Method for creating a functional surface structure on a substrate, in particular a vehicle component substrate, by means of digital printing, and component and functional surface structure

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for creating a functional surface structure (1) on a substrate (2), comprising: - providing the substrate (2) on which the functional surface structure (1) is to be created; - applying at least one functional layer (7) to the substrate (2) via digital printing by applying a printable material (9); and - creating the functional surface structure (1) on the substrate (2) by applying the printable material (9) to the substrate (2) so as to create an upper side (18) of the at least one functional layer (7) in such a way that a physical upper-side effect is produced on the upper side (18). The invention further relates to a component (20) and to a functional surface structure (1).

Description

[0001] Method for generating a functional surface structure on a substrate, in particular a vehicle component substrate, using digital printing, as well as component and functional surface structure

[0002] The present invention relates to a method for producing a functional surface structure on a substrate. The invention also relates to a component and a functional surface structure.

[0003] Surfaces and their properties can be used to functionalize a substrate, such as a vehicle component substrate. For example, a substrate's surface can have a special finish that reduces reflections. This would be advantageous, for instance, if the substrate is a component of a display. Another functional surface property is an antireflective coating, used to reduce reflections from optical surfaces and increase transmission.

[0004] To provide such a substrate surface with a specific functionality, processing methods such as coating processes, printing processes or other operations are applicable.

[0005] For example, WO 2021 199071 A1 discloses a method for producing patterned glass. Such patterned glasses have a surface with a design created by screen printing or other printing techniques.

[0006] For example, patterned lenses can be colored or tinted lenses printed using ceramic inks. The proposed method allows for the production of a lens that provides maximum glare reduction and improved visual comfort. Therefore, this lens is particularly suitable for use in eyeglasses.

[0007] Furthermore, US 11673411 B2 discloses a printhead and a printing machine, as well as a method for performing digital printing on substrates. The proposed method, in particular, can increase print quality and especially image resolution while simultaneously achieving high printing speeds. Furthermore, JP 2005288214 A discloses a method for producing a coating film by building up a coating liquid. This method can be used to produce a hardened film that exhibits these printing properties with respect to light, heat, electricity, or the like.

[0008] For example, EP 1845562 B1 discloses a method for producing an antireflective coating substrate. In this method, the substrate is a silicone wafer, and the substrate can be etched by depositing an amorphous silicon layer as a waste layer. This deposition can be carried out, for example, by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.

[0009] One object of the present invention is to make it easier, and in particular more cost-effective, to functionalize the surface of a substrate, such as a vehicle component substrate.

[0010] This task is solved by a method, a component and a functional surface structure according to the independent patent claims.

[0011] Meaningful further training opportunities arise from the dependent patent claims.

[0012] One aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a functional surface structure on a substrate, in particular a vehicle component substrate, in particular comprising the following steps:

[0013] - In particular, providing the substrate on which the functional surface structure is to be created;

[0014] - In particular, applying at least one functional layer to the substrate by means of digital printing, by applying a printable material; and

[0015] - In particular, creating the functional surface structure on the substrate by applying the printable material to the substrate in such a way that a top surface of at least one functional layer is created in such a way that a physical top surface effect occurs on the top surface.

[0016] The proposed method enables the fabrication or creation of a functional surface structure for a substrate, thereby facilitating its functionalization. This is achieved through the specially generated top surface of the functional layer, allowing a physical top-surface effect to occur. The functional surface structure is cost-effective, simple, and customizable. Above all, the proposed method offers advantages in the production of functional surfaces, as it allows for more efficient fabrication.

[0017] Above all, the proposed method can be implemented cost-effectively and more easily.

[0018] Using the proposed method, a wide variety of properties can be realized and produced on the surfaces of various substrate types. Depending on the desired functionality or property of the surface, this can be achieved using the proposed method.

[0019] Depending on the desired physical surface effect, the functional layer can be designed accordingly. Thus, the desired surface effect is already taken into account during the printing process.

[0020] The functional layer is applied in such a way that its top surface corresponds to the top surface of the functional surface structure. In other words, the top surface of the functional layer is the outermost layer of the functional layer. The functional surface structure is positioned on the vehicle component substrate such that the top surface of the functional layer forms a visible side of the substrate.

[0021] For example, the substrate can be made of glass, plastic, or metal. It can be a component, a part, or a decorative element. The substrate can be used in the automotive, telecommunications, aerospace, or any other application area where component surfaces require specific properties or functionality. For instance, the substrate can be used for decorative surfaces, such as in vehicles. It is also conceivable that the substrate could be used for reflective surfaces or control surfaces.

[0022] The substrate can be a component substrate for a vehicle part. This vehicle part can be used in vehicles such as land vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft. Examples of the physical top-surface effect include the lotus effect, a special surface finish for reducing reflections in displays ("anti-glare"), or anti-reflective properties. It is also conceivable that the top-surface effect provides a "shark-skin" property for exterior body components, acoustic applications, or in applications related to reducing air resistance. A "frosted glass" property can also be imparted to the substrate using the physical top-surface effect. Further properties regarding surface finish and specific application of the substrate are also conceivable.The possibilities mentioned are intended only to give a brief overview of the areas of application and the properties with regard to the surface.

[0023] For example, the production or creation of the functional surface structure can be carried out using a manufacturing system, such as a printing system. In this process, one side or the top surface of the substrate can first be provided, such as the surface area on which the functional surface structure is to be produced.

[0024] Optionally, a base layer can be created or applied to this surface area of ​​the substrate. This base layer is applied to the surface area in such a way that the functional layer can be printed on it in a subsequent step. The functional layer gives the functional surface structure its respective function or property.

[0025] The base layer can then be printed with the functional layer. This is done using a printing device or printing system based on a printable material. The printable material could be, for example, a dispersion, an ink, or a varnish.

[0026] Using a printing device, which can be a digital printer, the printable material is applied to the base layer to form the functional layer. To efficiently implement the desired properties or functions, structural requirements information can be provided. This information specifies to the printing device how the structure of the functional layer should be formed to create the desired physical surface effect. The printable material is applied in such a way that its viscosity is modified or adjusted. Depending on the desired structure of the functional layer, the viscosity can be adjusted accordingly.For example, in different areas of the functional layer to be produced, it may be necessary for the printable material applied there to have a different viscosity.

