Ph responsive spermine-loaded hydrogels and uses thereof for treating and diagnosing localized prostate cancer
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/079174
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-02-27
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-03
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Figure CN2026079174_03092026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
pH Responsive Spermine-loaded Hydrogels and Uses Thereof for Treating and Diagnosing Localized Prostate CancerCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application serial number 63 / 764,127 filed February 27, 2025, where the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates to a pH-responsive spermine-loaded hydrogel and uses thereof for treating and diagnosing localized prostate cancer.BACKGROUND
[0003] Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer found in the male population, and it is the one of the top-ranking causes of global cancer death [1] . It is usually classified based on localization, aggressiveness, or metastatic potential. Standard diagnostics for PCa include prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, digital rectal examination, and transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy [2] . However, unless late stage tumor with discomfort or routine body check, there is hard to diagnose prostate cancer at its early stage [3] . Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) , also known as hormone therapy, is the primary systemic treatment for different stages of prostate cancer [4] . Abiraterone, apalutamide, and enzalutamide are common ADT drugs designed to combat prostate cancer by reducing testosterone levels. Apart from taking ADT alone, its combination with chemo drugs such as docetaxel is often prescribed for an aggressive therapeutic effect [5] . Although combined therapy for prostate cancer has demonstrated high efficacy in killing prostate cancer cells, the adverse effects are still concerning, especially to the patients with poor health conditions. ADT treatment always associates with high risk of cardiovascular disease which patients had a 20%greater risk of significant cardiovascular morbidity after the 1st year of treatment [6] . Moreover, a significant drawback is that most patients undergoing ADT treatment will eventually develop drug resistance, which typically coincides with disease progression [7] . Even patients receiving radical prostatectomy have a relapse rate of up to 40% [8] . Overall, the emergence of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and metastatic cancer has significantly contributed to the high mortality rate of prostate cancer (PCa) . Consequently, there is an urgent need for alternative therapies.
[0004] Local therapy for prostate cancer offers numerous advantages. One key benefit is its ability to directly target the disease prostate gland, leading to improved tumor control while minimizing new metastasis. By precisely providing treatment at the tumor site, it improves the treatment outcomes. Additionally, local drug delivery therapy prioritizes the preservation of urinary and sexual function which results from radiotherapy and surgery, thus significantly preserves the quality of life
[0022] . Another advantage of local therapy is the increasing utilization of minimally invasive techniques such as robotic-assisted surgery
[0023] . These approaches result in faster recovery times, ultimately leading to improved patient comfort and satisfaction. Therefore, local therapy embodies a comprehensive and patient-centered approach to prostate cancer treatment, offering targeted and personalized options that have the potential to yield better outcomes and improve overall well-being.
[0005] Spermine is a polyamine that plays essential roles in various bioactivities, including nucleic acid stabilization and cell growth [8b] . It can be found in different organs and is most abundant in the prostate, with a yield of 130 mg of spermine per 100g prostate tissue [9] . Spermine levels increased in tumor tissue, yet spermine levels dropped dramatically in prostate cancer cells and in urine as well
[0010] . Research on spermine as a biomarker for prostate cancer was limited until Chiu et al. reported a relationship between decreased urinary spermine levels and tumor progression. Based on these findings, PURE was developed as a more accurate diagnostic tool for early-screening of prostate cancer, while the drop in spermine level has raised the interest in its therapeutic potential in prostate cancer. The therapeutic potential was indeed first proposed as early as 1995. At that time, an intra-tumoral injection of spermine at 12 μmol per tumor per day could inhibit the subcutaneous tumor growth in Copenhagen rats
[0011] . Recently, a study further validated the therapeutic potential of spermine for prostate cancer. Li et al. demonstrated a tumor inhibition effect caused by a twice-daily intraperitoneal injection of spermine at 20 mg / kg in a human tumor xenograft mice model [8b] .
[0006] In order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, the utilization of a drug loading system is essential for the localized therapy of prostate cancer using spermine.SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0007] Accordingly, a first aspect of the present invention provides a pH-responsive hydrogel system, in which the pH-responsive character is attributed to the acid-labile imine bond formation between genipin, chitosan and spermine in spermine-genipin-chitosan hydrogel (SGC gel) ; and PEG-BA, carboxymethyl chitosan, spermine, and NBD-KK in spermine-PEG-CMC-NBD-KK hydrogel (SPCN gel) , for localized treatment of prostate cancer. The present hydrogel system is configured for local application, for example, via percutaneous or subcutaneous administration route to a region close to a tumor of the prostate cancer in a subject. The present hydrogel is capable of providing a sustained release of spermine to the prostate cancer cells or cancerous tumor / tissues. Localized treatment of the prostate cancer through the percutaneous or subcutaneous administration of the present hydrogel allows for concentration of spermine released directly at the targeted site, while potential negative effects of the spermine and / or any other co-administered anti-tumor or anti-cancer drug, if any, on healthy tissues or cells are minimized.
[0008] In a second aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing the pH-responsive hydrogel system described in the first aspect or in other aspects / embodiments described herein, where the method includes mixing a polymer-containing solution with a cross-linking agent-containing solution at room temperature until a homogeneous mixture is formed, followed by loading spermine.
[0009] In certain embodiments, spermine is loaded into chitosan and genipin-based hydrogels to form a spermine-genipin-chitosan hydrogel, or the term “SGC gel” used interchangeably throughout the present disclosure to refer to the same hydrogel. In these embodiments, genipin is selected as the cross-linking agent as it efficiently cross-links chitosan molecules, resulting in a stable chitosan and genipin-based hydrogel network. Physical and / or functional properties of the SGC gel in these embodiments can vary by adjusting concentrations of or molar / weight ratio between chitosan and genipin, and / or their cross-linking conditions such as the cross-linking time duration between chitosan and genipin. The physical and / or functional properties of the SGC gel that can be varied include, but not limited to, mechanical strengths, degradation (or biodegradation) rate, drug release profiles, etc.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the chitosan and genipin-based hydrogel network is formed through sonication of the chitosan-containing solution and the genipin-containing solution prior to loading of spermine. After that, a homogeneous mixture of the chitosan and genipin-based hydrogel is loaded with spermine followed by incubation at 37 ℃ overnight with mixing. Exemplarily, the spermine and chitosan are in a weight ratio of about 3: 8 to 7: 16 while the genipin are in a weight ratio of about 5-20%to that of chitosan in the hydrogel solution mixture. A weight ratio of spermine: chitosan or spermine: genipin is in a range of 3-7: 8-16 according to certain embodiments, while genipin is in a concentration of about 5 to about 20 wt. %and spermine is in a concentration of about 2.31 to 2.71 mg / g in the final SGC gel. In a specific embodiment, the concentration of genipin in the final SGC gel is in a range of about 5 to about 15 wt. %.
[0011] In other embodiments, the pH-responsive hydrogel system is prepared based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a cross-linking agent to create a hydrogel by cross-linking with a water-soluble chitosan selected from carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) . Exemplarily, branched forms of PEG are selected as the cross-linking agent to create the hydrogel with the water-soluble chitosan. The hydrogel as-fabricated based on the branched forms of PEG cross-linked with the water-soluble chitosan such as CMC is a four-arm PEG-based bulk hydrogel. Compared to two-arm polymer-based hydrogel network, the four-arm polymer-based hydrogel network exhibits high resistance to fracture with the same average crosslink density. Specifically, the branched forms of PEG are conjugates of branched PEG molecule with benzaldehyde (BA) , or the term “PEG-BA” used interchangeably throughout the present disclosure to refer to the same conjugates. PEG-BA reacts with CMC under a simple gelation condition (e.g., at room temperature) in a relatively short time duration (e.g., ~10 minutes) . Optionally, a pH-responsive agent, or pH-responsive dye, is used to conjugate with the four-arm PEG-based bulk hydrogel network to form a spermine-PEG-CMC-NBD-KK hydrogel, or the term “SPCN gel” used interchangeably throughout the present disclosure to refer to the same hydrogel. An exemplary embodiment of the pH-responsive dye is selected from 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole (NBD) as NBD possesses aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) properties and can be modified easily on amine group thereof. In certain embodiments, the NBD as the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) dye is modified with lysine dipeptide (KK) covalent conjugation to become NBD-KK for imine bond formation during gelation, which attribute for the pH-responsiveness of the hydrogel.
[0012] As the fluidity of the SPCN gel can vary by adjusting CMC-to-PEG ratio during the hydrogel formation, therefore in certain embodiments, spermine, CMC and PEG (or PEG-BA) may have a weight ratio of 5: 10: 1-2.
[0013] To avoid formation of glue-like hydrogel, the weight ratio between CMC and PEG (or PEG-BA) is larger than 50: 1, such as 10: 1 or 5: 1, according to certain embodiments; or in other embodiments, no more than 0.5-fold spermine to CMC is added into the mixture before a substantially yellowish, transparent hydrogel is formed.
