Methods and systems for sensing dedicated synchronization signal block transmission
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/088497
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-14
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-17
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Figure CN2025088497_17092026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SENSING DEDICATED SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL BLOCK TRANSMISSIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 771,819 filed on March 14, 2025, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates, generally, to synchronization signal block (SSB) transmission and, in particular implementations, to methods and systems for sensing dedicated SSB transmission.BACKGROUND
[0003] Synchronization is a crucial step in wireless communications. Sensing tasks can be very sensitive to synchronization offsets. For example, in range estimation, even one nano second timing offset may lead to 30 cm in ranging error. Besides carrying a synchronization signal, a synchronization signal block (SSB) can also carry useful information for specific applications. For example, a communications SSB may include a communication beam index, a system frame number (SFN) , a Cell ID and a Sector ID. The synchronization signal may carry different types of information for different applications. For instance, TX ID or Cell ID may be important for communication tasks but may not be as important for sensing tasks.SUMMARY
[0004] For a situation wherein different types of SSBs are defined, it is proposed to include sensing dedicated SSBs that may be carried by specific spatial beams used for sensing. Such sensing dedicated SSBs may carry information that is specific to sensing applications. A sensing dedicated SSB may include one or more synchronization signals as well as some information specific to a given application. Two general approaches are proposed for SSB structure as well as generation and transmission procedure design. In a first general approach, the known 5G NR SSB is re-used for communications and new SSB designs are defined for sensing applications and, possibly, other applications. In a second general approach, a new SSB structure may be defined to include an indication of the SSB Type.
[0005] Disadvantages of existing synchronization solutions include relatively high power consumption, since the existing solutions involve intensive digital processing in the baseband domain and could also involve beam sweeping to combat high path loss at high frequencies. It is known that digital baseband processing is used in the context of the discrete sequences (i.e., m-sequence and gold sequence) that are used as a synchronization signal. Disadvantages of existing synchronization solutions further include a communication centric design, which may not be sufficient for sensing applications. For example, a time offset smaller than a given cyclic prefix length may not cause any issue for communication decoding. However, such a time-offset may cause large errors in sensing applications, such as the applications related to positioning. Additionally, adding, to a known SSB, information for sensing applications may not be efficient due to a large overhead.
[0006] New SSB designs defined for sensing applications may allow for processing in the radio frequency domain, thereby minimizing the processing burden. SSBs with the new design may be transmitted on demand. SSBs with the new design may be transmitted among other SSBs. In the latter case, a field may be included in the SSB so that the receiver may readily determine a type for the SSB. Upon determining the type, the receiver may appropriately process the SSB.
[0007] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication method. The method includes communicating a synchronization signal block (SSB) of a first type, communicating a request for an SSB of a second type and communicating the SSB of the second type. According to further aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus including one or more processors caused to carry out this method, a computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform this method and a computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform this method.
[0008] The communicating the SSB of the first type may include transmitting the SSB of the first type. The transmitting the SSB of the first type may include broadcasting the SSB of the first type. The communicating the request for the SSB of the second type may include receiving the request for the SSB of the second type. The communicating the SSB of the second type may include transmitting the SSB of the second type. The transmitting the SSB of the second type may include unicasting or groupcasting the SSB of the second type. The communicating the SSB of the first type may include receiving the SSB of the first type.
[0009] The method may include processing the SSB of the first type.
[0010] The communicating the request for the SSB of the second type may include transmitting the request for the SSB of the second type. The communicating the SSB of the second type may include receiving the SSB of the second type. The method may include processing the SSB of the second type.
[0011] The SSB of the second type may include an SSB dedicated to sensing. The SSB dedicated to sensing may be carried by a specific spatial beam. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a waveform configuration, an indication of a sensing time-frequency pattern, including repetition in time and in frequency, an indication of a beamforming pattern, a synchronization signal, an indication of a sensing bandwidth, an indication of a sensing frequency band, an indication of a sensing waveform type, an indication of a sensing pattern, an indication of a transmitter identity, an indication of a transmitter sensing state, an indication of a beam pattern, an indication of an identity of the SSB dedicated to sensing or information specific to a given application.
[0012] The SSB of the second type may include an SSB dedicated to integrated sensing and communication. The SSB of the first type may include an SSB dedicated to communication.
[0013] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication method. The method includes communicating a synchronization signal block (SSB) of a first type, the SSB of the first type including an SSB type indication indicating the first type. According to further aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus including one or more processors caused to carry out this method, a computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform this method and a computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform this method.
[0014] The method may include communicating an SSB of a second type, the SSB of the second type including an SSB type indication indicating the second type. The communicating the SSB of the first type may include transmitting the SSB of the first type. The communicating the SSB of the second type may include transmitting the SSB of the second type. The communicating the SSB of the first type may include receiving the SSB of the first type. The communicating the SSB of the second type may include receiving the SSB of the second type.
[0015] The SSB of the second type may include an SSB dedicated to sensing. The SSB dedicated to sensing may be carried by a specific spatial beam. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a waveform configuration, an indication of a sensing time-frequency pattern, including repetition in time and in frequency, an indication of a beamforming pattern, a synchronization signal, an indication of a sensing bandwidth, an indication of a sensing frequency band, an indication of a sensing waveform type, an indication of a sensing pattern, an indication of a transmitter identity, an indication of a transmitter sensing state, an indication of a beam pattern, an indication of an identity of the SSB dedicated to sensing or information specific to a given application.
[0016] The SSB of the second type may include an SSB dedicated to integrated sensing and communication. The SSB of the first type comprises an SSB dedicated to communication.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] For a more complete understanding of the present implementations, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates, in a schematic diagram, a communication system in which implementations of the disclosure may occur, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices and multiple example transmit receive points along with various networks;
[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates, in a block diagram, the communication system of FIG. 1, the communication system includes multiple example electronic devices, an example terrestrial transmit receive point and an example non-terrestrial transmit receive point along with various networks;
[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates, as a block diagram, an example of an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus in the communication system of FIG. 1, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0021] FIG. 4 illustrates, as a block diagram, an example of an apparatus that may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device in the communication system of FIG. 1, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0022] FIG. 5 illustrates, as a block diagram, an example apparatus that may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0023] FIG. 6 illustrates a network that differs from the network illustrated in FIG. 2 in the addition of a sensing agent, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0024] FIG. 7 illustrates, as a block diagram, a sensing management function, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0025] FIG. 8 illustrates an example network in which terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) are communicating with non-terrestrial TRPs (NT-TRPs) that are part of a satellite constellation, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0026] FIG. 9 illustrates an example network in which the satellite constellation effectively acts as the gateway for the T-TRPs on the ground, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0027] FIG. 10 illustrates an example network in which the NT-TRPs communicate with the T-TRPs through a core network, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0028] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a channel model of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0029] FIG. 12 illustrates a base station in communication with a user equipment (UE) , in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0030] FIG. 13 illustrates a synchronization signal block;
[0031] FIG. 14 illustrates a beam sweeping approach, wherein the TRPs transmit synchronization signal blocks in different directions using different beams at different times;
[0032] FIG. 15 illustrates a structure of a sidelink synchronization signal block;
[0033] FIG. 16 illustrates, in a flow diagram, a first signaling procedure, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0034] FIG. 17 illustrates a second signaling procedure as an alternative to the first signaling procedure of FIG. 16, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0035] FIG. 18 illustrates an example sensing pattern, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0036] FIG. 19 illustrates, in a flow diagram, a third signaling procedure representative of an approach wherein a first node generates and transmits a plurality of synchronization signal blocks, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0037] FIG. 20 illustrates, in a flow diagram, a fourth signaling procedure representative of an approach that is an alternative to the approach illustrated in FIG. 19, wherein a plurality of bursts of synchronization signal blocks are transmitted, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0038] FIG. 21 illustrates an example wherein a TRP broadcasts different types of synchronization signal blocks in various directions in different time-frequency resources, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0039] FIG. 22 illustrates an example linearly frequency modulated (LFM) signal representation in the time-frequency domain;
[0040] FIG. 23 illustrates an example of an LFM-based signal in a general format, in which the absolute value of the LFM rates can vary across symbols, in accordance with aspects of the present application;
[0041] FIG. 24 illustrates a frequency modulated continuous waveform signal;
[0042] FIG. 25 illustrates a triangular waveform signal;
[0043] FIG. 26 illustrates an example of a discrete LFM sequence;
[0044] FIG. 27 illustrates a general type of discrete triangular waveform;
[0045] FIG. 28 illustrates an example of a discrete triangular waveform in a first special case;
[0046] FIG. 29 illustrates an example of a second special case (symmetric) of the discrete triangular waveform;
[0047] FIG. 30 illustrates a linear feedback shift register;
[0048] FIG. 31 illustrates example generation of multi-carrier amplitude shift keying waveforms;
[0049] FIG. 32 illustrates example generation of Option OOK-2 waveforms, which can include parallel M-bit on-off keying (OOK) in the frequency domain;
[0050] FIG. 33 illustrates example generation of Option OOK-3 waveforms, Multi-tone single-bit OOK;
[0051] FIG. 34 illustrates example generation of Option OOK-4: transform M-bit OOK in time domain;
[0052] FIG. 35 illustrates example multi-carrier frequency shift keying waveforms; and
[0053] FIG. 36 illustrates example generation of waveforms that are a combination of amplitude shift keying and frequency shift keying.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0054] For illustrative purposes, specific example implementations will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures.
[0055] The implementations set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0056] Moreover, it will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device / apparatus or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement a method, an application or a module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0057] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 may comprise a radio access network 120. The radio access network (RAN) 120 may be a next generation (e.g., sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g., fifth generation (5G) , fourth generation (4G) , third generation (3G) or second generation (2G) ) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be a network using other radio access technology. In some implementations, 6G radio access refers to a next generation air interface of standards which may comprise both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) , and more details will be described below. One or more communication electronic device (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (generically referred to as 170) , in the RAN 120. A core network (CN) 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. The communication system 100 may also comprise a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0058] In general, the communication system 100 enables communication of multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may provide content, such as voice, data, video and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast and unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) services, massive machine type communication (mMTC) services, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, massive communication, Hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) . The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system and a non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0059] FIG. 2 illustrates another example for the communication system 100. As described earlier, the communication system 100 may include EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, and one or more of a CN 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150 and other networks 160. In addition, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a, 120b may include respective network nodes 170a, 170b such as base stations 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b (generically referred to as 170) . As referred to herein, the terms “TRP” and “base station” may be used interchangeably unless explicitly noted otherwise in a given example or section. For brevity, this disclosure may primarily refer to base station; however, absent an explicit limitation, references to TRP are merely non-limiting instances of interchangeable use. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 170c includes a RAN node such as base station 172, which may be generically referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172. In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to ground, for example, in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include an airborne platform (e.g., a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (e.g., quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0060] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered to be a radio access network (RAN) , with operational aspects in common with the RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, which communicates with the ED 110 via the non-terrestrial network device. In addition, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (i.e., referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device to communicate with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located in the same device.
[0061] A base station (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) 170 may be a network element in radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the user equipment. The base station 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. When a base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, may perform the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the base station.
[0062] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment that can be configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cells. A cell may be a Radio network object that can be uniquely identified from a (cell) identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can be either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may also refer to the carrier frequencies within the DL / UL carrier bandwidth resources of a single standalone carrier or a component carrier in a carrier aggregation mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ multiple transceivers to provide service to multiple sectors. In some implementations, there may be established pico or femto cells where the radio access technology supports such. In some implementations, multiple transceivers could be used for each cell, for example using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The number of RAN 120a-120b shown is an example only. Any number of RAN may be contemplated when devising the communication system 100.
[0063] Any base station may be a single element, as shown, or multiple elements, distributed in the corresponding RAN, or otherwise. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or may be included in a same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may also have different names, but a person skilled in the art may understand meanings thereof. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may also be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may also be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may also be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented by using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0064] Further, communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this application may refer to direct communication between different devices / apparatuses (that is, no forwarding is required by another device / apparatuses) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, forwarding is required by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such further communication (s) may refer to that a functional unit inside the device / apparatus uses another functional unit in the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, “sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) ” in this application may be understood as that a destination endpoint of the information is an ED or a base station. It may include sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, “receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) ” may be understood as that a source endpoint of the information is an ED or a base station, and may include directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Necessary processing such as format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. Similar descriptions in this application may be understood similarly. Details are not described herein again. In the present disclosure, the terms “send” and “transmit” may be used interchangeably in implementations of this application.