[0027] If necessary, the viscosity can be modified to increase it. This allows for the easier incorporation of certain structures, as the printable material, which exhibits a certain flow property during the printing process, particularly upon contact with the base, can have its viscosity altered to achieve a specific level of viscousness. This enables the simplest possible incorporation of a wide variety of structures onto the surface of the functional layer, thereby creating the desired surface effect.

[0028] Above all, the proposed method enables the creation of structured surfaces using digital printing in the nanometer and millimeter range. This is particularly advantageous, for example, for creating a lotus effect with regard to the properties of the functional surface. It also allows for the creation of coated anti-glare (AG) or anti-reflective (AR) structures. These structured surfaces can be created, for example, by imitating sputtering or chemical etching. In other words, instead of the previously used coating process of etching or varnishing, digital printing can now be employed to create such AR or AG structures, which is more cost-effective, simpler, and faster. Most importantly, depending on the application, the proposed method allows for the printing of either a macrostructure or a microstructure as the structural specification.

[0029] Regarding the macrostructure, the print design and layer structure are crucial. For example, the air resistance can be reduced when using a particular substrate. For the microstructure, the layer structure is of primary importance.

[0030] For example, a printing fluid can be used as the printable material. This fluid can contain an evaporating additive. In other words, it can be a dispersion. After applying the printable material to the desired areas on the substrate, heating or curing can cause a local change in volume due to evaporation, thus creating a cratered or hooked structure in the functional layer.

[0031] For example, the printing device may include a cartridge or a toner containing the printable material, in particular ink.

[0032] For example, the substrate can have a planar, flat, concave, convex, concavely curved, and / or convexly curved shape. This allows the printing process to be individually adapted to the specific conditions.

[0033] It is planned that at least one functional layer will be applied using digital printing. For example, the printable material can be applied over a large area or in specific spots. By applying the printable material, a specific property can be imparted to the substrate or its surface.

[0034] Digital printing allows for the application of printable materials. In particular, digital printing enables the creation of highly precise structures. For this purpose, a digital printer can be used as the printing device, such as an inkjet printer.

[0035] For example, a drop-based application method can be used.

[0036] Digital printing offers the advantage of allowing for individual printing on surfaces, particularly at high resolution. This enables customized printing on the surface of a substrate, depending on the application. Digital printing refers to a group of printing processes in which the print image is transferred directly from a file or data stream from a computer to a printing machine, such as a printing device, without the use of a static printing form.

[0037] The substrate can optionally be plate-like, with its thickness being significantly less than its length and width. The top surface of the functional layer can be designed such that it represents an area or surface of the substrate that is visible in a subsequent application. Thus, the top surface is a visible area of ​​the substrate. When the substrate is used in a component, particularly a component of a motor vehicle, the top surface of the functional layer is a visible surface, preferably a side facing the interior of the motor vehicle.

[0038] The main advantage of using digital printing is that, unlike previous methods, the surfaces do not need to be treated with chemical or physical agents. This is particularly beneficial when the substrate consists of sensitive components such as a display. The proposed method is also advantageous for optical components as substrates, since it requires less chemical, mechanical, or other physical treatment of the substrate.

[0039] For example, the functional layer serves as a top layer of the functional surface structure.

[0040] In general, a method for generating a functional surface structure on a substrate, in particular a vehicle component substrate, is also proposed, in particular comprising the following steps:

[0041] In particular, providing the substrate;

[0042] In particular, applying at least one functional layer separate from the substrate to a top surface of the substrate by means of digital printing, wherein a printable material is applied to this top surface of the substrate to create the functional layer;

[0043] In particular, the defined or intended generation of the functional surface structure, at least as a physical top surface effect on a top surface of a layered composite consisting of substrate and at least one functional layer, depending on the process-specific type of application of the material intended for the at least one functional layer, in particular printable, and / or the quantity of the material, in particular printable, and / or the height of the material, in particular printable, and / or depending on a process-specific type of mechanical and / or chemical and / or structural treatment of the substrate.

[0044] In one embodiment, it is provided that the functional surface structure is generated at least partially, and in particular completely, as a microstructure by applying the printable material in such a way that the top surface consists of a plurality of substructures, each with an area between 5 pm 2 until 8 pm 2The printable material to be applied can be manipulated in such a way that the substructures are formed simply by the application process. These substructures can be formed as clearly defined areas. At a minimum, a single droplet of the printable material can form such a substructure. Thus, the substructure can be formed by the applied droplets of the digital print. The microstructure arises specifically from individual elements, such as the impact droplets. Each substructure can have an area within the specified area measurement interval. Areas in increments of 1 or 10 within the interval are also covered.

[0045] The microstructure can be further individualized by varying geometric shapes, such as squares or cones, and / or the depth or elevation of the substructures and the regularity of the applied droplets. This can promote a multilayer structure.

[0046] In one embodiment, it is provided that the functional surface structure is generated at least partially, and in particular completely, as a macrostructure by applying the printable material in such a way that the top surface consists of a plurality of substructures, each with an area between 200 pm 2 until 8:00 pm 2The printable material to be applied can be manipulated in such a way that the substructures are formed simply by the application process. These substructures can be formed as clearly defined areas. Such a substructure can be formed by at least one droplet of the printable material. Thus, the substructure can be formed by the applied droplets of the digital print. The microstructure arises specifically from individual elements, such as the impacting droplets. Here, areas in increments of 1 or 10 within the interval are also covered.

[0047] The microstructure can be further individualized by varying geometric shapes, such as squares or cones, and / or the depth or elevation of the substructures and the regularity of the applied droplets. This can promote a multilayer structure.

[0048] In one embodiment, a further functional layer is applied to the substrate using digital printing. Depending on the desired property or surface effect, several functional layers can be stacked on top of each other. Thus, the individual layers can be printed on top of each other using various digital printing processes. This allows for a multi-layered structure, enabling variations in the depth and, in particular, the thickness of the stacked functional layers, depending on the specific application.

[0049] For example, the additional functional layer can be applied to the substrate before the at least one functional layer, so that the at least one functional layer is applied to the already applied additional functional layer. This allows for better application of the at least one functional layer or enables further functionalization of the surface structure.

[0050] Alternatively, depending on the existing functional layer and / or a requirement for the physical top-surface effect, the additional functional layer can be applied to the top surface of the existing functional layer, particularly in a location-selective manner. Depending on the design of the existing functional layer, the additional functional layer can be applied locally, thereby supporting the existing functional layer and thus the top surface in the desired intensity or adding further functions, such as conductivity.