[0014] In certain embodiments, CMC-containing solution is mixed with PEG-BA-containing solution at room temperature until the substantially yellowish, transparent hydrogel is formed, which may spend about 10 minutes from mixing of two solutions, loading of spermine, until the hydrogel is formed. Spermine and NBD-KK can be added sequentially or concurrently during the mixing of the CMC-containing solution and the PEG-BA-containing solution. The SPCN gel as-fabricated is pH-responsive as imine bonds that are formed between spermine, CMC and NBD-KK with the aldehyde group at the terminals of the PEG-BA are broken upon exposure to an acidic condition such as an acidic tumor microenvironment with a pH value of about 6.3 or lower.
[0015] In certain embodiments, NBD-KK is capable of emitting fluorescence signals when the imine bonds between NBD-KK and the terminals of the PEG-BA are broken. In these embodiments, NBD-KK is in a concentration of about 0.114 mg / mL to no more than 4.55 mg / mL. The intensity of the fluorescence signals from the NBD-KK is increased when the concentration of NBD-KK is decreased within the above working range according to certain embodiments. This pH-responsive cell labeling / tracking property enables the present hydrogel system to determine the location of abnormal cells or tissues, or even levels of tumor-specific biomarker expression within a region susceptible to prostate cancer when the present hydrogel system is applied in vivo.
[0016] In certain embodiments, both SGC and SPCN gels are capable to retain at least 35%of the loaded spermine within 72 hours at a pH value of about 6.3 or lower.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the SGC and SPCN gels prepared according to the present method have at least about 70%loading efficiency of spermine. SPCN gel according to certain embodiments has over 80%or even over 90%loading efficiency of spermine.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the SPCN gel has a storage modulus larger than a loss modulus within a temperature range from 20 ℃ to 60 ℃.
[0019] In a third aspect, provided herein is a method for treating a cancer, reducing tumor size, or inhibiting tumor growth in a subject in need thereof, where the method comprises applying the present pH-responsive hydrogel system to a target site proximal to a region of the tumor or directly at the region of the tumor in said subject. In other words, the third aspect provides an application or use of the present hydrogel system as a drug delivery system for delivering the loaded spermine to a subject in a site-specific and controlled-release / sustained-release manner for treating the cancer, reducing the size of the tumor, or inhibiting the tumor growth.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the cancer comprises prostate cancer including Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer (CSPC) and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) ; the tumor comprises prostate cancerous tumor.
[0021] In certain embodiments, said applying the pH-responsive hydrogel system comprises one or both of percutaneous injectionand subcutaneous injection.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the present pH-responsive hydrogel system delivers the loaded spermine to the target site or to the region of the tumor directly in a controlled-release or sustained-release manner with a retention rate of spermine of at least 35%within 72 hours at a pH value of about 6.3 or lower after said applying.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the pH-responsive hydrogel system is one of or a combination of SGC and SPCN gels.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the present pH-responsive hydrogel system can be co-administered to said subject with one or more primary or adjuvant therapies including, but not limited to, hormone therapy such as abiraterone, apalutamide, and enzalutamide, chemotherapy such as docetaxel, and radiotherapy, or any combination thereof.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the subject includes human or non-human animals.
[0026] Other aspects of the present invention include a method of reducing the number of prostate cancer cells in a sample in vitro or ex vivo, where the method comprises contacting the present pH-responsive spermine-loaded hydrogel with the sample for a time duration at a pH value of 6.3 or lower. In certain embodiments, the sample includes cell suspension, cell lysates, tissue sample, and body fluid, either isolated from a subject or from an artificial source such as a laboratory synthetic fluid. The other aspects of the present invention may also include a kit for determining a presence of tumor cells in a sample comprising the present pH-responsive spermine-loaded hydrogel for contacting with the sample. After contacting the sample, fluorescence signals emitted from the hydrogel represent the presence of tumor cells in the sample, and the sample can be cell suspension, cell lysates, tissue sample, and body fluid. The kit can also be used for determining a release profile of an active ingredient for treating the same, thereby determining a therapeutic efficacy of said active ingredient. Throughout the present disclosure, spermine is used as an active ingredient for treating the prostate cancer or cancerous tumor. However, it should be understood that the present hydrogel can be loaded with different therapeutic agent for a specific type of cancer or tumor.
[0027] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspects of the present invention are disclosed as illustrated by the embodiments hereinafterBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] The appended drawings, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements, contain figures of certain embodiments to further illustrate and clarify the above and other aspects, advantages and features of the present invention. It will be appreciated that these drawings depict embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
[0029] FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram of the present pH responsive spermine-loaded hydrogels for local treatment of prostate cancer and the components of the SGC gel and SPCN gel.
[0030] FIG. 1B shows FTIR spectra of SGC gel A to F. Red arrow: 1645 cm-1 (tertiary amide) Blue arrow: 1612 cm-1 (imine bond) .
[0031] FIG. 1C shows an image of SGC gel of various genipin content. Spermine: Chitosan-genipin = 1: 2 (v / v) , respectively.
[0032] FIG. 1D shows images of SGC gel of various genipin content (5 -20 %wt) and spermine-chitosan / genipin ratio: (i) Spermine: Chitosan-genipin = 1: 1 (w / w) ; (ii) Spermine: Chitosan-genipin = 1.5: 1 (w / w) ; (iii) Spermine: Chitosan-genipin = 1.75: 1 (w / w) ; (iv) Spermine: Chitosan-genipin = 2: 1 (w / w) .
[0033] FIG. 2A shows an image of the SGC gel A to F and the SPCN gel A to F.
[0034] FIG. 2B shows a representative SEM image of the SGC gel 1D (scale bar = 500 mm) .
[0035] FIG. 2C shows a representative SEM image of the SPCN gel 2F (NBD-KK = 4.55 mg / mL; scale bar = 500 mm) .
[0036] FIG. 2D shows amplitude sweep of standard template with LVE-range analysis at 10 rad / sgelation kinetics of SPCN gel at 25℃.
[0037] FIG. 2E shows storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G”) of SGC gel and SPCN gel.
[0038] FIG. 2F shows G’ and G” of SGC gel and SPCN gel at different temperature (20 –60 ℃; amplitude gamma = 1 %; angular Frequency omega = 10 rad / s) .
[0039] FIG. 2G shows an image of PC gel with different CMC: PEG ratio (w / w) .
[0040] FIG. 2H shows SPC gel of various spermine to CMC ratio (w / w) and CMC: PEG ratio: (i) PEG: CMC =1: 5 (w / w) ; (ii) PEG: CMC = 1: 10 (w / w) .
[0041] FIG. 2I shows FTIR spectra of SPCN gel A to F; black arrows: 1594 cm-1 (imine bond)
[0042] FIG. 3A shows a spermine release profile from SGC gel D and SPCN gel F at pH 7.4, pH 6.9 and pH 6.3 buffer over time.
[0043] FIGs. 3B-C show emission spectra of SPCN gel with different loading concentrations of NBD-KK (0 –0.114 mg / mL and 0.182 –4.545 mg / mL, respectively) (λex = 465 nm) .
[0044] FIG. 3D shows the change in signal intensity of the emission at 554 nm upon 465 nm excitation.
[0045] FIG. 3E shows an image of SPCN gel with different loading concentration of NBD-KK (0 –4.55 mg / mL) in vitro.
[0046] FIG. 3F shows signal enhancement of SPCN gel with different loading concentration of NBD-KK in the in vitro images compare to blank control.
[0047] FIG. 3G shows results of an injectability test by writing the capital letter A to F by injecting SGC gel A to F and SPCN gel A to F through a 27G needle syringe: (i) SGC gel A to SGC gel F; (ii) SPCN gel A to SPCN gel F.
[0048] FIGs. 4A-4H show results of cytotoxicity test on spermine in PC3 (FIG. 4A) , DU145 (FIG. 4B) , LNCaP (FIG. 4C) , RWPE-1 cell (FIG. 4D) , and SGC gel and SPCN gel in PC3 (FIG. 4E) , in DU145 (FIG. 4F) , in LNCaP (FIG. 4G) , and in RWPE-1 cells (FIG. 4H) , respectively, after 24 h incubation.
[0049] FIG. 4I shows cytotoxicity test result of spermine in the 9 test cancer cell lines after 24 h incubation and
[0050] FIG. 4J shows cytotoxicity test result of the (i) GC gel and (ii) PCN gel in prostate normal and prostate cancer cell line after 24 h incubation, respectively.
[0051] FIG. 5A shows the change in tumor volume for the in vivo the DU145 tumor upon untreated control, SGC gel, SPC gel and SPCN gel. data are expressed as mean ± SEM, * refers to P < 0.05, a statistically significant difference.
[0052] FIG. 5B shows the change of body weight during the treatment in different sample groups (control, SGC gel, SPC gel and SPCN gel) . data are expressed as mean ± SEM, * refers to P < 0.05, a statistically significant difference.
[0053] FIG. 5C shows the change in tumor spermine level along the treatment with SPCN gel.
[0054] FIG. 5D shows representative images of tumors harvested at Day 26 (scale bar = 10 mm) .
[0055] FIG. 5E shows images of mice at various time points in vivo after percutaneous injection of SPCN gel.
