additionally, laser diodes) of the light source can be controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature at 40°C. In some embodiments, the cooling device and the light-emitting diodes (or alternatively or additionally, laser diodes) of the light source can be controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature at 30°C-40°C, 30°C - 50°C, 35°C - 50°C, 35°C - 45°C, 35°C - 40°C , 40°C- 50°C, 45°C - 50°C. In some embodiments, the light source can include a thermal over-temperature sensor configured to halt optical emission if a safety threshold is exceeded.

[0258] As illustrated, the light source 802 is configured to project irradiation toward the hair substrate to catalyze the lightening process. Simultaneously, the cooling mechanism can generate a controlled airflow directed to intercept the path of the irradiation and / or the hair substrate as shown in FIG. 8. While the airflow is depicted in an orientation that intersects the irradiation vectors, it should be understood that the specific angle of airflow relative to the irradiation is an example. The airflow may be directed at any angle — including parallel, perpendicular, or any oblique orientation — provided that it establishes a thermal stabilization zone at the hair substrate.

[0259] This configuration can provide the contemporaneous application of radiant energy and convective cooling. This ensures that the heat generated during the lightening or blonding process is dissipated in real-time. By managing the thermal load during the active chemical transition, the system prevents the oxidative degradation of the hair fibers (e.g., the formation of cysteic acid) while maintaining high-efficiency pigment degradation.

[0260] The directional arrows for the airflow and irradiation in FIG. 8 represent one example of this intersectional cooling effect, which allows for a significant "lift" in hair lightness without compromising the structural integrity of the keratin matrix.

[0261] In several embodiments, systems and methods provided herein comprise mixing a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition comprising a carbonate-containing phase, a second hydrogen peroxide phase, and a third phase comprising at least a glycerol and / or a vinylcontaining hydrophobic compound. The composition can be applied to at least one section of hair and the hair can be irradiated with the light source configured to emit NIR radiation for an irradiation period of 5 to 60 minutes. In some embodiments, the light source can emit at least one of NIR radiation for an irradiation period of 5 to 60 minutes, 10-45 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 20-40 minutes, or 20-30 minutes. In some embodiments, a multiple-treatment protocol can be used in a single session or over multiple sessions, in a salon or at home. In some embodiments, the multiple-{00995811.DOCX } Page 57 of 81treatment protocol can include repeating the method on the same hair sections in a single salon session. Visible lighted may be optionally used to help visualize the hair being treated.

[0262] In some embodiments, an incubating step can be included after the application of the composition to the hair for 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, or 30 minutes. In some embodiments, an incubating step can be included after the application of the composition to the hair for a period of 5 to 20 minutes, 5 to 15 minutes, 10 to 15 minutes, 15 to 20 minutes, and 10 to 20 minutes.

[0263] The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition can be applied using a hairbrush or other applicator to achieve a hair lightening technique. In some embodiments, the hair lightening technique can include, but is not limited to, at least one of global blonding, balayage, foiling, highlights, and babylights. In some embodiments, the hair can be enclosed within a transparent foil that can allow the transmission of the NIR radiation when the hair is irradiated. In some embodiments, irradiating the hair can include selecting a pre-set program on the apparatus and a controller can automatically adjust a pulsed duty cycle and / or wavelength mixing based on the selected program.

[0264] In some embodiments, the step of irradiating the hair can be performed while simultaneously delivering airflow to the hair surface to maintain a surface temperature at or below 40°C.

[0265] In some embodiments, the method can include applying an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 (e.g., pH of 2-4 or 3-4) to the hair following the irradiation period.

[0266] In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the carbonate-containing phase to the hydrogen peroxide phase to the hydrophobic-compound-containing third phase is within the range of (1-10) : (15-45) : (2-20). In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the carbonate-containing phase to the hydrogen peroxide phase to the hydrophobic-compound-containing third phase is within the range of 5 : (3-8) : (3-8).

[0267] In some embodiments, the controller can include firmware and / or software used to modulate pulse timing and wavelength mixing to optimize the photothermal hair-lightening process. As illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, the firmware provides a flexible control architecture capable of independently adjusting pulse rate, pulse width, and duty cycle for the various LED arrays. These waveforms may represent the activation of the first spectral range (e.g., 400 nm to 570 nm), the second spectral range (e.g., 850 nm to 1100 nm NIR), or a combination of both. FIG.9 illustrates a first waveform 901 and a second waveform 902. As shown in Figure 9, the first{00995811.DOCX } Page 58 of 81waveform 901 can represent a system that is turned on and off with a 5 ms pulse and the second waveform 902 can represent a system that is turned on and off with a 2 ms pulse. As illustrated in FIG. 9, the pulse of activation shown by the first wavelength 901 can be offset from the pulse of activation shown by the second wavelength 902. FIG. 10 illustrates a first waveform 1001 and a second waveform 1002. As shown in Figure 10, the first waveform 1001 can represent a system that has a duty cycle of 25% and the second waveform 1002 can represent a system that has a duty cycle of 33%. In several embodiments, the duty cycle of the first waveform and / or the second waveform can be a duty cycle of 10-40%, 20-30%, 20-40%, 10-30%, or 10-20%.