[0051] In one embodiment, the application of at least the first functional layer is carried out using a wet-on-wet or wet-on-dry process. The application area, onto which the functional layer can be applied, can be flat or uneven, in particular corrugated, curved, or the like. The functional layer can be a layer with a thickness in the micrometer or nanometer range. Additionally or instead, the base layer can be printed with the functional layer using a wet-on-wet or wet-on-dry printing process.

[0052] Depending on the printing method used, different effects can be achieved with regard to the functional surface.

[0053] When using wet-on-wet printing, soft transitions in the structure can be achieved. With wet-on-dry or wet-on-wet processes, sharper transitions in the structure can be achieved. Above all, the selected printing process allows for full-surface or partial printing, enabling advantageous effects. The two printing processes mentioned are particularly advantageous when a multi-layered structure is required. In wet-on-wet printing, the next layer is applied to the layer that has not yet dried or cured.

[0054] In wet-on-dry printing, after applying the first layer of the functional layer, an intermediate drying or curing step can be performed, so that the next layer is only applied once the first layer has dried. Thus, the functional layer can be built up from several individual layers or sub-layers. Therefore, depending on the desired properties of the functional surface, the functional layer can be individually structured.

[0055] In one embodiment, the functional surface structure is generated on the substrate such that it has a height between 0.5 pm and 400 pm, and in particular an average roughness depth corresponding to 60% of the height. Depending on the desired physical surface effect, the functional surface structure can be generated accordingly. The height of the functional surface structure can be influenced, for example, by digital printing or by the number of layers. The height can be at least 0.5 pm and at most 400 pm, in particular 200 pm. This can be achieved by adjusting the application of the printable material. Height dimensions within the specified range are also included.

[0056] For example, the average roughness depth, which can be used to define roughness, can have a value in the range between 0.2 pm and 300 pm.

[0057] Depending on the functional surface structure to be produced, both the height and the average roughness depth can vary.

[0058] In one embodiment, a surface area of ​​the substrate is pretreated, and at least one functional layer is applied to this pretreated surface area. Thus, depending on the requirements of the functional surface structure and / or the physical top-side effect, the surface area can be processed to facilitate the application of the functional layer. For example, the surface area can be structurally modified to pretreat it in a way that is advantageous for the application of the functional layer. In particular, the surface area can be modified by applying positive or negative energy. For example, plasma or chemical treatment can be used.

[0059] Optionally, the surface area can be pretreated chemically, mechanically, and / or thermally. For example, the substrate can be pretreated using a laser to enable defined structural designs.

[0060] For example, pretreatment can be achieved by creating a base layer on the substrate's surface. Optionally, an adhesion promoter can be applied to this base layer. This primer or a resist can be used to provide better adhesion for the functional layer to be applied. Thus, the surface can be pretreated with a primer, for example, to improve the adhesion of the functional layer printed on the base layer. This, in turn, improves and simplifies the printing process, for example, using digital printing.

[0061] Alternatively or additionally, the substrate surface can be pretreated by structuring it using electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser ablation, or chemical texturing. This pretreatment allows the surface area, and thus the substrate's base, to be prepared for the subsequent functional layer. This pretreatment also allows for modifications to the surface, such as altering or improving capillary action for later printing.

[0062] Optionally, structuring or pre-structuring the surface area can create variations in surface tension. This allows the surface tension to be modified to prepare the substrate for subsequent printing. This is particularly advantageous in terms of ensuring a defined flow of the ink, i.e., the printable material, upon contact with the substrate or base layer.

[0063] For example, surface pretreatment can be achieved through graining. This is particularly useful when the substrate is a plastic component. Here, the graining can be created using laser graining. This can be used with suitable tools for injection molding to prepare the substrate. Accordingly, the desired result is a structured surface with capillary action and surface tension variations, which in turn determines the defined flow of the ink upon contact.

[0064] In one embodiment, it is further provided that a surface area of ​​the substrate is pretreated by applying a base layer at least partially to the surface area using digital printing, wherein the at least one functional layer is applied at least partially to the base layer. In other words, the base layer can also be printed on the surface area. The printing device can also be used for this purpose. Thus, for example, a "base layer" with an arbitrary or random pattern can be printed onto the surface area of ​​the substrate, onto which the functional layer can then subsequently be printed. This is advantageous when the surface area of ​​the substrate is glass, plastic, or metal.Thus, a foundation or basis can be created here so that the subsequent digital printing of the functional layer can be carried out efficiently.

[0065] Furthermore, the printed base layer offers the advantage that, through its partial application as a foundation layer, the functional layer can be applied in such a way that the top surface can produce the desired surface effect. Optionally, the base layer can be applied based on the required substructures.

[0066] In one embodiment, it is further provided that the printable material is at least partially cured immediately before and / or upon impact with a printing surface, thereby either initiating a phase transition of the printable material or increasing its dynamic viscosity by at least 120%. Thus, the essentially liquid printable material can initially be ejected by the printing device or directed towards the printing surface, with partial curing occurring only immediately before or during impact. This can be achieved, for example, by at least partial curing. This curing can be effected, for instance, by UV light, heat, electron beams, cold, or reagents.

[0067] The application surface can be a surface of the vehicle component substrate or a surface of a previously applied layer.

[0068] Since digital printing uses inks or varnishes with high flow properties, these can run or bleed during application. To prevent this, the viscosity of the printable material is increased during the printing process. This allows the material to be at least partially cured with UV light immediately before drops or particles of the printable material come into contact with the base layer. Partial curing means that the viscosity of the printable material is altered so that it becomes viscous, allowing it to adhere to the base layer without running off the surface where it has been applied.

[0069] For example, the printable material can be an ink, so that shortly before the ink is applied to the base layer by the printing device, individual drops of this ink are partially cured by UV light before contact with the base layer, in order to create or prepare the formation of specific structures. Depending on the structure to be created, and especially on the desired functional properties of the surface, the curing process can be varied. This is particularly important for multilayer structures with regard to the functional layer.

[0070] For example, by at least partially hardening the material, it can be applied in a jelly-like state.

[0071] For example, the substrate can be heated before and / or during printing based on a temperature setting and / or an ambient temperature. This alters, and in particular increases, the viscosity of the printable material. In other words, an increase in viscosity can be generated or induced by tempering or heating the substrate. Thus, the droplets or particles of the printable material experience a temperature input before or upon impact with the base layer, allowing for at least partial curing.

