Burner head for a pressure gasifier burner system and method for operating a burner head

Abstract

The following description relates to a burner head (10) for a pressure gasifier burner system of a pressure gasifier, wherein the pressure gasifier is suitable for gasifying and generating synthesis gases from fuels having a high carbon content and high contents of volatile constituents, and the burner head (10) is operable at temperatures above the melting temperature of the fuel ash. The following description also relates to a pressure gasifier burner system comprising such a burner head (10), a pressure gasifier, and a method for operating a burner head (10), a burner system, and a pressure gasifier.

Description

[0001] Burner head for a pressure condenser burner system and method for operating a burner head

[0002] Technical field

[0003] The following descriptions relate to a burner head for a pressure gasifier burner system of a pressure gasifier, wherein the pressure gasifier is suitable for gasifying and generating synthesis gases from fuels with a high carbon content and high levels of volatile components, wherein the burner head can be operated at temperatures above the melting temperature of the fuel ash.

[0004] Furthermore, the following explanations concern a pressure carburetor burner system with such a burner head.

[0005] Furthermore, the following explanations concern such a pressure carburetor.

[0006] Furthermore, the following explanations concern a method for operating a burner head, a burner system and a pressure carburetor.

[0007] Technical background

[0008] It is known that pressure gasifiers play a vital role in the conversion of fuels into synthesis gases. These gases can be used as intermediates in various industrial processes, including the production of chemicals, fuels, and electricity. Pressure gasifiers are particularly advantageous because they enable efficient and controlled gasification, resulting in high yields and good quality synthesis gases.

[0009] Traditionally, fuels with a high carbon content and high levels of volatile components are used in pressurized gasifiers. These fuels, such as coal and certain biomass, present significant challenges due to their chemical composition, particularly regarding the handling of the resulting ash. At the high temperatures found in pressurized gasifiers, the ash can melt and lead to operational problems, including component clogging and reactor damage.

[0010] The burner heads in pressure gasifiers play a crucial role in ensuring stable and efficient operation. They are designed to distribute the fuel evenly and ensure the most complete gasification possible. A key aspect of burner head design is their ability to operate at temperatures above the melting point of the fuel ash. This prevents the formation of solid deposits and ensures smooth gasifier operation.

[0011] Current solutions on the market include various approaches to improving the temperature resistance and efficiency of burner heads. These include the use of high-performance materials, cooling techniques, and optimized geometries. Nevertheless, challenges remain, particularly regarding the durability and maintenance requirements of burner heads. Frequent maintenance and component replacement can lead to significant operating costs and negatively impact the overall efficiency of the gasification process.

[0012] There is a need for advanced burner heads that not only address the aforementioned challenges but also offer improved performance and reliability. These burner heads should be able to operate at high temperatures without premature wear or malfunctions. Furthermore, they should be easy to maintain and have a long service life to minimize operating costs and maximize overall system efficiency.

[0013] There is a desire to develop advanced burner heads for pressure gasifiers that meet these requirements and enable reliable and efficient operation in the gasification of fuels with high carbon content and high levels of volatile components.

[0014] Based on this situation, the task at hand is to propose an improved burner head, an improved burner system, an improved pressure carburetor burner system, and an improved process. In particular, the task is to ensure that the burner head, the burner system, and the pressure carburetor burner system are flexibly applicable to various fuels with a high carbon content, especially those with a high content of volatile components, while simultaneously maintaining the simplest possible design.

[0015] Description - Technical Solution

[0016] The present problem is solved by the features of the independent claims. Advantageous embodiments are specified in the dependent claims, the description, and the drawings. Where technically feasible, the teachings of the dependent claims or the descriptive features may be combined arbitrarily with the teachings of the main and dependent claims.

[0017] In particular, the task is solved by a burner head for a pressure gasifier burner system for the gasification of a carbon-containing fuel. The burner head can be operated at temperatures above the melting point of the fuel ash. The fuel ash is the ash of the carbon-containing fuel.

[0018] The burner head features:

[0019] - a first fuel channel formed rotationally symmetrical to a central burner axis with a fuel outlet; and

[0020] - a first protective gas channel extending coaxially to the first fuel channel, with an annular protective gas outlet. In the first protective gas channel, a first nozzle system comprising a plurality of nozzles for venting an oxygen-containing, gaseous medium is arranged.

[0021] Fuels with a high carbon content include biomass, petcoke, and liquid fuels. Typical carbon contents for biomass range from 40% to 55% of dry weight. Typical carbon contents for petcoke (petroleum coke) range from 80% to 90% inclusive. Liquid fuels, such as heating oil or heavy fuel oil, have carbon contents ranging from 85% to 90% inclusive. Generally, carbon-containing fuels with a carbon content greater than 20% by weight should be considered usable.

[0022] The carbon content in biomass is measured according to the standard ISO 16948:2015 "Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen". This standard specifies the methods for determining the total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in solid biofuels.

[0023] The carbon content in Petcoke is determined according to ASTM D3176-15 "Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke". This standard describes the analytical methods for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen in coal and coke.

[0024] For liquid fuels such as heating oil and heavy fuel oil, the carbon content is measured according to the standard DIN EN 15104:2011 "Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen — Instrumental methods". This standard describes the instrumental methods for determining the carbon content in solid biofuels, but can also be applied to liquid fuels.

[0025] A pressure gasifier with a pressure gasifier burner system featuring the burner head according to the invention can gasify fuels with a high carbon content and / or convert them into synthesis gas. The pressure gasifier is operated at very high temperatures, which are above the melting point of the ash. This is important to ensure that the ash remains liquid and does not cause blockages or deposits.

[0026] Gasification is the process of converting carbon-containing fuels into a raw gas. It is a thermochemical process in which solid or liquid carbon-containing fuels, such as biomass or Petcoke, are converted into a gas mixture at temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1400°C with controlled oxygen supply. During this process, the organic materials are broken down into smaller molecules, producing a raw gas containing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other hydrocarbons.

[0027] Conversion to synthesis gas refers to the production of a specific gas mixture (syngas) from raw gas, consisting mainly of CO and H₂, which is used for further chemical syntheses. Synthesis gas, also known as syngas, is a specific gas mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂). The synthesis gas production process involves several stages: The first stage is gasification. This is the initial step in converting the carbon-containing fuel into raw gas. The second stage is purification. The raw gas is cleaned to remove impurities such as sulfur compounds, tar, and particles. The third stage is gas conditioning. The purified gas is further processed to achieve the desired CO to H₂ ratio. This can be accomplished through water-gas shift reactions and other chemical processes.

[0028] A high volatile content in a fuel implies that the fuel contains a significant amount of components that evaporate or decompose at low temperatures. These volatile components are typically organic compounds such as hydrocarbons, which readily transition into the gas phase and can contribute to the formation of synthesis gas. The level of volatile content varies depending on the fuel type. A high volatile content in the fuel can lead to problems with the burner head's service life. The burner head in question can advantageously gasify such fuels with a high volatile content and / or produce synthesis gas from them.

[0029] Volatile components can promote the formation of soot or scale layers on the burner head walls, and the catalysis of radical reactions by oxygen can negatively affect the burner design and combustion processes. In state-of-the-art burner heads, this significantly reduces service life. However, the recirculation of combustible gases, such as byproducts from a synthesis reaction downstream of the gasifier, and the use of fuels with a high volatile content in a burner head are desirable to enable the most flexible use of the gasifier and to increase the efficiency of the overall process.

