Extractant for solid-phase extraction and method for purifying radioactive tracer mixtures
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/079704
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-02-25
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-03
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Figure CN2026079704_03092026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
EXTRACTANT FOR SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION AND METHOD FOR PURIFYING RADIOACTIVE TRACER MIXTURESCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application serial number 63 / 762,676 filed on February 25, 2025, where the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates to an extractant for solid-phase extraction and a method for purifying radioactive tracer mixtures.BACKGROUND
[0003] Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs that exhibit both diagnostic and therapeutic functions by emitting radiation from their radioactive isotopes. Metal-based radiopharmaceuticals incorporate metallic radionuclides as key components. The main group of these compounds are the radiotracers used to diagnose dysfunction in body tissues.
[0004] As one widely utilized application involving radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers, positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive imaging technology in medical diagnostics, particularly for cancers. While [18F] FDG remains the most commonly used PET radiotracer,
[0018] the need for more functional capabilities, such as tumor-specific targeting and multiple modalities, has driven the adoption of metal-based PET radiotracers. These tracers are synthesized by chelating radioactive metal ions to tracer precursors under relatively mild aqueous conditions. To date, various metal radionuclides, including 64Cu, 68Ga, and 89Zr, have been explored for PET imaging applications. Among these, 68Ga (T1 / 2 = 67.7 minutes) is particularly advantageous due to its accessibility via a bench-top 68Ge / 68Ga generator, facilitating on-site production for both research and clinical purposes.
[0005] In PET imaging utilizing 68Ga-based radiotracers, radiolabeling is conducted with an excess of radiometal ions to ensure a complete tracer precursor labeling. However, this approach of radiolabeling results in unchelated radiometals as the major impurities in the final product. Without proper purification, these impurities can interfere with imaging by emitting non-targeting signals. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a widely adopted purification method where labeled radiotracers are retained on SPE C18-cartridges, allowing unchelated radiometals to be eluted with an aqueous mobile phase. However, recovering radiotracers from cartridges typically requires organic solvent-based eluents (e.g. ethanol) , followed by necessary additional reformulation steps before administration. The variability of eluent compositions based on product hydrophilicity further complicates this process. Even though the radiolabeling and purification processes are mostly semi- / fully automated in real-world applications, common SPE-based purification remains time-intensive, leading to radiotracer decay and increased resource consumption. Additionally, the use of organic solvents poses potential health risks, making organic-solvent-free alternatives desirable.
[0006] Currently, few studies have discussed improving the purification methods following radiolabeling. It is critical to develop an improved process of purifying the radiotracers following radiolabeling. The subject matters described herein address this unmet need.SUMMARY
[0007] In a first aspect, provided herein is an extractant for solid-phase extraction wherein the extractant comprises a solid support resin and a radioactive metal chelator covalently bonding to the solid support resin.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the radioactive metal chelator comprises 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid (NOTA) , 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) , 1, 4, 7-Triazacyclononane-1-glutaric acid-4, 7-diacetic acid (NODAGA) , triazacyclononane-phosphinic acid (TRAP) , N, N'-bis (2-hydroxybenzyl) ethylenediamine-N, N'-diacetic acid (HBED) , 1, 2-bis [ [ (6-carboxypyridin-2-yl) methyl] amino] ethane (H2dedpa) , 6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1, 4-diazepinetetraacetic acid (AAZTA) , deferoxamine (DFO) , 1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraacetic acid (TETA) , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) , diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) , or a mixture thereof.
[0009] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin comprises a polyethylene glycol (PEG) -based resin.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin comprises aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin, polyethylene glycol acrylate (PEGA) resin, polyacrylamide resins, PEG-modified polystyrene resin, or a mixture thereof.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the extractant comprises aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin as the solid support resin and NOTA as the radioactive metal chelator.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the extractant is in a form of beads or granules.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the extractant has a particle size ranging from 150-250 μm.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a swelling volume ratio of at least 2.0 mL / g in water or at least 4.0 mL / g in a polar organic solvent.
[0015] In a second aspect, also provided herein is a method of purifying a radioactive tracer mixture, the method comprising providing the radioactive tracer mixture containing a radioactive tracer and free ions of radioactive metallic nuclides, and contacting the radioactive tracer mixture with the extractant for solid-phase extraction according to the first aspect to remove the free ions of radioactive metallic nuclides from the radioactive tracer mixture.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the extractant, after being contacted with the radioactive tracer mixture, is eluted by an acid to remove the chelated ions of radioactive metallic nuclides.
[0017] In a third aspect, also provided herein is a method of performing PET imaging comprising providing a radioactive tracer from a radioactive tracer mixture according to the method in the second aspect, and administrating the purified radioactive tracer to a subject in need thereof. In other words, the third aspect provides an application or use of the purified radioactive tracer from the radioactive tracer mixture prepared according to the method described herein in PET imaging or in preparation of a radiotherapeutic for administration to a subject in need thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated and understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.
[0019] Figure 1A shows schematic diagram of post-labeling purification using the conventional SPE method (top) and the NOTA-resin treatment method (bottom) . Figure 1B shows synthetic route of NOTA-resin, i. BrCH2COOH, DIC, DMF, r.t., 1 h; ii. TACN, DCM, 18h; iii. tert-butyl chloroacetate, DIPEA, DMF, r.t., 36 h; iv. 95%TFA, 2.5%TIPS, 2.5%H2O. Figure 1C shows molecular structure of solid support (resin) . Figure 1D shows SEM images of NOTA-resin.
[0020] Figure 2A shows physical appearance of NOTA-resin and unmodified resin during treatment of 25 mM CuSO4 solution. Figure 2B shows FTIR spectra of unmodified resin, NOTA-resin and Ga-NOTA-resin. Figure 2C shows absorption spectra of 25 mM CuSO4 solution treated by NOTA-resin and unmodified resin.
[0021] Figures 3A and 3B show compatibility of NOTA-resin with a Ga-NOTA derivative (Figure 3A) and a Ga-DOTA derivative (Figure 3B) , evaluated by the amount of recovered complexes after NOTA-resin treatment followed by water washing. Quantification was performed on the recovery of the respective complexes, monitored by HPLC.