[0072] Furthermore, heating devices such as fan heaters can be used to warm the area surrounding the substrate. This refers specifically to the area between the printing device, specifically the print head, and the substrate. Thus, the droplets or particles of the printable material experience a certain amount of heat input on their journey between the printing device and the substrate, which can lead to an increase in viscosity through at least partial hardening.

[0073] In particular, droplet formation can be influenced by temperature control of the substrate or the droplet environment with respect to the printable material. Droplet formation refers specifically to the hardening or solidification of the printable material applied to the base layer, in order to create or produce the functional layer.

[0074] By heating the substrate and / or the surrounding area, for example, the surface tension of the substrate and thus the base layer already applied to the substrate can be changed in such a way that the functional layer can be created in such a way that a predetermined or desired structure can be achieved.

[0075] Additionally, based on the structural requirements information for the functional layer, partial heating of the substrate can be performed. This allows specific areas or points on the substrate or base layer to be heated where the droplets of the printable material are to be specifically modified to create the desired structure for the functional layer. In other words, specific structures can be formed by partially heating the substrate, for example, using partial laser heating. Thus, depending on the substrate's design and, in particular, its intended application, a customized functional layer can be printed.For example, curing can be carried out while the printable material is moved downwards by the printing device towards the substrate, causing the applied material or drops to pile up relative to the ink.

[0076] A gel-like structure can be created by an airflow. In this process, the individual drops of applied material can be forced to pile up and then harden based on the airflow, which can be cool or warm.

[0077] Curing can also be achieved mechanically. In particular, the desired structure can be created mechanically. Here, a mechanical structure can be applied to the already applied material using a stamp. Curing then takes place.

[0078] The printable material can be a liquid, such as an ink, which is applied to the substrate or base layer via injection. Where the liquid makes contact, it can be treated with UV light, causing reflection and thus selective curing. When printing a second layer on top, the droplets only partially cure, allowing for further structural modifications. For example, curing can be achieved using a print mask. This mask can be placed beneath the substrate or base layer to stimulate curing.

[0079] In one embodiment, the printable material is applied to the base layer in such a way that it is subjected to an airflow immediately before and / or upon impact with the substrate's application surface. This disperses the droplets or particles of the printable material applied by the printing device. Thus, depending on the requirements, the structure of the functional layer can be influenced. This allows for the creation of a suitable functional surface for the substrate in a given application. Depending on the desired structure height of the functional layer and the substrate design, particularly fine structures can be produced, for example, by supplying compressed air.The generated airflow can be used to atomize the droplets before and / or upon impact with the base layer in order to create finer nano- or micro-structures.

[0080] Additionally or instead, the orientation and / or shape of individual particles or droplets of the applied printable material can be adjusted based on a directed airflow. In other words, a subsequent, uniformly flowing airflow can alter the orientation and / or shape of the individual particles or droplets. To put it another way, after the material has been applied, an additional airflow can be generated and directed onto the applied material as a post-treatment or post-processing step to create specific patterns within the structure.

[0081] Additionally or instead, the orientation and / or shape of individual particles or droplets of the applied printable material can be adjusted based on a directed airflow. In other words, a subsequent airflow, flowing uniformly or in a controlled manner, can alter the orientation and / or shape of the individual particles or droplets. To put it another way, after the material is applied, an additional airflow can be generated and directed onto the applied material as a post-treatment step or post-processing step to create specific patterns within the structure. For example, the individual particles or droplets can be given a jagged, oval, or asymmetrical shape.Thus, after the printable material has been applied and especially before it has fully cured, post-processing can be carried out using the directed or targeted airflow.

[0082] For example, the printed particles or material can be swirled by locally and / or partially modified airflow. This can create droplets of varying sizes, thus enabling the formation of any random structure with respect to the functional layer.

[0083] In one embodiment, it is provided that during the application of at least one functional layer, the substrate is excited by vibrations in the range between 1 kHz and 1 GHz in order to influence the functional surface structure, in particular by generating vibrations based on at least one ultrasonic signal. Thus, the substrate can be excited or set into vibration in such a way that the droplets of the printable material appearing on the substrate can be altered in their orientation and / or arrangement or positioning. This also allows influence to be exerted on the design of the functional layer and thus on the properties of the top-surface effect. For example, the substrate can be excited by ultrasound. Here, the vibrations can be generated based on at least one ultrasonic signal or several ultrasonic signals. This ultrasonic signal can, in turn, be directed towards the substrate.In other words, by applying vibrations to the substrate, it is possible to prevent droplets of the printable material striking the substrate or base layer from touching and merging into a flat plane. This allows for the introduction of specific structural patterns into the functional layer. For example, the wavelength—a property of the ultrasonic signal, such as its shape—can be used to generate a very high number of satellites, thereby creating, for instance, a lotus-like structure within the functional layer. This, in turn, is advantageous for achieving a lotus effect.

[0084] Due to the lotus effect, a property of the surface, it can be designed in such a way that water, when it hits the surface, bounces off or slides off in droplet form. Thus, the functional surface exhibits low wettability. This creates a self-cleaning property for the substrate.

[0085] Furthermore, the substrate can be excited by vibration. In this case, the substrate can be excited by a suitable vibration device.

[0086] For example, the substrate can be made to vibrate. This can be done using ultrasound to prevent ink from settling and forming a flat surface.

[0087] Regarding the specified frequency range for the vibrations, it should be noted that all values ​​within the frequency range are included in steps of 1, 10, or 100.

[0088] In one embodiment, it is further provided that the substrate is excited by mechanical vibration during the application of at least one functional layer, with the frequency of the mechanical vibration being matched to a printing frequency for the digital print. For example, the natural frequency of the printing device can be taken into account here. Specifically, the mechanical vibration can be configured with a frequency at least 300% higher than the droplet ejection frequency of the digital print.

[0089] In one embodiment, it is further provided that at least one additional material based on the physical top surface effect is used when generating the functional surface structure, wherein the at least one additional material is applied immediately before the application of the at least one functional layer to the vehicle component substrate.

[0090] By adding or using specific particles of the additive material, the functional layer can be given further, specific, and / or individual properties. Depending on the desired property of the surface, suitable additive materials can be added accordingly. For example, the shape of the functional layer's structure can be influenced by adding the additive material. Thus, a suitable functional surface can be customized and manufactured specifically for each application and substrate.