[0030] A high concentration of volatile components leads to faster and more intense combustion in the immediate vicinity of the burner head, which can increase gasification efficiency but also presents challenges such as soot formation and corrosion. Volatile components ignite more easily and contribute to rapid and intense combustion. This can lead to increased soot formation, resulting in deposits and potentially catalyzing undesirable reactions. The resulting products can be corrosive and reduce the service life of the burner components. Despite these challenges, volatile components can increase gasification efficiency by being readily converted into synthesis gas.

[0031] The volatile matter content varies depending on the fuel type. For biomass, the volatile matter content is approximately 70% to 80% of the dry weight for wood pellets, 65% to 75% for straw, and 60% to 80% for wood waste. For liquid fuels such as heating oil, the volatile matter content is typically around 95% to 99% for light heating oil and 85% to 95% for heavy fuel oil. Petcoke has a volatile matter content of approximately 5% to 15%.

[0032] The temperatures at which volatile components evaporate or decompose vary depending on the fuel. In the case of biomass, volatile components evaporate or decompose at temperatures between 200°C and 500°C.

[0033] Volatile components in light heating oil evaporate at temperatures between 150°C and 300°C, while heavy fuel oil requires higher temperatures between 300°C and 600°C. In Petcoke, the volatile components evaporate or decompose at temperatures between 500°C and 800°C.

[0034] The H₂ / CO molecule ratio of 2:1 in the synthesis gas is particularly advantageous for the synthesis of renewable liquid fuels. However, existing biomass entrained-flow gasifiers using CO₂ as the feed gas deliver a lower ratio, which necessitates the conversion of some CO to H₂ and CO₂ via a water-gas shift reaction, releasing some of the valuable carbon as CO₂. The optimal H₂ / CO ratio can be achieved by pneumatically conveying the solid fuel using recycled gases from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or hydrogen from electrolysis. The burners according to the invention are suitable for solid fuel conveying with combustible gases.

[0035] The oxygen required for gasification can also be obtained by electrolysis. Unlike cryogenic oxygen, it contains a small proportion of hydrogen but no inert gases Ar and N2, which is advantageous for further synthesis.

[0036] The burner axis can be understood as a straight, imaginary line running through space, defining both orientation and direction. In the context of a burner head, the burner axis has several important functions and properties. It provides a reference line against which the spatial arrangement and orientation of components can be aligned, serving as the basis for symmetrical or ordered designs. Furthermore, the burner axis defines the direction of flow or movement of materials such as fuel or air. In a burner system, the burner axis is the central line along which fuel and air are supplied and mixed. It also serves as a reference point for measurements and positioning to ensure that all parts are correctly aligned and installed.

[0037] The fuel channel can be hollow cylindrical or a hollow prism. The fuel channel can be located centrally (i.e., axially) in the burner head, within a top surface of the burner head. In the case of an axially centric arrangement, the burner head is also centered with respect to the burner axis.

[0038] The fuel channel can also convey fuel, particularly when inert gas is used, to prevent mixing with oxygen and increase the service life of the burner head. Finally, the fuel channel can contribute to the homogenization and atomization of the fuel and ensure that the various flows within the burner head are cooled and protected from direct contact with the flame.

[0039] The medium can be gaseous, solid, or liquid. If the medium has a solid consistency, it is preferably in powder form.

[0040] The nozzles can be arranged along a circumference around the burner axis. The nozzles arranged along this circumference can be assigned to one or more nozzle systems. Each nozzle system is designed to supply a specific medium. Each nozzle system can comprise one or more nozzle groups that are supplied jointly. The nozzle groups of the same nozzle system serve to supply the same medium. The invention relates to the use of at least one nozzle system. When using multiple nozzle systems, a nozzle of the first nozzle system and a nozzle of the second or third nozzle system, etc., can be arranged, for example, alternately along a circular path of the circumference. The different nozzle groups of a nozzle system can be arranged in the same way. The circumference is preferably circular, but can also be angular or wavy.Instead of a circular ring, a prismatic ring is also conceivable. The gasification media, primarily oxygen, injected into the reaction chamber at high speeds, draw in hot CO and H2-containing gases from the surroundings. This causes these gases to flow along the burner head's surface towards the nozzle system. If the oxygen nozzles were to open directly onto the surface, the oxygen would spread across this surface due to turbulent fluctuations, forming a combustible mixture. Since the combustion temperature of CO and H2 with oxygen is extremely high, this could even damage heat-resistant materials. Therefore, this intense combustion must not occur on the burner head's surface or on the nozzle surfaces.

[0041] To prevent such combustion, the burner according to the invention has a protective gas channel, which allows the nozzle openings to be surrounded by protective gas, so that the top surface of the burner head does not come into contact with the injected oxygen.

[0042] The burner head according to the invention provides a burner system that can be flexibly used for various fuels. At the same time, the burner head has a lightweight design, which significantly simplifies manufacturing and maintenance. In addition to its fuel channel, the burner head has a protective gas channel. At least one nozzle system is arranged in the protective gas channel, through which oxygen can be released. Alternatively or additionally to oxygen, a fuel or other medium can also be released through the nozzles of the nozzle system. The nozzles in the protective gas channel are surrounded by protective gas from the protective gas gap. Due to the Venturi effect, the surrounding protective gas is drawn to the nozzles instead of fuel gas or volatile components from the fuel channel.

[0043] The formation of oxidizing and reducing plasmas is significantly reduced at the nozzles. This allows fuels with high volatile content to be gasified / processed into synthesis gas. In other words, contact between the fuel gas-oxygen mixture and catalytically active surfaces is avoided by supplying oxygen or other media through at least one nozzle system, which is arranged in a protective gas channel, particularly a slotted one. This flow of protective gas draws in protective gas instead of fuel gas to the respective nozzle, thus preventing the formation of a fuel gas-oxygen mixture at the nozzle outlet. Furthermore, the flame is detached from the nozzle outlet.

[0044] The following sections explain advantageous aspects and subsequently describe preferred modified embodiments. Explanations, particularly regarding advantages and definitions of features, are essentially descriptive and preferred, but not limiting, examples. If an explanation is limiting, this will be explicitly stated.

[0045] Where a formulation such as "at least", "at least" or a similar one is used, this formulation is synonymous and interchangeable with "one or more" and vice versa.

[0046] Alternatively or additionally, the first nozzle system may comprise at least two nozzle groups that can be supplied separately with a gaseous, oxygen-containing medium. Supplying the nozzles in groups within the nozzle system promotes better flame separation from the burner head surfaces.

[0047] Similar to the nozzle systems, the nozzle groups can be arranged at various locations on the burner head. Nozzles within a first sector of the circumference can be assigned to a first nozzle group, and nozzles within a second sector of the circumference can be assigned to a second nozzle group. When using multiple nozzle groups, a nozzle from the first nozzle group and a nozzle from the second or third nozzle group, etc., can be arranged alternately along a circumference. The circumference can be a circle, but it can also be angular, wavy, annular, or prismatic. Alternatively or additionally, the nozzles of the first and / or a second nozzle system can be aligned at an angle to the burner axis between 10° and 30° inclusive.Setting the angle β in the range between 10° and 30° particularly optimizes the flow dynamics and especially improves the mixing of fuel and oxygen. In burner head designs where secondary oxygen is fed into the burner flame, a steep angle β can enhance the mixing of the secondary oxygen with the fuel, resulting in a short flame. This is particularly advantageous when the gasification media are injected radially or slightly tangentially into the pressure gasifier.