[0022] Figures 4A and 4B show radio-HPLC chromatograms of the post-radiolabeling solution: unpurified (Figure 4A) and purified (Figure 4B) by mixing with NOTA-resin for 3 minutes. Figure 4C shows tumor-to-background PET signal intensity ratios calculated from the corresponding PET / CT images. Figures 4D, 4E and 4F show PET / CT images of AR42J-tumor-bearing mice one-hour post-injection of 68Ga-DOTA-NOC radiotracer, which was purified using NOTA-resin (Figure 4D) , C18 SPE column (Figure 4E) , or C18 SPE column (Figure 4F) with additional 68GaCl3 added to simulate unpurified solution.
[0023] Figure 5 shows comparison of the purifying process by using NOTA-resin with conventional approach.
[0024] Figure 6 shows ICP-MS calibration curve of copper.
[0025] Figure 7 shows ICP-MS calibration curve of gallium.
[0026] Figure 8 shows Chelation of NOTA-resin with different concentration of CuSO4 solutions (1 mM, 100 μM, and 10 μM) .
[0027] Figure 9 shows original computed tomography (CT) images of AR42J-tumor-bearing mice with one-hour post-injection of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE. The radiotracer was purified by (left) NOTA-resin; (middle) C18 SPE column; and (right) C18 SPE column followed by adding 68GaCl3.
[0028] Figure 10 shows microscopic view of unmodified PEGylated resin.
[0029] Figure 11 shows microscopic view of NOTA-resin.
[0030] Figure 12 shows SEM image of unmodified resin (dry) .
[0031] Figure 13 shows SEM image of NOTA-resin (wet) .
[0032] Figure 14 shows SEM image of Cu-NOTA-resin (wet) .
[0033] Figure 15 shows structure of model Ga-NOTA-YRGD complex.
[0034] Figure 16 shows HRMS (MALDI-TOF) of model Ga-NOTA-YRGD complex.
[0035] Figure 17 shows HPLC chromatogram of model Ga-NOTA-YRGD complex treated with NOTA-resin [from top to bottom: treated filtrate, 1st rinsed filtrate, 2nd rinsed filtrate, 3rd rinsed filtrate, 4th rinsed filtrate, peak labels indicate the retention time (top) and peak area (bottom) ] .
[0036] Figure 18 shows the molecular structure of model Ga-DOTA-TATE-amide complex.
[0037] Figure 19 shows HRMS (MALDI-TOF) of model Ga-DOTA-TATE-amide complex.
[0038] Figure 20 shows HPLC chromatogram of model Ga-DOTA-TATE-amide complex treated with NOTA-resin [from top to bottom: treated filtrate, 1st rinsed filtrate, 2nd rinsed filtrate, 3rd rinsed filtrate, 4th rinsed filtrate, peak labels indicate the retention time (top) and peak area (bottom) ] .
[0039] Figure 21 shows the radio-HPLC chromatogram of the radiolabeling solution purified by mixing with NOTA-resin for 5 minutes (Experimental group for PET imaging) . The retention time of the peak corresponding to 68Ga-DOTA-NOC was 8.901 min.
[0040] Figure 22 shows the radio-HPLC chromatogram of the radiolabeling solution purified by C18 column with the standard method (Positive Control group for PET imaging) . The retention time of the peak corresponding to 68Ga-DOTA-NOC was 8.908 min.
[0041] Figure 23 shows the radio-HPLC chromatogram of the radiolabeling solution purified by C18 column with the standard method and followed by the addition of 68GaCl3 (Simulated Unpurified group for PET imaging) . The retention time of the peak corresponding to 68Ga-DOTA-NOC was 8.902 min (Area: 86.6%) . The retention time of the free 68Ga ion was 2.096 min (Area: 13.4%) .
[0042] Figure 24 shows original PET images of AR42J-tumor-bearing mice with one-hour post-injection of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE. The radiotracer was purified by (left) NOTA-resin; (middle) C18 SPE column; and (right) C18 SPE column followed by adding 68GaCl3.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0043] DEFINITIONS
[0044] Throughout the present disclosure, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0045] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0046] The terms "weight percent, " "wt-%, " "percent by weight, " "%by weight, " and variations thereof, as used herein, refer to the concentration of a substance as the weight of that substance divided by the total weight of the composition and multiplied by 100. It is understood that, as used here, "percent, " "%, " and the like are intended to be synonymous with "weight percent, " "wt-%, " etc.
[0047] The processes and compositions of the present disclosure may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the components and ingredients of the present disclosure as well as other ingredients described herein. As used herein, "consisting essentially of means that the methods and compositions may include additional steps, components or ingredients, but only if the additional steps, components or ingredients do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed processes and compositions.
[0048] The term "solid-phase extraction (SPE) " as used herein refer to a solid-liquid extractive technique, by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated, isolated or purified, from other compounds in this mixture, according to their physical and chemical properties. SPE uses the affinity of solutes, dissolved or suspended in a liquid (known as the mobile phase) , to a solid packing inside a small column, through which the sample is passed (known as the stationary phase) , to separate a mixture into desired and undesired components. The extractant for solid-phase extraction herein may be used as at least a part of the solid packing in the stationary phase.
[0049] The term "radioactive metal chelator" herein are used to bind radioactive metals like Ga-68, Cu-64, and Zr-89, ensuring that the radiometal does not leak out and cause toxicity to normal tissues.
[0050] The term "radioactive tracer" herein refers to a radioactive probe for diagnosis that is generally used in PET imaging technology. The radioactive tracer or radioactive probe typically comprises a radioactive metallic nuclide, a chelator chelating with the radioactive metallic nuclide, and a polypeptide that can specifically bind to lesions (e.g., tumors, lesion receptors) .
[0051] The term "radioactive tracer mixture" herein refers to a product mixture resulted from a process of labelling a tracer precursor, which comprises a chelator and a polypeptide, with excessive amount of radioactive metallic nuclide. The radioactive tracer mixture typically comprises the radioactive tracer and free ions of the radioactive metallic nuclide.
[0052] As used herein, the term “resin” may be understood in the broadest sense as a polymer with bead-like shape. The terms “resin” , “solid phase” , “solid support” , and “support” are used exchangeably herein.