[0091] Alternatively or additionally, at least one additive material can be added to the printable material, whereby the printable material is applied together with the additive material when applying at least one functional layer. Depending on the desired properties of the top surface, suitable additive materials can be added to the printable material, thus expanding its functionality.

[0092] Alternatively or additionally, at least one additive material can be applied directly to the functional layer immediately after its application. The additive material can be added to the functional layer before it has fully cured, thus primarily influencing the top surface. If necessary, a protective layer, particularly a thin one, can be applied using digital printing after the additive material has been applied to bind it in the desired location. In summary, the additive material can be added before, during, or after the application of the functional layer.

[0093] In one embodiment, the additive material is used in the form of nanoparticles or microparticles. Depending on the desired design of the functional layer and the requirements of the substrate application, the particle size of the additive material can be adjusted accordingly. For example, if a thin structure is required, the additive material is used in the form of nanoparticles, i.e., particles with a size in the nanometer range. Otherwise, the additive material can be used in the form of microparticles, which are on the micrometer scale. This allows for improved customization and fabrication of the functional surface structure, as a wide variety of applications can be accommodated, enabling individualized production.For this purpose, for example, the printing device and in particular a manufacturing system can be informed of the respective requirements, so that individual production can be carried out.

[0094] For example, glass shards, glass beads, ferromagnetic elements, metallic elements, or wooden elements can be used as additive materials. The appearance of the additive material can be determined based on the desired properties of the functional surface. Thus, a wide variety of materials can be used as additives, depending on the desired property to be achieved by incorporating the additive material into the printable material.

[0095] For example, ferromagnetic particles can be incorporated into the printable material and thus into the functional layer as an additive. These ferromagnetic particles can be activated or modified by magnetism, thereby altering the structure and / or shape of the droplets in the printable material and, consequently, the structure of the functional layer. The addition of other particles, such as glass, wood, carbon black, or similar materials, to the ink (i.e., the printable material) or directly onto the substrate can further modify the structure. Therefore, the additive material can be applied to specific areas on the base layer or substrate, either in addition to or instead of the ink, before the printable material is applied. Most importantly, the additive material allows for particle entrainment, which can, for example, lead to defined kinetics.For example, a magnetic particle can be added as an additive material. Magnetism is applied to the areas of the applied material containing the magnetic particles to create, for example, a hook or a jagged shape.

[0096] Another aspect of the invention relates to a component, in particular a vehicle component, with a substrate, in particular a vehicle component substrate, and with at least one functional layer formed on the substrate by means of digital printing, wherein a layered composite of substrate and the at least one functional layer has a functional surface structure, wherein the functional surface structure based on the digital printing of the printable material for the functional layer on the substrate has a top surface with a physical top surface effect.

[0097] Another aspect of the invention relates to a component with a substrate, in particular a vehicle component substrate, and with at least one functional surface structure generated on the substrate, wherein the functional surface structure is generated by applying at least one functional layer to the substrate by means of digital printing, wherein a top surface of the functional layer is generated by the digital printing in such a way that a physical top surface effect occurs.

[0098] The functional surface structure can be produced by a process according to the previous aspect or an advantageous further development thereof.

[0099] The substrate can be, for example, a component or part of a vehicle component. For instance, the substrate could be the display surface of a display. It could also be used for an outer skin component, an acoustic component, or an aerodynamic component.

[0100] In one embodiment of this further aspect, the physical surface effect is designed to be a lotus effect, a riblet effect, an anti-reflective effect, a frosted glass effect, or a gecko effect. Depending on the application, the substrate can be designed with a correspondingly generated functional surface structure. For example, the substrate can have a special structure that features a macrostructure to create a sharkskin effect. Furthermore, the substrate can be used, for example, as an interior trim panel in the automotive or aerospace industries. It is also conceivable that the substrate could be used as an interior component on a dashboard. Here, a gecko structure can be used as the structural specification for the functional layer.

[0101] Furthermore, the substrate can be used as an optical component, where a frosted glass structure is specified as the structure of the functional layer. For example, the substrate can also be used for other applications where a microstructure or macrostructure is specified with regard to the structure of the functional layer.

[0102] Another aspect of the invention relates to a functional surface structure of a substrate, in particular a component substrate or a vehicle component substrate, obtainable by a method according to one of the preceding aspects or an advantageous embodiment thereof. In other words, a corresponding functional surface structure can be produced using the method described above, such that a substrate is available which has special properties, in particular optical properties.

[0103] Another aspect of the invention relates to a vehicle component with a layered composite comprising a vehicle component substrate and at least one functional layer obtainable by a method according to one of the preceding aspects or an advantageous further development thereof.

[0104] A further independent aspect of the invention relates to a manufacturing system comprising an electronic evaluation unit, a printing device, and a preprocessing unit. The manufacturing system, which is an electronic or electromechanical system, is configured to execute a method according to the previous aspect or according to advantageous embodiments. In other words, the manufacturing system just described serves to produce the functional surface structure on a substrate.

[0105] Depending on the substrate and its intended application, appropriate control information can be transmitted to the electronic evaluation unit. This allows for the provision of corresponding control signals to both the preprocessing unit and the printing device, which may be a digital printer. This enables an automated process for the production of the functional surface.

[0106] In particular, a process for producing functional surfaces on substrates, such as a lotus effect, can be realized using this manufacturing system. This allows for the creation of randomly raised structures in the millimeter range. For this to be achieved using digital printing, curing and / or random distribution of the ink is necessary. A base layer with a random pattern can be printed, from which the structure can then be built.

[0107] This manufacturing system allows a property to be applied to a substrate, such as a functional surface, using digital printing. Structured surfaces can be calculated or existing surfaces scanned and printed onto a glass or plastic surface using a printing program. This is achieved particularly in the micrometer range. As a result, a more cost-effective, faster, and more customizable manufacturing method for functional surfaces is available. Changes and adjustments can be implemented quickly because the programmability of the surface to be printed is simplified.

[0108] In addition to flat surfaces, three-dimensionally shaped surfaces can also be printed. Special structures can be created through angled printing. This can be achieved, for example, by tilting the print head of the printing device or by tilting the surface. This is particularly advantageous for creating a shark-like structure.

[0109] Another independent aspect of the invention relates to a vehicle with a substrate, in particular a vehicle component substrate, according to one of the preceding aspects or an advantageous further development thereof. Thus, the substrate or vehicle component substrate can, for example, be a component of a vehicle component and in particular of a vehicle interior.