[0048] If the orientation of a nozzle or nozzle outlets is or is being discussed, this refers, in this and similar formulations, to the flow direction imposed on the exiting medium by the arrangement of the nozzle.

[0049] Alternatively or additionally, a second nozzle system comprising a plurality of nozzles for venting a gaseous or liquid medium, for example a fuel gas, may be arranged in the annular protective gas channel. The annular protective gas channel is the first protective gas channel. Further protective gas channels may be provided, but these need not necessarily be annular in design.

[0050] The second nozzle system can also have one or more nozzle groups. Similar to the nozzle systems, the nozzle groups can be arranged at different locations on the burner head. Nozzles within the first sector of the circumference can be assigned to a first nozzle group, and nozzles within the second sector of the circumference can be assigned to a second nozzle group. When using multiple nozzle groups, a nozzle from the first nozzle group and a nozzle from the second or third nozzle group, etc., can be arranged alternately along a circumference, either alternatively or additionally. A circular path can be chosen as the circumference for the nozzle arrangement, or the nozzles can be arranged in a partially symmetrical pattern. The circumference can also be angular or wavy. A circular ring or a prismatic ring are also conceivable.

[0051] Alternatively or additionally, the burner head may include a second fuel channel, arranged radially inside the first fuel channel or radially outside the first protective gas channel. The second fuel channel can serve to more precisely control the gasification process. Furthermore, additional nozzles from another nozzle system may be arranged in the fuel channel. These nozzles can be connected in groups, i.e., as nozzle groups or as a single nozzle group, and can be supplied with a medium as such.

[0052] Alternatively or additionally, the burner head may include an additional feed device for dispensing an oxygen-containing gaseous medium, wherein the feed device opens into an orifice, and the fuel outlet is arranged radially between the orifice and the protective gas outlet of the first protective gas channel. The feed device may be used, in particular, for supplying primary oxygen.

[0053] Alternatively or additionally, the feed device may be designed with an opening at an angle to the burner axis between 0° and 20° inclusive. This angle advantageously allows for a more thorough mixing of the primary oxygen with the fuel. The steeper the angle to the burner axis, the more thoroughly the primary oxygen is mixed with the fuel.

[0054] Alternatively or additionally, the feed device can be designed as an annular channel for venting the oxygen-containing, gaseous medium. An annular design offers advantages in terms of manufacturing and assembly, particularly if a majority or all of the burner head's channels are annular in shape.

[0055] Alternatively or additionally, the supply device can include a second annular protective gas channel in which a multitude of nozzles are arranged for releasing the oxygen-containing, gaseous medium. This allows for even more precise control of the combustion, thus significantly reducing combustion at the end faces of adjacent channels.

[0056] Alternatively or additionally, the first fuel channel may be designed as a central pipe or as an annular channel.

[0057] Alternatively or additionally, the nozzles of the nozzle group may be arranged and configured to omit oxygen, fuel, and / or another medium of the expected medium requirement during full-load operation from 90% to 120% inclusive, and to omit fuel and / or another medium of the expected medium requirement during part-load operation from 30% to 80% inclusive. Full-load operation of a burner system refers to operation at maximum possible power, where the burner system delivers the highest possible quantity of fuel and oxygen to generate maximum energy. Part-load operation means that the burner system operates at reduced power by delivering a smaller quantity of fuel and oxygen, resulting in lower energy production.

[0058] The expected medium requirement, or medium expected requirement, refers to the estimated or forecasted quantity of a medium, such as a fuel or gas, that the burner system with the burner head needs to achieve a certain power output or energy production.

[0059] This configuration allows for adaptation to varying operating conditions, which is particularly advantageous in industrial applications. The flexible gas supply maximizes gasification efficiency and reduces fuel consumption. Less gas is required during partial load operation, improving economic efficiency, while optimal energy yield is achieved during full load operation. Precise control reduces the amount of ungasified fuel and undesirable byproducts such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and complex hydrocarbon compounds with sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine, thus contributing to compliance with environmental regulations and reducing pollution. Supplying more than 100 percent of the expected gas demand ensures a safety margin, optimizes combustion, enables peak load handling, improves system controllability, and helps reduce emissions.

[0060] Alternatively or additionally, the burner head can be provided with two nozzle groups, wherein the first nozzle group is configured to expel oxygen, fuel, and / or another medium of the expected medium requirement from 30% to 40% inclusive, and wherein the second nozzle group is configured to expel oxygen, fuel, and / or another medium of the expected medium requirement from 60% to 80% inclusive. This nozzle group configuration offers even more precise control and further optimized gasification efficiency.

[0061] Alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that the at least one fuel channel and / or the at least one feed device and / or the nozzle outlets and / or the at least one shielding gas outlet are each configured to discharge a medium in a preferred direction, wherein, in particular, the preferred direction of the at least one fuel channel and / or the preferred direction of the at least one feed device and / or the preferred direction of the nozzle outlets and / or the preferred direction of the at least one shielding gas outlet is angled at an angle β with respect to the burner axis. The preferred direction created by this angled design facilitates a uniform and controlled supply of oxygen or fuel when the nozzles are used in groups for this purpose. For example, the length of the burner flame can be controlled via this angled design.

[0062] Alternatively or additionally, the angle β between the preferred direction(s) and the burner axis may be between 10 and 30 degrees inclusive. It is particularly preferred that the angle β between the main extension axes of channel-shaped nozzles or a slotted shielding gas outlet of the shielding gas channel and the burner axis be between 10 and 30 degrees inclusive. Setting the angle β between the axes of the nozzles or the slotted shielding gas outlet for secondary oxygen and the axis of the burner head to between 10 and 30 degrees inclusive particularly optimizes the flow dynamics and especially improves the mixing of fuel and oxygen. In burner head embodiments where secondary oxygen is fed into the burner flame, a steep angle β can intensify the mixing of the secondary oxygen with the fuel, resulting in a short flame.This is particularly advantageous when the gasification media are injected radially or slightly tangentially into the pressure carburetor.

[0063] Alternatively or additionally, the at least one fuel channel and / or the at least one feed device and / or the at least one nozzle system and / or the at least one shielding gas outlet can be arranged symmetrically with respect to the burner axis. This has the advantage of ensuring a homogeneous temperature distribution at the burner head and reduces the possibility of the formation of unwanted local plasmas that could damage the burner head surface.

[0064] Alternatively or additionally, the at least one fuel channel and / or the at least one feed device and / or the at least one nozzle system and / or the at least one shielding gas outlet can be arranged rotationally symmetrically with respect to the burner axis. This is a particularly preferred embodiment of the previous one. It is especially preferred that the nozzles for secondary oxygen are arranged rotationally symmetrically with respect to the burner axis. A rotationally symmetrical arrangement can be realized, for example, by a design as a round hole with the burner axis as its center or as an annular opening. There can also be ring-sector-shaped openings or openings arranged on a circular line with the burner axis as its center.Alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that the at least one fuel channel and / or the at least one feed device and / or the at least one nozzle system and / or the at least one shielding gas outlet are arranged symmetrically with respect to a plane of symmetry perpendicular to the burner axis. This is a particularly preferred embodiment of the one before last.