[0053] The term "substantially" does not exclude "completely" , e.g., a composition "substantially free" of Y may be completely free of Y. The term "substantially" may be omitted from the definitions of the present invention when necessary.
[0054] The term "purification" or "purify" refers to the separation of the desired radioactive tracer labelled with radioactive metallic nuclide from undesired impurities such as free ions of radioactive metallic nuclide in a sample. Thus after purification the radioactive tracer exists in a purer form than before purification. This means that undesired impurities are present in lower amounts relative to the desired radioactive tracer content than before purification.
[0055] The term "room temperature" refers to the typical temperature range of indoor air where people usually live and work, without active heating or cooling, common range of room temperature is roughly 20-25℃ (68-77°F) .
[0056] The term "particle size" refers to the average diameter of the particles or beads of the extractant.
[0057] The term “elution buffer” refers to a buffer used to elute (i.e., remove) the target polypeptide from the column. The elution pH can vary depending upon the binding affinity of the chelated ions to the extractant. Some chelated ions demonstrate a higher binding affinity and may require a lower elution pH.
[0058] Typically, the elution buffer has a pH of at least about 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, or 3.5 and up to about 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9 or 5.0.
[0059] EMBODIMENTS
[0060] Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful diagnostic imaging technique that relies on radiotracers to generate in vivo signals. While extensive research has focused on developing effective chelators for radiometals and optimizing radiometal preparation and chelation processes, few studies have discussed the improvement of purification methods following radiolabeling. However, removing excess radiometals after radiolabeling process before administration is necessary for biosafety and imaging quality, yet time-consuming, and the radioactivity of PET radiotracers might decay dramatically. Additionally, the use of organic eluents for purification brings potential health risks.
[0061] The present disclosure provides an extractant for solid-phase extraction (e.g., NOTA-resin) , which enables efficient radiometal removal (clearance rate > 97%in 4 min) in a single step, at room temperature, and without using organic solvents. Furthermore, we have validated the practicability of the extractant in tumor-bearing mice models, demonstrating its compatibility with commercial radiotracers without any adverse effects on tumor targeting and PET imaging, while significantly shortening processing times, saving resources, and reducing waste.
[0062] A novel extractant material is provided by modifying solid-phase extraction with metal ion chelators to evolve the current post-labeling purification process for metal-based radiopharmaceuticals. In contrast to the traditional SPE which traps radiotracers, the present disclosure provides a purification method that involves trapping free radiometals on a solid-phase material, allowing radiotracers to be collected as filtrates (Figure 1A) . This “reverse” concept eliminates the need for organic solvents and simplified post-labeling purification.
[0063] As to the exemplary NOTA-resin, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) -modified resin featuring 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid (NOTA) chelators, experiments demonstrated that it can efficiently chelate Cu (II) and Ga (III) ions as two common radionuclides. Particularly for Ga (III) , this process achieves over 93%purification efficiency within 2 minutes at room temperature and >99%in 20 minutes, significantly reducing operational complexity and radioactivity decay in 68Ga-PET imaging. The compatibility of NOTA-resin was further evaluated by using tumor-bearing mice models: the imaging quality and targeting capability of radiotracers purified with NOTA-resin have been validated, which inhibits NOTA-resin is a fast, green chemistry solution for clinical and research applications of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals.
[0064] Extractant for solid-phase extraction (SPE)
[0065] The present disclosure provides an extractant for solid-phase extraction wherein the extractant comprises a solid support resin and a radioactive metal chelator covalently bonding to the solid support resin.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the radioactive metal chelator comprises 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid (NOTA) , 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) , 1, 4, 7-Triazacyclononane-1-glutaric acid-4, 7-diacetic acid (NODAGA) , triazacyclononane-phosphinic acid (TRAP) , N, N'-bis (2-hydroxybenzyl) ethylenediamine-N, N'-diacetic acid (HBED) , 1, 2-bis [ [ (6-carboxypyridin-2-yl) methyl] amino] ethane (H2dedpa) , 6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1, 4-diazepinetetraacetic acid (AAZTA) , deferoxamine (DFO) , 1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraacetic acid (TETA) , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) , diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) , or a mixture thereof.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin comprises hydrophilic resin, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) -based resin. In certain embodiments, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) -based resin bears an amino group.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin comprises aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin (referred to as “NH2-PEG” resin herein) , polyethylene glycol acrylate (PEGA) resin, polyacrylamide resins, PEG-modified polystyrene resin, or a mixture thereof.
[0069] Examples for the solid support resin comprises those commercially available, such as resin, TGA resin, HMPB resin, and resin, resin (TentaGel S NH2, TentaGel S OH, TentaGel S RAM (Rink Amide) , TentaGel S Wang) , PEGA (PEGA 800, PEGA 1900, PEGA Wang, PEGA Rink Amide) . In certain embodiments, the solid support resin is In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a structure of
[0070] In certain embodiments, the extractant comprises aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin as the solid support resin and NOTA as the radioactive metal chelator. The extractant comprises aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin as the solid support resin and NOTA as the radioactive metal chelator.
[0071] In certain embodiments, the extractant is in a form of beads or granules. In certain embodiments, extractant has a particle size ranging from 100-300 μm, 150-250 μm, or 180-230 μm. In certain embodiments, extractant has a particle size of 155μm, 160μm, 165μm, 170μm, 175μm, 180μm, 185μm, 190μm, 195μm, 200μm, 205μm, 210μm, 215μm, 220μm, 225μm, 230μm, 235μm, 240μm, 245μm, or any value or ranges therebetween.