[0065] The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0066] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to but not limited to) as a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g., module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED, one or more module (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, may perform the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0067] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability; and connection necessity.
[0068] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any TRP 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with a station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the ED 110d may communicate a UL and / or a DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with the NT-TRP 172.
[0069] An air interface (e.g., 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as ED and base station. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (e.g., data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology.
[0070] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0071] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (e.g., radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) .
[0072] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c with various services such as voice, data and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130 and may, or may not, employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or EDs 110a, 110b and 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a, 110b and 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) and to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . The EDs 110a, 110b and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0073] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170 a-170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170 a-b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (e.g., any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0074] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 in a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) . The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (e.g., ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., network node 170) such as a T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although there is only one apparatus 310 and one other apparatus 320 shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or 320 could be one or more. For example, one ED 110 may be served by only one T-TRP 170 (or only one NT-TRP 172) , by more than one T-TRP 170 (or more than one NT-TRP 172) . One ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRP 170 and one or more NT-TRP172. Similarly, one T-TRP 170 (or one NT-TRP172) may serve one or more ED 110.
[0075] The apparatus 310 includes at least one processor 210. Only one processor 210 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may, alternatively, be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g., as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include at least one memory 208. Only the transmitter 201, the receiver 203, the processor 210, the memory 208 and the antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0076] The memory 208 stores instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also store data used, generated or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or implementations described herein and that are executed by one or more processor 210.
[0077] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to, or receiving information from a user and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, etc.
[0078] The processor 210 may perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform receiving transport blocks (TBs) , using a resource for decoding of one of the received TBs, releasing the resource for decoding of another of the received TBs, and / or receiving configuration information configuring a resource. In detail, the operation may include those operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320; those operations related to processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320; and those operations related to processing SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (e.g., by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g., beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g., using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0079] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0080] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g., in the memory 208) .
[0081] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated in FIG. 3) . The apparatus 320 may further include at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include at least one memory 258. The apparatus 320 may further include scheduler 253. Only the transmitter 252, the receiver 254, the processor 260, the memory 258, the antenna 256 and the scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0082] In some implementations, the parts of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (thereby also can be viewed as one or more nodes) and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to nodes on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatus 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, e.g., through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or the use of an ORAN system, as described hereinbefore in the present application.
[0083] The processor 260 performs operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310; processing a UL transmission received from the apparatus 310; preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320; and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some implementations, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, e.g., BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253, which will be described hereinafter. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g., BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 performs other network side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, etc. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may implement higher layer functions, such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer in addition to a physical layer processing.
[0084] The apparatus 320 may further comprise the scheduler 253 coupled to the processor 260 or integrated in the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within, or operated separately from, the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (e.g., “configured grant” ) resources.
[0085] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 storing instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data used, generated or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or implementations described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0086] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0087] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252 and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same, or different one of, one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 258.
[0088] The apparatus 320 and / or apparatus 310 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0089] Note that “signaling, ” as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling, control message, control information or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (e.g., the TRP 170a, 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (e.g., ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (e.g., between EDs 110a and 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also referred to as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) , which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) , which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (e.g., between EDs 110a and 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) , which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (e.g., a layer higher than the physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, e.g., in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling or semi-static signaling. Higher layer signaling may be radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0090] It should be noted that, in the present application, “information, ” when different from “message, ” may be carried in a single message or may be carried in more than one separate message.
[0091] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an apparatus 410. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as ED 110 or TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus implemented in a communication device may be an integrated circuit, which, in some contexts, may be known by other colloquial names, such as chip, modem, modem chip, baseband chip or baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 may comprise one or more integrated circuits or comprise one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module in the ED 110 or in the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module in one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172 or in the apparatus 320.
[0092] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors / processor cores 411 and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors / processor cores 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors (or processor cores) 411 execute computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving and transmitting) in the method implementations disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors / processor cores 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors / processor cores 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality times for the one or more processors (or processor cores) 411 to perform related operations in the method implementations disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with another apparatus / system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or a processor system. Optionally, to reduce a load of the processors (or processor cores) , a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may also be disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0093] The apparatus 410 may, in some scenarios, be the processor 210 (or the processor 260) in the apparatus 310 (or in the apparatus 320) or may be included in the processor 210 (or the processor 260) in the apparatus 310 (or the apparatus 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be, or may include, a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or the apparatus 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further included in the apparatus 310 (or the apparatus 320) .
[0094] FIG. 5 illustrates an example apparatus 510. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0095] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may be implemented as the apparatus 310. Accordingly, the processing unit 512 may be implemented as the processor 210 (see FIG. 3) , the communication unit 513 may be implemented as the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 (see FIG. 3) and the storage unit 511 may be implemented as the memory 208 (see FIG. 3) .
[0096] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may be implemented as the apparatus 320. Accordingly, the processing unit 512 may be implemented as the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included, see FIG. 3) , the communication unit 513 may be implemented as the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 (see FIG. 3) and the storage unit 511 may be implemented as the memory 258.
[0097] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0098] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, for example, a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core, a function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system that is in the chip and that includes one or more processors or processor cores. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the foregoing chip.
[0099] It may be understood that division into the units in the foregoing apparatus is merely logical function division. Each function may correspond to one functional unit or two or more functions may be integrated into one functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into one physical entity or may be distributed in different physical entities. In addition, the foregoing functional units may be implemented in a form of hardware, may be implemented in a form of software or may be implemented in a form of a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is performed in a form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for each particular application, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this application.
[0100] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the foregoing apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the foregoing methods, for example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (central processing units, CPUs) , one or more microprocessors (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (digital signal processors, DSP) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (field programmable gate arrays, FPGAs) , or a combination of at least two of these integrated circuit forms.
[0101] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0102] A processor, a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core may be collectively referred to as a processor. The processor may include one or a combination of a central processing unit (CPU) , a digital signal processor (DSP) , a microprocessor (microprocessor unit, MPU) , a microcontroller (microcontroller unit, MCU) , a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , an artificial intelligence processor (AI processor) , or a neural network processing unit (NPU) .
[0103] A memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) ; a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) ; a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) ; a phase-change memory (PCM) ; a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) ; a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) ; a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) ; a cache; a register; a read-only memory (ROM) ; a flash memory (flash memory) ; an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) ; a hard disk; and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute implementations may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method implementations disclosed herein.
[0104] An air interface generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices. For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (e.g., data) over a wireless communications link. The wireless communications link may support a link between a radio access network and user equipment (e.g., a “Uu” link) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between device and device, such as between two user equipments (e.g., a “sidelink” ) , and / or the wireless communications link may support a link between a non-terrestrial (NT) -communication network and user equipment (UE) . The following are some examples for the above components. ○ A waveform component may specify a shape and a form of a signal being transmitted. Waveform options may include orthogonal multiple access waveforms and non-orthogonal multiple access waveforms. Non-limiting examples of such waveform options include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , Direct Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-OFDM) , Filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) , Time windowing OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) , Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC) , Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) , Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) , Faster Than Nyquist (FTN) Waveform and low Peak to Average Power Ratio Waveform (low PAPR WF) . ○ A frame structure component may specify a configuration of a frame or group of frames. The frame structure component may indicate one or more of a time, frequency, pilot signature, code, subcarrier spacing, cyclic prefix length or other parameter of the frame or group of frames. More details of frame structure will be discussed hereinafter. ○ A multiple access scheme component may specify multiple access technique options, including technologies defining how communicating devices share a common physical channel, such as: TDMA; FDMA; CDMA; space division multiple access (SDMA) ; OFDMA; SC-FDMA; Low Density Signature Multicarrier CDMA (LDS-MC-CDMA) ; Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) ; Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) ; Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) ; Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) ; and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) . Furthermore, multiple access technique options may include: scheduled access vs. non-scheduled access, also known as grant-free access; non-orthogonal multiple access vs. orthogonal multiple access, e.g., via a dedicated channel resource (e.g., no sharing between multiple communicating devices) ; contention-based shared channel resources vs. non-contention-based shared channel resources; and cognitive radio-based access. ○ A hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol component may specify how a transmission and / or a re- transmission is to be made. Non-limiting examples of transmission and / or re-transmission mechanism options include those that specify a scheduled data pipe size, a signaling mechanism for transmission and / or re-transmission and a re-transmission mechanism. ○ A coding and modulation component may specify how information being transmitted may be encoded / decoded and modulated / demodulated for transmission / reception purposes. Coding may refer to methods of error detection and forward error correction. Non-limiting examples of coding options include turbo trellis codes, turbo product codes, fountain codes, low-density parity check codes and polar codes. Modulation may refer, simply, to the constellation (including, for example, the modulation technique and order) , or more specifically to various types of advanced modulation methods such as hierarchical modulation and low PAPR modulation.
[0105] In some implementations, the air interface may be a “one-size-fits-all concept. ” For example, the components within the air interface cannot be changed or adapted once the air interface is defined. In some implementations, only limited parameters or modes of an air interface, such as a cyclic prefix (CP) length or a MIMO mode, can be configured. In some implementations, an air interface design may provide a unified or flexible framework to support frequencies below known 6 GHz bands and frequencies beyond the 6 GHz bands (e.g., mmWave bands) for both licensed and unlicensed access. As an example, flexibility of a configurable air interface provided by a scalable numerology and symbol duration may allow for transmission parameter optimization for different spectrum bands and for different services / devices. As another example, a unified air interface may be self-contained in a frequency domain and a frequency domain self-contained design may support more flexible RAN slicing through channel resource sharing between different services in both frequency and time.
[0106] A frame structure is a feature of the wireless communication physical layer that defines a time domain signal transmission structure, e.g., to allow for timing reference and timing alignment of basic time domain transmission units. Wireless communication between communicating devices may occur on time-frequency resources governed by a frame structure. The frame structure may, sometimes, instead be called a radio frame structure.
[0107] Depending upon the frame structure and / or configuration of frames in the frame structure, frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time-division duplex (TDD) and / or full duplex (FD) communication may be possible. FDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur in different frequency bands. TDD communication is when transmissions in different directions (e.g., uplink vs. downlink) occur over different time durations. FD communication is when transmission and reception occurs on the same time-frequency resource, i.e., a device can both transmit and receive on the same frequency resource concurrently in time.
[0108] One example of a frame structure is a frame structure in long-term evolution (LTE) cellular systems, having the following specifications: each frame is 10 ms in duration; each frame has 10 subframes, which subframes are each 1 ms in duration; each subframe includes two slots, each of which slots is 0.5 ms in duration; each slot is for the transmission of seven OFDM symbols (assuming normal CP) ; each OFDM symbol has a symbol duration and a particular bandwidth (or partial bandwidth or bandwidth partition) related to the number of subcarriers and subcarrier spacing; the frame structure is based on OFDM waveform parameters such as subcarrier spacing and CP length (where the CP has a fixed length or limited length options) ; and the switching gap between uplink and downlink in TDD has to be the integer time of OFDM symbol duration.
[0109] Another example of a frame structure is a frame structure in new radio (NR) having the following specifications: multiple subcarrier spacings are supported, each subcarrier spacing corresponding to a respective numerology; the frame structure depends on the numerology, but the frame length is set at 10 ms and each frame consists of ten subframes, each subframe of 1 ms duration; a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols; and slot length depends upon the numerology. For example, the NR frame structure for normal CP 15 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 1” ) and the NR frame structure for normal CP 30 kHz subcarrier spacing ( “numerology 2” ) are different. For 15 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 1 ms and, for 30 kHz subcarrier spacing, the slot length is 0.5 ms. The NR frame structure may have more flexibility than the LTE frame structure.