[0065] Alternatively or additionally, the nozzle outlets may be arranged individually or in groups, particularly in groups within the nozzle groups, or all nozzle outlets may be offset by a distance within the shielding gas outlet or within the at least one supply device in the direction of the shielding gas channel. The recessed nozzle openings protect the end faces of the burner head from overheating, prevent blockages, stabilize the flow, improve mixing, reduce erosion, and offer flexibility in control.

[0066] Alternatively or additionally, the distance a can be specified as being in a range from 10 mm inclusive to 20 mm inclusive. This is a particularly preferred embodiment of the previous one.

[0067] Alternatively or additionally, the protective gas channel may have at least two nozzle groups in its protective gas outlet, each with at least one nozzle for discharging the fuel or other medium, wherein each nozzle has a nozzle connection to the nozzle channel and the nozzle outlet. Furthermore, preferably at least two nozzle group connections are provided for a group-by-group independent supply of the fuel or other medium, wherein each of the nozzles is connected to a nozzle group connection, and each nozzle of each nozzle group opens into the protective gas outlet.

[0068] Alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that at least one feed device has at least two nozzle groups, each with at least one nozzle for discharging the fuel or other medium, wherein each nozzle has a nozzle connection, a nozzle channel, and a nozzle outlet. Furthermore, preferably, at least two nozzle group connections are provided for a group-wise independent feed of the fuel or other medium, wherein each of the nozzles is connected to a nozzle group connection via its nozzle connection, and each nozzle of each nozzle group opens into the feed device.

[0069] The independent supply of both nozzle groups within a single burner head offers several advantages that significantly improve the efficiency, control, and flexibility of the gasification process. Independent nozzle supply allows for precise control of oxygen and fuel flow, enabling fine-tuning of the combustion process to create optimal conditions for complete gasification and minimized emissions. Separate fuel and oxygen supply through independent nozzles facilitates optimal mixing of the two media, which is crucial for efficient gasification and the reduction of unwanted byproducts such as soot or unburned hydrocarbons.

[0070] The independent nozzle supply also allows the use of different fuels or fuel mixtures without requiring changes to the overall system configuration. This is particularly advantageous in industrial processes where different fuels are used or rapid adjustments are necessary. Precise control of the oxygen supply minimizes the formation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and other pollutants, which is crucial for complying with stringent environmental regulations and reducing pollution. Precise control and improved mixing result in more efficient gasification, reducing fuel consumption and maximizing energy yield, thereby lowering operating costs and increasing the system's economic efficiency.

[0071] Optimized combustion and the avoidance of hot spots or local overheating reduce stress on the burner components, which can extend the burner head's service life and reduce maintenance requirements. Furthermore, precise control of the fuel and oxygen supply is essential, and the independent supply of individual nozzle groups allows for flexible and accurate adjustment of operating conditions.

[0072] In addition, the independent oxygen supply to the nozzle groups offers specific advantages such as optimized combustion control, flexibility in fuel composition, improved emission control, prevention of overheating, efficient oxygen utilization, and increased operational flexibility. This independent control of the oxygen supply to different nozzle groups allows for precise adjustment of the oxygen flow to optimize combustion in different zones of the carburetor and achieve more uniform and complete gasification. Different fuel types or mixtures may require different oxygen ratios for optimal gasification, and the independent supply to the nozzle groups enables rapid adjustment of the oxygen supply to the specific requirements of the fuel used.

[0073] The ability to independently control the oxygen flow helps minimize the formation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and other pollutants, which is particularly important for complying with strict environmental regulations and reducing environmental impact. Localized overheating can occur in burner systems, leading to uneven combustion and damage to burner components. Independently supplying the nozzle groups allows the oxygen supply to be adjusted to ensure a uniform temperature distribution and prevent hot spots.

[0074] Independent control enables demand-based oxygen supply precisely where it is needed, leading to more efficient oxygen utilization and reduced operating costs. In industrial processes requiring frequent changes in operating conditions, the independent supply to the nozzle groups allows for quick and easy system adjustments, increasing the burner's flexibility and adaptability to changing requirements. Alternatively or additionally, the burner head can be provided with at least one outlet solely for primary oxygen and / or at least one outlet solely for secondary oxygen. The outlet(s) can each be formed by the nozzle outlet(s). An outlet designed as an annular gap is also conceivable.

[0075] The main difference between primary and secondary oxygen lies in their function and point of introduction in the combustion process. Primary oxygen is introduced directly into the area where the fuel ignites and the initial combustion takes place. It is introduced into the burner head in close proximity to the fuel through outlets located near the fuel nozzles. Here, primary oxygen is introduced in an initial phase of combustion in a quantity sufficient to partially oxidize the fuel and initiate combustion. In contrast, secondary oxygen is introduced in later stages of the gasification process to ensure the complete gasification of the fuel gases. Secondary oxygen contributes to the complete oxidation of unburned fuel particles and gases, increasing gasification efficiency and reducing emissions.Secondary oxygen is introduced into the flame at a point further away from the initial fuel ignition, or into the area where the combustion gases are to react further and be completely combusted. Its role in the combustion process is to support the complete oxidation of the fuel gases and volatile components. This reduces the formation of pollutants such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC). Secondary oxygen improves the thermal efficiency of the gasification process through more complete gasification.

[0076] Preferably, one or more nozzle systems for the release of secondary oxygen are provided in the protective gas channel. In other words, the outlets are formed solely by nozzle outlets through which the secondary oxygen is released. In this case, the nozzles are arranged in the protective gas channel, which has a slot-shaped outlet.

[0077] The slit-shaped outlet is particularly preferred in an annular form. Alternatively, it is preferred that the burner head has several outlets formed by the nozzles, solely for primary oxygen. In this case as well, the nozzles are arranged in the protective gas channel, which has a slit-shaped outlet. Here, the slit-shaped outlet of the protective gas channel is annular. Furthermore, the burner head preferably has two flanking outlets, i.e., outlets projecting from the protective gas outlet with the nozzles, for releasing secondary oxygen. The two projecting outlets are preferably slit-shaped and annular in form.

[0078] In other words, the particularly preferred embodiment described above provides the following: Primary oxygen is supplied through nozzles in the slit-shaped protective gas outlet to ensure ignition and flame stabilization; two additional slit-shaped outlets are arranged flanking it, through which secondary oxygen is supplied to aid complete fuel gasification and minimize emissions. This arrangement optimizes gasification efficiency, improves flame stability, and reduces emissions, resulting in more efficient and environmentally friendly burner operation.

[0079] Alternatively, it is preferred that the nozzles are designed to release primary and secondary oxygen. In such a case, it is preferred that the nozzles are arranged in the protective gas channel and connected in groups to release either primary or secondary oxygen.

[0080] Alternatively or additionally, at least one additional nozzle group for recirculated liquid or gaseous fuels can be provided.

[0081] Alternatively or additionally, the burner head can be designed with two fuel channels, each with a fuel connection for independent fuel supply. In particular, the fuel channels are located at different distances from the burner axis. A first fuel channel can, for example, be centrally located along the burner axis. A second fuel channel can be integrated with the shielding gas channel or be located radially further from the burner axis than the shielding gas channel. Overall, two burner channels offer the advantage of precise control of the gasification process.

[0082] The problem is also solved by a pressure gasifier burner system for a pressure gasifier, wherein the pressure gasifier is suitable for gasifying at least one fuel with a high carbon content and a high proportion of volatile components and for producing synthesis gases, wherein the pressure gasifier can be operated at temperatures above the melting temperature of the fuel ash.