[0072] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a swelling volume ratio of at least 2.0 mL / g in water or at least 4.0 mL / g (swelling volume per gram of dry resin) in a polar organic solvent. In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a swelling volume ratio in water of 2.5 mL / g, 3.0 mL / g, 3.5 mL / g, 4.0 mL / g, 4.5 mL / g, 5.0 mL / g, 5.5 mL / g, 6.0 mL / g, 6.5 mL / g, 7.0 mL / g, 7.5 mL / g, 8.0 mL / g, 8.5 mL / g, 9.0 mL / g, 9.5 mL / g, 10.0 mL / g, 10.5 mL / g, 11.0 mL / g, 11.5 mL / g, 12.0 mL / g or any value or ranges therebetween. In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a swelling volume ratio of 4.0-14.0 mL / g in a polar organic solvent, for example, 4.5 mL / g, 5.0 mL / g, 5.5 mL / g, 6.0 mL / g, 6.5 mL / g, 7.0 mL / g, 7.5 mL / g, 8.0 mL / g, 8.5 mL / g, 9.0 mL / g, 9.5 mL / g, 10.0 mL / g, 10.5 mL / g, 11.0 mL / g, 11.5 mL / g, 12.0 mL / g, 12.5 mL / g, 13.0 mL / g, 13.5 mL / g, or any value or ranges therebetween.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin can swell in an organic solvent, such as N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) , dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , dichloromethane (DCM) or a mixture thereof; or the solid support resin can swell in water, alcohol or a mixture thereof.
[0074] The person skilled in the art is well aware of the fact that resin load capacity may influence effectivity of purification. In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a load capacity in the range of around 0.10 mmol / g to around 0.50 mmol / g, for example around 0.15 mmol / g, 0.16 mmol / g, 0.17 mmol / g, 0.18 mmol / g, 0.19 mmol / g, 0.20 mmol / g, 0.21 mmol / g, 0.22 mmol / g, 0.23mmol / g, 0.24 mmol / g, 0.25 mmol / g, 0.26 mmol / g, 0.27 mmol / g, 0.28 mmol / g, 0.29 mmol / g, 0.30 mmol / g, 0.31 mmol / g, 0.32 mmol / g, 0.33 mmol / g, 0.34 mmol / g, 0.35 mmol / g, 0.36 mmol / g, 0.37 mmol / g, 0.38 mmol / g, 0.39 mmol / g, 0.40 mmol / g, 0.41 mmol / g, 0.42 mmol / g, 0.43 mmol / g, 0.44 mmol / g, 0.45 mmol / g, or any value or ranges therebetween.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a crosslinking degree of less than 2.0 wt.%, or 1.0-2.0 wt. %. In certain embodiments, the solid support resin has a crosslinking degree of 1.1 wt. %, 1.2 wt. %, 1.3 wt. %, 1.4 wt. %, 1.5 wt. %, 1.6 wt. %, 1.7 wt. %, 1.8 wt. %, 1.9 wt. %, or any value or ranges therebetween.
[0076] Preparation of the Extractant for SPE
[0077] In certain embodiments, to prepare the extractant, the resin may be subjected to effective surface modification by being swelled in various solvents such as water, dichloromethane (DCM) , and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) , prior to modification with the chelator precursor.
[0078] In an embodiment where NOTA-resin is prepared, the swelled PEGylated resin (Figure 1C) was treated with bromoacetic acid to introduce haloalkane functional groups. The resin was then thoroughly washed with DMF and DCM to remove unreacted materials and water before reacting with concentrated 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane (TACN) . After an overnight reaction, tert-butyl chloroacetate was added to functionalize TACN with two acetate chelating units. Deprotection of the resin was conducted using a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) solution to recover the carboxylic acid groups essential for chelation. Following deprotection, the resin underwent sequential washing with DCM, DMF, water, and ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.8) to remove residual impurities and condition the resin’s pH for subsequent use (Figure 1B) .
[0079] Purification method and system
[0080] The present disclosure further provides a method of purifying a radioactive tracer mixture, the method comprising providing the radioactive tracer mixture containing a radioactive tracer and free ions of radioactive metallic nuclides and contacting the radioactive tracer mixture with the extractant for solid-phase extraction herein to remove the free ions of radioactive metallic nuclides from the radioactive tracer mixture.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the radioactive tracer mixture after purification contains at least 70 mol%, 72 mol%, 75 mol%, 78 mol%, 80 mol%, 82 mol%, 85 mol%, 88 mol%, 90 mol%, 92 mol%, 95 mol%, 98 mol%, 99 mol%or more of the radioactive tracer.
[0082] In certain embodiments, the amount of the free ions of radioactive metallic nuclides in the radioactive tracer mixture are reduced by at least 70 mol%, 72 mol%, 75 mol%, 78 mol%, 80 mol%, 82 mol%, 85 mol%, 88 mol%, 90 mol%, 92 mol%, 95 mol%, 98 mol%, 99 mol%or more after purification as compared to the amount before purification.
[0083] The purification method provided herein can be carried out under aqueous conditions, thus the method of the present invention does not require the use of organic solvents, and preferably, is carried out without the use of organic solvents, especially without the use of those when administered to humans as part of a pharmaceutical composition, that are sometimes toxic and / or those that can adversely affect the stability of the radioactive tracers. Therefore, preferably, the purification method of the present invention is performed without the use of acetonitrile, chloroform, phenol and / or methanol. Preferably, the purification method can be performed without using any organic solvents.
[0084] In certain embodiments, the purification method provided herein is conveniently carried out at room temperature.
[0085] In certain embodiments, the extractant, after being contacted with the radioactive tracer mixture, is eluted by an elution buffer to remove the chelated ions of radioactive metallic nuclides. In certain embodiments, the elution buffer comprises an acid. In certain embodiments, the elution buffer comprises hydrochloric acid.
[0086] The term “washing buffer” refers to a buffer that is passed over the extractant material after the chelated ions has been loaded onto the column and prior to elution of the chelated ions. The washing buffer may serve to remove one or more contaminants from the column material, without substantial elution of the target. In general, the wash buffer has a pH of at least about 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, or 7.9, and up to about 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, or 9.0.
[0087] In one embodiment, the method includes passing washing buffer over the extractant material in a column. In one embodiment, the washing buffer is deionized water. In one embodiment, the extractant material in a column is washed using at least about 5, or up to about 10 or 20 column volumes of a single wash buffer.
[0088] In one embodiment, the chelated ions are eluted using at least 5 and up to 10 or up to 20 column volumes of elution buffer. The eluate can be monitored using techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
[0089] In one embodiment, the purification method provided herein is carried out in an SPE system, wherein the column is filled with the extractant as described herein.