[0056] FIG. 5F shows the change in weight of mice treated with SPCN gel of various spermine contents (0.53, 0.401, and 0.260 mg) .
[0057] FIG. 6A shows TUNEL assay and IHC staining of Caspase 3 and LC3B of the DU145 tumor section along the treatment with SPCN gel (scale bar = 100 μm) .
[0058] FIG. 6B shows Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain of the DU145 tumor section along the treatment with SPCN gel. (scale bar = 100 μm) .
[0059] FIG. 7A shows a synthetic route for the synthesis of NBD-KK: Reaction conditions: (i) Fmoc-Lys (Boc) -OH, PyBOP, DIPEA, DMF, overnight; (ii) 20%4-methylpiperidine in DMF, 30 min.; (iii) NBD-Cl, DIPEA, overnight; (iv) 95%Trifluoroacetic acid, 2.5%Triisopropylsilane, 2.5%water,
[0060] FIGs 7B-7C show an analytical HPLC chromatogram and ESI-MS spectrum of NBD-KK, respectively.
[0061] FIGs 8A-8B show 1H NMR spectrum of NBD-KK [1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.33 (s, 1H) , 8.54 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H) , 8.43 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.69 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 5H) , 7.47 (s, 1H) , 7.07 (s, 1H) , 6.33 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.41 (s, 1H) , 4.22 (s, 1H) , 2.73 (d, J = 25.9 Hz, 4H) , 2.04 –1.17 (m, 12H) ] and 13C NMR spectrum of NBD-KK [13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 173.29, 169.96, 144.70, 144.47, 144.09, 137.74, 121.94, 64.98, 57.20, 38.69, 38.66, 31.60, 30.77, 26.61, 22.69, 22.36] , respectively.
[0062] FIGs 9A-9B show LC-MS / MS spectra of spermine in SGC gel and SPCN gel and a calibration curve for spermine content quantification as determined by the LC-MS / MS, respectively.
[0063] FIG. 10 shows swelling measurement of SPCN gel at different pH. (a) Swelling ratio, (b) Swelling rate of SPCN gel.
[0064] FIG. 11 shows results of Western Blot analysis of apoptotic markers upon SPCN gel treatment for 24h. (a) Western blot of Cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) , Cleaved-Caspase 7 (Casp-7) , Cleaved Caspase 3 (Casp-3) , and beta-actin (β-actin) ; Ratio of the expression level of (b) Cleaved PARP-1, (c) Cleaved Casp-7, (d) Cleaved Casp-3 in the prostate and prostate cancer cell lines treated with SPCN gel to the untreated control after normalization with β-actin.
[0065] FIG. 12 shows results of flow analysis of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in (a) RWPE-1, (b) DU145, (c) PC3, (d) LNCaP, and (e) 22Rv1 with and without SPCN gel treatment (Light grey: Untreated control; Dark grey: Treated with SPCN gel for 24h) ; (f) Ratio of the ROS level in the cell treated with SPCN gel to the untreated control.
[0066] FIG. 13 shows results of flow analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential of (a-c) RWPE-1, (d-f) DU145, (g-i) PC3, (j-l) LNCaP, (m-o) 22Rv1 without (a, d, g, j, m) or with (b, e, h, k, n) SPCN gel treatment for 24h. (c, f, i, l, o) (Light grey: Red fluorescent, healthy cells; Dark grey: green fluorescent, apoptotic cells) JC-1 signal ratio of apoptotic cell to healthy cell in untreated control and samples treated with SPCN gel.
[0067] FIG. 14 shows (a) the change in tumor volume for the in vivo DU145 tumor upon untreated control, SPC gel and SPCN gel. data are expressed as mean ± SEM, ** refers to p ≤ 0.01; ** refers to p ≤ 0.001, a statistically significant difference; (b) The change of body weight during the treatments. DEFINITIONS
[0068] Throughout the present disclosure, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0069] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0070] The terms "weight percent, " "wt-%, " "percent by weight, " "%by weight, " and variations thereof, as used herein, refer to the concentration of a substance as the weight of that substance divided by the total weight of the composition and multiplied by 100. It is understood that, as used here, "percent, " "%, " and the like are intended to be synonymous with "weight percent, " "wt-%, " etc.
[0071] The processes and compositions of the present disclosure may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the components and ingredients of the present disclosure as well as other ingredients described herein. As used herein, "consisting essentially of means that the methods and compositions may include additional steps, components or ingredients, but only if the additional steps, components or ingredients do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed processes and compositions.
[0072] The term “substantially” does not exclude “completely” , e.g., a composition "substantially free" of Y may be completely free of Y. The term "substantially" may be omitted from the definitions of the present invention when necessary.
[0073] The term "room temperature" refers to the typical temperature range of indoor air where people usually live and work, without active heating or cooling, common range of room temperature is roughly 20-25℃ (68-77°F) .
[0074] The term "tumor size" refers to the product of length and the square of the width of excised tumor specimen from any in vivo model or animal described herein divided by two.
[0075] The term “SPCN gel” refers to spermine-PEG-CMC-NBD-KK hydrogel, or spermine-4-arm-PEG-carboxylmethyl chitosan-di-lysine-nitrobenzodiazole gel which is used interchangeably with the former expression throughout the present disclosure.
[0076] The term “NBD-KK” refers to a responsive dye composed of NBD having aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) properties modified on its amine group with lysine dipeptide conjugation to form the SPCN gel according to certain embodiments of the present invention.
[0077] The term “PEG-BA” refers to polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated with benzaldehyde (BA)
[0078] The term “SPC gel” refers to a derivative of SPCN gel without NBD-KK.
[0079] The term “SGC gel” refers to spermine genipin chitosan hydrogel.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0080] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and / or substitutions, may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.
[0081] The present disclosure provides a pH-responsive hydrogels that are loaded with spermine for local therapy of cancer, in particular, for prostate cancer. Gel-based materials are a desirable option to optimize therapeutic outcomes of cancer treatment. Hydrogels possess three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers that possess high water content which resembles the structural and physiological characteristics of human tissues
[0012] . Owing to its excellent water-containing properties, polymeric porous structures, and tunable stiffness, hydrogels are ideal for wound dressing and drug delivery
[0013] . The cross-linked porous structure gives hydrogel an excellent ability to encapsulate drugs. By varying building backbone and crosslinkers, hydrogels can form under different stimuli including light, pH, and temperature, making hydrogel with tunable properties. Wide range of choices for the material, tunable properties, steady drug release, and excellent biocompatibility have made hydrogel appealing for various biomedical applications
[0014] . Hydrogels can be engineered to provide mechanical support and stabilization during surgical procedures to enhance precision and minimize invasiveness. In the radiation therapy of prostate cancer, a hydrogel spacer was injected between the prostate and the rectum to serve as a protective barrier for reducing the radiation dose delivered to the rectum and the surrounding healthy tissues in order to minimize the risk of rectal damage
[0015] .
[0082] As seen from FIG. 1, the present disclosure provides a platform for sustainable release of spermine to prostate cancer cells. The present pH-responsive hydrogels are configured for local application through percutaneous administration into a region of interest, in this example, the region close to the prostate tumor. The local application of spermine-loaded hydrogels according to certain embodiments of the present invention is able to concentrate spermine directly at the target site, allowing for effective treatment with a lower dosage of spermine, while minimizing any potential negative effects on other healthy tissues / regions.
[0083] The following examples are intended to assist the understanding of the present invention, but should not be considered only limiting the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention can be referred to the appended claims.
[0084] Example 1 - Preparation and Characterization of Spermine-loaded Hydrogels
[0085] The combination of chitosan and genipin offers several advantages for the present spermine genipin chitosan hydrogel, SGC gel, formation. As both chitosan and genipin are derived from natural sources, making them biocompatible and suitable for biomedical applications
[0016] . Chitosan and genipin-based hydrogels have been explored for a wide range of applications, from tissue engineering to drug delivery and biosensors
[0017] . Their versatility and compatibility in the biological systems make them attractive for diverse biomedical applications. Genipin efficiently cross-links chitosan molecules, resulting in the formation of stable hydrogels. This cross-linking provides the mechanical strength and stability of the hydrogel network. The properties of chitosan and genipin-based hydrogels can also be tailored by adjusting the concentration of chitosan, genipin, and cross-linking time. It allows the customization of hydrogels with desired properties such as mechanical strength, degradation rate, and drug release profiles. Formation of SGC gel was through the self-assembled by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group of chitosan to the olefinic carbon at C-3 of genipin, followed by ring opening of the dihydropyran ring and attack of the secondary amino group on the newly formed aldehyde group, which was shown in the absorption of carbonyl stretching vibration at 1645 cm-1 and the imine stretching vibration at 1612 cm-1, of the FT-IR spectrum of SGC gel A-F respectively (FIG. 1B) . Chitosan and genipin were sonicated before the addition of spermine. The reaction mixture was then incubated at 37℃ overnight. To optimize the spermine loading efficiency, combinations of various genipin content and spermine-chitosan / genipin volume ratios were tested. The combinations to produce the present SGC gel are summarized in SGC gels A –F in Table 1.