[0110] Another example of a frame structure is an example flexible frame structure, e.g., for use in a 6G network or a later network. In a flexible frame structure, a symbol block may be defined as the minimum duration of time that may be scheduled in the flexible frame structure. A symbol block may be a unit of transmission having an optional redundancy portion (e.g., CP portion) and an information (e.g., data) portion. An OFDM symbol is an example of a symbol block. A symbol block may alternatively be called a symbol. Implementations of flexible frame structures include different parameters that may be configurable, e.g., frame length, subframe length, symbol block length, etc. A non-exhaustive list of possible configurable parameters, in some implementations of a flexible frame structure, includes: 1) A frame length parameter: The frame length need not be limited to 10 ms and the frame length may be configurable and change over time. In some implementations, each frame includes one or multiple downlink synchronization channels and / or one or multiple downlink broadcast channels and each synchronization channel and / or broadcast channel may be transmitted in a different direction by different beamforming. The frame length may be more than one possible value and configured based on the application scenario. For example, autonomous vehicles may require relatively fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 5 ms for autonomous vehicle applications. As another example, smart meters on houses may not require fast initial access, in which case the frame length may be set as 20 ms for smart meter applications. 2) A subframe duration parameter: A subframe might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. For example, a frame may be defined to include slots, but no subframes. In frames in which a subframe is defined, e.g., for time domain alignment, then the duration of the subframe may be configurable. For example, a subframe may be configured to have a length of 0.1 ms or 0.2 ms or 0.5 ms or 1 ms or 2 ms or 5 ms, etc. In some implementations, if a subframe is not needed in a particular scenario, then the subframe length may be defined to be the same as the frame length or not defined. 3) A slot configuration parameter: A slot might or might not be defined in the flexible frame structure, depending upon the implementation. In frames in which a slot is defined, then the definition of a slot (e.g., in time duration and / or in number of symbol blocks) may be configurable. In one implementation, the slot configuration is common to all UEs or a group of UEs. For this case, the slot configuration information may be transmitted to the UEs in a broadcast channel or common (or group) control channel (s) . In other implementations, the slot configuration may be UE specific, in which case the slot configuration information may be transmitted in a UE-specific control channel. In some implementations, the slot configuration signaling can be transmitted together with frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In other implementations, the slot configuration may be transmitted independently from the frame configuration signaling and / or subframe configuration signaling. In general, the slot configuration may be system common, base station common, UE group common or UE specific. 4) A subcarrier spacing (SCS) parameter: The SCS parameter is one parameter of scalable numerology that may allow the SCS to possibly range from 15 KHz to 480 KHz. The SCS may vary with the frequency of the spectrum and / or maximum UE speed to minimize the impact of Doppler shift and phase noise. In some examples, there may be separate transmission and reception frames and the SCS of symbols in the reception frame structure may be configured independently from the SCS of symbols in the transmission frame structure. The SCS in a reception frame may be different from the SCS in a transmission frame. In some examples, the SCS of each transmission frame may be half the SCS of each reception frame. If the SCS between a reception frame and a transmission frame is different, the difference does not necessarily have to scale by a factor of two, e.g., if more flexible symbol durations are implemented using inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) instead of fast Fourier transform (FFT) . Additional examples of frame structures can be used with different SCSs. 5) A parameter indicative of a flexible transmission duration of a basic transmission unit: The basic transmission unit may be a symbol block (alternatively called a symbol) , which, in general, includes a redundancy portion (referred to as the CP) and an information (e.g., data) portion. In some implementations, the CP may be omitted from the symbol block. The CP length may be flexible and configurable. The CP length may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and the CP length may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling. The information (e.g., data) portion may be flexible and configurable. Another possible parameter relating to a symbol block that may be defined is ratio of CP duration to information (e.g., data) duration. In some implementations, the symbol block length may be adjusted according to: a channel condition (e.g., multi-path delay, Doppler) ; and / or a latency requirement; and / or an available time duration. As another example, a symbol block length may be adjusted to fit an available time duration in the frame. 6) A Flexible switch gap parameter: A frame may include both a downlink portion, for downlink transmissions from a base station, and an uplink portion, for uplink transmissions from UEs. A gap may be present between each uplink and downlink portion, which gap is referred to as a switching gap. The switching gap length (duration) may be configurable. A switching gap duration may be fixed within a frame or flexible within a frame and a switching gap duration may possibly change from one frame to another, or from one group of frames to another group of frames, or from one subframe to another subframe, or from one slot to another slot, or dynamically from one scheduling to another scheduling.
[0111] A device, such as a base station, may provide coverage over a cell. Wireless communication with the device may occur over one or more carrier frequencies. A carrier frequency will be referred to as a carrier. A carrier may alternatively be called a component carrier (CC) . A carrier may be characterized by its bandwidth and a reference frequency, e.g., the center frequency of the carrier, the lowest frequency of the carrier or the highest frequency of the carrier. A carrier may be on a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. Wireless communication with the device may also, or instead, occur over one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) . For example, a carrier may have one or more BWPs. More generally, wireless communication with the device may occur over spectrum. The spectrum may comprise one or more carriers and / or one or more BWPs.
[0112] A cell may include one or multiple downlink resources and, optionally, one or multiple uplink resources. A cell may include one or multiple uplink resources and, optionally, one or multiple downlink resources. A cell may include both one or multiple downlink resources and one or multiple uplink resources. As an example, a cell might only include one downlink carrier / BWP, or only include one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include one downlink carrier / BWP and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and one uplink carrier / BWP, or include multiple downlink carriers / BWPs and multiple uplink carriers / BWPs. In some implementations, a cell may, instead or additionally, include one or multiple sidelink resources, including sidelink transmitting and receiving resources.
[0113] A BWP is a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on a carrier, or a set of contiguous or non-contiguous frequency subcarriers on multiple carriers, or a set of non-contiguous or contiguous frequency subcarriers, which may have one or more carriers.
[0114] In some implementations, a carrier may have one or more BWPs, e.g., a carrier may have a bandwidth of 20 MHz and consist of one BWP or a carrier may have a bandwidth of 80 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous BWPs, etc. In other implementations, a BWP may have one or more carriers, e.g., a BWP may have a bandwidth of 40 MHz and consist of two adjacent contiguous carriers, where each carrier has a bandwidth of 20 MHz. In some implementations, a BWP may comprise non-contiguous spectrum resources, which consists of non-contiguous multiple carriers, where the first carrier of the non-contiguous multiple carriers may be in mmW band, the second carrier may be in a low band (such as 2 GHz band) , the third carrier (if it exists) may be in THz band and the fourth carrier (if it exists) may be in visible light band. Resources in one carrier which belong to the BWP may be contiguous or non-contiguous. In some implementations, a BWP has non-contiguous spectrum resources on one carrier.
[0115] Wireless communication may occur over an occupied bandwidth. The occupied bandwidth may be defined as the width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage, β / 2, of the total mean transmitted power, for example, the value of β / 2 is taken as 0.5%.
[0116] The carrier, the BWP or the occupied bandwidth may be signaled by a network device (e.g., by a base station) dynamically, e.g., in physical layer control signaling such as the known DCI, or semi-statically, e.g., in radio resource control (RRC) signaling or in signaling in the medium access control (MAC) layer, or be predefined based on the application scenario; or be determined by the UE as a function of other parameters that are known by the UE, or may be fixed, e.g., by a standard.
[0117] UE position information is often used in cellular communication networks to improve various performance metrics for the network. Such performance metrics may, for example, include capacity, agility and efficiency. The improvement may be achieved when elements of the network exploit the position, the behavior, the mobility pattern, etc., of the UE in the context of a priori information describing a wireless environment in which the UE is operating.
[0118] A sensing system may be used to help gather UE pose information, including UE location in a global coordinate system, UE velocity and direction of movement in the global coordinate system, orientation information and the information about the wireless environment. “Location” is also known as “position” and these two terms may be used interchangeably herein. Examples of well-known sensing systems include RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) and LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) . While the sensing system can be separate from the communication system, it could be advantageous to gather the information using an integrated system, which reduces the hardware (and cost) in the system as well as the time, frequency or spatial resources needed to perform both functionalities. However, using the communication system hardware to perform sensing of UE pose and environment information is a highly challenging and open problem. The difficulty of the problem relates to factors such as the limited resolution of the communication system, the dynamicity of the environment, and the huge number of objects whose electromagnetic properties and position are to be estimated.
[0119] Accordingly, integrated sensing and communication (also known as integrated communication and sensing) is a desirable feature in existing and future communication systems and it is desirable to provide improved methods and systems for sensing dedicated synchronization signal block transmission for practical implementations of integrated sensing and communication.
[0120] Any or all of the EDs 110 and BS 170 may be sensing nodes in the system 100. Sensing nodes are network entities that perform sensing by transmitting and receiving sensing signals. Some sensing nodes are communication equipment that perform both communications and sensing. However, it is possible that some sensing nodes do not perform communications and are, instead, dedicated to sensing.
[0121] The network illustrated in FIG. 6 differs from the network illustrated in FIG. 2 in the addition of a sensing agent 174, which is an example of a sensing node that is dedicated to sensing. Unlike the EDs 110 and BS 170, the sensing agent 174 does not transmit or receive communication signals. However, the sensing agent 174 may communicate configuration information, sensing information, signaling information or other information within the communication system 100. The sensing agent 174 may be in communication with the core network 130 to communicate information with the rest of the communication system 100. By way of example, the sensing agent 174 may determine the location of the ED 110a, and transmit this information to the base station 170a via the core network 130. Although only one sensing agent 174 is shown in FIG. 6, any number of sensing agents may be implemented in the communication system 100. In some implementations, one or more sensing agents may be implemented at one or more of the RANs 120.
[0122] A sensing node may combine sensing-based techniques with reference signal-based techniques to enhance UE pose determination. This type of sensing node may also be known as a sensing management function (SMF) . In some networks, the SMF may also be known as a location management function (LMF) . The SMF may be implemented as a physically independent entity located at the core network 130 with connection to the multiple BSs 170. In other aspects of the present application, the SMF may be implemented as a logical entity co-located inside a BS 170 through logic carried out by the processor 260.
[0123] As shown in FIG. 7, an SMF 176, when implemented as a physically independent entity, includes at least one processor 290, at least one transmitter 282, at least one receiver 284, one or more antennas 286 and at least one memory 288. A transceiver, not shown, may be used instead of the transmitter 282 and the receiver 284. A scheduler 283 may be coupled to the processor 290. The scheduler 283 may be included within or operated separately from the SMF 176. The processor 290 implements various processing operations of the SMF 176, such as signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing or any other functionality. The processor 290 can also be configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or implementations described in more detail above. Each processor 290 includes any suitable processing or computing device configured to perform one or more operations. Each processor 290 could, for example, include a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, field programmable gate array or application specific integrated circuit.
[0124] A reference signal-based pose determination technique belongs to an “active” pose estimation paradigm. In an active pose estimation paradigm, the enquirer of pose information (e.g., the UE) takes part in process of determining the pose of the enquirer. The enquirer may transmit or receive (or both) a signal specific to pose determination process. Positioning techniques based on a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as the known Global Positioning System (GPS) are other examples of the active pose estimation paradigm.
[0125] In contrast, a sensing-based technique, based on radar for example, may be considered as belonging to a “passive” pose determination paradigm. In a passive pose determination paradigm, the target is oblivious to the pose determination process.
[0126] By integrating sensing and communications in one system, the system need not operate according to only a single paradigm. Thus, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques can yield enhanced pose determination.
[0127] The enhanced pose determination may, for example, include obtaining UE channel sub-space information, which is particularly useful for UE channel reconstruction at the sensing node, especially for a beam-based operation and communication. The UE channel sub-space is a subset of the entire algebraic space, defined over the spatial domain, in which the entire channel from the TP to the UE lies. Accordingly, the UE channel sub-space defines the TP-to-UE channel with very high accuracy. The signals transmitted over other sub-spaces result in a negligible contribution to the UE channel. Knowledge of the UE channel sub-space helps to reduce the effort needed for channel measurement at the UE and channel reconstruction at the network-side. Therefore, the combination of sensing-based techniques and reference signal-based techniques may enable the UE channel reconstruction with much less overhead as compared to traditional methods. Sub-space information can also facilitate sub-space-based sensing to reduce sensing complexity and improve sensing accuracy.