[0083] The burner system features:

[0084] - a burner head according to the invention or according to one or more of the embodiments described above, and

[0085] a feeding system.

[0086] The supply system is designed to supply oxygen at a speed greater than or equal to 50 m / s, in particular at a speed greater than or equal to 100 m / s, preferably through a majority, and especially preferably through each of the nozzles.

[0087] Preferably, the supply system has at least two supply connections that can be supplied independently with a medium for connection to a nozzle group gas connection.

[0088] A fuel supply system is further preferred for supplying the fuels, which are in particular gaseous, liquid or powdery form, independently of the supply system.

[0089] Alternatively or additionally, it may be provided that the supply system is connected to at least one protective gas connection via at least two supply connections that can be supplied independently with a medium.

[0090] Alternatively or additionally, the pressure gasifier burner system can be designed to transport solid fuels via dense-phase conveying through the first fuel channel. A central channel can also be provided, configured as an ignition burner and / or a flame detector. This central channel can thus be used as a pilot burner and / or flame detector to ignite and monitor a flame, particularly a main flame. The flame detector can detect the presence of a flame. The presence of a flame can be monitored by the flame detector using sensors that respond to visible light, UV light, or infrared radiation emitted by the flame.

[0091] Furthermore, the problem is solved by a pressure gasifier, wherein the pressure gasifier is suitable for gasifying at least one fuel with a high carbon content and a high proportion of volatile components and for producing synthesis gases, wherein the pressure gasifier can be operated at temperatures above the melting temperature of the fuel ash.

[0092] comprising a pressure carburetor: a pressure carburetor burner system according to the invention and / or one of the previously described embodiments, a reaction chamber into which the burner head projects with at least one fuel outlet, at least one fuel channel and at least one shielding gas outlet, or at least one shielding gas channel.

[0093] Furthermore, the problem is solved by a method for operating a burner head, a pressure gasifier burner system, or a pressure gasifier, wherein an oxygen-containing gas is introduced through at least some of the nozzles. This oxygen-containing gas can contain inert gases. These so-called inert gases, such as H₂O (water vapor) and CO₂ (carbon dioxide), react with carbon and other substances under gasification conditions, increasing the synthesis gas yield. The reactions are predominantly endothermic, which lowers the gasification temperature.

[0094] Alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that at partial load, at least one nozzle group is operated with oxygen and at least one other nozzle group is operated with a different gas, e.g., water vapor. Inert gases such as H₂O (water vapor) and CO₂ (carbon dioxide) can lower the gasification temperature by absorbing heat. This prevents local overheating and protects the burner components from thermal damage.

[0095] Alternatively or additionally, it may be provided that at least one nozzle system is operated with a fuel and the shielding gas channel(s) is / are operated with an inert or gaseous fuel.

[0096] Alternatively or additionally, it may be provided that at least one nozzle system is operated with a fuel without gaseous and without easily flammable components and that the protective gas channel(s) is / are operated with an oxygen-containing gas.

[0097] Brief description of the drawings

[0098] A preferred technical solution is explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. The term "figure" is abbreviated as "Fig." in the drawings.

[0099] The drawings show

[0100] Fig. 1 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of a burner head;

[0101] Fig. 2a shows a partial cross-section of the burner head of Figure 1;

[0102] Fig. 2b shows a schematic view of an arrangement of nozzles, according to the embodiment shown in Figure 1;

[0103] Fig. 3 shows a partial cross-section through another embodiment of the burner head;

[0104] Fig. 4a shows a partial cross-section through a further embodiment of the burner head;

[0105] Fig. 4b shows a partial cross-section through a further embodiment of the burner head;

[0106] Fig. 5a shows a partial cross-section through another embodiment of the

[0107] burner head; Fig. 5b a partial cross-section through another embodiment of the burner head; and

[0108] Fig. 6 shows a partial cross-section through a further embodiment of the burner head.

[0109] Detailed description of the drawings

[0110] The described embodiments are merely examples that can be modified and / or supplemented in various ways within the scope of the claims. Each feature described for a specific embodiment can be used independently or in combination with other features in any other embodiment. Each feature described for an embodiment of a particular claim category can also be used accordingly in an embodiment of a different claim category.

[0111] Figure 1 shows a burner head 10 according to one possible embodiment. The burner head 10 of the present embodiment is shaped like a truncated cone with a top surface and a lateral surface. Other shapes of the burner head 10, for example as a truncated pyramid, are conceivable.

[0112] According to the present embodiment, the burner head 10 has a central channel 1. The central channel 1 of the present embodiment can be used as a pilot burner and / or flame detector to ignite and monitor a flame, in particular a main flame. The flame detector can detect whether a flame is present. The presence of a flame can be monitored by the flame detector using sensors that react to visible light, UV light, or infrared radiation emitted by the flame.

[0113] The central channel 1 can be hollow cylindrical or a hollow prism and is, in particular, surrounded by a central channel wall. In the present embodiment, the central channel 1 is arranged centrally in the cover surface 11. In other words, in the present conical burner head 10, the central channel 1 is arranged centrally in a circular cover surface 11 of the burner head 10. Preferably, the central channel 1 can also be axially centered.

[0114] The central channel 1 can also convey fuel, particularly when inert gas is used, to prevent mixing with oxygen and to increase the service life of the burner head 10. Finally, the central channel of the present embodiment can contribute to the homogenization and atomization of the fuel and ensure that the various flows within the burner head 10 are cooled and protected from direct contact with the flame.

[0115] The burner head 10 further comprises a feed device 2. In this case, the feed device 2 is configured as a gap for oxygen. Gases are drawn in through the oxygen in the direction of the oxygen jets, which generate a flow along the top surface 11. Media other than oxygen can also be passed through the feed device 2. The feed device 2 can enclose the central channel 1, e.g., in a circular fashion. The feed device 2 can be configured as a single ring. The feed device 2 can be formed from several openings that surround the central channel 1 in a radially uniform manner. The openings of the feed device 2 can lie on a circle or on an outline of a polygon. Preferably, one or more openings geometrically replicate at least one adjacent outline of the central channel 1.For example, in a central channel 1 with a circular opening, the opening of the feed device 2 can be arc-shaped. The arc-shaped opening of the feed device 2 and the circular opening of the fuel channel 2 can have the same center point, for example, the burner axis A.

[0116] The primary function of the oxygen supply unit 2 in the burner system is to provide oxygen to support the combustion and gasification of the fuel. The oxygen is injected through the gap at high velocity to ensure efficient atomization and mixing with the fuel. This contributes to optimizing the combustion process and increasing gasification efficiency. The high injection velocity of the oxygen can be 100 m / s. 50 m / s is also conceivable. However, the velocity must be at least higher than 50 m / s.

[0117] The oxygen supply device 2 can be arranged axially in the burner head 10 so that the oxygen jet does not flow onto the cover surfaces of adjacent channels. This can prevent combustion on the cover surfaces and contribute to increasing the service life of the burner system or the burner head. At higher throughputs, the fuel is introduced through a gap to achieve better atomization and mixing, while the oxygen is injected through the central channel 1.

[0118] The feed device 2 can be formed between two tubes. More generally, the feed device 2 can be formed between a wall of the central channel 1 and a wall 3. The wall 3 can be a wall of another tube that axially surrounds the central channel 1. In other words, the inner tube is the central channel and the outer tube is a cylindrical tube. The cylindrical tube has a wall 3 that is two to five times thicker than a wall of the fuel channel 1. Preferably, the wall 3 of the cylindrical tube is three times as thick as the wall of the central channel 1.