[0090] EXAMPLES
[0091] Chemicals
[0092] The NH2-PEG Resin XV used was purchased from Watanabe Chemical Industry; 1, 4, 7-Triazacyclononane, tert-butyl chloroacetate, sodium acetate and acetic acid were purchased from Macklin; bromoacetic acid was purchased from Energy; N, N'-Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) was purchased from Bidepharm; N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) was purchased from TCI; Gallium Nitrate, nitric acid and Gallium ICP standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All reagents were used without further purification.
[0093] Characterization methods and equipment
[0094] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: FTIR was performed with Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 FTIR Spectrometer. The samples were dried with chloroform before ground with dry potassium bromide to prepare sample pellets for analysis.
[0095] Microscopy
[0096] Optical microscopy: Primary microscopic examination was performed with Nikon Eclipse Ts2 inverted microscope equipped with Nikon ELWD 0.3 / OD75 microscope condenser. NOTA-resin was soaked in DI water during the examination.
[0097] Scanning electron microscopy: The microstructures and elemental mappings were characterized by a Tescan MIRA field emission scanning electron microscope. Samples were coated with gold prior to the analysis.
[0098] High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) : HPLC for analytical purpose was carried out on an Agilent 1100 series HPLC system equipped with a Diode Array Detector (DAD) and an Agilent C18 column (inner diameter 3.0 mm, length 100 mm, particle size 2.7 μm) . The instrument was purchased from Agilent Technologies, Stockport, United Kingdom. The mobile phases were Milli-Q water and acetonitrile acidified with 0.1%TFA. The mobile phase gradients were shown below:
[0099] Table 1. Gradient for HPLC analysis
[0100] Mass Spectrometry: Preliminary identification of compounds through mass to charge ratio (m / z) was conducted by SCIEX 3200Q ESI Mass Spectrometer. High resolution Mass Spectra reported were obtained from Bruker Autoflex MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer.
[0101] Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) : ICP-MS was carried out on an Agilent 7900 ICP-MS with operating conditions shown below. Figures 6-7 show ICP-MS calibration curve of copper and gallium.
[0102] Table 2. Operating conditions for ICP-MS.
[0103] The preparation of gallium or copper ICP standard curve with indium as internal standard had been summarized below:
[0104] Table 3. Preparation of Cu / Ga ICP-MS calibration curve
[0105] Table 4. Experimental data of copper ICP-MS calibration curve
[0106] Table 5. Experimental data of gallium ICP-MS calibration curve
[0107] Example 1: Synthesis of the extractant
[0108] In this example, the extractant comprising aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin (NH2-PEG Resin XV) as the solid support resin and NOTA as the radioactive metal chelator was prepared.
[0109] One portion of NH2-PEG Resin XV (0.1 mmol, 357mg) was first swollen in 4 mL DMF for 10 minutes. The resin was treated with a mixture of bromoacetic acid (10 equiv., 138 mg) and DIC (10 equiv., 155 μL) in 4 mL DMF for 1 hour. The resin was washed thoroughly with DMF and DCM before being dried by compressed air. The resin was then treated with 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane (5 equiv., 64 mg, or 15 equiv., 192 mg) in 4 mL DCM for 18 hours. The resin was washed thoroughly with DCM and DMF prior to the addition of tert-butyl bromoacetate (20 equiv., 284 μL) and DIPEA (40 equiv., 696 μL) in 4 mL DMF to react for 36 hours. The resin was then cleaved by a mixture of 95%trifluoroacetic acid, 2.5%triisopropylsilane and 2.5%water. The filtrate was discarded and the resin was washed thoroughly with DCM, DMF and water, sequentially. After that, the resin was stored at room temperature.
[0110] Example 2: Microstructure Characterization
[0111] The modified resin, referred to as NOTA-resin, was characterized using optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to visualize its microstructure (Figure 1D &Figures 10-14) . The material exhibited a uniform spherical shape with a radius of approximately 100 μm, suggesting no significant defect during the surface modification. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy further confirmed successful modification, as the spectra of the unmodified PEGylated resin and NOTA-resin showing clear differences (Figure 2C) . Figure 2B shows FTIR spectra of unmodified resin, NOTA-resin and Ga-NOTA-resin. Normalized to the absorption band of the C–O bond at 1100 cm-1 from the PEG matrix, enhanced bands at 1650 cm-1 and 3450 cm-1 indicated the presence of additional C=O and secondary amine functional groups, aligning with the molecular structure of NOTA.
[0112] Example 3: NOTA-resin as an extractant to purify the radioactive tracer mixture
[0113] Experiment 3-1
[0114] In the experiments, the potential of NOTA-resin as an effective chelator for radiometals was firstly demonstrated. As Ga (III) ions are colourless and unsuitable for direct visualization, non-radioactive metal ions with similar chelation preferences were employed in this experiment. In particular, blue Cu (II) ions from copper sulfate (CuSO4) solutions were selected as a model system, given the preferred chelation of NOTA for both 68Ga and 64Cu.
[0115] A 25 mM CuSO4 solution (4 mL) was introduced into a syringe containing 1 portion of NOTA-resin and shaken for 5 minutes at room temperature. For comparison, the same experiment was conducted with unmodified resin (NH2-PEG resin, without NOTA conjugation) . The white NOTA-resin significantly turned blue, while the blue CuSO4 solution faded out, indicating successful chelation of Cu (II) ions by NOTA-resin, while the unmodified resin showed very limited color change (Figure 2A) . Furthermore, the absorption spectra of the CuSO4 solution treated with NOTA-resin revealed a 72.5%decrease in the absorption peak around 780 nm (Figure 2C) , corresponding to the hydration complex Cu (H2O) 62+, suggesting significant removal of Cu (II) upon NOTA-resin treatment. Similar tests were performed with lower CuSO4 concentrations (1 mM, 100 μM, and 10 μM) . Figure 8 shows similar trend as that shown in Figure 2A with various CuSO4 concentrations.