[0086] Table 1
[0087] In addition to spermine, the cross-linkage between chitosan and genipin was distributed, thus, higher genipin content was needed for the formation of hydrogel. At low genipin content (1%wt and 2%wt genipin addition) , the resultant product was glue-like. When the genipin content increased to 5%wt or above, the fluidity of the product gradually decreased with increasing genipin content (FIG. 1C) . Apart from genipin content, the amount of spermine present in the gel is another determining factor of the gel formation. With an increasing spermine content, the cross-linkage between chitosan and genipin turns looser, thus, no hydrogel can be formed at high spermine-to-chitosan / genipin ratio. The optimal spermine-to-chitosan / genipin ratio was found to be 1.5: 1 (v / v) and 1.75: 1 (v / v) for spermine hydrogel with 5 -20 %wt genipin addition (FIG. 1D, (i) - (iv) ) . After optimization of the gelation formulations, SGC gels A-F were formed (FIG. 2A) . The porous structure of this hydrogel was revealed by the SEM imaging result (FIG. 2B) and this feature allowed effective loading of spermine.
[0088] Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is another biocompatible material that has been extensively used in tissue engineering applications
[0018] . Branched forms of PEG are particularly popular as cross-linkers to create hydrogels. For example, four-arm PEG-based bulk hydrogels have been shown to exhibit good mechanical strength
[0019] . Hydrogels formed from four-arm polymer networks are more resistant to fracture compared to equivalent two-arm polymer-based networks with the same average crosslink density
[0020] . Consequently, spermine, polyethylene glycol, a water-soluble derivative of chitosan known as carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and a responsive dye, NBD-KK, were used to form Spermine-PEG-CMC-NBD-KK hydrogel, or SPCN gel used herein. The aggregation-caused quenching dye, 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole (NBD) , was employed as the responsive dye in the SPCN gel. NBD was reported to have aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) properties and can be modified easily on its amine group
[0021] . Therefore, NBD was modified with lysine dipeptide conjugation to form SPCN gel. The CMC-to-PEG ratio is crucial to the hydrogel formation. Increasing the CMC-to-PEG ratio causes the increase in fluidity of PC gel. When the CMC-to-PEG ratio was in 50: 1 w / w ratio, glue-like products could be formed. (FIG. 2G) . In addition, with respect to spermine, the amine groups on spermine competes for the aldehyde group on PEG to CMC, resulting in a glue-like product when more than 0.5-fold spermine to CMC was added (FIG. 2H) . The weight ratios of spermine, PEG, CMC, and NBD-KK were optimized to obtain the SPCN gel A -F combinations (Table 2) .
[0089] Table 2
[0090] The CMC / PEG-BA hydrogels were prepared by homogeneously mixing CMC solutions with PEG-BA solutions at room temperature. The fluid mixtures transformed into yellowish, transparent hydrogels within 10 minutes (FIG. 2A) . The amine groups on spermine, CMC, and NBD-KK were cross-linked by the aldehyde groups at the terminals of PEG-BA, forming imine bonds. The imine linkage in the SPCN gel would be broken upon exposure to the acidic tumor microenvironment and the fluorescence of NBD-KK would be restored which allows a real-time in vivo monitoring of the release of spermine from the SPCN gel. White dots were only found in the SEM image of SPCN gel sample with the addition of higher amount of NBD-KK (FIG. 2C) which might be attributed to the NBD-KK aggregates formed. The FT-IR spectrum of SPCN gel A-F showed the characteristic absorption of the imine stretching vibration at 1594 cm-1, indicating that the hydrogel network is generated through the formation of Schiff base linkages (FIG. 2I) .
[0091] Example 2 - Physical Characterization and Optimization of Spermine-loaded Hydrogels
[0092] 2.1. Study on spermine loading efficiency and release profile
[0093] The drug loading efficiency and the drug release are important in determining the optimal formulation of the present spermine-loaded hydrogels. Loading efficiency refers to the amount of spermine successfully incorporated into the hydrogel, indicating the concentration of the therapeutic agent within the gel. This parameter plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of spermine incorporation which was quantified by LCMS. Remarkably, when considering the SGC gel, all candidates including SGC gels A -F exhibited exceptional spermine loading efficiency, surpassing 70%and SGC gels D -F even possessed over 80 %loading efficiency (Table 1) . For SPCN gel, all candidates, SPCN gels A to F, showed above 80%loading efficiency. It confirms the successful integration of the drug into the hydrogel matrix. It should be highlighted that the SPCN gel can load a higher amount of spermine than the SGC gel in general. This high loading efficiency ensures a substantial amount of spermine is available for targeted delivery to the tumor site, maximizing the therapeutic potential of the present hydrogel formulation. To assess the drug release profile, we conducted an extensive 72-hour incubation of the hydrogel samples in pH buffer solutions in dialysis bags of molecular weight cutoff 3.5kDa with 1X PBS with varying acidity levels (pH 7.4, 6.9, and 6.3) . This allowed us to simulate the diverse microenvironments that the hydrogel may encounter within the body. During this incubation period, we closely monitored the release of spermine from the hydrogel matrix. Notably, minimal spermine release was observed at neutral pH (pH 7.4 and pH 6.9) throughout the entire duration of the experiment, indicating excellent stability and controlled drug retention (FIG. 3A) . However, as the pH decreased, representing the acidic tumor microenvironment, we observed a significant increase in drug release from both SGC gel and SPCN gel. Among all the samples, SGC gel D from the SGC gel candidates and SPCN gel F among the SPCN gel candidates demonstrated the highest and sustained release of spermine over the 72-hour incubation period. This sustained release pattern highlights their suitability for targeted drug delivery in the acidic tumor microenvironment, ensuring a prolonged and effective therapeutic response.
[0094] 2.2. Study on rheological property and the injectability
[0095] The viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels SGC gel and SPCN gel were evaluated by rheological study (FIGs. 2D-2F) . The storage modulus (G') represents the gel's ability to store elastic energy, while the loss modulus (G") reflects its viscous behavior. The rapid gelation time of the SPCN gel is demonstrated by the quick increase of the G’ above the G” curves within 10 minutes (FIG. 2D) , suggesting that the hydrogel network has formed and stabilized. The G’ reached plateau indicated that the material has developed a solid-like structure that can store energy elastically. The fast gelation of SPCN gel allows efficient in situ preparation of the hydrogel, making it advantageous for clinical applications. The G'> G” value of both SGC gel and SPCN gel at the full tested strain range indicating its solid-like behavior which is crucial for maintaining its structural integrity (FIG. 2E) . The G" value of both gels indicated a minimal flow behavior confirming the gels' ability to retain its shape and prevent unintended spreading upon administration. Additionally, their G'> G" properties were confirmed at various temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 ℃ (FIG. 2F) , indicating that the present hydrogels are stable at physiological temperatures. These preliminary findings suggest that both the SGC gel and SPCN gel possess desirable rheological properties, positioning them as promising candidates for the controlled and localized delivery of spermine in prostate cancer therapy.
[0096] The favorable characteristics of these gels for the efficient localized prostate cancer treatment were further explored by studying their drug release profile. Injectability is another critical factor in the clinical application of hydrogels, particularly in situations where direct administration to the tumor site is required. To evaluate the injectability of the present hydrogel formulations, a comprehensive test on all spermine loaded hydrogel samples was conducted. This test involved passing the hydrogels through a 27G needle syringe to simulate the administration process and write the capital letter A to F (FIG. 3F) . Encouragingly, all hydrogel samples exhibited excellent injectability characteristics, effortlessly passing through the needle without any clogging or resistance. This confirms the suitability of the present hydrogel formulations for easy and efficient administration into the residual tumor site following surgical resection of the prostate tumor. The favorable injectability properties ensure that the hydrogel can be precisely delivered to the desired location, facilitating optimal therapeutic outcomes.
[0097] 2.3. Study on photophysical property of the pH responsive SPCN gel
[0098] The quenching properties caused by aggregation of NBD-KK in SPCN gel have been investigated. SPCN gels with various concentrations of NBD-KK, ranging from 0 to 4.55 mg / ml, were prepared, and the fluorescent signals of these formulations were measured. The results indicated that aggregation-caused quenching occurred when the concentration of NBD-KK exceeded 0.114 mg / mL (FIGs. 3B and 3C) . In vitro imaging of the SPCN gels loaded with the same NBD-KK concentration range was performed using the Night OWL imaging system to demonstrate the recovery of the fluorescent signal as the hydrogel began to dissociate and release both spermine and NBD-KK in the tumor region (FIG. 3D) . The in vitro fluorescence images showed that the fluorescent signal enhancement was captured when the concentration of NBD-KK in gel decreased from 4.55 to 0.114 mg / ml (FIG. 3E) .