[0110] The substrate can potentially be part of a display surface. The optical properties of the functional surface are important in this case. In particular, an anti-reflective coating or an anti-glare coating can be used as a functional surface. This is especially advantageous if sunlight could impair the driver's vision.

[0111] Exemplary embodiments of one aspect of the invention are to be regarded as advantageous embodiments of one or all other aspects. The reverse is also true.

[0112] For example, the manufacturing system, particularly electronic, may include (technical) means to carry out the inventive process according to the relevant aspect.

[0113] Further features of the invention will become apparent from the claims, the figures, and the description of the figures. The features and combinations of features mentioned above in the description, as well as the features and combinations of features mentioned below in the description of the figures and / or shown in the figures, may be encompassed by the invention not only in the combinations specified, but also in other combinations. In particular, the invention may also encompass embodiments and combinations of features that do not have all the features of an originally formulated claim. Furthermore, the invention may encompass embodiments and combinations of features that go beyond or deviate from the combinations of features set out in the cross-references to the claims.

[0114] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to specific embodiments and associated schematic drawings. In the figures, identical or functionally equivalent elements may be designated with the same reference numerals. The description of identical or functionally equivalent elements is repeated, if necessary, but not necessarily with respect to different figures. The figures show:

[0115] Fig. 1 An exemplary flowchart for the production of a functional surface structure;

[0116] Fig. 2 A schematic representation of a printing device for printing on a substrate using digital printing; Fig. 3 Shows a schematic layer structure with respect to the functional surface structure applied to the substrate;

[0117] Fig. 4 An exemplary representation of the printing device during a printing process onto the substrate;

[0118] Fig. 5 A schematic embodiment of the substrate and the functional surface structure, where the substrate serves as the display surface; and

[0119] Fig. 6 An exemplary representation of a vehicle which has at least one substrate.

[0120] Fig. 1 shows a flowchart of an embodiment of a method according to the invention for generating a functional surface structure 1 on a substrate 2 (compare Fig. 2). In particular, the substrate 2 can be designed as a vehicle component substrate.

[0121] The functional surface structure 1 can impart special properties to the substrate 2. In particular, optical properties, physical surface effects, or chemical surface effects can be added to the substrate 2. For example, the functional surface structure 1 can impart anti-reflection properties, anti-glare properties, a lotus effect, or other properties. The substrate 2 (see Fig. 2) can be a component of a vehicle component 20 (see Fig. 6). It is also conceivable that such a component could be used in the automotive sector, telecommunications technology, aerospace engineering, marine engineering, or other fields where components require special surface finishes. For example, the substrate 2 could be used in the automotive sector for interior elements or display elements.For example, substrate 2 can be used in a vehicle 3 (see Fig. 6). Substrate 2 can be a display or a component of a display in vehicle 3. Its anti-reflective and anti-glare properties are advantageous in this context, preventing passengers from being dazzled and ensuring optimal perception of the displayed image. It is also conceivable that substrate 2 could be used for smartphone applications, computer applications, or, for example, in glass technology.

[0122] In an optional first step S1, the vehicle component substrate 2, and in particular a surface area 4 (see Fig. 3) of the substrate 2, can be provided or prepared. This surface area 4 is an area that is to be, or must be, processed accordingly to create the respective functionality with regard to the functional surface structure 1. For example, the surface area 4 can be a visible side of the substrate 2.

[0123] For example, the surface area 4 of the substrate 2 can be provided to an electronic manufacturing system 5 (see Fig. 2). Using the electronic or electromechanical system, the production of the functional surface structure 1 can be carried out, in particular automatically.

[0124] Surface area 4 is, in particular, a flat or planar area. It is also conceivable that surface area 4 is convex, bent, curved, or straight. This depends on the type and / or nature of the substrate 2. In particular, the electronic manufacturing system 5 is designed such that any substrate configuration with the functional surface structure 1 can be produced or coated.

[0125] In an optional subsequent step S2, a pretreatment or preprocessing of the surface area 4 can be carried out. This is necessary because a subsequent coating or printing of the substrate 2 is performed to create the required functional surface structure 1. Here, an optional base layer 6 can be created on the surface area 4. This can again be done using the electronic manufacturing system 5. Further processing units are also conceivable in the application. With the help of the base layer 6, the surface or surface area 4 of the substrate 2 can be pretreated so that a functional layer 7 can later be printed onto it. Instead of the base layer 6, the surface area 4 can also be prepared with a pretreatment.Likewise, the functional layer 7 can also be applied directly to the surface area 4.

[0126] Functional layer 7 can be used to define or specify a functionality, a desired or predetermined functionality, or a property of the functional surface structure 1.

[0127] For example, the base layer 6 can be produced or applied in such a way that the functional layer 7 can then be efficiently applied to it, and in particular in such a way that the desired property of the functional surface structure 1 can be produced.

[0128] For example, surface area 4 can be pretreated chemically, mechanically, and / or thermally. In other words, the substrate material, i.e., surface area 4, can be pretreated here. This pretreatment can be cold, hot, plasma-based, chemically treated, or primed.

[0129] For example, an adhesion promoter, such as a primer or a stop varnish, can also be applied to the surface area 4 as a base layer 6, either as a base layer or in addition to the base layer 6. This serves to improve the adhesion of the functional layer 7, which is later to be printed onto the base layer 6. With the help of the pre-treated base layer 6, the functional layer 7 to be printed adheres better, so that the functional layer 7 can be printed compactly and, in particular, stably.

[0130] Furthermore, it is also possible, optionally, to print the base layer 6. This allows the base layer to be printed onto surface area 4. Various printing techniques and printable materials can be used for this purpose. For example, a primer or a resist varnish can be precisely printed onto the already printed base layer 6. This improves adhesion for the subsequent functional layer 7. The primer or resist varnish can be applied to this base layer while it is still wet or already dry.If the primer or the stop varnish is applied to an already printed layer, such as the base layer 6, the advantage is that a "cup shape" can be created, in order to then, for example, specifically form a stalagmite shape with regard to the structure of the functional layer 7.

[0131] Specifically, surface area 4 can be structured based on a pretreatment. This pretreatment can be carried out by electrical discharge machining (EDM) or by creating a textured surface. Thus, substrate 2 can be pre-structured. A textured or eroded structure can be applied or created on surface area 4. This can be achieved, for example, by laser treatment of substrate 2. This creates a structured surface on surface area 4, resulting in improved capillary action during the subsequent printing process. Furthermore, the surface tension of substrate 2 can be altered. This allows the flow of ink applied to substrate 2 during printing to be varied.