[0268] In some embodiments, the specific wavelength mixing ratios and pulse parameters can be defined by a preset program selected via the user interface on the irradiation device and controlled by the control system or controller. In other embodiments, the apparatus can be configured for manual adjustment or real-time algorithmic control, allowing an operator to customize the intensity and ratio of spectral outputs based on specific hair characteristics or desired lightening speed.

[0269] To ensure the apparatus remains compatible with a standard salon electrical service (e.g., 120 V, 20 A), the controller can utilize the staggered activation logic illustrated in FIG. 11. By sequentially offsetting the "On" states of the plurality of independently controllable LED panels or zones, the controller maintains a total aggregate current draw below the rated capacity of the circuit.

[0270] As shown in FIG. 11, this staggering occurs regardless of whether the device is operating under a preset program or a manual configuration; the firmware and / or software can dynamically calculate the required offsets to prevent overlapping peak current draws from multiple zones. This ensures that even when high-power NIR and blue spectral ranges are used simultaneously, the peak current draw remains within the prescribed safety limits of the region of use.

[0271] In some embodiments, the visible light (for example, the blue or green light) can be used to function with the NIR for enhanced hair lightening results. For example, the visible light can help to boost the lift accomplished with the treatment of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition and the NIR irradiation.

[0272] FIG. 12 (above) compares the lift levels of hair samples treated with a conventional commercial formula after 0, 1, 2, and 3 treatment cycles (right-side bars of the graph with respect to each number of treatments) or the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition system described herein (left-side bars of the graph with respect to each number of treatments), each{00995811.DOCX } Page 59 of 81lasting 1 hour. The hair treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition system was processed under NIR irradiation, while the conventional commercial formula was applied under non-irradiated conditions. The results indicate that the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition achieves a comparable lift level to the conventional commercial formula, with a difference of less than one level of lift.

[0273] FIG. 13 compares the surface damage of hair samples treated with a conventional commercial formula (top row) or the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition system (bottom row) after 2-3 treatment cycles, each lasting 1 hour. The hair treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition system (bottom row) was processed under NIR irradiation, while the conventional commercial formula (top row) was applied under nonirradiated conditions. Micrographs reveal that the hair treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition system (bottom row) exhibits less cuticle peeling and fewer surface irregularities, suggesting reduced structural damage compared to the conventional commercial treatment (top row).

[0274] FIG. 14 evaluates hair swelling after 2 - 3 treatment cycles by measuring hair diameter under hydrated conditions using optical micrographs analyzed with ImageJ. The hair treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition system disclosed herein was processed under NIR irradiation (right-side bars with respect to 2x and 3x treatment), while the conventional commercial formula was applied under non-irradiated conditions (left-side bars with respect to 2x and 3x treatment). The results show that hair treated with the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition system disclosed herein swells less than hair treated with the conventional commercial formula, indicating improved fiber integrity and reduced damage.

[0275] FIG. 15 and Table 7 illustrate the colorimetric characterization of hair samples using the CIE L*a*b* color space. Within this framework, the L*value (lightness) serves as a quantitative metric for measuring the degree of "lift," which directly correlates to the extent of melanin degradation and the overall lightening efficacy of the treatment. As pigments are degraded through the present method, light reflectance increases, resulting in a higher L* value. The analysis demonstrates that irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light, blue light, or a combination thereof, each independently and synergistically functions as a catalyst for hair lightening when applied in conjunction with a lightening composition.

[0276] The data reveals that NIR irradiation alone provides a high degree of blonding efficacy, consistently and significantly outperforming blue light across diverse hair morphologies. In Hair Type 1, the NIR-treated sample (Sample 1111) achieved an L* value of 10.95, representing a{00995811.DOCX } Page 60 of 81-57% improvement in lift over the blue-light-treated sample (Sample 1112, L* = 6.99). In Hair Type 2, this performance gap was further amplified, where NIR irradiation (Sample 1121) yielded an L* value of 45.19, compared to 28.31 for blue light (Sample 1122). This represents an approximately 60% increase in lightening efficiency for NIR relative to blue light. These results corroborate the utility of NIR light as a standalone treatment modality capable of driving substantial pigment degradation independently of other wavelengths.

[0277] According to several embodiments, while each wavelength is independently operative, the simultaneous or sequential application of NIR and blue light produced the highest observed L* values, revealing a synergistic enhancement of the hair lightening process. For Hair Type 1, the combined treatment (Sample 1113) achieved an L* value of 42.96 — a nearly 4-fold increase in lift over NIR alone and a 6-fold increase over blue light alone. For Hair Type 2, the combination (Sample 1123) reached a peak L* value of 51.16, the highest recorded across all test groups, confirming an optimized lightening effect.