[0099] Drug loading, drug release, and injectability are critical parameters in selecting the optimal formulation for hydrogels used in drug delivery systems. Effective drug loading ensures that the hydrogel can encapsulate sufficient therapeutic agents, while controlled drug release is essential for achieving sustained therapeutic effects. Additionally, injectability is crucial for practical application, influencing the ease of administration and patient compliance. Together, these factors are vital for the successful optimization of hydrogel formulations in targeted therapies. With the exceptional spermine loading efficiency, and sustained spermine release profile in the acidic tumor microenvironment, excellent injectability and the critical concentration of 0.114 mg / mL NBD-KK for the aggregation-caused quenching property, SGC gel D and SPCN gel F were chosen to be the optimal formulations of SGC gel and SPCN gel respectively. As a result, they have been selected to proceed with further evaluation.
[0100] Example 3 -In vitro cytotoxicity study
[0101] In this example, the cytotoxicity of spermine in various cell lines was evaluated. The results indicated spermine shows no toxicity up to 1 mM in all 9 tested cell lines (FIG. 4I) but is only cytotoxic in the prostate cancer cells (FIGs. 4A-4D) .
[0102] Then, the cytotoxic effects of SGC gel and SPCN gel on both prostate cancer cells and normal prostate cells were evaluated; blank gels without spermine loading were tested as controls. The study focused on three prostate cancer cell lines with different expression patten of androgen receptor AR and PSA expression patten, they are PC3, DU145, and LNCaP, as well as one normal prostate cell line, RWPE1. After incubating the samples with the cells for 24 hours, the findings revealed that spermine demonstrates significantly cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells no matter different phenotypic expression, compared to normal prostate cells (FIGs. 4A-4H) . Notably, both SGC and SPCN gels exhibited similar selectivity for prostate cancer cells, indicating their potential effectiveness in targeting malignant tissues. Furthermore, the spermine-loaded hydrogels showed comparable toxicity levels in prostate cancer cells, with significantly lower LC50 values than in the prostate normal cell (Table 3) .
[0103] Table 3 -The LC50 of Spermine, SGC gel and SPCN gel in the PC3, DU145, LNCaP prostate cancer cells and RWPE-1 prostate normal cell at 24 h incubation:
[0104] Importantly, these gels did not exhibit any toxic effects on the normal prostate cells (FIG. 4H) , highlighting their safety profile. The blank hydrogels also confirmed their safety, showing no adverse effects on any of the tested prostate cancer and normal cell lines (FIG. 4J) . These results collectively underscore the potential of the present spermine-loaded hydrogels to selectively induce cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells while sparing normal cells, paving the way for more targeted therapeutic strategies. The controlled release mechanism of spermine from these hydrogels represents an innovative approach for localized prostate cancer treatment, aiming to enhance efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects.
[0105] Example 4 - In vivo therapeutic evaluation
[0106] To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the present spermine-loaded hydrogel, an in vivo study to assess its tumor inhibition performance was conducted. First, the optimal and feasible spermine dosage in the PCN gel were determined. SPCN gels containing different spermine contents were prepared. The dosages were tested from low to high (2.60, 4.01, and 5.30 mg spermine / g of SPCN gel) by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 g of the hydrogel into NSG mice (n =3 for each dosage trial) . The mice’s weights were monitored for seven days. Mice in all the experimental groups showed no significant weight loss which were considered safe dosages for further animal studies (FIG. 5F) . Consequently, the highest safe dosage was selected (5.3 mg spermine / g of SPCN gel) for the in vivo tumor inhibition study using DU145-bearing mice.
[0107] In an in vivo tumor inhibition assay, the mice were divided into four groups (n = 3 per group) to receive the following treatments: SGC gel, SPC gel (a derivative of SPCN gel without NBD-KK) , SPCN gel, and a no-treatment control. 0.1 g of the hydrogels (5.3 mg spermine / g of SPCN gel, 2.7 mg spermine / g of SGC gel) were injected percutaneously into the region near the tumor once a week. The results demonstrated a statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth of more than 60 %growth inhibition compared with untreated control over a 26-day post-treatment period in the groups treated with SPC gel and SPCN gel (FIG. 5A) . Notably, these treatments led to a rapid and effective response in impeding tumor progression, while the no-treatment group showed a pronounced increase in tumor volume. The lack of tumor inhibition in the SGC gel group may be due to its limitation of lower spermine content, suggesting that more frequent injections and longer treatment periods might be needed to observe potential tumor inhibition. Importantly, no weight loss was recorded in any group, indicating the safety of the present gels (FIG. 5B) . After 26 days, tumors from all experimental groups were harvested. The sizes of tumors in the SPC gel and SPCN gel groups were significantly reduced (FIG. 5D) . To confirm the release and penetration of spermine into the tumor from the hydrogel, a parallel experiment was conducted by harvesting tumors from mice at various time points during a 14-day treatment following a single injection of SPCN gel. The tumors were minced and digested for LCMS quantification of spermine. The results indicated a significant increase in spermine levels starting from day 2 post-injection, demonstrating that spermine was released from the SPCN gel and able to penetrate the tumor (FIG. 5C) . Since the present SPCN gel is designed to utilize the self-aggregated quenched character of NBD-KK for monitoring gel breakdown and spermine release process, in vivo imaging of the xenograft mice before and after SPCN gel administration was performed. The in vivo images showed an increase in fluorescence signal from 6 hours post-injection onward, followed by a gradual decrease in fluorescent intensity until 120 hours post-injection, confirming the release of NBD-KK and the restoration of fluorescence (FIG. 5E) . It indicated that the gel was broken down completely with release of spermine into the tumor while also showing the need for additional administration after day 7.
[0108] In addition to spermine quantification in the tumors, tumors harvested at different time points were fixed with formalin, followed by embedding in paraffin and sectioned for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to assess apoptosis and autophagy in the tumor (FIG. 6A) . IHC on tumor sections using caspase-3 as a marker was performed to assess apoptosis after treatment with SPCN gel. The IHC results indicated a significant increase in cellular caspase-3 level since day 1 post-injection, suggesting that the treatment with SPCN gel effectively induces apoptotic processes within the tumor tissue, which was also reflected by the result of TUNEL assay on the DU145 tumor. Besides, the occurrence of autophagy in the tumor was evaluated by the LC3B marker. IHC results for LC3B indicated that autography was activated after treatment with the SPCN gel (FIG. 6A) .
[0109] Moreover, images of the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of DU145 tumor sections show that only the cancer cells were noticeably damaged with SPCN gel treatment compared to the day 0 pre-treatment control (FIG. 6B) . In sharp contrast, tightly packed cancer cells were observed only in no treatment control tumor. In addition, the H&E histological analysis of major organs such as kidney and liver in the DU145-tumor-bearing mice indicated that SPCN gel did not cause any side effects and pathological abnormalities (FIG. 6B) , indicating the satisfactory safety and biocompatibility of the present SPCN gel. These in vivo findings provide compelling evidence of the therapeutic potential of the present spermine-loaded hydrogel, as demonstrated by its significant tumor inhibition, absence of toxicity, and induction of tumor cell apoptosis. These results further support the present hydro-gel formulation as a promising approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
[0110] Example 5 –Swelling ratio measurement of SPCN gel at different pH
[0111] The swelling ratios of the SPCN gel at different pH levels were evaluated using the tea-bag method with modifications. 0.1g freeze-dried SPCN gel was placed in the transwell and suspended in 0.5 mL of 1X PBS at pH levels of 6.3, 6.9, and 7.4, respectively. The samples were then incubated at 37℃. The transwells were taken out and patted dry with filter paper at destinated time point before weight measurement. The swelling ratio and swelling rate of SPCN gel under different pH conditions were calculated by the following equation, respectively. where WS denotes the weight of the swollen hydrogel, and Wd denotes the weight of the dried hydrogel. where t1 and t2 were the mean of the swelling time, Wt1 and Wt2 were the weight of the sample at t1 and t2, and Wd was the weight of the dried hydrogel.
[0112] The swelling ratio is the measure of the amount of water or solvent a hydrogel can absorb relative to its dry or initial state, which reflects the ability of the hydrogel to expand and retain liquid within its network. A high swelling ratio suggests that the hydrogel is highly porous, enabling absorption of large amounts of water, making it ideal for drug delivery. The present SPCN gel exhibits a swelling ratio of > 500 %at all tested pH conditions, and it reached equilibrium after 90 minutes (FIG. 10 (a) ) This provides a strong evidence to support the use of PEG-BA-carboxylmethyl chitosan (PC) hydrogel system as a spermine delivery cargo for the treatment of prostate cancer.
[0113] Example 6 -Western Blot analysis of apoptotic markers upon SPCN gel treatment
[0114] To investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of the present SPCN gel towards prostate cancer, a Western Blot analysis was performed for the change in expression level of different apoptotic markers, Cleaved PARP-1, Cleaved Casp-7, and Cleaved Casp-3, upon treatment with the SPCN gel for 24h (FIG. 11 (a) ) . Briefly, protein was extracted from the total cell lysis of prostate normal cell line, RWPE-1, and prostate cancer cell lines, DU145, PC3, LNCaP, and 22Rv1, upon incubation with SPCN gel for 24h, and then evaluated the change in expression level of the apoptotic markers by Western Blot. During apoptosis, Casp3, Casp7, and PARP are activated and undergo proteolytic cleavage. Casp-3 and Casp-7 are seen as the hallmark of apoptosis due to their role of serving as executioner caspases in the apoptotic pathway. In healthy cells, Casp-3 and Casp-7 exist as inactive pro-enzymes. When apoptosis is triggered, they undergo proteolytic cleavage and are converted into cleaved active forms. Casp-3 acts as the primary driver of cellular destruction, while Casp-7 assists in specialized tasks like cell detachment. For PARP-1, the primary substrate of Casp-3 and Casp-7, is inactivated by cleavage, resulting in a prevention of DNA repair, reserving for programmed cell death. Consequently, an increase in cleaved PARP-1, Casp-3, and Casp-7 serves as a definitive biochemical marker of apoptosis.