[0132] In a subsequent optional step S3, the functional layer 7 is printed or applied. Optionally, the functional layer 7 can be printed onto the base layer 6. This can be done using a printing device 8 (see Fig. 2). Printable material 9 (see Fig. 2) can be used to produce the functional layer 7 in a printing process. The functional layer 7 is primarily printed using digital printing. Therefore, the printing device 8, which is part of the manufacturing system 5, can be a digital printer, such as an inkjet printer. Ink, varnish, or a dispersion can be used as the printable material 9. Using the printing device 8, the functional layer 7 can be printed and thus applied in a single printing process according to a predefined printing direction 10 (see Fig. 2).

[0133] In order to impart the desired properties to the functional surface structure 1, the functional layer 7 can be printed in such a way that a top surface 18 of the functional layer 7 has a physical top surface effect.

[0134] In digital printing, ink can be used as the printable material 9. The surface finish can be specifically adjusted by influencing the printable material 9 before, during, or after the printing process. Specifically, the viscosity of the printable material 9 can be dynamically increased during the printing process, allowing the functional layer 7 to be structured and defined using the ink. This allows for the creation of a specific surface finish 18. For example, curing the printable material 9 can increase its viscosity or initiate a phase transition, i.e., a change of state, such that it becomes more viscous, similar to a gel.Depending on the desired design of functional layer 7, the printable material 9 can be modified immediately before or upon contact so that a corresponding structure can be produced or created on the top surface 18. For this purpose, the printable material 9 can be at least partially cured immediately before contact with an application surface and / or upon contact with the base layer 6.

[0135] For example, at least partial curing can be carried out using UV light.

[0136] In particular, when using an ink and a varnish, the printable material 9 has a low viscosity, similar to water. Therefore, in digital printing, it is necessary to increase the viscosity of the printable material 9 upon or shortly before contact, otherwise droplets 12 of the printable material 9 (see Fig. 2) would spread, and the viscosity could not be increased. Accordingly, the present invention allows for the advantageous use of digital printing, as the viscosity increase is achieved through UV curing and during flight or application of the printable material 9.

[0137] For example, the curing process can be influenced by using different droplet sizes during printing. This can also be achieved through multiple printing passes, i.e., multi-layer application. This, in turn, offers the advantage of creating a corresponding structural depth with respect to the functional surface structure.

[0138] For example, the functional surface structure 1 can be created as a microstructure by applying the printable material 9 such that the top surface 18 consists of a multitude of substructures 11 (compare Fig. 2), each with an area between 5 pm 2 until 8 pm 2exhibit, is formed. Alternatively, the functional surface structure 1 can be generated as a macrostructure by applying the printable material 9 such that the top surface 18 consists of a multitude of substructures 11, each with an area between 200 pm 2 until 8:00 pm 2 exhibit, is formed.

[0139] Another way to influence the droplets 12 in particular is to pre-heat the substrate 2 itself. Here, the substrate 2 can be heated before or during printing so that the impacting droplets 12 harden onto the substrate 2. This can also be achieved by heating an area 13 (see Fig. 4) surrounding the substrate 2, for example, the area between the printing device 8 and the substrate 2. Thus, the individual droplets 12 of the printable material 9 can be at least partially hardened by the heated ambient air as they are applied from the printing device 8 to the substrate 2. In particular, introducing thermal energy into the droplets 2 can influence their size and / or shape. This is also advantageous, and depending on the application of the substrate 2, a specific or...to be able to create an individual structure.

[0140] Another way to create the desired structural surface is through partial heating of the substrate 2. For example, specific structures can be formed using partial or area-by-area laser heating, as the areas particularly relevant to this structure can be heated more intensely to exert a greater influence on the material 9 applied there. Another way to influence the printing process and create the desired top surface 18 is by using different printing methods. For example, a wet-on-wet or a wet-on-dry printing process can be used. These methods can also create special transitions on the top surface 18. For instance, additional effects can be achieved by partially printing the functional layer 7. This is particularly relevant for multi-layered structures.Furthermore, it is conceivable that the structural height and / or structural design of the functional surface structure 1 can be influenced by influencing the droplets 12 accordingly during printing by means of an airflow or a supply of compressed air.

[0141] Furthermore, it is conceivable that the structural height and / or design of the functional surface structure 1 can be influenced by applying an airflow or compressed air supply to the droplets 12 during printing. In other words, the droplets 12 can be dusted or refined when applied to the substrate 2. This allows for the creation of particularly fine nanometer or micrometer structures. Additionally, a subsequent airflow, i.e., when the printable material 9 has been newly applied but is not yet fully cured, can alter the orientation and / or shape of the droplets 12. Furthermore, the functional layer 7 can be modified or adjusted by exciting the substrate 2 with vibrations during printing.

[0142] The excited substrate 2 prevents the impacting droplets 12 from touching and merging to form a flat surface. This is particularly advantageous when the lotus effect is to be achieved as a property of the functional surface structure 1.

[0143] Another way to influence the functional surface structure 1, and in particular the functional layer 7, is to introduce an additional material 14 (see Fig. 4) into the material 9. During the printing process, the additional material 14 can be added to the printable material 9 so that both are applied to the substrate 2. The additional material 14 can be added in the form of nanoparticles 15 and / or microparticles 16 (see Fig. 4). Thus, the structuring effect can be enhanced by adding particles, such as glass, to the printable material 9. Partial curing is required when introducing the additional material 14 into the printable material 9, as the printable material 9 can be ink.Furthermore, by adding metals, wood or other materials, other design effects with different structural depths can be introduced into the functional layer 7.

[0144] For example, the printable material 9 can first be applied and pre-cured using a printhead 17 of the printing device 8. Once it is at least partially cured, the additive material can then be introduced. It is also conceivable that, as shown by way of example in Fig. 4, the particles 15, 16 are already incorporated into the droplets 12. In particular, a layered structure can be used in the production of the functional surface structure 1. For example, a three-stage printing process can be carried out. The functional surface structure 1 can be designed as a single layer, two layers, or multiple layers. This depends on the desired physical top-surface effect.

[0145] For example, the base layer 6 can be created as the first layer, or the pretreatment can be carried out. The functional layer 7 can then be applied as the second layer to the base layer, the pretreated surface area 4, or directly to the untreated surface area.