[0278] The results demonstrate that the lightening effect is robust across diverse hair types and initial pigment concentrations. As shown in Table 5, the transition from an untreated baseline (Samples 1110 and 1120, L*~ 3.0-3.5) to the irradiated samples proves the ability to achieve significant lift without the need for persulfate-based compounds. The ability of the NIR wavelength to independently achieve substantial lift (e.g., L* = 45.19) confirms that effective blonding can be achievable using at least one of the disclosed wavelength ranges, or a combination thereof, to optimize for specific treatment times or hair sensitivities.Table 7. L*a*b* color values for hair samples that are untreated or irradiated with nearinfrared (NIR) light, blue light, or a combination of NIR and blue light.{00995811.DOCX } Page 61 of 81

[0279] Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), including attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR), may be used to characterize chemical changes in hair fibers before and after oxidative cosmetic treatments, including bleaching / lightening procedures. In some embodiments, FTIR is used to evaluate bleaching-associated hair damage by monitoring oxidation of sulfur-containing groups in keratin, for example by tracking bands assigned to cysteic acid (1040-1042 cm ') and cysteine-S-thiosulfate (1020-1025 cm '). These oxidative markers may be evaluated alone or in combination with additional hair / protein bands (e.g., Amide III near 1230 cm ') and hydrocarbon / lipid markers (e.g., CEF bending near 1450 cm1and / or CH stretching in the 2850-2960 cm ' region).

[0280] In some embodiments, during bleaching, oxidative cleavage of disulfide bonds in keratin can convert cystine / cysteine residues to higher oxidation states, including cysteic acid; therefore, an increase in the cysteic acid band can be used as an indicator of oxidative hair damage following bleaching. In some embodiments, damage is quantified by comparing peak height or integrated area of the cysteic acid band(s) to a reference band such as Amide I, enabling comparisons between untreated hair and hair treated according to the methods described herein.

[0281] FIG. 16 provides a comparative analysis of oxidative hair damage, quantified by the relative increase in cysteic acid content as measured by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The data illustrates a contrast in hair fiber degradation between treatments performed with and without the integrated cooling mechanism described herein.

[0282] As depicted in the results shown in FIG. 16, the hair sample treated with the cooling mechanism exhibited a low increase in cysteic acid of only 24.4%. Conversely, the hair treated without the cooling mechanism demonstrated an increase of 57.4%. As shown in FIG. 16, the damage incurred in the absence of cooling is more than double (approximately 2.35 times) the damage sustained when the cooling mechanism is utilized. The damage seen in the absence of cooling illustrates that without the cooling system the heat generated on the surface of the hair can cause damage to the hair. Therefore, it can be useful to utilize a cooling mechanism which can dissipate the heat generated at the hair surface.

[0283] This substantial reduction in cysteic acid formation — a primary chemical marker for the cleavage of disulfide bonds — demonstrates that the cooling mechanism provides a synergistic protective effect that preserves the structural integrity of the keratin matrix. While FIG. 16 specifically evaluates the results after a single (lx) treatment cycle, the significant inhibition of oxidative stress illustrates that the protective benefits can be cumulative and will result in greater preservation of hair health over multiple treatment cycles compared to conventional methods.{00995811.DOCX } Page 62 of 81

[0284] FIG. 17 illustrates a comparative analysis of hair fiber degradation via FTIR, specifically measuring the formation of cysteic acid between hair samples that were treated with continuous 100% duty cycle vs pulsed 25% duty cycle. As shown in the data, a sample treated with a continuous 100% duty cycle resulted in a significant 33.9% increase in cysteic acid content. In contrast, a sample treated using the light source as disclosed herein with a pulsed 25% duty cycle exhibited only a 6.1% increase in cysteic acid.

[0285] This data provides a technical link between the controller firmware and / or software and the preservation of hair health. For example, the results demonstrate thermal relaxation, synergistic control, and selective photothermolysis.

[0286] For example, the pulsed 25% duty cycle allows for intermittent thermal relaxation of the hair fiber, preventing the localized overheating that triggers the over-oxidation of cystine into cysteic acid. In some embodiments, a duty cycle in the range of 10-40%, 20-30%, 20-40%, 10-30%, or 10-20% is used.

[0287] Synergistic control can be seen with the described systems and methods according to several embodiments. For example, while the thermal-modulating solvent in the third phase manages heat at the molecular level, the modulating pulse timing of the light source can provide a macro-level control mechanism that ensures the lightening process remains controlled without compromising structural integrity.

[0288] Selective photothermolysis can be used in the described systems and methods. The significant reduction in cysteic acid (from 33.9% down to 6.1% in one example) confirms that wavelength mixing and pulse modulation in one embodiment can allow for efficient pigment lightening while maintaining the cystine disulfide bridges essential for hair strength. In several embodiments, cysteic acid is reduced by 2-10 fold. In some embodiments cysteic acid is reduced by 4-6 fold using embodiments described herein as compared to lightening hair using certain conventional lightening systems.