[0119] The cylindrical tube can in turn be surrounded by a first fuel channel 4. In particular, the first fuel channel 4 is rotationally symmetrical about the central burner axis A, preferably with an annular fuel outlet. In other words, the fuel channel 4 is designed as a circular gap.

[0120] In this configuration, the fuel channel 4, the feed device 2 and the fuel channel 1 all have the burner axis A as their common center of symmetry.

[0121] The fuel channel 4 is configured to convey fuel through a fuel outlet on the top surface 11 of the burner head 10. The fuel channel 4 can be designed as a single ring. The further fuel channel 4 can be formed from several openings that surround the cylindrical tube in a radially uniform manner. The openings of the further fuel channel 4 can lie on a circle or on an outline edge of a polygon. Preferably, one or more openings geometrically replicate at least one indirectly adjacent outline edge of the fuel channel 1. For example, in the case of a central channel 1 with a circular opening, an opening of the fuel channel 4 can be arc-shaped. The arc-shaped opening of the fuel channel 4 and the circular opening of the fuel channel 1 can have the same center point.The central channel 1 can be configured as a second fuel channel 4' for supplying fuel. Alternatively, the central channel 1 can remain unused during operation of the burner head 10, or simply be supplied with a purge gas.

[0122] The fuel channel 4 is separated from a protective gas channel 7 by a partition 5, in which a first nozzle system 6 with at least one nozzle group 6a, 6b (see Figures 2a and 2b) is arranged. The nozzle group 6a, 6b comprises many nozzles 60. The protective gas channel 7 has an annular protective gas outlet 7a. In the present embodiment, the protective gas outlet 7a is a gap.

[0123] The nozzles 60 are arranged in the protective gas outlet 7a. The nozzles 60 are designed to allow secondary oxygen to escape in the area of ​​the top surface of the burner head 10. The protective gas outlet 7a is surrounded by an end face 8 formed on the top surface of the burner head 10. The end face 8 is designed to be cooled during a combustion process. Cooling can be achieved with cooling water. In contrast, the wall of the fuel channel 1, the wall 3 of the feed device 2, and the partition 5 between the further fuel channel 4 and the protective gas outlet 7a are cooled only by the flowing media.

[0124] The above discussion focused on an embodiment in which oxygen is primarily conveyed in the feed device 2 and secondarily in the nozzles 60. Other embodiments of the burner head 10 are conceivable in which alternative liquids or gases are injected through selected nozzles 60.

[0125] Alternatively or additionally, the nozzles 60 can be grouped in several groups to achieve high media velocities at partial load. The protective gas outlet 7a allows the use of inert gas, e.g., H2O or CO2, or a flammable gas with a calorific value of less than 4 MJ / Nm³. 3 The flow is directed. In the present embodiment, the end face 8 of the burner head 10 has a concave curvature. The orientation of individual outlets and surfaces is explained in more detail with reference to Figures 2a and 2b.

[0126] Figure 2a shows a partial cross-section of the burner head 10 of Figure 1. The burner head 10 is axially symmetrical about a fictitious central main axis running through the central channel 1, which is the burner axis A, as shown in the partial section. The cross-section shows the central channel 1, designed as a central tube; the feed device 2, designed as a gap with an opening 2a; the fuel channel 4, designed as a gap; and the protective gas outlet 7a, designed as a gap.

[0127] The central channel 1, the feed device 2, the fuel channel 4, and the shielding gas channel 7 each have a flow channel. The path of each flow channel can be traced using the cross-sectional diagram. In the present embodiment, the flow channels are axially symmetrical. The axially symmetrical flow channels of the burner head 10 are configured as follows: The central channel 1, in this case the central tube, is axially aligned and serves as the main channel for guiding fuel and / or other media. The feed device 2, in this case the gap for primary oxygen, is also axially aligned and supplies primary oxygen to support combustion. The axial alignment facilitates a direct and efficient supply of oxygen to the combustion zone.

[0128] The first fuel channel 4, in this case designed as a gap, for fuel delivery is slightly inclined, at an angle of, for example, 10 degrees. This inclination supports the atomization and even distribution of the fuel in the combustion area, thereby promoting optimal mixing with the oxygen.

[0129] The nozzles 60 are, in this case, nozzle groups 6a and 6b for secondary oxygen. Nozzle groups 6a and 6b are assigned to a first nozzle system 6. The shielding gas channel 7 and the shielding gas outlet 7a, in this case a gap for shielding gas, and the nozzle groups 6a and 6b for secondary oxygen are inclined at a steeper angle, β between 10 and 30 degrees. This steeper inclination allows for a targeted supply of the secondary oxygen and the shielding gas, which stabilizes combustion and minimizes the formation of pollutants. The orientation and inclination of the gaps in this burner head 10 are chosen to ensure efficient combustion and optimal mixing of the fuels and gases. The axially symmetrical arrangement of the flow channels contributes to optimizing the flow dynamics and maximizing the performance of the burner head 10.

[0130] The nozzle groups 6a and 6b are grouped in two ring distributor nozzles, or distributors 6a and 6b for short. This can be seen from the cross-sectional view in Figure 2a and from the schematic view of a distribution of distributors 6a and 6b in Figure 2b.

[0131] Distributors 6a and 6b ensure the even distribution of oxygen and other gases in their respective flow channels. They are strategically positioned to maximize fuel supply efficiency and combustion homogeneity.

[0132] At a steep angle β, the mixing of secondary oxygen with fuel is intensified, resulting in a short flame. This is particularly advantageous when the vaporization media is injected radially or slightly tangentially into the carburetor.

[0133] With concentric outlet slots, in particular with a concentrically arranged central channel 1 and first fuel channel 4, the flow is axially symmetrical, meaning that the angle β has no effect on a swirl in the reaction chamber of the carburetor. This also applies to nozzles 60 in the protective gas channel 7 or in the protective gas outlet 7a, as long as the distribution of oxygen in the nozzles 60 for secondary oxygen is axially symmetrical. The axial symmetry is less relevant for other media due to velocities > 100 m / s and for a slot-shaped feed device 2. The embodiment can be used for the following processes:

[0134] According to a first method, oxygen is passed through two groups of nozzles 6a and 6b. During partial load operation, the groups are used individually, e.g., for 40% or 80% of the expected gas demand (more generally defined as the expected medium demand). During full load operation, both groups are used, i.e., for 120% of the expected gas demand (more generally defined as the expected medium demand). During partial load operation, the remaining nozzle groups 6a and 6b are operated with a different gas, e.g., steam.

[0135] According to a second method, two nozzle systems 6, 12 are provided, wherein, for example, oxygen is supplied through the first nozzle system 6 and HTL-ÖI is supplied through the second nozzle system 12.

[0136] The operating load of the burner head 10 is determined by a fuel flow rate. However, a wide load range, e.g., 30–120%, can be problematic for dense-phase fuel delivery, as both the flow rate and velocity are limited. At low velocities or flow rates, undesirable inhomogeneities can occur due to segregation, especially when the flow direction changes before and within the burner head 10. To prevent this, the burner head 10 is supplied by two delivery lines, which are routed into the burner gap only shortly before exiting the gap. In the lower load range, only one delivery line is used.