[0146] Depending on the application and the desired functions, i.e., surface effects, multi-layer printing can be performed. In this process, at least one additional functional layer 19 (see Fig. 3) can be selectively printed onto the already printed functional layer 7. Alternatively, the additional functional layer 19 can be printed first, and then the functional layer 7 can be printed on top of it. This allows for the realization of a wide variety of structures and, in particular, structural designs. Above all, this method allows the height of the functional surface structure 1 to be defined.

[0147] If substrate 2 is a mirror or a conductive surface, the layer thickness can range from sixty to ninety nanometers. For decorative applications of substrate 2, the layer thickness can range from five to one hundred micrometers. To create thicker layers or other shapes, multiple printing passes or additional printing methods can be used.

[0148] In one example, the ink can be further dispersed onto the layer to be created using an airflow. If this layer is still soft, uncured, or hardened, then the second layer can be printed. This can be done as a solid or in a raster pattern. As mentioned earlier, an ink can be used as the printable material. This ink can be mixed with particles. The ink can be formulated with a high solvent content, which evaporates after the process, thus locally pigmenting the solid particles. In this way, a specific structure can be created, depending on the application and, in particular, on which subsequent processing steps are to be carried out.Specifically, printing is carried out using the printing device 8 with digital printing technology, whereby the printing device 8 is provided with appropriate process parameters and external parameters as well as a characteristic of the structure 2 in order to be able to carry out an efficient printing process.

[0149] In an optional step S4, after the functional surface 1 has been produced, another surface area of ​​the substrate can be processed. Depending on the application of the substrate 2, further processing steps can be carried out.

[0150] Figure 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of the substrate. Here, the substrate 2 can be a display or a component of a display, such as a display surface, of the vehicle 3.

[0151] Figure 6 shows an exemplary application of substrate 2. For example, substrate 2 can be used in the automotive sector, for instance, for interior elements or display elements. For example, substrate 2 can be used in vehicle 3. Specifically, substrate 2 can be a component of a vehicle part 20.

Claims

33 Patent claims 1. Method for generating a functional surface structure (1) on a substrate (2), comprising: Providing the substrate (2) on which the functional surface structure (1) is to be created; - Applying at least one functional layer (7) to the substrate (2) by means of digital printing, by applying a printable material (9); Generating the functional surface structure (1) on the substrate (2) by applying the printable material (9) to the substrate (2) in such a way that a top surface (18) of the at least one functional layer (7) is generated such that a physical top surface effect occurs on the top surface (18).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the functional surface structure (1) is generated at least partially as a microstructure by applying the printable material (9) such that the top surface (18) consists of a plurality of substructures (11), each with an area between 5 pm 2 until 8 pm 2 exhibit, is formed.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the functional surface structure (1) is generated at least partially as a macrostructure by applying the printable material (9) such that the top surface (18) consists of a plurality of substructures (11), each of which has an area between 200 pm 2 until 8:00 pm 2 exhibit, is formed.

4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a further functional layer (19) is applied to the substrate (2) by means of digital printing, wherein - the further functional layer (19) is applied to the substrate (2) before the at least one functional layer (7), so that the at least one functional layer (7) is applied to the already applied further functional layer (10), or 34 - the further functional layer (19) is applied to the top surface (18) of the at least one functional layer (7) depending on the already applied at least one functional layer (7) and / or a requirement for the physical top surface effect, in particular in a location-selective manner.

5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the application of at least the first functional layer (7) is carried out using a wet-on-wet process or a wet-on-dry process.

6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the functional surface structure (1) is produced on the substrate (2) with a height between 0.5 pm and 400 pm, and in particular with an average roughness depth which corresponds to 60% of the height.

7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a surface area (4) of the substrate (2) is pretreated, wherein the at least one functional layer (7) is applied to the pretreated surface area (4), in particular the pretreatment of the surface area (4) of the substrate (2) is carried out by structuring the surface area (4) by means of eroding or laser ablation or chemical etching.

8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, wherein a surface area (4) of the substrate (2) is pretreated by applying a base layer at least partially to the surface area (4) by means of digital printing, wherein the at least one functional layer (7) is applied at least partially to the base layer.

9. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the printable material (9) is at least partially cured immediately before and / or upon impact on the application surface, thereby either initiating a phase transition of the printable material (9) or increasing the dynamic viscosity of the printable material (9) by at least 120%.

10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the printable material (9) is subjected to an airflow immediately before impact on an application surface and / or upon impact on the application surface, in particular an orientation and / or a shape of individual droplets (12) of the printable material (9) is changed on the basis of a directed airflow.

11. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein When applying at least one functional layer (7), the substrate (2) is excited by means of vibrations in the range between 1 kHz and 1 GHz in order to influence the generation of the functional surface structure (1) in a defined manner, in particular the vibrations are generated on the basis of at least one ultrasound signal.

12. Method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 11, wherein When applying at least one functional layer (7), the substrate (2) is excited by means of mechanical vibration, whereby a frequency relating to the mechanical vibration is adapted to a pressure frequency relating to the digital printing.

13. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein In generating the functional surface structure (1), at least one additional material (14) is used based on the physical top surface effect, wherein - that at least one additive material (14) is applied immediately before the application of the at least one functional layer (7) to the substrate (2), or - that at least one additive material (14) is added to the printable material (9), wherein, when applying the at least one functional layer (7), the printable material (9) is applied together with the additive material (14), or - that at least one additional material (14) is applied to the at least one functional layer (7) immediately after the application of the at least one functional layer (7).

14. Method according to claim 13, wherein the additive material (14) is used in the form of nanoparticles (15) or microparticles (16), in particular as additive material (14) glass shards, glass spheres, ferromagnetic elements, metallic elements, or wooden elements is used in the printable material (9).

15. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the physical top surface effect is a lotus effect, a riblet effect, an anti-reflective effect, a frosted glass effect or a gecko effect.

16. Component (20) with a substrate (2) and with at least one functional layer (7) formed on the substrate (2) by means of digital printing, wherein a layered composite of substrate (1) and the at least one functional layer (7) has a functional surface structure (1), wherein the functional surface structure (1) has a top surface (18) with a physical top surface effect based on the digital printing of the printable material for the functional layer (7) on the substrate (1).

17. Component (20) according to claim 16, wherein The physical top surface effect is a lotus effect, a riblet effect, an anti-reflective effect, a frosted glass effect, or a gecko effect.

18. Functional surface structure (1) of a substrate (2) obtainable by a method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 15.

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