[0289] After the recipient’s hair is lightened using various embodiments described herein, the hair can then be further processed (e.g., straightened, permed or colored) immediately because the hair is still sufficiently healthy to undergo further processing. In some embodiments, straightening or perming the hair (or other hair processing) can be done prior to the lightening described herein because of the low-damage technology provided herein.

[0290] The technology described herein can be used for human natural and synthetic hair (including hair pieces and wigs). Veterinary use is also provided. Fabrics, fibers and textiles may be bleached using various embodiments herein.{00995811.DOCX } Page 63 of 81

[0291] Although certain embodiments and examples have been described herein, many aspects of the hair lighting system and methods shown and described in the present disclosure may be differently combined and / or modified to form still further embodiments or acceptable examples. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure, as fairly construed in view, for example, of one or more of the pending claims and / or those claims that are granted, and equivalents thereof. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0292] The terms formulation and composition are used interchangeably herein. The terms compound, agent and ingredient are used interchangeably herein. By references different “phases”, such term can also mean components or compositions and should not imply any narrow chemical meaning. When % weights are provided, such weights may be the portion of the compound with respect to the weight of that phase (before it is combined with another phase) and / or with respect to the entire composition as a whole (just prior to applying to hair).

[0293] The ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all overlap, sub-ranges, and combinations thereof. Language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “between,” and the like includes the number recited. A range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1 -3 articles refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 articles. Similarly, a group having 1-5 articles refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 articles, and so forth. The phrases “and ranges in between” and “overlapping ranges therein” can include ranges that fall in between the numerical values listed. For example, “1, 2, 3, 10, and ranges in between” can include 1-10, 1-3, 2-10, etc. Numbers preceded by a term such as “about,” “approximately,” or “near” include the recited numbers and should be interpreted based on the circumstances (e.g., as accurate as reasonably possible under the circumstances, for example ±1%, ±5%, ±10%, ±15%, etc.). For example, “about 2 mm” includes “2 mm.” Phrases preceded by a term such as “substantially” or “generally” include the recited phrase and should be interpreted based on the circumstances (e.g., as much as reasonably possible under the circumstances). For example, “generally longitudinal” includes “longitudinal.”

[0294] Disclosure of systems and methods that comprise components and steps also provides support for such systems and methods to “consist of’ or “consist essentially of’ those components and steps, when the latter phrases are used in the claims. As an example, disclosure herein of a composition that comprises ingredient 1 and ingredient 2 may include additional ingredients or may consist or consist essentially of ingredient 1 and ingredient 2.{00995811.DOCX } Page 64 of 81

[0295] Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that some embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements, and / or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, blocks, and / or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and / or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. Articles such as “a” or “an” (for example, “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”).

[0296] For purposes of this disclosure, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features are described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, the disclosure may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves one advantage or a group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

[0297] The actions of the disclosed processes and methods may be modified in any manner, including by reordering actions and / or inserting additional actions and / or deleting actions. For the methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. The disclosure of methods or uses may also include instructing the method or use (for example, in instructions for use).

[0298] The preceding description is presented to enable the making and use of the technology disclosed. One or more modifications to the disclosed implementations will be apparent, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the technology disclosed. Thus, the technology disclosed is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. The scope of the technology disclosed is defined by the appended claims.{00995811.DOCX } Page 65 of 81

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A system for hair lightening, the system comprising:a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition comprising:one or more carbonate compounds, anda hydrogen peroxide,wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is substantially free of ammonia and persulfates, andwherein the one or more carbonate compounds and the hydrogen peroxide are configured for combining and applying to a recipient’s hair;an optical component for the hair lightening of the recipient’s hair, the optical component comprising:one or more light sources configured to emit at least one of:(i) a first spectral range of 400 nm to 570 nm, and(ii) a second spectral range of 800 nm to 1200 nm; anda controller configured to modulate an emittance of the optical component,wherein the optical component is configured to irradiate the recipient’s hair to cause lightening of the recipient’s hair through irradiation after the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is applied to the recipient’s hair.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a cooling device configured to deliver airflow to the recipient’s hair.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is not configured to lighten the recipient’s hair by more than two (2) levels without said irradiation, and wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is configured to lighten the recipient’s hair by more than two (2) levels after at least thirty (30) minutes of said irradiation.{00995811.DOCX } Page 66 of 815. The system of claim 1, wherein the irradiation is provided in the range of 850-1100 nm and wherein the one or more light sources is pulsed at a duty cycle of 10-40%.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is configured to undergo an accelerated reactive oxygen species release as a temperature around melanin in the recipient’s hair increases resulting from melanin light absorption induced by the one or more light sources.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more light sources comprise one or more light emitting diodes.