[0128] In some implementations of integrated sensing and communication, a same radio access technology (RAT) is used for sensing and communication. This avoids the need to multiplex two different RATs under one carrier spectrum, or necessitating two different carrier spectrums for the two different RATs.
[0129] In implementations that integrate sensing and communication under one RAT, a first set of channels may be used to transmit a sensing signal and a second set of channels may be used to transmit a communications signal. In some implementations, each channel in the first set of channels and each channel in the second set of channels is a logical channel, a transport channel or a physical channel.
[0130] At the physical layer, communication and sensing may be performed via separate physical channels. For example, a first physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-C is defined for data communication, while a second physical downlink shared channel PDSCH-Sis defined for sensing. Similarly, separate physical uplink shared channels (PUSCH) , PUSCH-C and PUSCH-S, could be defined for uplink communication and sensing.
[0131] In another example, the same PDSCH and PUSCH could be also used for both communication and sensing, with separate logical layer channels and / or transport layer channels defined for communication and sensing. Note also that control channel (s) and data channel (s) for sensing can have the same or different channel structure (format) , occupy same or different frequency bands or bandwidth parts.
[0132] In a further example, a common physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and a common physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be used to carry control information for both sensing and communication. Alternatively, separate physical layer control channels may be used to carry separate control information for communication and sensing. For example, PUCCH-Sand PUCCH-C could be used for uplink control for sensing and communication respectively and PDCCH-Sand PDCCH-C for downlink control for sensing and communication respectively.
[0133] Different combinations of shared and dedicated channels for sensing and communication, at each of the physical, transport, and logical layers, are possible.
[0134] The term RADAR originates from the phrase Radio Detection and Ranging; however, expressions with different forms of capitalization (e.g., Radar and radar) are equally valid and now more common. Radar is typically used for detecting a presence and a location of an object. A radar system radiates radio frequency energy and receives echoes of the energy reflected from one or more targets. The system determines the pose of a given target based on the echoes returned from the given target. The radiated energy can be in the form of an energy pulse or a continuous wave, which can be expressed or defined by a particular waveform. Examples of waveforms used in radar include frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) and ultra-wideband (UWB) waveforms.
[0135] Radar systems can be monostatic, bi-static or multi-static. In a monostatic radar system, the radar signal transmitter and receiver are co-located, such as being integrated in a transceiver. In a bi-static radar system, the transmitter and receiver are spatially separated, and the distance of separation is comparable to, or larger than, the expected target distance (often referred to as the range) . In a multi-static radar system, two or more radar components are spatially diverse but with a shared area of coverage. A multi-static radar is also referred to as a multisite or netted radar.
[0136] Terrestrial radar applications encounter challenges such as multipath propagation and shadowing impairments. Another challenge is the problem of identifiability because terrestrial targets have similar physical attributes. Integrating sensing into a communication system is likely to suffer from these same challenges, and more.
[0137] Communication nodes can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. A half-duplex node cannot both transmit and receive using the same physical resources (time, frequency, etc. ) ; conversely, a full-duplex node can transmit and receive using the same physical resources. Existing commercial wireless communications networks (1G through 6G) are all half-duplex. Even if full-duplex communications networks are used in the future, it is expected that at least some of the nodes in the network will still be half-duplex nodes because half-duplex devices are less complex, and have lower cost and lower power consumption. In particular, full-duplex implementation is more challenging at higher frequencies (e.g., in the millimeter wave bands) and very challenging for small and low-cost devices, such as femtocell base stations and UEs.
[0138] The limitation of half-duplex nodes in the communications network presents further challenges toward integrating sensing and communications into the devices and systems of the communications network. For example, both half-duplex and full-duplex nodes can perform bi-static or multi-static sensing, but monostatic sensing typically requires the sensing node have full-duplex capability. A half-duplex node may perform monostatic sensing with certain limitations, such as in a pulsed radar with a specific duty cycle and ranging capability.
[0139] Properties of a sensing signal, or a signal used for both sensing and communication, include the waveform of the signal and the frame structure of the signal. The frame structure defines the time-domain boundaries of the signal. The waveform describes the shape of the signal as a function of time and frequency. Examples of waveforms that can be used for a sensing signal include ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse, Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) or “chirp” , orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) , cyclic prefix (CP) -OFDM, and Discrete Fourier Transform spread (DFT-s) -OFDM.
[0140] Precoding, as used herein, may refer to any coding operation (s) or modulation (s) that transform an input signal into an output signal. Precoding may be performed in different domains and typically transforms the input signal in a first domain to an output signal in a second domain. Precoding may include linear operations.
[0141] A terrestrial communication system may also be referred to as a land-based or ground-based communication system, although a terrestrial communication system can also, or instead, be implemented on or in water. A wireless communications system may support communications between a UE and non-terrestrial devices, which is also called as a non-terrestrial communication system. The non-terrestrial communication system may bridge coverage gaps in underserved areas by extending the coverage of cellular networks through the use of non-terrestrial nodes, which will be key to establishing global, seamless coverage and providing mobile broadband services to unserved / underserved regions. In the current case, it is hardly possible to implement terrestrial access-points / base-stations infrastructure in areas like oceans, mountains, forests, or other remote areas.
[0142] The terrestrial communication system may be a wireless communications system using 5G technology and / or later generation wireless technology (e.g., 6G or later) . In some examples, the terrestrial communication system may also accommodate some legacy wireless technologies (e.g., 3G or 4G wireless technology) . The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using satellite constellations, like conventional Geo-Stationary Orbit (GEO) satellites, which utilize broadcast public / popular contents to a local server. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are known to establish a better balance between large coverage area and propagation path-loss / delay. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using stabilized satellites in very low earth orbits (VLEO) technologies, thereby substantially reducing the costs for launching satellites to lower orbits. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using high altitude platforms (HAPs) , which are known to provide a low path-loss air interface for the users with limited power budget. The non-terrestrial communication system may be a communications system using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) (or unmanned aerial system, “UAS” ) achieving a dense deployment, since their coverage can be limited to a local area, such as airborne, balloon, quadcopter, drones, etc. In some examples, GEO satellites, LEO satellites, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be horizontal and two-dimensional. In some examples, UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs may be coupled to integrate satellite communications to cellular networks. Emerging 3D vertical networks consist of many moving (other than geostationary satellites) and high altitude access points such as UAVs, HAPs and VLEOs.
[0143] One possible scenario is that T-TRPs 170 are communicating with NT-TRPs 172 that are part of a satellite constellation, as shown in an example network 800 illustrated in FIG. 8. A satellite constellation comprises a plurality of satellites in satellite orbits that are arranged such that Earth is provided with wireless coverage from the satellites. Each satellite orbit may have a plurality of satellites therein. The T-TRPs 170 may be connected to the core network 130 through terrestrial ( “TN” ) gateways 802, while the NT-TRPs 172, in the satellite constellations, may be connected to the core network 130 through dedicated, non-terrestrial ( “NTN” ) gateways 804. Devices, such as UEs, may connect and communicate with a T-TRP 170 or with an NT-TRP 172 depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0144] Another possible scenario may be envisioned wherein the satellite constellation effectively acts as the gateway for the T-TRPs 170 on the ground, as shown in an example network 900 illustrated in FIG. 9. The NT-TRPs 172 in the satellite constellation communicate with the core network 130 through NTN gateways 804 located on the ground using a wireless link, while the NTN gateways 804 on the ground may use a wired link (e.g., a fiber optic link) to communicate with the core network 130. The T-TRPs 170 communicate with satellites using a wireless link and satellites communicate between each-other using free space optical links (using, e.g., lasers) . Devices, such as UEs, may connect and communicate with a T-TRP 170 or with an NT-TRP 172, depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0145] Another possible scenario may be envisioned where the NT-TRPs 172 communicate with the T-TRPs 170 through the core network 130, as shown in an example network 1000 illustrated in FIG. 10. The NT-TRPs 172 may first communicate with dedicated non-terrestrial gateways 804, which then communicate with the core network 130. The core network 130 may then relay information from the NT-TRPs 172 to the T-TRPs 170 via dedicated terrestrial gateways 802. Devices, such as UEs, may connect and communicate with a T-TRP 170 or with an NT-TRP 172, depending on the conditions of traffic load, radio link quality, congestion, and so on.
[0146] In the scenarios above, a link between a UE and a NT-TRP 172 may be called a service link and links between the NT-TRPs 172 and the NTN gateway 804 may be called feeder links. In addition, a link between two NT-TRPs 172 may be called an inter-satellite link (ISL) (not shown in FIG. 8, 9 or 10) . Each NT-TRP 172 may be associated with one or more NTN gateways 804.
[0147] Multiple-input-multiple-output technology (sometimes simply referred to as “MIMO” ) allows an antenna array having multiple antennas to perform enhanced signal transmissions and receptions, which can result in higher data transmission rates. The ED 110 and the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 may use MIMO to communicate over physical layer wireless resources. MIMO utilizes multiple antennas at a transmit apparatus and / or receive apparatus to transmit and / or receive data in a same physical layer resource block over multiple parallel wireless signals. It follows that multiple antennas may be utilized at the receiver. MIMO may involve beamforming parallel wireless signals for reliable multipath transmission of data in the resource block. MIMO may involve bonding parallel wireless signals that transport different data, thereby effectively increasing the data rate of the data carried in a resource block.
[0148] In recent years, a MIMO wireless communication system with the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 configured with a large number of antennas (known as a large-scale MIMO or massive MIMO, for example) has gained wide attention from academia and industry. In the large-scale MIMO system, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172, are generally configured with more than ten antennas (such as 128 antennas or 256 antennas) and serve dozens of the ED 110 (such as 40 devices) . By having a large number of antennas, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 can greatly increase the degree of spatial freedom of wireless communications, improve transmission rates, spectrum efficiency and power efficiency and minimize or largely eliminate interference between cells. Using the degree of spatial freedom provided by the large number of antennas, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 of each cell can communicate with many ED 110 in the cell on a same frequency resource at a same time (that is, on a same time-frequency resource) , thus greatly increasing the spectrum efficiency of the system. By having a large number of antennas, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 also enable each user to have better spatial directivity for uplink and downlink transmission. This can further result in a reduction of transmission power at one or more of the T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172 and the ED 110, thus improving overall power efficiency in the system.
[0149] MIMO technology may include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) , where signals on multiple spatial layers are transmitted to a same ED 110, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) , where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple EDs 110.
[0150] A MIMO system may include a receive apparatus (ED 110 for a downlink transmission, the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 for an uplink transmission, for example) connected to one or more receive (RX) antennas, a transmit apparatus (the T-TRP 170 and / or the NT-TRP 172 for a downlink transmission, or ED 110 for an uplink transmission, for example) connected to one or more transmit (TX) antennas. For instance, a plurality of RX antennas may form an antenna array in which the plurality of RX antennas are arranged in line at even intervals, which may be known as a uniform linear array (ULA) .
[0151] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a channel model of a MIMO system. A transmit apparatus 1102 is connected to four TX antennas, labelled x1, x2, x3 and x4. A receive apparatus 1104 is connected to four RX antennas, labelled y1, y2, y3 and y4. A transmission channel may be formed between each TX antenna and each RX antenna pair. For example, a signal transmitted from the TX antenna labelled x1 may be received by the RX antenna labelled y2 through channel h21. A signal transmitted through the TX antenna labelled x3 may be received by the RX antenna labelled y1 through channel h13.
[0152] A beam may also be expressed as spatial filter or spatial parameters correspondingly. A beam may be formed by performing amplitude and / or phase weighting on data transmitted or received by at least one antenna port. A beam may be formed by using another method; for example, adjusting a related parameter of an antenna. The beam may include a Tx beam and / or a Rx beam. A beam used to transmit a signal may be referred to as a transmit beam (Tx beam) and can be expressed as spatial domain transmit filter or spatial transmit parameters, correspondingly. The transmit beam indicates distribution of signal strength formed in different directions in space after a signal is transmitted through an antenna. A beam used to receive a signal may be referred to as a receive beam (Rx beam) , and can be expressed as spatial domain receive filter or spatial receive parameters. The receive beam indicates distribution of signal strength that is of a wireless signal received from an antenna and that is in different directions in space. Beam information may include a beam identifier, an antenna port (s) identifier, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource identifier, a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource identifier, a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource identifier or other reference signal resource identifier.