[0115] In general, the expression levels of Cleaved PARP-1, Cleaved Casp-7, and Casp-3 were enhanced upon treatment of SPCN gel compared to the untreated samples and to those of the normal prostate cell line, RWPE-1 (FIG. 11 (b-d) ) , suggesting that the apoptosis in PCa cell line is initiated by the present SPCN gel, resulting in a PCa-specific therapeutic effect.
[0116] Example 7 -Flow analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential upon SPCN gel treatment
[0117] To further validate the mechanism of PCa-specific toxicity of SPCN gel, flow analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (FIG. 12 (a-e) ) and mitochondrial potential (FIG. 13 (a-o) ) with or without SPCN gel treatment was conducted. As seen from FIGs. 12 and 13, the level of ROS also plays a role in the regulation of apoptosis. An excessive level of ROS not only causes oxidative stress and damages cellular components but also triggers intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor) apoptotic pathways via MAPK and ER stress pathways. Thus, an increase in ROS levels is often seen in apoptosis. In this example, the ROS level of PCa cell lines treated with SPCN gel was significantly enhanced, compared to the untreated cell lines and RWPE-1, suggesting that apoptosis is induced upon SPCN gel treatment. (FIG. 12 (f) )
[0118] To further validate the apoptosis caused by SPCN gel in PCa cell lines, a flow analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential on prostate and prostate cancer cell lines with or without SPCN gel treatment by JC-1 assay was performed. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is another hallmark of apoptosis. It often coincides with caspase activation. In healthy cells, JC-1 accumulates as aggregates in the mitochondrial membranes, resulting in red fluorescence, while in apoptotic cells, JC-1 exists in the green, fluorescent monomeric form. Using JC-1 dye, the state of the cell can be identified and differentiated. In this analysis, the green and red fluorescent signals of JC-1 in all cell lines of untreated samples are similar (FIG. 13 (a, d, g, j, m) ) . Upon treatment with SPCN gel, all PCa cell lines showed an increase in green signal, while RWPE-1 gave a similar fluorescent signal (FIG. 13 (e, h, k, n) ) . The enhancement in the green JC-1 fluorescent signal in PCa cell lines after SPCN gel treatment compared to the non-treated control, and that in RWPE-1 (FIG. 13(c, f, i, l, o) ) , showed strong evidence in PCa-specific apoptosis induced by SPCN gel.
[0119] Example 9 - In vivo tumor inhibition assay
[0120] To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the present SPCN gel, an in vivo study was conducted to assess its tumor inhibition performance on DU145-bearing mice. The mice were divided into 3 groups (n = 6 per group) which received the following treatments: 4-arm-PEG-carboxylmethyl chitosan gel (PC gel, as a blank hydrogel control of SPCN gel) and spermine-4-arm-PEG-carboxylmethyl chitosan-di-lysine-nitrobenzodiazole gel (SPCN gel) and a no-treatment control. 0.1 g of the hydrogels (5.3 mg spermine / g of SPCN gel) were injected subcutaneously into the region near the tumor once a week.
[0121] The results demonstrated a statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth of more than 60 %growth inhibition compared with untreated control over a 20-day post-treatment period in the groups treated with SPCN gel (FIG. 14 (a) ) . Notably, these treatments led to a rapid and effective response in impeding tumor progression, while the no-treatment group showed a pronounced increase in tumor volume. Importantly, no weight loss was recorded in any group, indicating the safety of the present gels (FIG. 14 (b) ) .
[0122] The disclosed experimental data was designed to establish the feasibility and reproducibility of the claimed process under representative conditions. The chosen materials and process parameters reflect the desired outcomes and are aligned with standard practices in the field. The focus of the present disclosure is to demonstrate the viability of the process under the specific conditions described. While the experimental data provided focuses on specific conditions, the process is not intended to be limited to these embodiments. The methodology described herein is adaptable to a range of conditions, and variations in the components could be explored to optimize the process for specific applications. The selection of the described parameters was based on their practical relevance and alignment with the objectives of this invention.
[0123] The following examples illustrate how some of the embodiments or experiments described herein are performed, but they should not be considered only limiting the scope of the present invention.
[0124] Materials and Methodologies
[0125] Materials. Chitosan (Practical grade, degree of deacetylation 91%, ) , spermine (Spm) , spermine-d8 (Spm-d8) , Eosin Y solution, bioreagent grade hydrochloric acid (HCl) , and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA) . Genipin and PyBOP, Fmoc-Lys (Boc) -OH were purchased from Bide Pharmatech Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China) . Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) (MW: 240 kDa, degree of deacetylation >90%, substitution degree >90%) and 4-methylpiperidine were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) . 4Arm-PEG-Benzaldehyde (PEG-BA) (MW: 2000 g / mol, >95%purity) was purchased from Shanghai Ponsure Biotech, Inc. (Shanghai, Chian) . 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from TCI (Shanghai) Development Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) . N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) was purchased from Energy Chemical (Shanghai, China) . Rink amide resin was purchased from GL Biochem (Shanghai) Ltd. (Shanghai, China) . Luminescent Cell Viability Assay was purchased from Promega Corporation. (Wisconsin, USA) . Anti-Caspase-3 antibody was purchased from Abcam Limited (Cambridge, UK) . LC3B Polyclonal Antibody was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Massachusetts, USA) . Heamotoxylin was purchased from Diapath SPA (Martinengo, Italy) .
[0126] General synthetic procedure of NBD-KK. NBD-KK was synthesised from NBD-Cl. The rink-amide resin (1 mmol) was first swollen in DMF. Fmoc-Lys (Boc) -OH (3 equiv. ) , PyBOP (3 equiv. ) and DIPEA (6 equiv. ) were dissolved in DMF (1 mL / 100 mg resin) and added to the swollen resin to allow an overnight reaction. The resin was then washed thoroughly with DMF. 4-methylpiperidine (20%in DMF) was added to the resin (1 mL / 100 mg) to allow Fmoc deprotection for 30 minutes. Lysine coupling and Fmoc deprotection were repeated before addition of NBD-Cl (3 equiv. ) and DIPEA (6 equiv. ) in DMF (1 mL / 100 mg) to react overnight to obtain NBD-KK (FIG. 7A) . Global cleavage and deprotection of the resin-bound peptides from the solid support was done by shaking with a deprotection cocktail (95%TFA, 2.5%TIPS, 2.5%H2O) (1 ml / 100 mg) for 3 h. The post-cleavage mixtures were separated into several centrifugal tubes and precipitated by adding around 40 mL Et2O each and centrifuged. The supernatant was discarded and the pellets were redissolved in 1-2 mL MeOH, precipitated again in 40 mL Et2O. After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded and the pellets were redissolved in DI water with MeCN. The post-cleavage mixtures were analyzed by HPLC and ESI-MS (FIGs. 7B-7C) .
[0127] Analytical HPLC. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for analytical purposes was carried out on an Agilent 1100 series HPLC system equipped with a Diode Array Detector (DAD) and an Agilent C18 column (inner diameter 3.0 mm, length 100 mm, particle size 2.7 μm) . The instrument was purchased from Agilent Technologies, Stockport, United Kingdom. The mobile phases were Milli-Q water and acetonitrile (MeCN) acidified with 0.1%TFA. The gradients were shown in Table 4.
[0128] Table 4 -Gradient for analytical HPLC
[0129] Mass spectrometry. Preliminary identification of compounds through mass to charge ratio (m / z) was conducted by SCIEX 3200Q ESI Mass Spectrometer. High resolution Mass Spectra reported were obtained from Bruker Autoflex MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer.
[0130] Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The NMR spectra reported were obtained from a Bruker Ultrashield 400 Plus NMR Spectrometer. The 1H chemical shifts were referenced to corresponding solvent peaks DMSO-d6 at 2.50 ppm; Peak multiplicities were abbreviated as the followings: s = singlet; d = doublet; t = triplet; dd = doublet of doublets; m = multiplet; br = broad. The 13C chemical shifts were referenced to corresponding solvent peaks DMSO-d6 at 39.52 ppm; Peak multiplicities were abbreviated as the followings: s = singlet; d = doublet; t = triplet; dd =doublet of doublets; m = multiplet; br = broad (FIGs. 8A-8B) .