8. The system of claim 1,wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises a vinylcontaining hydrophobic compound;wherein the one or more light sources are configured to emit:the first spectral range of 400 nm to 570 nm, andthe second spectral range of 800 nm to 1200 nm;wherein the irradiation is provided, in use, in the range of 850-1100 nm;wherein the irradiation is provided, in use, at last partially as pulsed light;wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is configured to lighten the recipient’s hair by two (2) or fewer levels without said irradiation, and wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is configured to lighten the recipient’s hair by more than two (2) levels after at least thirty (30) minutes of said irradiation; and wherein the system is configured to target melanin in the recipient’s hair, while preserving keratin in the recipient’s hair.

9. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the composition is configured to be responsive to a stimulus for an activation of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition, and wherein the stimulus for the activation of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is heat coming from a photothermal effect of melanin as a result of irradiation using the one or more light sources.

10. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein at least one of the one or more carbonate compounds comprises a bicarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight and a carbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight.{00995811.DOCX } Page 67 of 8111. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the one or more carbonate compounds comprises a bicarbonate at approximately 5 to 15% by weight and a carbonate at approximately 10 to 20% by weight; and wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises a metasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight.

12. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises:a thermal-modulating solvent or humectant;a pH-adjusting agent; anda vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound.

13. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises:a thermal-modulating solvent or humectant at approximately 40 to 70% by weight;a pH-adjusting agent at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; anda vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound at approximately 15 to 35% by weight.

14. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises an antioxidant, an emollient and a rheology-modifier.

15. The system of any one of claims 1-8, further comprising an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 and comprising an organic acid.

16. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the recipient’s hair comprises a plurality of cystine disulfide bonds, and wherein said plurality of cystine disulfide bonds are not broken by more than 15% after the lightening of the recipient’s hair as compared to prior to said lightening.

17. The system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the system is configured for at home or salon use.

18. A system for hair lightening, the system comprising:a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for a persulfate-free lightening of hair, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition comprising:a first phase comprising a carbonate compound,a second phase comprising hydrogen peroxide, and{00995811.DOCX } Page 68 of 81a third phase comprising a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound,wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is substantially free of ammonia and persulfates and comprises a pH of less than 10; andan irradiation apparatus for the hair lightening of hair, the irradiation apparatus comprising: one or more optical components configured to emit at least one of(i) a first spectral range of 400 nm to 570 nm, and(ii) a second spectral range of 850 nm to 1100 nm;a cooling device configured to deliver airflow to a hair surface; anda controller configured to modulate emittance of the one or more optical components and / or the cooling device,wherein the irradiation apparatus is configured to irradiate the hair, andwherein the composition is configured to undergo an accelerated reactive oxygen species release as a temperature around melanin in the hair increases resulting from melanin light absorption induced by the irradiation apparatus.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the one or more optical components comprise one or more light sources.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein the controller is configured to modulate emittance of the one or more optical components with pulse timing.

21. The system of claim 18, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is configured to be responsive to a stimulus for an activation of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition, wherein the stimulus for the activation of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is heat coming from a photothermal effect of melanin as a result of irradiation using the irradiation apparatus.

22. The system of claim 18, wherein the first phase comprises:bicarbonate at approximately 5 to 15% by weight;carbonate at approximately 10 to 20% by weight; andmetasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight.

23. The system of claim 18, wherein the first phase comprises:bicarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight; andcarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight.{00995811.DOCX } Page 69 of 8124. The system of claim 18, wherein the third phase comprises:thermal-modulating solvent at approximately 40 to 70% by weight;pH-adjusting agent at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; anda vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound at approximately 15 to 35% by weight.

25. The system of claim 24, wherein the third phase further comprises an antioxidant conditioner of 5 - 20% by weight.

26. The system of claim 18, wherein the second phase further comprises an emollient as a conditioner and a rheology-modifier as a thickener configured to provide a paint-like consistency upon mixing.

27. The system of claim 18, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprising: an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0, and an organic acid.

28. The system of claim 18, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises a photocatalyst selected from the group consisting of a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, and combinations thereof, and wherein said photocatalyst is (i) incorporated into at least one of the first, second, or third phases, or (ii) is provided as a separate fourth phase.

29. The system of claim 18,wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is a thermally-activatable formulation characterized by a chemical stability at 25°C,wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition undergoes accelerated reactive oxygen species release upon heating of the melanin induced by irradiation of the hair at the second spectral range by the irradiation apparatus, andwherein said chemical stability is characterized by a hair-lightening effect of no more than 2 levels within a 30-minute period at 25°C.

30. The system of claim 18, wherein an average total irradiance is no more than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, or 2 W / cm2at a distance of 0-5 inches from a surface of the irradiation apparatus.{00995811.DOCX } Page 70 of 8131. The system of claim 18, wherein the cooling device and the one or more optical components are configured to be controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature of 40°C.

32. The system of claim 18, wherein the one or more optical components comprise an emitter array configured to provide a spatial irradiance uniformity at a target hair-plane of + / - 10%.

33. The system of claim 18, wherein the irradiation apparatus further comprises at least one optical element configured to diffuse radiation from an emitter array to achieve a spatial irradiance uniformity of + / - 10% across a target hair-plane.