[0153] Beamforming technology can be used to form, shape or steer a beam. Beam forming can also be expressed in terms of spatial filtering, directional transmission or directional reception. For example, the beamforming technology may be specifically a digital beamforming technology, an analog beamforming technology, a hybrid digital / analog beamforming technology, or the like. The beamforming may relate to the adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna ports. The adjustments may include amplitude offsets, phase offsets or both of the signals and may be defined by a beamforming weight set.
[0154] A beam alignment mechanism between the transmitting apparatus and the receiving apparatus to ensure communication quality can be called beam management. A beam management mechanism detects and predicts beam failure and mitigates beam failure. Such mechanism should facilitate agile beam recovery and autonomously track, refine and adjust beams. Beam management mainly includes one or more of the following: beam sweeping; beam tracking; beam measurement and reporting; beam prediction; beam switching; beam failure and recovery (BFR) ; and the like.
[0155] For beam sweeping, a base station (e.g., T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172) may sequentially transmit signals by using beams of different directions and search for an optimal transmit beam aligned with a UE by traversing and sweeping all beams. When performing beam sweeping via beams, the transmitting apparatus sends reference signals via the beams, in a number of different directions, while the receiving apparatus searches for reference signals transmitted by the transmitting apparatus, also in a number of different directions. Examples of a type of reference signal that is transmitted by a transmitting apparatus, may be a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) or a positioning reference signal (PRS) . An example of a type of reference signal that may be transmitted by a receiving apparatus may be a sounding reference signal (SRS) . Beam sweeping overhead involves a number of beam pairs (atransmitting apparatus beam and a receiving apparatus beam forming a beam pair) that are searched in order to find one or more beam pairs that have preferred characteristics (e.g., best signal strength) for data communication between the transmitting apparatus and receiving apparatus. Besides the number of beam pairs, the beam sweeping overhead also depends on a duration to perform the measurement (e.g., measurement of the receive signal strength) .
[0156] Beam tracking may be a functionality used by a UE (e.g., ED 110) to make informed decisions about selecting a different beam or beam pair.
[0157] Beam measurements are important for proper data transmission and decoding as well as beam and cell association, as communication parameters may be configured based, at least partly, on the beam measurement values. Conventionally, a UE periodically reports, to an associated base station, such as a base station serving the UE, a base station that may be a potential handover candidate, a base station that may be used as part of beam failure recovery, the beam measurement values, for example the measured beam reference signal received power (RSRP) , signal to noise ratio (SNR) , signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , interference power, and / or signal power. Whenever a UE changes its location, speed, or orientation, the beam to be reported to the associated base station may have different RSRP values, because the beam is configured to be transmitted at one or more particular angles or to a specific area. The UE may report, to the base station, measured RSRP values for different types of beams. For example, serving beams, beams that may be used for beam switching, beams that may be used for BFR, and / or beams that may be used for potential handover (HO) .
[0158] Beam prediction may, potentially, reduce the latency for beam switching and, thereby, fluctuations experienced in link quality. Beam prediction may be performed at the base station or at the UE, or both.
[0159] BFR further includes beam failure detection, discovery of new beams and beam recovery procedures.
[0160] A beam pairing relationship may be understood to refer to a pairing relationship between a transmit beam and a receive beam. A beam pairing relationship may also be understood to refer to a pairing relationship between a spatial transmit filter and a spatial receive filter. Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. For example, parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit beam or a receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived or inferred from information about a first beam (e.g., a Tx beam or an Rx beam) for a first reference signal. A relatively large beamforming gain can be obtained by transmitting a signal between a transmit beam and a receive beam that have a beam pairing relationship.
[0161] An antenna panel may also be called a panel. Each antenna panel may be configured with one or more receive beams and one or more transmit beams. Therefore, the antenna panel can be understood or correspondingly referred to as a unit of an antenna group, a unit of an antenna array or a unit of an antenna sub-array, which can control its Tx or Rx beam independently. A base station, or a UE, may receive a signal by using a receive beam on an antenna panel or may transmit a signal by using a transmit beam on the antenna panel.
[0162] In some implementations, for the UE, antenna panels are distinguished by resources of an uplink reference signal. For example, when the uplink reference signal is a sounding reference signal (SRS) , one antenna panel may correspond to one SRS resource set identifier (ID) . In other words, one SRS resource set ID indicates one antenna panel.
[0163] In some implementations, base stations are distinguished by panel IDs. For example, the panel ID may be carried in a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) .
[0164] An antenna port, which may also be referred to as a port for short, is a transmit antenna identified by a receiving apparatus or a transmit antenna that can be distinguished in a spatial domain. For each virtual antenna, one antenna port may be configured and each virtual antenna may be a weighted combination of multiple physical antennas. Each antenna port may correspond to one reference signal port.
[0165] Two antenna ports are said to be quasi co-located (QCLed) if large-scale properties (or channel features) of the channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the other antenna port is conveyed. The large-scale properties (or channel features) may include one or more of: delay spread; Doppler spread; Doppler shift; average delay; average gain; and spatial RX parameter. The spatial RX parameter may include, for example, angle of arrival (AOA) , average AOA, AOA spread, angle of departure (AOD) , average AOD, AOD spread, RX antenna spatial correlation parameter, TX antenna spatial correlation parameter, transmit beam, receive beam, resource identifier, and the like.
[0166] The angle mentioned above may be a decomposition value of different dimensions or a combination of decomposition values of different dimensions. The two antenna ports mentioned above may be antenna ports with different antenna port numbers and / or antenna ports with a same antenna port number that send or receive information in different time and / or frequency and / or code domain resources and / or antenna ports that have different antenna port numbers to send or receive information in different time and / or frequency and / or code domain resources. The resource identifier may include, for example, a CSI-RS resource identifier, an SRS resource identifier, a synchronization signal / synchronization signal block resource identifier, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) resource identifier or resource identifier of preamble sequence transmitted on physical random access channel (PRACH) .
[0167] In a MIMO system, to implement functions such as system synchronization, channel information feedback and data transmission, channel estimation may be performed on an UL channel or a DL channel. Channel estimation refers to the process of reconstructing or restoring received signals to compensate for signal distortion caused by channel fading and noise. In channel estimation, a reference signal sent by a transmitting apparatus may be used to track a change in the time domain and / or frequency domain of a channel, so as to reconstruct or restore a received signal. The reference signal may also be referred to as a pilot signal, a reference sequence or the like and may be described as a reference signal in the following for ease of understanding. The reference signal may comprise, for example, a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) , a sounding reference signal (SRS) or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) .
[0168] The CSI-RS is mainly used for DL channel estimation. For example, a receiving apparatus (e.g., a UE) may perform channel estimation based on a CSI-RS sent by a transmitting apparatus (e.g., a base station) , to feedback channel state information (CSI) based on a channel estimation result. The CSI may include related information such as a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a layer indicator (LI) , and a rank indicator (RI) . The CSI is used to reconstruct or precode the DL channel.
[0169] Referring to FIG. 12, which illustrates a base station 1202 in communication with a UE 1204, in some implementations, a process in which the base station 1202 obtains CSI may include: sending (step 1210) , by the base station 1202 to the UE 1204, a reference signal; obtaining (step 1212) , by the UE 1204, an estimated CSI value according to the received reference signal; selecting (step 1214) , by the UE 1204, a precoding vector from a codebook according to the estimated CSI value; transmitting, by the UE 1204, feedback including the index of the precoding vector to the base station; and obtaining (step 1216) , by the base station 1202, a CSI reconstruction value with reference to the index of the precoding vector. The CSI reconstruction value can be a CSI closest to the true value of the CSI that can be obtained by the base station.
[0170] Synchronization has been discussed in two recent parts of the wireless standard: 5G NR synchronization for the access link between a UE and a TRP; and 5G NR sidelink synchronization.
[0171] Similar synchronization approaches have been adopted in both of these two parts. The synchronization approaches include many details. However, the discussion presented hereinafter considers only the details that are relevant to the present disclosure.
[0172] In a first scenario, a UE is synchronized with a TRP. To this end, SS blocks are defined in the time-frequency domain. FIG. 13 illustrates a SS block 1300 with a structure that includes four OFDM symbols. The SS block 1300 includes a PSS part, an SSS part and a PBCH part. Once in a while, the TRPs broadcast SS blocks. Subsequently, the UEs receiving the SS blocks can estimate their synchronization offset and synchronize themselves with the corresponding TRPs. In 5G NR standard, M-sequence and Gold sequence have been adopted for the PSS part and the SSS part of the SS block, respectively. Measuring the transmitted SS blocks and decoding the information inside the blocks also provide the UE with a cell ID, a frame number and a resource allocation. Notably, at the UE side, the SS blocks are processed in the digital baseband domain so that the information may be decoded.
[0173] At high frequencies, it may be shown that there is a benefit to an approach that features directional transmissions with narrow beams. Such an approach may be shown to combat high propagation path loss. It follows that, for synchronization purposes, TRPs may adopt an approach wherein the TRPs transmit SS blocks in different directions using different beams at different times. This approach, known as beam sweeping, is illustrated in FIG. 14. The UE, correspondingly, may search in different directions to measure the SS blocks. A group of SS blocks transmitted in different directions may be referenced as an “SS burst. ” Notably, beam sweeping procedure are known to increase resource overhead, complexity and power consumption.
[0174] A similar approach has been adopted for sidelink synchronization. Sidelink is a link between two UEs and can be used for several reasons. One reason for using sidelink is to take the coverage of a given service, provided by a given TRP, an extend the given service to one or more UEs that would not, otherwise, be directly in reach of the given TRP. In such scenarios, a UE (a “master UE” ) that is in the coverage of the given TRP may perform as a relay node to connect the given TRP to a UE (a “slave UE” ) that is not in the coverage of the given TRP. For sidelink synchronization, the master UE transmits sidelink SS (S-SS) blocks. The slave UE receives the S-SS blocks and measures a synchronization offset. FIG. 15 illustrates a structure of an S-SS block 1500 for so-called normal CP. The structure illustrated in FIG. 15 has been adopted by 3GPP (see www. 3gpp. org) for the 5G NR standard. The S-SS block 1500 contains 14 OFDM symbols and includes an S-PSS part, an S-SSS part and a PSBCH part. M-sequence and Gold sequence have been adopted for the S-PSS part and the S-SSS part of the SS block, respectively. The slave UE is expected to process received S-SS blocks in the digital baseband domain to extract timing and decode information that has been embedded in the S-SS blocks.
[0175] In overview, aspects of the present disclosure define different types of SSBs, including sensing dedicated SSBs that may be carried by specific spatial beams used for sensing. Such sensing dedicated SSBs may carry information that is specific to sensing applications.
[0176] A sensing dedicated SSB may include one or more synchronization signals as well as some information specific to a given application. Two general approaches are proposed for SSB structure as well as generation and transmission procedure design.
[0177] A dedicated SSB may be defined for each application among a plurality of applications. The plurality of applications may include, without limitation, communications, sensing and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) . Each of the defined dedicated SSBs may be transmitted periodically in the time-frequency domain by nodes in a network. Devices in the network may receive the dedicated SSBs of different types and process the dedicated SSBs of different types to: 1) synchronize with the network; and 2) obtain information that has been embedded in the dedicated SSBs.
[0178] In a first general approach, the known 5G NR SSB is re-used for communications and new SSB designs are defined for sensing applications and, possibly, other applications. The 5G NR SSB can be used as before. In case a node, such as a UE, wants to get involved in other applications, such as sensing, after receiving the 5G NR SSB, the UE may ask for a new, specific SSB (e.g., a sensing dedicated SSB) and may receive the new, specific SSB in an on-demand manner.
[0179] In a second general approach, a new SSB structure may be defined to include an indication of the SSB Type. In this second general approach, various SSB types may be defined for communications applications, sensing applications and, possibly, other applications. A field, SSB-Type-Indication, may be added to the new SSB structure. Using the newly defined field, SSB-Type-Indication, a receiver (an “RX” ) may determine a manner of interpreting the SSB and the information inside the SSB. One advantage of this second general approach is that the second general approach integrates sensing dedicated SSB transmissions with communication dedicated SSB transmissions in one procedure. This advantage comes at the cost of having new information (the SSB-Type-Indication field) in the SSB.