[0131] Spermine-chitosan-genipin hydrogel synthesis. Spermine gel-1 was prepared from the previously reported protocol with modifications
[0024] . Briefly, 5 mg / mL spermine was prepared in Mili-Q water with pH adjusted to pH 6.20mg / mL Chitosan 0.5%v / v acetic acid (AcOH) . 5 mg / mL genipin was prepared in absolute ethanol. The SGC gel was prepared by varying the percent weight of genipin to chitosan and the volume ratio of spermine to chitosan / genipin cross-linking materials. Briefly, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, and 20%wt genipin were added to chitosan and stirred for 30 min for thorough mixing. The chitosan / genipin cross-linking materials were then sonicated for 30 min. After stirring and sonication, spermine was added to the chitosan / genipin mixture in 1: 2, 1.5: 1, 1.75: 1, and 2: 1 v / v ratio. The gel mixture was vortexed vigorously for 10 seconds before curing in the oven at 37 ℃ overnight.
[0132] Spermine-CMC-PEG-NBD-KK hydrogel synthesis. Spermine gel-2 was prepared from previously reported protocol with modification
[0025] . Briefly, 50 mg / mL carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and 0.1 mg / mL, 1.25 mg / mL and 50 mg / mL NBD-KK were prepared in Mili-Q water, 25 mg / mL pH 7.4 spermine was prepared in Mili-Q water with pH adjustment. Spermine gel-2 was prepared by varying the weight ratio of CMC, PEG-BA, Spm with a final weight ratio of Spm: CMC: PEG-BA=5: 10: 2 w / w and 5: 10: 1 w / w and a resultant NBD-KK concentration of 0.009 mg / mL, 0.114 mg / mL and 4.545 mg / mL. The gel solution mixture was vortexed vigorously for 10 s before gelation under room conditions for 10 min.
[0133] Spermine loading efficiency. The spermine content loaded into the spermine gel was evaluated by LC-MS using a previously reported method with modification
[0026] (FIG. 9A) . Briefly, the spermine-loaded hydrogels were weighted and dissolved in 100μL 5M hydrochloric acid and then diluted to 10000-fold by two 100-fold dilutions with Mili-Q water. A calibration curve of 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 ppb spermine was prepared from 1000 ppm Spermine standard. (FIG. 9B) 1μL of 1000 ppm Spermine-d8 was spiked to the calibration standard, and the samples reached a final concentration of 1000 ppb. The spermine concentration in the 10000-fold diluted was calculated by fitting it into the calibration curve. The loading efficiency of spermine was calculated using the following equation: where Spmtotal is the concentration of spermine in the reaction mixture and Spmgel is the concentration of spermine in the supernatant.
[0134] Spermine release profile. The release rate of spermine from the spermine-loaded gel was evaluated by LC-MS. Spermine-loaded hydrogel was placed in dialysis tubing with 1x Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of pH 6.3, pH 6.9, and pH 7.4. The spermine-loaded hydrogel solution was incubated in a Thermo-Shaker at 37 ℃ with continuous stirring. 1 mL of solution was extracted from the solution at 0h, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 24h, 48h, 72h, and diluted by 100-fold with Mili-Q water and spiked with spm-d8 to a final concentration of 1000 ppb as the internal standard.
[0135] Hydrogel Morphology. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to evaluate the innate morphology of blank gel and Spm gel. Tescan VEGA3 Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) at 4.0x10-3 Pa and 20kV was used to image the samples in a relaxed state. Samples were freeze-dried before being mounted to the sample stub using double-sided carbon tape.
[0136] Rheological analysis. Dynamic rheological measurements of the hydrogels were analysed by Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) under room conditions with a flat plate of 25 mm diameter attached to a transducer. The gap was set to 0.5 mm. Hydrogel discs of 25 mm diameter were used in the measurement unless or otherwise stated: (1) The storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G” of SPCN gel against time were recorded at room temperature under an angular frequency of 10 rad s-1 with g = 1%for the time sweep measurement. The SPCN gel solution to record the gelation time of SPCN gel. Spm, NBD-KK, and CMC were premixed followed by an addition of PEG-BA solution. The SPCN gel solution was loaded onto the plate immediately after vortexed for thorough mixing. (t=0) ; (2) The storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G” of SGC gel and SPCN gel disc of 25 mm were measured under strain amplitude sweep (g = 0.01%to 100%) at an angular frequency of 10 rad s-1; (3) The storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G” of SGC gel and SPCN gel under 20 ℃ to 60 ℃ were recorded under an angular frequency of 10 rad s-1 with g = 1%for the examination of the thermal stability of the gels. The temperature was raised by 5 ℃ per min and the storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G” was recorded every 20 s.
[0137] Photophysical characterization. Cary 60 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was employed for the absorbance measurement in the range of 300 -800 nm. The emission and excitation spectra were measured by Horiba Fluorolog-3 instrument with a 450 W xenon lamp at room temperature. SPCN gels with NBD-KK concentrations were prepared in the disposable cuvette of 10 mm path length for the measurement.
[0138] In vitro Performance Studies. The prostate cancer cell line PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and prostate normal cell line, RWPE-1 were a gift from Prof. Chi-Fai Ng from the Department of Surgery, CUHK. Grade IV human prostate adenocarcinoma, PC3; human prostate carcinoma, DU145 and LNCaP; and prostate normal cell lines, RWPE-1 were used for evaluating the in vitro cytotoxicity of spermine, SGC gel-D, and SPCN gel-F in this study. To serve as a control, human glioblastoma cell line, Ln 229; human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, C666-1; human epithelial tumor cell line, HONE-1; human breast adenocarcinoma, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231; human lung adenocarcinoma, A549; human hepatocellular carcinoma, MHCC97-L; human colorectal carcinoma, HCT116 and human cervical adenocarcinoma, HeLa were also used for the evaluation of the invitro cytotoxicity of spermine. PC3 was cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium F12 (DMEM / F12; Gibco) medium, DU145 was cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM; ATCC) , LNCaP, C666-1, HONE-1 were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium (RPMI 1640; Gibco) , Ln 229, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, A549, MHCC97-L, HCT116 and HeLa were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco) medium. RWPE-1 was cultured in Keratinocyte serum-free medium (K-SFM; Gibco) supplemented with 1%v / v 10,000 U / mL Penicillin-Streptomycin (PS; Gibco) and Human Recombinant Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF 1-53) and Bovine Pituitary Extract (BPE) according to the protocol. All media except K-SFM were supplemented with 10%v / v fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) and 1%v / v 10,000 U / mL Penicillin-Streptomycin (PS; Gibco) . All the cells are maintained at 37℃ with 5%CO2.
[0139] In vitro viability assay. The cytotoxicity of blank GC gel, SGC gel-D, blank PC gel and SPCN gel-F were assessed by Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. Cells (5 x 103 cells per well) were seeded onto 96-well plates and then incubated at 37 ℃ with 5%CO2 in the dark for 24 h before addition of samples. The cells were then incubated with samples for 24 h. For blank GC gel, blank PC gel, SGC gel-D and SPCN gel-F, gels were incubated in cell culture medium of pH 6.3 for 24h prior to sample addition and incubated at 37 ℃ with 5%CO2 in the dark for 24 h. The medium was removed on the detection day, followed by a PBS wash. Cells were then incubated at room condition with shaking with 100 mL Reagent / PBS (1: 1 v / v) mix for 15 min. The luminescent signal was measured by Thermo Scientific Varioskan LUX Multimode Microplate Reader.
[0140] The cytotoxicity of spermine was evaluated by MTT assay. Cells (5 x 103 cells per well) were seeded onto 96-well plates and then incubated at 37 ℃ with 5%CO2 in the dark for 24 h before spermine addition and another 24-h incubation in dark at 37 ℃ with 5%CO2. After 24h incubation with spermine, the cell culture medium was removed and the cells were washed with PBS before the incubation with 10%v / v 5 mg / mL Thiazolyl Blue (MTT) solution for 3 h at 37 o C with 5%CO2 in the dark. After incubation with MTT, 75 mL of the solution was removed, and 125 mL of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to dissolve the formazan crystals. The absorbance of the formazan crystal was measured at 540 nm by Thermo Scientific Varioskan LUX Multimode Microplate Reader.
[0141] In vitro fluorescence assay. SPC gel and SPCN gel of various concentrations of NBD-KK were prepared in 96-well black plate and the fluorescence signals of the SPCN gel were captured by the in vivo fluorescence assay was measured by the NightOWL II LB 983 In vivo Imaging System.
[0142] In vivo tumor inhibition assay. DU145 cells were suspended at 1 × 107 in 100 mL 1x PBS mixed 1: 1 with Matrigel and injected into the right flanks of male four-to six-week-old BALB / c nude mice. When tumors reached an average volume of 200–300 mm3, the xenografted mice were assigned randomly to treatment groups and control groups. The hydrogels were percutaneously injected into the region next to the tumor every 7 days. The tumor volume and body weight of the mice were monitored. Tumors were measured biweekly using a calliper, and the tumor sizes were determined by computing the product of length and the square of the width divided by two. At the end of experiment, mice were sacrificed, and the tumors were collected. The tumors were then fixed in 10%buffer-formalin for further analysis.