34. The system of claim 18, wherein the irradiation apparatus further comprising a thermal over-temperature sensor configured to halt optical emission if a safety threshold is exceeded.

35. The system of claim 18, wherein the irradiation apparatus further comprising a user interface configured to provide a preset program, and wherein the controller is configured to automatically adjusts a duty cycle and wavelength mixing based on a selected preset program.

36. The system of claim 18, wherein the controller is configured to stagger activation of the one or more optical components, and wherein the staggered activation of the one or more optical component is configured to maintain a current draw.

37. A method for lightening hair using a stimuli-responsive photothermal system, the method comprising:(a) mixing a thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition comprising a first carbonate- containing phase, a second hydrogen peroxide phase, and a third phase comprising at least one of a glycerol and / or a vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound;(b) applying the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition to at least one section of hair; and(b) irradiating the hair with an irradiation apparatus configured to emit at least one of visible light or near-infrared (NIR) light radiation for an irradiation period of 5 to 60 minutes.

38. The method of claim 37, further comprising an incubating step after the applying of the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition to the hair for a period of 5 to 30 minutes.{00995811.DOCX } Page 71 of 8139. The method of claim 37, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is applied using a hair brush to achieve a hair lightening technique, the hair lightening technique including one or more of: global blonding, balayage, foiling, highlights, and babylights.

40. The method of claim 37, wherein the hair is enclosed within a transparent foil to allow transmission of the NIR radiation when the hair is irradiated.

41. The method of claim 37, wherein irradiating the hair comprises selecting a pre-set program on the irradiation apparatus, and wherein a controller automatically adjusts a pulsed duty cycle and wavelength mixing based on the selected pre-set program.

42. The method of claim 37, wherein irradiating the hair is performed while simultaneously delivering airflow to a surface of the hair to maintain a surface temperature at or below 40°C.

43. The method of claim 37, further comprising a multiple-treatment protocol, wherein operations (b) through (c) are repeated on the same hair sections.

44. The method of claim 37, further comprising applying an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 to the hair following the irradiation period.

45. The method of claim 37, wherein a mass ratio of the first carbonate-containing phase to the second hydrogen peroxide phase to the third phase is within a range of (1-10) : (15-45) : (2-20).

46. The method of claim 37, wherein a mass ratio of the first carbonate-containing phase to the second hydrogen peroxide phase to the third phase is within a range of 5 : (3-8) : (3-8).

47. A thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition for a persulfate-free lightening of hair, the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition comprising:a first phase comprising a carbonate compound;a second phase comprising hydrogen peroxide; anda third phase comprising a vinyl- containing hydrophobic compound,wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is formed by combining the first, second, and third phases,{00995811.DOCX } Page 72 of 81wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is substantially free of ammonia and persulfates and comprises a pH of less than 10, andwherein the first phase is applied to the hair prior to application of the second and third phases.

48. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition of claim 47, wherein the first phase comprises:bicarbonate at approximately 5 to 15% by weight;carbonate at approximately 10 to 20% by weight; andmetasilicate at approximately 60 to 85% by weight.

49. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition of claim 47, wherein the first phase comprises:bicarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight; andcarbonate at approximately 30 to 60% by weight.

50. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition of claim 47, wherein the third phase comprises:a thermal-modulating solvent at approximately 40 to 70% by weight;a pH-adjusting agent at approximately 5 to 15% by weight; anda vinyl-containing hydrophobic compound at approximately 15 to 35% by weight.

51. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition of claim 50, wherein the third phase further comprises an antioxidant of 5 - 20% by weight.

52. The composition of claim 47, wherein the second phase further comprises an emollient as a conditioner and a rheology-modifier as a thickener configured to provide a paint-like consistency upon mixing.

53. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition of claim 47, further comprising an aqueous post-treatment solution having a pH of less than 4.0 and comprising an organic acid.

54. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition of claim 47, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition further comprises a photocatalyst selected{00995811.DOCX } Page 73 of 81from the group consisting of a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, and combinations thereof, and wherein said photocatalyst is (i) incorporated into at least one of the first, second, or third phases, or (ii) is provided as a separate fourth phase.

55. The thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition of claim 47, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition is a thermally-activatable formulation characterized by a chemical stability at 25°C, wherein the thermally-responsive chemical lightening composition undergoes accelerated reactive oxygen species release upon heating of melanin in the hair induced by near-infrared (NIR) radiation, and wherein said chemical stability is characterized by a hair-lightening effect of no more than 2 levels within a 30-minute period at 25°C.

56. An irradiation apparatus for a photothermal lightening of hair, the irradiation apparatus comprising:an optical component, the optical component comprising:(i) a first wavelength or wavelengths in a range of 400 nm to 570 nm, and(ii) a second wavelength or wavelengths in a range of 850 nm to 1100 nm;a cooling device configured to deliver airflow to a hair surface; anda controller configured to modulate one or more of a duty cycle, a peak irradiance, a pulse width, and a ratio of intensity of wavelengths in the first wavelength or wavelengths range to intensity of wavelengths in the second wavelength or wavelengths range.

57. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, wherein one or more optical components comprise a light emitting diode, and the wavelength or wavelengths are produced from the light emitting diode.

58. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, wherein an average total irradiance of one or more optical components is no more than 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, or 2 W / cm2at a distance of 0-5 inches from a device surface.

59. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, wherein the cooling device and one or more optical components are controlled in a closed-loop feedback system to maintain a maximum hair surface temperature of 40°C.{00995811.DOCX } Page 74 of 8160. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, wherein the one or more optical component comprise an emitter array configured to provide a spatial irradiance uniformity at a target hairplane of + / - 10%.

61. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, further comprising at least one optical element configured to diffuse radiation from an emitter array to achieve a spatial irradiance uniformity of + / - 10% across a target hair-plane.

62. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, further comprising a thermal over-temperature sensor configured to halt optical emission if a safety threshold is exceeded.

63. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, further comprising a user interface configured to provide a preset program, wherein the controller is configured to automatically adjusts the duty cycle and wavelength mixing based on a selected preset program.

64. The irradiation apparatus of claim 56, wherein the controller is configured to stagger activation of one or more optical components; wherein the staggered activation of the one or more optical component is configured to maintain a current draw.

65. A method for treating keratinous fibers to effect crosslinking in hair prior to blonding, the method comprising:applying, to fibers, an emulsion comprising:a stimuli-responsive composition for the crosslinking of hair, the stimuli-responsive composition comprising:a first phase comprising a photoinitiator capable of initiating a thiol-ene click reaction, a second phase comprising a vinyl-containing modifier, anda pH modifier; andapplying an irradiation apparatus to the fibers for irradiating the fibers for a photothermal lightening of hair, the irradiation apparatus comprising:an optical component configured to emit at least a spectral range of 400 nm to 700 nm; a cooling module configured to deliver airflow to a hair surface; anda controller for modulating emittance of the optical component,wherein the controller modulates pulse timing and wavelength mixing for emittance from the optical component.{00995811.DOCX } Page 75 of 8166. The method of claim 65, further comprising applying a cosmetically acceptable reducing system to the keratinous fibers prior to emulsion application, wherein the cosmetically acceptable reducing system is selected from: (i) thiol or thiolate agents; (ii) sulfite-based reducers; (iii) biogenic or mild reducers; and (iv) combinations thereof.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein the reducing system active is about 5-10 wt% at pH about 9.0 and an immersion time is between 5-30 minutes.

68. The method of claim 65, wherein a base pH modifier comprises potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or a combination thereof.

69. The method of claim 65, wherein the optical component comprises a source of visible light, wherein the source of visible light is a continuous or pulsed LED having a peak wavelength of about between approximately 400 nm and approximately 700 nm.

70. The method of claim 65, wherein the irradiation is conducted for 15-60 minutes at a predetermined fixed distance and an irradiance between 0.01 to 0.1 W / cm271. The method of claim 65, wherein the second phase comprises a blend of vinyl-containing polydimethylsiloxanes of different molecular weights and viscosities ranging from 100-3000 cP.

72. The method of claim 66, wherein the second phase further comprises at least one surfactant.

73. The method of claim 65, wherein the photoinitiator comprises one or more of a flavin-based photoinitiator, an eosin-type dye, a rose bengal-type dye, a camphorquinone-type initiator, or a combination thereof.

74. The method of claim 65, wherein the photoinitiator is optionally in a presence of a coinitiating amine.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein the co-initiating amine comprises is selected from a group comprising: (i) cosmetic-suitable, lower-odor, water-soluble alkanolamines; and (ii) silicone- or polymer-based amines.

76. The method of claim 65, wherein the vinyl-containing modifier is a vinyl-terminated polymer comprising surface-active moieties configured to increase at least one of fiber shine,{00995811.DOCX } Page 76 of 81gloss, slip, or hydrophobicity, the surface-active moieties selected from the group consisting of (i) functional siloxane oligomers or copolymers, including phenyl- substituted siloxane units, alkyl-substituted siloxane units, and (ii) pendant linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon chains having 6-30 carbon atoms.

77. The apparatus, composition, system, or method according to any one of claims 1-76, wherein the hair, during or post lightening, exhibits less than a 15%, 10% or 7% increase in broken cystine disulfide bonds, optionally as characterized by FTIR analysis.

78. An apparatus, composition, system and / or method of melanin lightening of five (5) to seven (7) levels, wherein such lightening exhibits less than a 15%, 10% or 7% increase in broken cystine disulfide bonds, optionally as characterized by FTIR analysis.

79. A kit comprising any one or more components of any one of claims 1-76.

80. A kit for implementing the method of claim 65, comprising: (a) a first container (Part A) comprising an aqueous solution of a photoinitiator and a co-initiating amine; (b) a second container (Part B) comprising a vinyl-terminated surface modifier and at least one surfactant; and (c) instructions to combine Part A with Part B to form an emulsion adjusted to pH about 7-8 and to apply the emulsion to keratinous fibers followed by irradiation with visible light having a peak wavelength of 400 - 700 nm.