[0180] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to on-demand sensing dedicated SSB transmission. FIG. 16 illustrates, in a flow diagram, a signaling procedure. First, a first node 1601 generates a number of communications SSBs and transmits (step 1604-1 through step 1604-Nc) the communications SSBs. This transmission may be accomplished in a broadcast manner. The number of communications SSBs may be denoted by a term, Nc, which may be understood to be greater than or equal to one. In some implementations, the communications SSBs are identical with known 5G NR SSBs. In implementations wherein there are more than one communications SSB, each communications SSB may be transmitted (step 1606-1 through step 1606-Nc) directionally in the spatial domain using a specific beam by applying multi-antenna techniques at the first node 1601. A second node 1602 receives (step 1604-1 through step 1604-Nc) the communications SSBs and performs (step 1608) communications SSB measurements and processing. Next, the second node 1602 generates a request for a sensing dedicated SSB (s) and transmits (step 1610) the request to the first node 1601. The first node 1601 receives (step 1612) the request and, responsively, generates a number of sensing dedicated SSBs and transmits (step 1614-1 through step 1614-Ns) , to the second node 1602, the sensing dedicated SSBs. The transmission (step 1614-1 through step 1614-Ns) of the sensing dedicated SSBs may be accomplished in a unicast manner, i.e., the transmissions may only be intended for the second node 1602. Upon receiving (step 1616-1 through step 1616-Ns) the sensing dedicated SSBs, the second node 1602 may perform (step 1618) sensing dedicated SSB measurements and processing. The number of the sensing dedicated SSB transmissions may be denoted by the term, Ns, which may be understood to have a value greater than or equal to one. In some implementations, the first node 1601 in FIG. 16 can be a network node, such as a TRP or a BS. In some implementations, the first node 1601 in FIG. 16 can be a device, such a UE or a sensing node. In some implementations, the second node 1602 in FIG. 16 can be a device, such a UE or a sensing node.
[0181] FIG. 17 illustrates, in a flow diagram, a signaling procedure as an alternative to the signaling procedure of FIG. 16. First, in a manner familiar from the flow diagram of FIG. 16, the first node 1601 generates a number of communications SSBs and transmits (step 1604-1 through step 1604-Nc) the communications SSBs. These transmissions (step 1604-1 through step 1604-Nc) may be accomplished in a broadcast manner. In some implementations, the communications SSBs are identical to the known 5G NR SSBs. In implementations wherein there are more than one communications SSB, each communications SSB may be transmitted (step 1604-1 through step 1604-Nc) directionally in the spatial domain using a specific beam by applying multi-antenna techniques at the first node 1601. The second node 1602 receives (step 1606-1 through step 1606-Nc) the one or more communications SSBs and performs (step 1608) communications SSB measurements and processing. Next, the second node 1602 generates a request for one or more sensing dedicated SSBs and transmits (step 1710) the request to a third node 1603. The third node 1603 receives (step 1712) the request. The third node 1603 then generates a number of sensing dedicated SSBs and transmits (step 1714-1 through step 1714-Ns) the sensing dedicated SSBs to the second node 1602. The transmissions (step 1714-1 through step 1714-Ns) of the sensing dedicated SSBs may be accomplished in a unicast manner, i.e., the transmissions (step 1714-1 through step 1714-Ns) may only be intended for the second node 1602. Upon receiving (step 1716-1 through step 1716-Ns) the sensing dedicated SSBs, the second node 1602 may perform (step 1718) sensing dedicated SSB measurements and processing. The number of the sensing dedicated SSB transmission may be denoted by the term, Ns, which may be understood to be greater than or equal to one. In some implementations, the first node 1601 in FIG. 17 can be a network node, such as a TRP or a BS. In some implementations, the third node 1603 in FIG. 17 can be a network node, such as a TRP or a BS. In some implementations, the first node 1601 in FIG. 17 can be a device, such a UE or a sensing node. In some implementations, the third node 1603 in FIG. 17 can be a device, such a UE or a sensing node. In some implementations, the second node 1602 in FIG. 17 can be a device, such a UE or a sensing node.
[0182] Some aspects of the present disclosure are related to the details of the sensing dedicated SSB request transmitted by the second node in FIG. 16 and in FIG. 17. This request may comprise an identity of the second node. In some implementations, there may be various types of sensing dedicated SSBs. The request sent by the second node may specify a specific type of sensing dedicated SSB being requested.
[0183] In some implementation, the configuration of a sensing dedicated SSB may be pre-defined. The configuration may comprise: 1) a waveform configuration; 2) a sensing time-frequency pattern, including repetition in time and in frequency; 3) a beamforming pattern (also known as a “beam pattern” or, equivalently, a “beam index” ) ; and 4) information content.
[0184] Some aspects of the present disclosure are related to the information content of each sensing dedicated SSB. A sensing dedicated SSB may comprise at least one of: 1) a sensing synchronization signal; 2) an indication of a sensing bandwidth; 3) an indication of a sensing frequency band; 4) an indication of a sensing waveform type (e.g., a LFM-based sensing waveform type, a ZC-based sensing waveform type, etc. ) ; 5) an indication of a sensing pattern, such as an example sensing pattern illustrated in FIG. 18, the sensing pattern may include a time parameter, a frequency parameter and a waveform parameter (examples of waveform parameter, for an LFM-based waveform, include: a chirp rate; and an initial frequency) ; 6) an indication of a transmitter identity; 7) an indication of a transmitter ( “TX” ) sensing state (for example, TX position) ; 8) an indication of a beam pattern (also known as a “beam pattern, ” a “spatial beam pattern” or, equivalently, a “beam index” ) ; and 9) an indication of an identity of the sensing dedicated SSB (also known as an “SSB index” ) .
[0185] In some implementations, each SSB may be sent directionally in the spatial domain using directional beams by applying multi-antenna techniques at the transmitter. In such cases, the SSB may include indications of the beam index.
[0186] In some implementations, the SSB index may be embedded in the SSB and there may also be a mapping defined between SSB index and a beam pattern. Upon reception at the receiver, the SSB index may be obtained from the SSB and a beam index may be obtained from the SSB index using the inverse mapping between SSB index and beam index.
[0187] In some implementations, the sensing synchronization signal is implemented as a wide-band signal, such as a wide-band LFM-based signal. Conveniently, wide-band signals may be shown to provide relatively high resolution in the time domain. In some implementations, the sensing synchronization signal is implemented as a signal with a narrow auto-correlation function. Conveniently, a signal with a narrow auto-correlation function may be shown to provide relatively high resolution in the time domain.
[0188] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to design of a unified SSB and transmission of a unified SSB. In this case, various types of SSB may be defined for communications applications, sensing applications and, possibly, other applications. Additionally, an SSB-Type-Indication field may be added to the SSB content to, thereby, allow a receiver of the SSB to be able to determine the SSB type and how to interpret the content of the SSB. FIG. 19 illustrates, in a flow diagram, a signaling procedure representative of such an approach. A first node 1901 generates and transmits (step 1904-1 through step 1904-N) a number of SSBs. The number of transmissions may be denoted by a term, N. Additionally, the transmission (step 1904-1 through step 1904-N) may be accomplished in a broadcast manner. A second node 1902 may, upon receiving (step 1906-1 through step 1906-N) the SSBs, perform (step 1908) SSB measurements and processing. In some implementations, the first node in FIG. 19 can be a network node, such as a TRP or a BS. In some implementations, the first node in FIG. 19 can be a device, such a UE or a sensing node. In some implementations, the second node in FIG. 19 can be a device, such a UE or a sensing node.
[0189] FIG. 20 illustrates, in a flow diagram, a signaling procedure representative of an approach that is an alternative to the approach illustrated in FIG. 19. In the approach illustrated in FIG. 20, M bursts of SSBs are transmitted. To elaborate, a first node 2001 generates and transmits M bursts of SSBs. FIG. 20 illustrates that the first node 2001 may transmit (step 2004-1 through step 2004-N) a first burst of SSBs and that the first node 2001 may transmit (step 2014-1 through step 2014-N) an Mth burst of SSBs. The number of transmissions within each burst may be denoted by a term, N. Additionally, the transmission may be accomplished in a broadcast manner. A second node 2002 may receive (step 2006-1 through step 2006-N) the first burst of SSBs and perform (step 2008) first burst measurements and processing. The second node 2002 may also receive (step 2016-1 through step 2016-N) the Mth burst of SSBs and perform (step 2018) Mth burst measurements and processing. In some implementations, the first node 2001 in FIG. 20 may be a network node, such as a TRP or a BS. In some implementations, the first node 2001 in FIG. 20 may be a device, such a UE or a sensing node. In some implementations, the second node 2002 in FIG. 20 may be a device, such a UE or a sensing node.
[0190] In some implementations, the configurations of a unified SSB may be pre-defined. The configuration may comprise: 1) a waveform configuration; 2) a sensing time-frequency pattern, including repetition in time and in frequency; 3) a beamforming pattern (also known as a “beam pattern” or, equivalently, a “beam index” ) ; and 4) information content.
[0191] Some aspects of the present disclosure are related to the information content of each sensing dedicated SSB. A sensing dedicated SSB may comprise at least one of: 1) content in the SSB-Indication-Type field; 2) a sensing synchronization signal; 3) an indication of a sensing bandwidth; 4) an indication of a sensing frequency band; 5) an indication of a sensing waveform type (e.g., a LFM-based sensing waveform type, a ZC-based sensing waveform type, etc. ) ; 6) an indication of a sensing pattern, such as the example sensing pattern illustrated in FIG. 18, the sensing pattern may include a time parameter, a frequency parameter and a waveform parameter (examples of a waveform parameter, for an LFM-based waveform, include: a chirp rate; and an initial frequency) ; 7) an indication of a transmitter identity; 8) an indication of a TX sensing state (for example, TX position) ; 9) an indication of a beam pattern (also known as a “beam pattern, ” a “spatial beam pattern” or, equivalently, a “beam index” ) ; and 10) an indication of an identity of the sensing dedicated SSB (also known as an “SSB index” ) .
[0192] In some implementations, the sensing synchronization signal is implemented as a wide-band signal, such as a wide-band LFM-based signal. Conveniently, wide-band signals may be shown to provide relatively high resolution in the time domain. In some implementations, the sensing synchronization signal is implemented as a signal with a narrow auto-correlation function. Conveniently, a signal with a narrow auto-correlation function may be shown to provide relatively high resolution in the time domain.
[0193] In some implementations, the SSB transmissions are periodic in the time domain and, possibly, are periodic in the frequency domain.
[0194] In some implementations, each SSB may be sent directionally in the spatial domain using directional beams by applying multi-antenna techniques at the transmitter. In such cases, the SSB may include indications of the beam index.
[0195] In some implementations, different SSBs with different types can be sent in various directions. This may also occur at the same time-frequency resources. Additionally, the type of the SSB sent in a given direction may change as a function of time and frequency. FIG. 21 illustrates an example wherein a TRP broadcasts different types of SSBs in various directions in five different time / frequency resources. As can be seen in FIG. 21, the type of the SSB sent in a direction may be a function of time-frequency resource index.
[0196] In some implementations, an SSB index may be embedded in the SSB and there may also be a mapping defined between each SSB index and a beam pattern. Upon reception at the receiver, the SSB index may be obtained from the SSB and a beam index may be obtained from the SSB index using the inverse mapping between the SSB index and the beam index.
[0197] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to possibilities of the type of the sensing synchronization signal. The following provides some examples for the type of the sensing synchronization signal that may be used in practice. In the following, when the term “signal, ” is used, it should be understood that reference is being made to “sensing synchronization signal. ”
[0198] In some implementations, the signal can be generated based on OFDM.
[0199] In some implementations, the signal can be a linearly frequency modulated (LFM) signal or an LFM-based signal. The terms “linearly frequency modulated (LFM) signal” and “chirp signal” and “linear chirp signal” can be used interchangeably in the present disclosure. An LFM signal is a signal whose frequency is a linear function of time with a slope that is called LFM rate (also known as chirp rate) .