[0116] Experiment 3-2
[0117] To evaluate the working efficiency of NOTA-resin as a promising purification agent for PET radiolabeling, quantitative analysis was performed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) . Chelated Ga (III) was used to passively quantify the amount of NOTA present on the surface of NOTA-resin. NOTA-resin was first synthesized according to Example 1 by reacting 0.1 mmol resin with 5 or 15 equivalents of NOTA under optimized conditions. The NOTA-resin was then treated with 1 mmol Ga (NO3) 3 solution (4 mL of 250 mM) overnight to ensure complete chelation of NOTA. Following acid digestion with 12M HCl to release the chelated gallium, the eluents were evaporated and re-dissolved for ICP-MS analysis. Generally, the chelation yield between NOTA-resin and free Ga (III) is no less than 98%at the condition herein, and the highest reaction yield for synthesizing NOTA-resin from the NOTA chelator and resin is 35.3%. As a result, one portion of NOTA-resin prepared from 0.1 mmol resin was found to contain 0.0258 mmol or 0.0346 mmol active NOTA respectively when 5 equiv. or 15 equiv. of TACN was used. The limited yield could be accounted for the unavoidable cross-linking between TACNs in the reaction (step ii, Figure 1B) , resulting into the incapability of metal chelation.
[0118] Experiment 3-3
[0119] To demonstrate the clearance of Ga (III) in mimicking PET post-labeling mixtures by using NOTA-resin, NOTA-resin was treated with Ga (NO3) 3 solution (4 mL of 4 mM, 0.016 mmol) in acetate buffer (pH 3.6) at room temperature. Samples were collected every two minutes and analysed by ICP-MS. Chelation efficiency (clearance) was calculated using the formula:
[0120] where [Ga] 0 represents the initial molar concentration of gallium without NOTA-resin treatment, and [Ga] sample represents the molar concentration in the collected sample. As summarized in Table 7, NOTA-resin achieved over 97%gallium removal within 4 minutes, with clearance rate exceeding 99%after 20 minutes. Additionally, in a separate trial, NOTA-resin was treated with CuSO4 solution (4 mL of 4 mM, 0.016 mmol) at room temperature for 20 minutes with the same sampling procedures. The Cu (II) clearance was determined using the same method and found to be 77.6% (Table 8) , which is close to the 72.5%value derived from the spectroscopic method discussed in the previous section.
[0121] Metal clearance in this experiment was tested according to the following procedures:
[0122] The resin was first treated with 4 mL acetate buffer and 1 μL of the filtrate was collected as sample blank (sample without gallium) and rest of the solution was ejected. The sample solution was prepared by dissolving Ga (NO3) 3 in acetate buffer (pH 3.6) to give 4 mL 4 mM gallium solution, and 1 μL of the untreated sample was taken as method blank. Next, the resin was added 4 mL of 4 mM Ga (NO3) 3 solution in acetate buffer (pH 3.6) described above and 1 μL sample was taken every 2 minutes as samples. All the 1 μL samples were diluted to 1 mL by 1%nitric acid (diluted 1000x) , and 10 μL of the diluted samples were further diluted to 10 mL (diluted 1000x) with addition of 50 μL each of indium standard (1000 ppb, as internal standard) for ICP-MS analysis. Table 6 shows the preparation details of the samples.
[0123] Table 6. Preparation of samples for ICP-MS
[0124] Table 7. Gallium clearance (%) after treatment with NOTA-resin.
[0125] Table 8. Copper clearance (%) after treatment with NOTA-resin
[0126] Example 4: Compatibility of NOTA-resin with the radioactive tracer
[0127] To evaluate the compatibility of NOTA-resin with radiolabeled complexes and assess radiotracer loss, competitive and recovery assays were conducted by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .
[0128] The competitiveness of NOTA-resin with different chelators were determined by observing the presence of peak corresponding to the retention time of the free ligand after treatment of Ga-complexes. Meanwhile, the retention analysis was determined by analyzing the peak area ratio of labeled complexes before and after NOTA-resin treatment. Gallium complexes of NOTA-and DOTA-based radiotracers (DOTA: 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid) , specifically Ga-NOTA-YRGD and Ga-DOTA-TATE-amide (derivative of FDA-approved product, tyrosyl arginylglycylaspartic amide (YRGD) and [Tyr3] -octreotate amide (TATE-amide) are commonly used targeting peptide fragment) , were used as model compounds (see molecular structures in Figures 15 &18) . Figure 16 shows HRMS (MALDI-TOF) of model Ga-NOTA-YRGD complex. Figure 19 shows HRMS (MALDI-TOF) of model Ga-DOTA-TATE-amide complex.
[0129] To start with, NOTA-resin was treated with 500 μL, 0.5M of respective Ga-NOTA-YRGD and Ga-DOTA-TATE-amide complexes in acetate buffer (pH 3.6) for 2 minutes in room temperature. The filtrate was collected, and the resin was washed subsequently with 4 portions of deionized water for 2 minutes each, all the filtrates were analysed by HPLC.
[0130] HPLC peak area was used to quantify the samples after NOTA-resin treatment, revealing the interaction between the Ga (III) -complexes and NOTA-resin and the resulted sample loss. After treatment with NOTA-resin, the chromatograms showed no observable peaks corresponding to free ligands (Figures 17 and 20) , confirming that NOTA-resin did not compete for metal ions already coordinated in the NOTA- / DOTA-based radiotracers.
[0131] As shown in Figures 3A &3B, the radiotracer sample recovery was calculated by the ratio of HPLC peak area. In the 1st treatment, the radiotracer solution was mixed with NOTA-resin, and recovery of the radiotracer was calculated by comparing the HPLC peak area of the remaining complex in the solution to the original amount. As summarized in Figures 17 &20, Table 11 &12, there showed that approximately 25.2 %of the Ga-NOTA derivative and 30.5%Ga-DOTA derivative was adsorbed onto NOTA-resin during the first treatment for both derivatives, indicating some loss. In the 2nd to 5th treatment, the used NOTA-resin was washed with deionized water, and the radiotracers recovered in each wash were quantified. The total recovery was determined by summing up the recovered sample amounts across all treatments (Figures 3A &3B, cumulative curves) . Notably, recovery experiments showed that multiple washes with deionized water could recover approximately 90.0 %for Ga-NOTA derivative, and 94.1 %for Ga-DOTA derivative. This high recovery rate is particularly valuable for the broader application of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals with relatively longer half-lives, which can tolerate multiple water washes during purification.