[0137] Figure 3 shows a partial cross-section of a burner head 10, where Figure 3 is an alternative embodiment to the embodiment of Figure 2a. The burner head 10 of Figure 3 can also have an arrangement of nozzles 60, as shown in Figure 2a.

[0138] In the present embodiment, the outlets of the nozzles 60, unlike in the embodiment of Figure 1, are slightly recessed relative to the shielding gas outlet. A cross-sectional view shows a nozzle 60 designed to discharge oxygen. The outlet in the center is again that of the central channel 1, which in turn is surrounded by a wedge-shaped shielding gas channel 7, here a gap, for shielding gas. The burner head 10, as shown in the partial view, is axially symmetrical about a fictitious central main axis running through the central channel 1, which corresponds to the burner axis A. The nozzle 60 extends through the wedge-shaped gap. The wedge-shaped gap of the shielding gas channel 7 is bounded by a wall 4a from the first fuel channel 4, which is cylindrical. The fuel channel 4 is designed for fuel delivery.

[0139] If flammable gases escape from the central channel 1 and / or the fuel channel 4, the oxygen jet flowing from the nozzles 60 should not flow onto the end faces of the adjacent channels so that combustion on these end faces can be excluded.

[0140] The maximum distance a of each outlet of each nozzle 60 in front of the gap exit can be estimated using numerical methods / mathematical models or, in a simplified manner, using formulas of free jet theory.

[0141] An example of this is the calculation with the following parameters: The width of the shielding gas channel 7 at the shielding gas outlet 7a is 10 mm, the inner diameter of the nozzles is 606 mm, and the half-angle of the jet is 7°, based on free jet theory. The maximum distance is therefore calculated as (10 mm - 6 mm) / (2 * tan (7°)), which results in 16 mm. To prevent combustion on the end faces of the shielding gas outlet 7a and to ensure a long service life of the burner head 10, the distance a should be between 0 and 16 mm in this case.

[0142] The velocity of the oxygen injected into the burner head 10 is higher than 50 m / s. This high velocity improves fuel atomization and mixing of the media. The optimal configuration of the burner channels usually depends on the throughput of the pneumatically conveyed or liquid fuels. In small burner heads 10 with a fuel throughput per outlet < 1 t / h and a delivery line diameter D < 20 mm, the fuel is supplied through the central tube.

[0143] Oxygen is supplied from the outside through a gap.

[0144] At higher throughputs, e.g., a throughput of 10 t / h of pneumatically conveyed fuel per burner head with a 50 mm diameter delivery line, the fuel is introduced through a gap to achieve better atomization and mixing, while oxygen is supplied through fuel channel 1, as described in EP 0108427 A1. If the fuel is conveyed with inert gas, no protective gas is required.

[0145] At even higher throughputs of pneumatically fed fuel, e.g., 25 t / h burner heads, two oxygen layers on either side of the fuel are advantageous. In other words, with very high quantities of fuel being fed per hour, in this case 25 tons per hour, it is beneficial to surround the fuel with two separate oxygen streams, or layers. This improves combustion efficiency and ensures complete mixing of the fuel with the oxygen. In other words, in such a case, multiple oxygen outlets must be provided at the burner head 10. This means that the fuel channel 4 or 4', or the fuel streams, are flanked by at least two separate oxygen outlets. This configuration allows for more efficient fuel gasification and optimizes the reaction time and gasification rate.This is particularly important at high throughputs to ensure that the fuel is fully vaporized and leaves no unvaporized residue.

[0146] The selection of the oxygen injection configuration described above applies both to the previous burner heads with one or two oxygen slots and to the burner heads 10 according to the invention with oxygen nozzles in one or two burner slots.

[0147] The burner heads 10 according to the invention can be advantageously used in the recirculation of combustible gases from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT synthesis) or methanol-to-gasoline synthesis (MTG synthesis) into the gasifier, the injection of liquid combustible waste products into the gasifier, and in a wide load range of the pressure gasifier, for example from 30 to 100 percent.

[0148] Figure 4a shows a partial cross-section of a burner head 10, this embodiment being an alternative embodiment to the embodiments shown in Figures 2a and 3. It is a burner head 10 with two outlets, the present burner head 10 being the simplest embodiment.

[0149] Similar to the embodiment shown in Figure 3, this is an embodiment in which the end faces of the outlets, i.e., the end face of the shielding gas outlet 7a and the end faces of the nozzle outlets 60, are offset from one another. A cross-section of a nozzle 60, designed for the discharge of oxygen, is shown. There is no outlet in the center, i.e., there is no outlet of a central channel 1. There is an annular fuel channel 4, offset from the burner axis A, which is surrounded by a wedge-shaped shielding gas channel 7 (here a gap) for shielding gas. The burner head 10 is designed to be axially symmetrical about a fictitious central main axis corresponding to the burner axis A, as shown in the partial view. The nozzles 60 extend through the wedge-shaped shielding gas channel 7. The nozzles 60 are designed for conveying oxygen.

[0150] Figure 4b shows a variant of the embodiment according to Fig. 4a, wherein a second fuel channel 4' is provided radially outside the protective gas channel 7. Otherwise, the descriptions of the embodiment according to Fig. 4a apply accordingly.

[0151] Figure 5a shows a partial cross-section of a burner head 10, wherein Figure 5a shows an alternative embodiment to the embodiments of Figures 2a, 3, 4a and 4b.

[0152] Figure 5a shows an embodiment with axially symmetrical flow channels of the burner head 10 with nozzles 21, 60 for primary and secondary oxygen. Here, there is a central channel 1, which is radially surrounded by the supply device 2 for the delivery of oxygen. The supply device 2 has a second annular protective gas channel 20 in this area, in which a plurality of nozzles 21 are arranged for the discharge of the oxygen-containing, gaseous medium. The second annular protective gas channel 20 is in turn radially surrounded by a radial gap, i.e., the first fuel channel 4. The fuel channel 4 is again radially surrounded by further nozzles 60 for secondary oxygen. The nozzles 60 are again arranged in the protective gas channel 7. In the embodiment according to Fig.

[0153] 5a the central channel 1 can preferably be designed as a further fuel channel 4'.

[0154] Figure 5b shows a variant of the embodiment according to Figure 5a. This variant comprises a second fuel channel 4', which is formed separately from the central channel 1 and is provided radially within the feed device 2. The second fuel channel 4' is preferably designed as an annular gap. Otherwise, the descriptions in Figure 5a apply accordingly.

[0155] Figure 6 shows a cross-section of a burner head 10, representing an alternative embodiment to those shown in Figures 2a, 3, 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b. This is a multi-purpose burner head 10. The axially symmetrical flow channels of the burner head 10 are equipped with two groups of nozzles in each oxygen gap. The central channel 1, designed as a central tube, forms the center of the system. There are also groups of nozzles 2a and 2b, as well as 6a and 6b, for oxygen. Radially symmetrical to the central channel 1, nozzles 2a and 2b for oxygen supply are located closest to it. Nozzles 2b for oxygen or other reactants, such as liquid waste, can be arranged on one or both sides, or radially symmetrically, either the same or different from the nozzles 2a for oxygen.Here, the oxygen nozzles 2a are arranged alternately with the nozzles 2b on a circular or prism around an axis running in the fuel channel 1. The nozzles 2a and 2b are arranged in an outlet of a second annular protective gas channel 20 for inert gas. The outlet is in turn separated from a first fuel channel 4 by a wall. The fuel channel 4 is annular in design. The fuel channel 4 is surrounded by an arrangement of nozzle groups 6a and 6b. The arrangement of nozzle groups 6a and 6b is radially symmetrical about the central axis A of the burner head 10, which runs through the central channel 1. The nozzle groups 6a and 6b are each nozzles for oxygen. Alternatively or additionally to nozzle group 6b, a second nozzle system 12 can be present for gaseous byproducts of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Nozzle groups 6a and 6b are arranged and designed similarly to nozzle groups 2a and 2b.In other words, there are two different alignment angles ß1 and ß2. For example, ß1 could be 10 degrees and ß2 could be 30 degrees.