[0200] In an implementation, the signal is a linear chirp signal with bandwidth B and time duration T. A linear chirp signal may also be known as the LFM signal. Such a linear chirp signal is generally known from its use in FMCW RADAR systems. the linear chirp signal is defined by an increase or decrease in frequency from an initial frequency, fchirp0, at an initial time, tchirp0, to a final frequency, fchirp1, at a final time, tchirp1 where the relation between the frequency (f) and time (t) can be expressed as a linear relation of f-fchirp0=α (t-tchirp0) , where is defined as the chirp slope. Instead of the term “chirp slope, ” the same parameter may also be referred to as a chirp rate, an LFM slope or an LFM rate. The bandwidth of the linear chirp signal may be defined as B=fchirp1-fchirp0 and the time duration of the linear chirp signal may be defined as T=tchirp1-tchirp0. Such a linear chirp signal can be presented as in the baseband representation.
[0201] FIG. 22 illustrates an example LFM signal representation in the time-frequency domain. The starting time and frequency of the signal is tchirp0 and fchirp0, respectively. The LFM rate is α and the time duration of the signal is T.
[0202] LFM-based signals or chirp-based signals can be referred to as signals constructed based on a single LFM signal or several single LFM signals introduced above. FIG. 23 illustrates an example of an LFM-based signal in a general format, in which the absolute value of the LFM rates can vary across symbols (or other time units, such as slots) , according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The general format LFM-based signal is characterized by a sequence of LFM rates (α1, α2, …, αM) , a sequence of time durations (T1, T2, …, TM) , and a sequence of starting frequencies (f1, f2, …, fM) .
[0203] In FIG. 23, an overall LFM-based signal is formed from a first individual LFM-based signal 2302-1, a second individual LFM-based signal 2302-2 and an Mth individual LFM-based signal 2302-M. The first individual LFM-based signal 2302-1 is defined by characteristics including a first starting frequency, f1, a first time duration, T1, and a first LFM rate, α1. The second individual LFM-based signal 2302-2 is defined by characteristics including a second starting frequency, f2, a second time duration, T2, and a second LFM rate, α2. The Mth individual LFM-based signal 2302-M is defined by characteristics including an Mth starting frequency, fM, an Mth time duration, TM, and an Mth LFM rate, αM.
[0204] In some implementations, the M LFM signals may have similar characteristics. Two examples of LFM-based signals are introduced below based on the general format.
[0205] FIG. 24 illustrates a frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) signal as a first example, which includes multiple parallel single chirps multiplexed in the time domain, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 24, time durations of the LFM signals are the same, which are equal to a time unit (e.g., one symbol) . Starting frequencies of these LFM signals are the same, which are equal to f0. LFM rates of these LFM signals are the same, which are equal to -α. Each of these LFM signals occupies a bandwidth B.
[0206] FIG. 25 illustrates a triangular waveform signal as a second example. The triangular waveform signal is constructed by LFM signals with opposite-sign LFM rates, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 25, time durations of these LFM signals are the same, which are equal to a time unit (e.g., one symbol) . The LFM rates of these LFM signals can be indicated by an LFM rate sequence (-α, α, …, -α, α) . In other words, LFM rates of two adjacent LFM signals are opposite. The starting frequencies of these LFM signals are different. For example, the starting frequency of one LFM signal is f0 and the starting frequency of the next LFM signal is f0-B, where B is a bandwidth occupied by each of these LFM signals.
[0207] In some implementations, the signal can be, or can be generated on, a discrete LFM signal or a discrete LFM-based signal. A discrete LFM signal can be obtained by taking time-domain samples from a continuous LFM signal. An LFM waveform is a waveform for which the frequency is a linear function of time, an example of which is illustrated in FIG. 22. Discrete LFM-based signals can be obtained by taking time-domain samples from a continuous LFM based signal, examples of which are illustrated in FIGS. 23, 24 and 25.
[0208] FIG. 26 illustrates an example of a discrete LFM sequence, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 26, T is the total time duration of the continuous waveform from which samples are taken, Ts is the sampling time, Ns is the total number of samples, u is the LFM rate of the discrete LFM sequence and s is the initial frequency of the discrete LFM sequence.
[0209] Considering the discrete LFM sequence, it may be assumed that there are M possibilities for LFM rate u denoted by and there are N possibilities for the initial frequency, s, denoted by Consequently, the set of all sequence parameters in this case can be written as The signal can be defined as: where wi, g denotes the discrete LFM sequence characterized by LFM rate ui and initial frequency sg, bi, g∈ {0, 1} is a binary selection parameter which determines if wi, g is present in the waveform or not and qi, g represents the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol embedded onto wi, g. Notably, the information may not only be embedded onto the QAM symbols, but can also be embedded onto the selection parameters. More specifically, the presence or absence of wi, g can carry a bit of information. {bi, g} i, g and {qi, g} i, g may be referred to as data embedding parameters and may be referred to as discrete LFM sequence configuration parameters.
[0210] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to configuration parameters for a general type of discrete triangular waveform, which can be obtained by taking samples from a triangular waveform. FIG. 27 illustrates a general type of discrete triangular waveform, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 27, a general discrete triangular waveform may be generated from two discrete LFM waveforms. The general discrete triangular waveform can be mathematically described as: where x [n] is representative of an nth sample of the general discrete triangular waveform, u1 and u2 are the LFM rates for the discrete LFM waveforms when n≤N1-1 and N1≤n, respectively; s1 and s2 are the starting frequencies for the discrete LFM waveforms when n≤N1-1 and N1≤n, respectively.
[0211] Additionally, T (in seconds) is the total duration of the triangular waveform and Ts (in seconds) is the time between subsequent samples. Furthermore, the general discrete triangular waveform may be understood to be subject to conditions, such as u1u2<0, and T= (N1+N2) Ts. The representation of the sequence, x, may be understood to have six independent parameters, namely, u1, u2, s1, N1, N2 and Ts.
[0212] An alternative for using the general discrete triangular waveform is to use a pair of Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences, wherein one of the ZC sequences has been modified to preserve phase continuity at the intersection of the two ZC sequences. Aspects of the present disclosure relate to configuration parameters for a general type of the modified ZC sequence. The pair of ZC sequences may be understood to include a first ZC sequence and a second ZC sequence. The first ZC sequence may be described as having a first root, u1, and a first length, N1. The second ZC sequence may be described as having a second root, u2, and a second length, N2.
[0213] The discrete triangular waveform generated based on the pair of ZC sequences can be mathematically described as:
[0214] Notably, the second ZC sequence has a modification compared to the standard form of a ZC sequence. A frequency offset term, has been added to help establish phase continuity at the intersection of the two sequences, with It is notable that the frequency offset term is not mandatory but the frequency offset term does provide advantageous phase continuity. The above representation of sequence x has five independent parameters, namely, u1, u2, N1, N2 and Ts.
[0215] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to characterizing a first special case of the general discrete triangular waveform described hereinbefore. The first special case may be characterized based on an assumption that u1N1=-u2N2. This special property may be shown to help to preserve continuity of the signal in the time-frequency domain when multiple discrete triangular waveforms are multiplexed in time, as will be discussed hereinafter. FIG. 28 illustrates an example of a discrete triangular waveform in the first special case, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0216] Notably, the assumption that u1N1=-u2N2 reduces the number of independent parameters by one. As a consequence, it may be said that this first special case has five independent parameters. Notably, the five independent parameters may be expected to include s1 and Ts, with the remaining three parameters selected from among four parameters, u1, u2, N1, N2. For example, s1 and Ts may be selected along with u1, N1 and N2. Although a function, may be used to obtain u2 based on u1, N1 and N2, it may be considered to be more efficient to simply substitute any time u2 would have been used. After such a substitution, the first special case of the discrete triangular waveform may be mathematically described as:
[0217] One alternative for using the first special case of discrete triangular waveform provided hereinbefore, involves using a pair of ZC sequences, where one of the ZC sequences has been modified to preserve phase continuity at the intersection of the two ZC sequences. The pair of ZC sequences may be understood to include a first ZC sequence with a first root, u1, and a first length, N1. The pair of ZC sequences may be understood to include a second ZC sequence with a second root, u2, and a second length, N2. The first special case discrete triangular waveform generated based on the pair of ZC sequences can be mathematically described as:
[0218] Notably, the second ZC sequence has a modification compared to the standard form of a ZC sequence. A frequency offset term, has been added to help establish phase continuity at the intersection of the two sequences, with The second root may be obtained using the function described hereinbefore, It is notable that the frequency offset term is not mandatory but the frequency offset term does provide advantageous phase continuity. The above representation of sequence x has four independent parameters, namely, u1, N1, N2 and Ts.
[0219] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to characterizing a second special case of the general discrete triangular waveform described hereinbefore. The second special case of the discrete triangular waveform may be characterized in that and
[0220] Using parameters, u and N, that are non-specific to the first LFM waveform or the second LFM waveform, the second special case of the discrete triangular waveform may be mathematically described as:
[0221] FIG. 29 illustrates an example of the second special case (symmetric) of the discrete triangular waveform, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. Notably, the second special case (symmetric) of the discrete triangular waveform can be characterized with four independent parameters, namely, u, N, s1 and Ts. Furthermore, the second special case (symmetric) of the discrete triangular waveform may be found to be consistent with the assumption, u1N1=-u2N2 , that was discussed, hereinbefore, in the context of the first special case discrete triangular waveform. For the second special case (symmetric) of the discrete triangular waveform, the assumption may be restated as
[0222] One alternative for using the second special case (symmetric) of discrete triangular waveform provided hereinbefore, involves using a pair of ZC sequences, where one of the ZC sequences has been modified to preserve phase continuity at the intersection of the two ZC sequences. The pair of ZC sequences may be understood to include a first ZC sequence with a first root, u, and a length, The pair of ZC sequences may be understood to include a second ZC sequence with a second root, -u, and a length, The second special case (symmetric) of the discrete triangular waveform generated based on the pair of ZC sequences may be mathematically described as:
[0223] Notably, the second ZC sequence has a modification compared to the standard form of a ZC sequence. A frequency offset term, has been added to help establish phase continuity at the intersection of the two sequences, with s3=-u (N+2) . It is notable that the frequency offset term is not mandatory but the frequency offset term does provide advantageous phase continuity. The above representation of sequence x has three independent parameters, namely, u, N and Ts.
[0224] The signals generated based on linear frequency modulation (LFM) are known for their potential for low complexity processing. Such signals are referred to as chirp-based signals or LFM-based signals in this disclosure. It is known that LFM-based signals can be processed using operations mostly in the RF analog domain which can reduce the power consumption significantly.
[0225] In some implementations, the signal can be generated based on a sequence such as, but not limited to: a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence; a Pseudo-random (PN) sequence (also known as pseudo-random-noise (PRN) sequence, pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) , linear feedback shift register (LFSR) sequence) ; an M-sequence (also known as n-sequence and maximum length sequence (MLS) ) ; a Gold sequence; a Walsh sequence; a Golay sequence; a Kasami sequence; a Low density sequence; a DFT / FFT sequence; a QAM symbol-based sequence; as well as combinations and optimizations of above sequences.
[0226] As mentioned above, the modified ZC sequence can be used to generate a discrete triangular waveform, which may be used to generate the signals used for communications and / or sensing. Aspects of the present disclosure relate to use of a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence in the generation of the signals used in the present disclosure. Mathematically, a ZC sequence, w [n] , may be defined as: where Ns represents a sequence length, u represents a sequence root (the sequence root is prime to the sequence length, Ns) , l∈ {0, .., Ns-1} represents a value for a cyclic shift of the sequence, n′= (n+l) mod Ns, cf=Ns mod 2 and q is an integer.
[0227] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to use of a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence in the generation of the signals used in the present disclosure. A PN sequence may also be known as a pseudo-random-noise (PRN) sequence, a pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) or a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) sequence.