[0132] Table 9. Summary of peak area ratio of Ga-NOTA-YRGD quantified by HPLC after NOTA-resin treatment
[0133] Table 10. Summary of peak area ratio of Ga-DOTA-TATE-amide quantified by HPLC after NOTA-resin treatment
[0134] Example 5: Performance in PET imaging
[0135] To evaluate the real-world applicability of NOTA-resin in PET imaging, experiments were conducted by using a clinical-use radiotracer, 68Ga-DOTA-NOC, and the peptide fragment of Nal3-octreotide (NOC) targets somatostatin receptors (SSTR) in AR42J (SSTR-positive) -tumor-bearing mice.
[0136] Cell culture:
[0137] The rat pancreatic cancer cell line AR42J (ECACC 93100618) , which highly expresses somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) , was purchased from Shanghai Jinyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. This cell line was chosen for tumor targeting experiments. By binding to SSTR, 68Ga-labeled drugs can specifically accumulate in tumor tissues, thus clearly demonstrating the location and size of tumors in PET imaging. AR42J cells were cultured in F-12K medium containing L-glutamine, 20%fetal bovine serum (FBS) , and 1%antibiotics (100 U / mL penicillin and 100 μg / mL streptomycin) in an incubator with 5%CO2 at 37℃, and passaged weekly before establishing the tumor model.
[0138] Tumor-bearing mice model:
[0139] Female BALB / c-Nu mice, aged 4-5 weeks (purchased from Guangzhou Karot Biotechnology Co., Ltd. ) , were used. The animals were housed in polysulfone III cages within temperature and humidity control facilities (22 ± 3 ℃; 40%to 70%humidity) in a separate ventilated cage system, maintaining a 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle. The animals were allowed at least a week of adaptation period prior to tumor modeling. The mice were anesthetized in an isoflurane induction box, and 100 μL of PBS containing 5 × 106 AR42J cells were injected into the right axilla of each mouse. Tumor size was measured every 3 days following cell injection. Approximately 14 days post-inoculation, when the tumor size reached around 1.4 cm3, the animals were utilized for imaging experiments.
[0140] Radioactive labeling and purification of 68Ga-DOTA-NOC:
[0141] Two distinct purification methods were employed to process the labeled 68Ga-DOTA-NOC. Initially, the obtained 68Ga solution (approximately 36 mCi) was adjusted to pH = 4 using 2M NaOH solution and 0.2M HEPES solution. The dissolved precursor was then added, heated to 100℃ for 10 minutes, resulting in a labeled activity of 25 mCi. After cooling the reaction solution for 1 minute, 8 mL of water was added for dilution. The original solution was then aliquoted into three portions. The first portion (Positive Control group) underwent purification using traditional solid-phase extraction, passing through a C18 column to obtain the purified 68Ga-DOTA-NOC solution. This solution was subsequently rinsed with 8 ml of water and the product was eluted using 1 mL of 50% (v / v) ethanol. After dilution with 4 mL of water, the radioactivity was measured 3.7 mCi. The second portion (Simulated Unpurified group) was eluted using a C18 column for the standard SPE purification and a small amount of 68GaCl3 was added, resulting in an activity of 700 μCi. The third portion (Experimental group) was purified by mixing with NOTA-resin for 3 or 5 minutes without further treatment, maintaining an activity of 400 μCi post-column passage after 5 minutes. The solutions were subsequently subjected to HPLC detection using a Shimadzu LC-20A.
[0142] PET / CT imaging:
[0143] AR42J tumor-bearing mice (18.2 ± 1.5 g) received tail vein injections of 68Ga-DOTA-NOC radiotracers (110 ± 9.2 μCi, ) prepared using three different purification methods. One hour later, the animals were placed in an induction chamber and anesthetized with approximately 3.5%isoflurane. After being anesthetized, the mice were positioned in a prone position on a heated dual imaging platform, and PET scanning images were acquired using an Inviscan PET / CT scanner (IRIS PET / CT, a French small animal imaging system) within an 80 kV energy window and a 20-second timing window. PET images were analyzed using the image analysis software small race DICOM viewer, CT images were co registered with PET images, and regions of interest (ROI) covering the entire tumor region were manually drawn. In addition, ROI was drawn on normal tissues except mouse liver and bladder within the pet time frame to evaluate the uptake of normal tissues and tumors.
[0144] Table 11. Standardized Uptake Values (SUV) for the PET images for samples from different groups [a] excluding liver and bladder.
[0145] SUV in Table 13 quantified the signal from the radiotracer. The higher signal ratio means better localization of radiotracer in tumor, which suggests the radiotracer exhibited expected tumor-diagnosis performance. Similar signal ratios between the Experimental group and Positive Control group suggests the different purification materials will not largely affect the performance of radiotracer. SUV (Tumor) is obtained by circling the tumor area as the region of interest and the averaged values were given by the software. SUV (Background) is obtained by circling all other mice body area (excluding liver and bladder) and the averaged values were given by the software.
[0146] The radioactive gallium isotope was obtained from a 68Ge / 68Ga generator and reacted with DOTA-NOC to form a post-labeling mixture. This mixture was divided into three portions. The Experimental group was purified using NOTA-resin by 5-minute shake, then with the filtrate collected directly (Figure 5) . The Positive Control group was purified using standard C18 SPE cartridges, followed by elution with an ethanol-water mixture (Figure 5) . Another control group, the Simulated-Unpurified group, was treated identically to the Positive Control group but added with additional 68GaCl3 to mimic incomplete purification. Noteworthily, the overall purification time for both Experimental group and Positive Control group are similar (~6.5 minutes) while Positive Control group used C18 column controlled by an automated system. The radio-HPLC chromatograms have been shown in Figures 4A &4B, exhibiting an efficient radiometal removal by 3-min NOTA-resin treatment. According to the radio-HPLC in Figure 4B, the tracer purified by the extractant does not contain free radio metal. Figures 4A, 4B and 21-23 show radio-HPLC chromatogram for samples from different groups. Figure 24 shows original PET images of AR42J-tumor-bearing mice with one-hour post-injection of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE. The radiotracer was purified by (left) NOTA-resin; (middle) C18 SPE column; and (right) C18 SPE column followed by adding 68GaCl3. Figure 9 shows original computed tomography (CT) images of AR42J-tumor-bearing mice with one-hour post-injection of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE. The radiotracer was purified by (left) NOTA-resin; (middle) C18 SPE column; and (right) C18 SPE column followed by adding 68GaCl3.