[0143] In vivo Performance Studies. Male BALB / c nude mice (6-8 weeks old) were purchased from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) . The mice were housed in a pathogen-free environment. All animal experiments were approved by the Department of Health of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Baptist University Committee on the Use of Human and Animal Subjects in Teaching and Research and the Animal Subjects Ethics Sub-Committee of Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
[0144] In vivo release profile. NightOWL II LB 983 In vivo Imaging System was employed for the in vivo release of the SPCN gel. Mice were imaged before percutaneous injection of SPCN gel, 2 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h and 120 h post-injection of SPCN gel. Fluorescence signal of NBD-KK was acquired as an indirect indicator of the release of spermine from the SPCN gel.
[0145] Immunohistochemistry (IHC) . 5 mm Tumor sections were prepared from the Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded tumor. The tumor sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated by immersion in xylene, 100%EtOH, 90%EtOH, 70%EtOH for 5 min twice before immersion in 1X TBS buffer. 3%H2O2 was added to the tumor sections and incubated in dark humid chamber for 10 min. Slides were then washed with 1X TBS buffer for 5 min with gentle shaking. The slides were immersed in sub-boiled 10 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 6.0 for 20 min and then cooled down to room temperature under room condition before blocking with 2.5%Goat serum for 1 hour in dark humid chamber for 1 hour. Goat serum was blotted, followed by incubation of anti-Capase-3 antibody and anti-LC3B antibody in 4℃ in dark humid chamber overnight. The slides were washed with 1X TBS buffer for 3 times before addition and incubation of secondary antibody in room condition for 1 hour. Slides were washed with 1X TBS for 3 times before staining with DAB substrate and haematoxylin. The images were taken by Nikon Ti2-E Live-cell Imaging System under 40X magnification.
[0146] H&E staining. 5 mm of tumor, liver and kidney sections were prepared from the Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded tumor. The tissue sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated by immersion in xylene, 100%EtOH, 90%EtOH, 70%EtOH for 5 min twice before immersion in MiliQ water. The slides were immersed into Hematoxylin stain and stopped staining with MiliQ water. The slides were then counterstained with eosin and the staining was stopped by MiliQ. The slides were left air-dried in fume hood before dehydrated with fresh xylene and mount with DPS mountant. The images of slides were taken by Nikon Ti2-E Live-cell Imaging System under 40X magnification.
[0147] Spermine analysis of tumor by LC-MS. The tumor was washed with 1X PBS 3 times after harvesting from the mice and then patted dry with sterilized gauze. Part of the tumor was cut and weighed. The tumor was snap-frozen by liquid nitrogen and then homogenized with 250 μL 6%trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube with a tissue grinder. Upon homogenization, 50 mL of 800 ppb spermine-d8 was added to the solution and then vortexed for 5 min. The homogenized tumor solution was left on ice for 1 hour for spermine extraction. The extraction was collected by centrifugation at 16000 xg for 5 min. 250 μL supernatant was transferred to a 2 mL microcentrifuge tube and dried by Thermo Scientific SpeedVac SPD410DDA Integrated System. The dried extraction was resuspended in 100 mL of 20%MeOH and then vortexed for 5 min before centrifugation at 16000 RCF for 5 min. The supernatant was collected for LC-MS analysis for determination of tumor spermine content.
[0148] Although the invention has been described in terms of certain embodiments, other embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is intended to be defined only by the claims which follow.INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0149] To make the most of the availability of local therapy in prostate cancer, the present disclosure provides a spermine-loaded hydrogel as a promising therapeutic approach that has been investigated for the treatment of prostate cancer. SPCN gel showed exceptional loading efficiency, sustained drug release in acidic tumor microenvironments, and excellent injectability characteristics make it an ideal choice for prostate cancer local therapy. Furthermore, its favorable cell toxicity positions it as an ideal choice for targeted therapy. In vivo experiments conducted on a DU145-bearing mouse model demonstrated the remarkable efficacy of SPCN gel with the safe dosage amount of 0.53 mg spermine in inhibiting tumor growth. The application of this hydrogel formulation resulted in significant tumor inhibition without any observed toxicity or weight loss, underscoring its excellent safety profile. Moreover, the induction of tumor cell apoptosis following treatment convincingly verifies the hydrogel's ability to effectively eliminate residual prostate cancer cells.
[0150] The findings in the present disclosure underscore the substantial potential of spermine-loaded hydrogel as an innovative therapeutic option for prostate cancer. It can be either an alternative choice or a top-up approach along with ADT, chemo drug, radiotherapy and surgery. Its capacity to efficiently deliver spermine to the tumor site, finely control drug release, and induce tumor cell apoptosis sets the stage for further refinement and optimization of the present hydrogel formulation for prostate cancer local therapy. The results from various experiments in the present disclosure strongly support the clinical translation of spermine-loaded hydrogel as a promising and targeted therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer. All in all, the application of the present hydrogel for the local therapy of prostate cancer opens new avenues for enhancing treatment outcomes and reducing the likelihood of cancer relapse, ultimately benefiting the prostate cancer patients. REFERENCES
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Claims
1.A pH-responsive hydrogel system loaded with spermine for localized treatment of prostate cancer, the system comprising a hydrogel comprising at least a cross-linking agent and a polymer, the cross-linking agent being selected from genipin or polyethylene glycol (PEG) , and the polymer being a chitosan.2.The system of claim 1, wherein the chitosan is a water-soluble chitosan selected from carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) .3.The system of claim 2, wherein the PEG is a branched PEG selected from a four-arm PEG molecule.4.The system of claim 3, wherein the branched PEG is a PEG molecule conjugated with benzaldehyde (PEG-BA) .5.The system of claim 4, wherein the hydrogel further comprises a pH-responsive agent capable of emitting a fluorescence signal upon exposure to an acid environment with a pH value of about 6.3 or lower.6.The system of claim 5, wherein the pH-responsive agent is selected from 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole modified with lysine dipeptide on amine group thereof (NBD-KK) .7.A method for preparing the pH-responsive hydrogel system of any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising mixing a polymer-containing solution with a cross-linking agent-containing solution at room temperature until a homogeneous mixture is formed, followed by loading spermine.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the cross-linking agent is genipin; the polymer is chitosan; the hydrogel is a chitosan and genipin-based hydrogel network loaded with spermine to form a spermine-genipin-chitosan hydrogel.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the chitosan and genipin-based hydrogel network is formed through sonication of the chitosan-containing solution and the genipin-containing solution prior to said loading of spermine.10.The method of claim 9, wherein after said loading of spermine, a homogeneous mixture of the chitosan and genipin-based hydrogel network with said spermine is incubated at 37 ℃ overnight with mixing.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the spermine and chitosan are in a weight ratio of about 3-3.5: 8 while the genipin and chitosan are in a weight ratio of about 5-20%in the homogeneous mixture.12.The method of claim 11, wherein spermine-to-chitosan or spermine-to-genipin has a weight ratio in a range of 3-7: 8-16, while genipin is in a concentration of about 5 wt. %to about 20 wt. %and spermine is in a concentration of about 2.31 to 2.71 mg / g in the chitosan and genipin-based hydrogel network.13.The method of claim 7, wherein a pH-responsive agent is loaded sequentially or concurrently with said spermine.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the pH-responsive agent is selected from 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole modified with lysine dipeptide on amine group thereof (NBD-KK) .15.The method of claim 14, wherein said spermine, CMC and PEG-BA have a weight ratio of 5: 10: 1-2.16.The method of claim 15, wherein said CMC and PEG-BA have a weight ratio of smaller than 50: 1; or no more than 0.5-fold spermine to CMC is added into the homogeneous mixture.17.The method of claim 14, wherein a CMC-containing solution is mixed with a PEG-BA-containing solution at room temperature, followed by loading spermine and NBD-KK sequentially or concurrently into the mixture, until a substantially yellowish, transparent hydrogel is formed, wherein from mixing the CMC-containing solution with the PEG-BA-containing solution at room temperature, loading the spermine and NBD-KK into the mixture, until the formation of the substantially yellowish, transparent hydrogel last for about 10 minutes.18.A method for treating a cancer, reducing tumor size, or inhibiting tumor growth in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising applying the pH-responsive hydrogel system of claim 1 to a target site proximal to a region of the tumor or directly at the region of the tumor in said subject.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the cancer comprises prostate cancer; the tumor comprises prostate cancerous tumor.20.The method of claim 18, wherein said applying the pH-responsive hydrogel system comprises one or both of percutaneous injection and subcutaneous injection.21.The method of claim 18, wherein the pH-responsive hydrogel system delivers the loaded spermine to the target site or to the region of the tumor directly in a controlled-release or sustained-release manner with a retention rate of spermine of at least 35%within 72 hours at a pH value of about 6.3 or lower after said applying.22.The method of claim 18, further comprising co-administering one or more primary or adjuvant therapies comprising hormone therapy including abiraterone, apalutamide, and enzalutamide, chemotherapy including docetaxel, and radiotherapy, or any combination thereof.23.The method of claim 18, wherein the subject comprises human or non-human animals.