[0156] An asymmetric distribution of oxygen can influence the swirl, or tangential velocity, in the reaction chamber around the vertical reactor axis. The tangential velocities resulting from angles β1 and β2 are proportional to the tangent of these angles and are highest in the horizontal cross-section. For illustration, Fig. 6 can be viewed as a horizontal cross-section through the burner plane, looking from the inside out.

[0157] For example, nozzles can be installed on one side only (e.g., on the right side). This makes the oxygen pulse, which corresponds to the sum of the mass flows exiting the individual nozzles multiplied by their respective velocities, greater on one side than on the opposite side of the burner head (in the example, higher on the right side than on the left). This results in a leftward swirl. If the swirl in the carburetor needs to be corrected, changing the nozzle cross-sections is much simpler than changing the orientations of the burners, which are determined by openings in the approximately 100 mm thick pressure vessel wall and in the membrane wall of the reaction chamber.

[0158] The nozzle groups 2a, 2b, 6a and 6b can be supplied via ring distributors. The supply to the ring distributors in the present embodiment of Figure 6 could be solved similarly to the embodiment of Figure 2.

[0159] A possible assembly sequence for the front burner section of the burner head 10 could be as follows: First, distributors with nozzle groups 2b and then 2a are mounted on a standpipe of the fuel channel 1. Next, a guide element of the fuel channel 4 is slid onto it from the front. Then, distributors with nozzle groups 6a and 6b are mounted, and finally an outer housing 9. (List of reference symbols)

[0160] 1 Central channel

[0161] 1a Central channel outlet

[0162] 2 Feeding device

[0163] 2a Outlet of the feeding device, for example in the form of a nozzle group with an inner ring distributor nozzle for oxygen 2b Nozzle group, in the form of an inner ring distributor nozzle for oxygen or other reactants, such as liquid waste

[0164] 3 walls

[0165] 4 first fuel channel

[0166] 4a Fuel outlet

[0167] 4' second fuel channel

[0168] 5 partition wall

[0169] 6 first nozzle system

[0170] 6a Nozzle group, in the form of an outer ring distributor nozzle for oxygen 6b Nozzle group, in the form of an outer ring distributor nozzle for oxygen 7 Shielding gas channel

[0171] 7a Shielding gas outlet

[0172] 8 Front surface

[0173] 9 outer casings

[0174] 10 burner head

[0175] 11 Cover area

[0176] 12. Second nozzle system for gaseous byproducts of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

[0177] 20 second annular protective gas channel

[0178] 21 nozzles of a feeding device

[0179] 60 nozzle

[0180] a maximum distance of the outlet of each nozzle in front of the gap exit A burner axis ß1 alignment of nozzles Z shielding gas channel wall(s) with respect to burner axis

[0181] ß2 Alignment of nozzles / fuel channel wall(s) with respect to

[0182] Brenner axis

Claims

Claims 1. Burner head (10) for a pressure gasifier burner system of a pressure gasifier, for the gasification of a carbon-containing fuel, wherein the burner head (10) can be operated at temperatures above the melting temperature of a fuel ash, the burner head (10) having: a first fuel channel (4) formed rotationally symmetrical to a central burner axis (A) with a fuel outlet (4a); and a first protective gas channel (7) extending coaxially to the first fuel channel (4) with an annular protective gas outlet (7a), wherein a first nozzle system (6) comprising a plurality of nozzles (60) for venting an oxygen-containing, gaseous medium is arranged in the first protective gas channel (7).

2. Burner head (10) according to claim 1, wherein the first nozzle system (6) comprises at least two nozzle groups (6a, 6b) that can be supplied separately with gaseous, oxygen-containing medium.

3. Burner head (10) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a second nozzle system (12) comprising a plurality of nozzles (60) for venting a gaseous or liquid medium is arranged in the annular protective gas channel (7).

4. Burner head (10) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the nozzles (60) of the first and / or the second nozzle system (6, 12) are aligned at an angle (β1) to the burner axis (A) which is in the range between inclusive 10° and inclusive 30°.

5. Burner head (10) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a second fuel channel (4') arranged radially inside the first fuel channel (4), or radially outside the first shielding gas channel (7).

6. Burner head (10) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising an additional feed device (2) for dispensing an oxygen-containing, gaseous medium, wherein the feed device (2) opens into an orifice (2a), and the fuel outlet (4a) is arranged radially between the orifice (2a) and the protective gas outlet (7a).

7. Burner head (10) according to claim 6, wherein the opening (2a) of the feed device (2) is aligned at an angle (ß2) to the burner axis (A) which is in the range between inclusive 0° and inclusive 20°.

8. Burner head (10) according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the feed device (2) is designed as an annular channel for releasing the oxygen-containing, gaseous medium.

9. Burner head (10) according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the supply device (2) comprises a second annular protective gas channel (20) in which a plurality of nozzles (21) are arranged for venting the oxygen-containing, gaseous medium.

10. Burner head (10) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein nozzle outlets of the nozzles (21 , 60) are arranged individually or in groups within the protective gas channel (7, 20) and / or within the at least one supply device (2) offset by a distance (a) in the direction of the protective gas channel (7, 20), where in particular the section (a) is in a range from 10 mm inclusive to 20 mm inclusive.

11. Pressure carburetor burner system for a pressure carburetor, wherein the pressure gasifier is suitable for gasifying at least one carbon-containing fuel and producing synthesis gases, wherein the pressure gasifier is operable at temperatures above the melting temperature of the fuel ash, featuring the burner system: a burner head (10) according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 10; a supply system for supplying oxygen at a speed greater than or equal to 50 m / s, in particular at a speed greater than or equal to 100 m / s, preferably by a majority, particularly preferably by each of the nozzles (21 , 60).

12. Pressure carburetor burner system according to claim 11, configured to transport solid fuels as dense-phase conveying through the first fuel channel (4), and wherein a central channel (1) is provided which is designed as an ignition burner and / or as a flame monitor.

13. Pressure carburetor, wherein the pressure gasifier is suitable for gasifying at least one carbon-containing fuel and producing synthesis gases, wherein the pressure gasifier is operable at temperatures above the melting temperature of the fuel ash, the pressure carburetor having: a pressure carburetor burner system according to claim 11 or 12; and a reaction chamber into which the burner head (10) protrudes with at least one fuel outlet of a fuel channel (4) and at least one protective gas outlet (7a) of the protective gas channel (7).

14. A method for operating a burner head (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, or a pressure carburetor burner system according to any one of claims 11 or 12, or a pressure carburetor according to claim 13, wherein an oxygen-containing gas is introduced through at least a portion of the nozzles (21, 60).

5. A method according to claim 14, wherein at partial load at least one nozzle group (6a; 6b) is operated with oxygen and at least another nozzle group (6b; 6a) is operated with another gas, e.g., steam.

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