[0147] Also seen in Figure 21, 5-minute NOTA-resin treatment provided a high radiochemical purity. Subsequently, all three solutions receiving different purification methods were intravenously administered to tumor-bearing mice, and PET scans were conducted one-hour post-injection. The injection volumes were adjusted to ensure that all three groups received the same radioactivity level for imaging. For the purified radiotracer solutions from Experimental and Positive Control groups, the PET images revealed localized signals in tumors, liver, kidney, and bladder for both groups (Figures 4D &4E) . In contrast, the Simulated-Unpurified group exhibited high background signals throughout the body due to unremoved radioactive 68Ga (III) free ions, producing the non-targeting signal with little biochemical information, significantly reducing the signal-to-noise ratio and imaging quality (Figure 4F) . The signal-to-noise ratio was calculated by comparing the intensity in the tumor to that in the other regions, excluding the liver and bladder. As shown in Figure 4C, the Experimental group showed 72.7%stronger intensity in tumor, and the Positive Control group showed 91.7%. Meanwhile, the Simulated Unpurified group showed only a 38.0%difference, indicating poor tumor-targeting capability.
[0148] These results highlight that NOTA-resin provides simple and rapid post-labeling purification, simplifies purification, minimizes waste, and promotes safer, eco-friendly practices. The method with NOTA-resin enables effective PET imaging without the need for organic solvents or extensive reformulation steps. The comparable tumour-targeting performance of 68Ga-DOTA-NOC purified by NOTA-resin proved the potential of this new strategy for clinical applications. Comprehensive PET imaging studies have validated its effectiveness, demonstrating its potential as a reliable and practical tool for future clinical applications.
[0149] A novel purification strategy by using the extractant material (e.g., NOTA-resin, a PEGylated solid-phase material functionalized with NOTA chelators) was employed herein, to address the challenges of post-radiolabeling purification in metal-based radiopharmaceutical production. It eliminates the need for organic solvents and simplifies the purification process, achieving quick and efficient metal clearance at room temperature. Importantly, the extractant material showed no significant adverse effects on radiotracer performance, preserving both imaging quality and tumour-targeting efficiency in vivo. By providing comparable performance to widely used SPE methods while reducing operational complexity and waste, the extractant material represents an efficient, practical, and environmentally friendly advancement for PET imaging applications. Its ability to reduce purification time that minimizes radiotracer decay, thereby lowering costs associated with radiometals and ligands, enabling multi-dose preparation, and improving safety for clinicians. Furthermore, the approach behind the extractant material offers a foundation for developing new purification materials based on similar strategies. As the preparation of various metal-based radiopharmaceuticals generally involves free radiometals reacting with ligands, different chelators could be incorporated into similar “chelator-resin” materials for removing other metals with the maximal clearance. This adaptability highlights the potential for broad clinical applications and tailor-made solutions for research purposes.
[0150] The disclosed experimental data was designed to establish the feasibility and reproducibility of the claimed process under representative conditions. The chosen materials and process parameters reflect the desired outcomes and are aligned with standard practices in the field. The focus of the current disclosure was to demonstrate the viability of the process under the specific conditions described. While the experimental data provided focuses on specific conditions, the process is not intended to be limited to these embodiments. The methodology described herein is adaptable to a range of conditions, and variations in the components could be explored to optimize the process for specific applications. The selection of the described parameters was based on their practical relevance and alignment with the objectives of this invention.
Claims
1.An extractant for solid-phase extraction comprising a solid support resin and a radioactive metal chelator covalently bonding to the solid support resin.2.The extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 1, wherein the radioactive metal chelator comprises 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane-1, 4, 7-triacetic acid (NOTA) , 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) , 1, 4, 7-Triazacyclononane-1-glutaric acid-4, 7-diacetic acid (NODAGA) , triazacyclononane-phosphinic acid (TRAP) , N, N'-bis (2-hydroxybenzyl) ethylenediamine-N, N'-diacetic acid (HBED) , 1, 2-bis [ [ (6-carboxypyridin-2-yl) methyl] amino] ethane (H2dedpa) , 6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1, 4-diazepinetetraacetic acid (AAZTA) , ěeferoxamine (DFO) , 1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraacetic acid (TETA) , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) , ěiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) or a mixture thereof.3.The extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 1, wherein the solid support resin comprises a polyethylene glycol (PEG) -based resin.4.The extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 3, wherein the solid support resin comprises aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin, polyethylene glycol acrylate (PEGA) resin, polyacrylamide resins, PEG-modified polystyrene resin, or a mixture thereof.5.The extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 1, wherein the extractant comprises aminoethyl polyethylene glycol resin as the solid support resin and NOTA as the radioactive metal chelator.6.The extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 1, wherein the extractant is in a form of beads or granules.7.The extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 6, wherein the extractant has a particle size ranging from 150-250 μm.8.The extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 1, wherein the solid support resin has a swelling volume ratio of at least 2.0 mL / g in water or at least 4.0 mL / g in a polar organic solvent.9.A method of purifying a radioactive tracer mixture, the method comprising providing the radioactive tracer mixture containing a radioactive tracer and free ions of radioactive metallic nuclides, and contacting the radioactive tracer mixture with the extractant for solid-phase extraction according to claim 1 to remove the free ions of radioactive metallic nuclides from the radioactive tracer mixture.10.The method according to claim 9, wherein the extractant, after being contacted with the radioactive tracer mixture, is eluted by an acid to remove the chelated ions of radioactive metallic nuclides.11.A method of performing PET imaging, the method comprising providing a purified radioactive tracer from a radioactive tracer mixture according to the method of claim 9, and administrating the purified radioactive tracer to a subject in need thereof.