[0228] FIG. 30 illustrates an LFSR 3000 with a plurality of shift registers 3002-1 to 3002-L, a feedback logic 3004 and a clock 3006, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 30, the plurality of shift registers are represented as a first shift register 3002-1, a second shift register 3002-2 and an lth shift register 3002-L. The feedback logic 3004 is typically implemented using a set of XORs (also known as Modulo-2 adders) . In operation, the first shift register 3002-1 receives input from the feedback logic 3004 and the clock 3006. The first shift register 3002-1 provides output to the feedback logic 3004 and to the second shift register 3002-2. The second shift register 3002-2 receives input from the first shift register 3002-1 and the clock 3006. The second shift register 3002-2 provides output to the feedback logic 3004 and to a third shift register (not shown) . The lth shift register 3002-L receives input from the (l-1) th shift register (not shown) and the clock 3006. The lth shift register 3002-L provides output to the feedback logic 3004 and also provides a PN sequence that may be considered to be the output of the LFSR 3000.
[0229] It is known that an m-sequence, which is also known as an n-sequence and a maximum length sequence (MLS) , is a special case of a PN sequence. In this special case, the LFSR generating the sequence has a property called “maximal. ” It follows that the method disclosed hereinbefore for a PN sequence be equally applicable for use in the case of an m-sequence in the generation of the signal.
[0230] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to use of a Gold sequence in the generation of the signal. It is known that a Gold sequence can be generated by performing element-wise XOR of two m-sequences. Consequently, Gold sequence configuration parameters may be defined to include initial states for shift registers in LFSRs generating two m-sequences as well as feedback logic for those LFSRs.
[0231] FIG. 31, FIG. 32, FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 illustrate some other example signals or waveforms that can be used for signal according to different implementations of the present disclosure.
[0232] FIG. 31 illustrates example multi-carrier amplitude shift keying (MC-ASK) waveforms, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. For MC-ASK waveform generation, K denotes a size of iFFT of CP-OFDMA and N is a number of subcarriers (SCs) used by signal including potential guard-bands (labelled as SC#0 to SC#N-1) . There may be subcarriers from SC#N to SCK-1 that are legacy NR signals. On-off keying (OOK) can be a special case of ASK where the signal amplitude can take one of two possible values. Option OOK-1 can carry single-bit in 1 OFDM symbol, where OOK=1 (i.e., bit 1 or ON) means that all SCs are modulated, and OOK=0 (i.e., bit 0 or OFF) means that all SCs are zero power (from base-band point of view) .
[0233] FIG. 32 illustrates Option OOK-2, which can include parallel M-bit OOK in the frequency domain, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. In this case, N SCs of signal are further separated into M segments (M=2 in the example of FIG. 32, where one segment with a segment number m=0 includes subcarriers from SC#0 to SC#N / 2-1 and the other segment with a segment number m=1 includes subcarriers from SC#N / 2 to SC#N-1) . In some instances, there can be guard-bands in-between and / or around the M segments. In this example, OOK=1 (i.e., bit 1 or ON) means that all SCs in the segment are modulated, and OOK=0 (i.e., bit 0 or OFF) means all SCs in segment are zero power (e.g., from base-band point of view) .
[0234] FIG. 33 illustrates Option OOK-3 –Multi-tone single-bit OOK, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. In this case, N SCs of signal are separated into L segments (L=2 in the example of FIG. 33) without guard-bands in-between segments. In some instances, there can be guard-bands around the segments. OOK=1 (i.e., bit 1 or ON) means that one sub-carrier (known by RX) of each segment is modulated and that the rest of SC is zero power (from base-band point of view) ; and OOK=0 (i.e., bit 0 or OFF) means that all SCs in all segments are zero power (from base-band point of view) . For example, at time t0, one subcarrier of each segment is on and at time t1, all subcarriers of both segments are off (zero power) .
[0235] FIG. 34 illustrates Option OOK-4: transform M-bit OOK in time domain, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. In this case, N SCs of OOK-1 are generated by a transformation (DFT / Least square) , and N’ samples are generated from M bits. Signal modification may or may not be used. Truncation or other additional modification may or may not be used. In other words, N is the same as N’ if truncation (N’ to N) or other additional modification is not used. In some instances, N’ can be the same as K, and potential guard-band SCs are zero power (e.g., from base-band point of view) .
[0236] FIG. 35 illustrates example multi-carrier frequency shift keying (MC-FSK) waveforms. For M-bit MC-FSK generation, the following options are available.
[0237] In Option FSK-1, N SCs of signal are separated to M pairs of segments with potential guard-bands in-between and around. Each segment can include one sub-carrier or multiple contiguous SCs. Among a pair of segments, one segment is modulated, and another segment is zero power (e.g., from base-band point of view) .
[0238] In Option FSK-2, N SCs of signal are separated to 2M segments with potential guard-bands in-between and around (M >0, N >1) . Each segment can include one sub-carrier or multiple contiguous SCs. One segment from 2M segments is modulated, and other segments of SCs are zero power (e.g., from base-band point of view) .
[0239] In some implementations, Manchester encoding can be assumed for representing bits 0 and 1 in the above-mentioned waveforms. Manchester code is a line code in which the encoding of each data bit is either low then high, or high then low, for equal time. It is a self-clocking signal with no DC component.
[0240] FIG. 36 illustrates a combination of ASK and FSK, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. In some implementations, if the time domain waveform for FSK is generated by the method of OOK-4, the waveform can be regarded as a joint modulation of OOK and FSK. In the example shown in FIG. 36, two bits can be carried by one OFDM symbol. The first bit is represented by the frequency location f0 or f1, e.g., in an FSK way. The second bit is represented by the time domain waveform ON-OFF or OFF-ON, where Manchester coding in the time domain is assumed.
[0241] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication method. The method includes communicating a synchronization signal block (SSB) of a first type, the SSB of the first type including an SSB type indication indicating the first type.
[0242] The method may include communicating an SSB of a second type, the SSB of the second type including an SSB type indication indicating the second type. The communicating the SSB of the first type may involve transmitting the SSB of the first type. The communicating the SSB of the second type may involve transmitting the SSB of the second type. The communicating the SSB of the first type may involve receiving the SSB of the first type. The communicating the SSB of the second type may involve receiving the SSB of the second type. The SSB of the second type may be an SSB dedicated to sensing. The SSB dedicated to sensing may be carried by a specific spatial beam. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a waveform configuration. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a sensing time-frequency pattern, including repetition in time and in frequency. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a beamforming pattern. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include a synchronization signal. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a sensing bandwidth. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a sensing frequency band. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a sensing waveform type. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a sensing pattern. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a transmitter identity. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a transmitter sensing state. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of a beam pattern. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include an indication of an identity of the SSB dedicated to sensing. The SSB dedicated to sensing may include information specific to a given application. The SSB of the second type may be an SSB dedicated to integrated sensing and communication. The SSB of the first type may be an SSB dedicated to communication.
[0243] It should be appreciated that one or more steps of the implementation methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, data may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. Data may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. Data may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. The respective units / modules may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units / modules may be an integrated circuit, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) . It will be appreciated that where the modules are software, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances as required, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0244] Although a combination of features is shown in the illustrated implementations, not all of them need to be combined to realize the benefits of various implementations of this disclosure. In other words, a system or method designed according to an implementation of this disclosure will not necessarily include all of the features shown in any one of the Figures or all of the portions schematically shown in the Figures. Moreover, selected features of one example implementation may be combined with selected features of other example implementations.
[0245] Although this disclosure has been described with reference to illustrative implementations, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative implementations, as well as other implementations of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or implementations.
[0246] In the present disclosure, the terms “a, ” “an” and “one” are defined to mean “at least one. ” That is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0247] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially, ” “generally” and “about, ” which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example implementation, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of this example implementation for its intended application.
[0248] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled, ” and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical or any combinations thereof.
[0249] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match, ” “matching” and “matched, ” including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially, ” “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0250] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on. ” That is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” and, so, should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on, ” “representative of, ” “indicative of, ” “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0251] In the present disclosure, the terms “system” and “network” may be used interchangeably in implementations of this application. “At least one” means one or more and “aplurality of” means two or more. The term “and / or” describes an association relationship of associated objects and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: only A exists; both A and B exist; and only B exists; where A and B may be singular or plural. The character “ / ” usually indicates an “or” relationship between associated objects. “At least one of the following items (pieces) ” or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, “at least one of A, B, or C” includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. “at least one of A, B, and C” may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in implementations of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0252] The terms “receive, ” “detect” and “decode” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, without special note, the term “receive” may indicate that information (e.g., DCI, or MAC-CE, RRC signaling or TB) is received successfully by the receiving node, which means the receiving side correctly detects and decodes it. In this scenario, “receive” may cover “detect” and “decode” or may indicate the same thing, e.g., “receive paging” means decoding paging correctly and obtaining the paging successfully. Accordingly, “the receiving side does not receive paging” means the receiving side does not detect and / or decoding the paging. The phrase “paging is not received” means the receiving side tries to detect and / or decoding the paging, but does not obtain the paging successfully. The term “receive” may sometimes indicate that a signal arrives at the receiving side, but does not mean the information in the signal is detected and decoded correctly, and then the receiving side performs detecting and decoding on the signal to obtain the information carried in the signal. In this scenario, “receive, ” “detect” and “decode” may indicate different procedures at the receiving side to obtain the information.
[0253] A person skilled in the art should understand that implementations of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only implementation, a software-only implementation, or an implementation with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0254] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device to generate a machine, so that the instructions executed by the computer or the processor of the another programmable data processing device generate an apparatus for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0255] The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0256] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the another programmable device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or the another programmable device provide steps for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0257] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this application. This application is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
Claims
1.A communication method comprising:communicating a synchronization signal block (SSB) of a first type;communicating a request for an SSB of a second type; andcommunicating the SSB of the second type.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the communicating the SSB of the first type comprises transmitting the SSB of the first type.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the transmitting the SSB of the first type comprises broadcasting the SSB of the first type.4.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the communicating the request for the SSB of the second type comprises receiving the request for the SSB of the second type.5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the communicating the SSB of the second type comprises transmitting the SSB of the second type.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the transmitting the SSB of the second type comprises unicasting or groupcasting the SSB of the second type.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the communicating the SSB of the first type comprises receiving the SSB of the first type.8.The method of claim 7, further comprising processing the SSB of the first type.9.The method of any one of claim 1, claim 8 or claim 7, wherein the communicating the request for the SSB of the second type comprises transmitting the request for the SSB of the second type.10.The method of any one of claim 1, claim 7, claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the communicating the SSB of the second type comprises receiving the SSB of the second type.11.The method of claim 10, further comprising processing the SSB of the second type.12.The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the SSB of the second type comprises an SSB dedicated to sensing.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing is carried by a specific spatial beam.14.The method of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a waveform configuration.15.The method of any one of claims 12-14, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a sensing time-frequency pattern, including repetition in time and in frequency.16.The method of any one of claims 12-15, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a beamforming pattern.17.The method of any one of claims 12-16, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises a synchronization signal.18.The method of any one of claims 12-17, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a sensing bandwidth.19.The method of any one of claims 12-18, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a sensing frequency band.20.The method of any one of claims 12-19, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a sensing waveform type.21.The method of any one of claims 12-20, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a sensing pattern.22.The method of any one of claims 12-21, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a transmitter identity.23.The method of any one of claims 12-22, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a transmitter sensing state.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the transmitter sensing state comprises a transmitter position.25.The method of any one of claims 12-24, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of a beam pattern.26.The method of any one of claims 12-25, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises an indication of an identity of the SSB dedicated to sensing.27.The method of any one of claims 12-26, wherein the SSB dedicated to sensing comprises information specific to a given application.28.The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the SSB of the second type comprises an SSB dedicated to integrated sensing and communication.29.The method of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the SSB of the first type comprises an SSB dedicated to communication.30.The method of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the SSB of the first type comprises an SSB type indication indicating the first type.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the SSB of the second type comprises an SSB type indication indicating the second type.32.A communication apparatus, configured to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 31.33.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; anda memory storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to:communicate a synchronization signal block (SSB) of a first type;communicate a request for an SSB of a second type; andcommunicate the SSB of the second type.34.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 2 to 6 and a second communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 7 to 11.35.A computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 31.36.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 31.