81. A persulfate-free system for lightening melanin-containing fibers comprising:a composition comprising: (i) at least one carbonate compound, and (ii) hydrogen peroxide at a pH of less than 9.75; anda pulsing, non-laser light source having at least 50% of a fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm.

82. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the composition is free of persulfates.

83. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the composition is a stimuli-responsive composition.

84. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the carbonate compound is present at 2-15% by weight.{00995811.DOCX } Page 77 of 8185. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the carbonate compound is potassium carbonate.

86. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the carbonate compound is selected from a group comprising: Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, Caesium bicarbonate, Magnesium bicarbonate, Calcium bicarbonate, and Ammonium bicarbonate.

87. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the composition comprises glycerol at 10-90% by weight.

88. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the composition comprises glycerol at 70-90% by weight.

89. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the composition comprises glycerol at 10-20% by weight.

90. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, wherein the composition comprises glycerol, and wherein a percentage by weight of the glycerol in the composition is determined at least partially in dependence on a parameter of the pulsing, non-laser light source.

91. The persulfate-free system of claim 81, further comprising a cooling unit configured to cool a surface of the melanin-containing fiber concurrently with the melanin-containing fiber being irradiated.

92. A persulfate-free system for lightening melanin-containing fibers comprising:a thermally-responsive composition applied directly to a melanin-containing fiber; and a pulsing, non-laser light source with 50% of its fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm,wherein the pulsing, non-laser light source is configured to irradiate the melanin-containing fiber treated with the thermally-responsive composition.

93. The persulfate-free system of claim 92, wherein the thermally-responsive composition contains a carbonate compound.

94. The persulfate-free system of claim 92, wherein the thermally-responsive composition contains glycerol at 10-90% by weight.{00995811.DOCX } Page 78 of 8195. The persulfate-free system of claim 92, further including a cooling unit configured to cool a surface of the melanin-containing fiber, concurrently with the irradiation of the melanincontaining fiber.

96. A persulfate-free system for lightening a melanin-containing fiber comprising:a thermally-activatable persulfate-free lightening formulation configured for application to the melanin-containing fiber;a photoinitiator and oligo(vinyl) compound; anda blue light source configured for indirect activation of the lightening formulation via a melanin- mediated photothermal effect and directly the photoinitiator.

97. A composition for stimuli-responsive lightening of a melanin-containing fiber comprising:a carbonate; andhydrogen peroxide,wherein the composition has a pH less than 9.75.

98. The composition of claim 97, wherein the carbonate is present at 2-15% by weight.

99. The composition of claim 97, wherein the carbonate is potassium carbonate.

100. A composition for stimuli-responsive lightening a melanin-containing fiber comprising: hydrogen peroxide;a carbonate; anda phenol-containing polymer,wherein a backbone of the phenol-containing polymer is not conjugated.

101. A method of lightening a melanin-containing fiber, the method comprising: applying, to the melanin-containing fiber, a stimuli-responsive lightening chemical formulation;andirradiating the melanin-containing fiber with a pulsing, non-laser light source,wherein the pulsing, non-laser light source having at least 50% of a fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm.

102. A method of lightening a melanin-containing fiber, the method comprising:{00995811.DOCX } Page 79 of 81applying, to a surface the melanin-containing fiber, a first stimuli-responsive chemical mixture; incubating the first stimuli-responsive chemical mixture on the melanin-containing fiber for a predetermined time period;removing the first stimuli-responsive chemical mixture from a surface of the melanin-containing fiber;adding a second chemical mixture to the surface of the melanin-containing fiber,wherein the second chemical mixture comprises a radical quenching component or an acidic component; andirradiating the melanin-containing fiber with a pulsing, non-laser light source having at least 50% of a fluence falling within a range of 800 nm to 1200 nm.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the predetermined time period is 5 minutes.

104. A method of reducing a risk of hair damage acquired by lightening of a hair fiber via a pre-treatment, the method comprising:applying, to the hair fiber, (i) a polymer or an oligomer, and (ii) a photoinitiator,wherein the polymer or the oligomer includes a oligo(vinyl) compound having two or more vinyl group functionalities; andirradiating the hair fiber at a wavelength between 380nm and 700nm for a period of 30 minutes.

105. The method of claim 104, wherein an irradiation wavelength falls within a range of 380nm to 500nm.

106. The method of claim 104, wherein the oligo(vinyl) compound includes at least three vinyl group functionalities.

107. The method of claim 104, wherein the polymer or oligomer has an organosilicon type structure.

108. The method of claim 104, wherein the polymer or oligomer is an [(acryloxypropyl)methylsiloxane] - dimethylsiloxane copolymer.

109. The method of claim 104, wherein the photoinitiator is 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA).{00995811.DOCX } Page 80 of 81

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