Methods, apparatuses, and systems for soft handover in multi-static sensing
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/100503
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-13
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-17
Smart Images

Figure CN2025100503_17092026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS, APPARATUSES, AND SYSTEMS FOR SOFT HANDOVER IN MULTI-STATIC SENSINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The present application is related to, and claims priority to, United States provisional patent application Serial No. 63 / 771,422, entitled “Methods, Apparatuses, and Systems for Soft Hanover in Multi-Static Sensing” , filed on March 13, 2025, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present application relates to sensing in wireless communication systems, and in particular to sensing handovers.BACKGROUND
[0003] Sensing in a wireless communication system, such as a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) cellular network, relies on analyzing the transmissions, reflections, and scattering of wireless signals. Moreover, sensing assistance information (e.g., map, UE position or velocity information) can be considered as an additional information to improve the sensing performance. Furthermore, sustainability and energy consumption are important factors in the design of future wireless communication systems.
[0004] Sensing applications in future wireless communication systems are expected to be able to track the sensing targets continuously and swiftly without any sensing disruptions. For instance, sensing a moving car in a street may have required sensing the car constantly by serving sensing node (SeN) , and handing over the sensing task to another sensing node when the serving SeN is unable to sense the car. In communication, similar action known as handover or more advance soft handover is taking place between the SeNs to constantly serve the UE in terms of communication. However, handover or soft handover in sensing point of view is not necessarily similar to the communication. It means that the criteria for communication handover is different than the ones in sensing, where particular scenario may result in communication handover and not a sensing handover.
[0005] Furthermore, coordinated sensing may require fusing measurements at the NW from all the SeN or sensing nodes. In general, sensing operation modes may be categorized as mono-static, bi-static, and multi-static sensing. Considering that different operation mode can result in different measurement from the sensing target, scheduling the operation mode for each SeN is another challenge in ISAC.SUMMARY
[0006] Aspects of the present disclosure include a sensing handover which dynamically varies operation modes of sensing nodes to increase detectability of one or more targets. The varying of operation modes may be based on a criteria and a received sensing signal. The operation modes may be varied for a neighbouring sensing node to detect an increased measure of reflected power of the sensing signal compared to a serving sensing node. The varying of the operation modes may be orchestrated by the network or by a sensing node.
[0007] Aspects of the present disclosure also include a sensing handover which may reduce sensing interruptions, sensing blind spots, enable continuous sensing and / or tracking of one or more targets, etc.
[0008] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method involves receiving, at a sensing node, a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. Such a method may also involve transmitting, from the first sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.
[0009] In a possible implementation of the first aspect, the signal may be or include a request to initiate the sensing handover.
[0010] In some implementations, the criterion is or includes decreasing power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target. In some implementations, the transmitting involves transmitting the signal when the criterion is satisfied.
[0011] In some implementations, the sensing handover is or includes a handover of sensing the target between the sensing node and a second sensing node.
[0012] In some implementations, the transmitting involves transmitting the signal to a network device in a communication system.
[0013] In some implementations, the transmitting involves transmitting the signal to the second sensing node.
[0014] In some implementations, the reflected sensing signal is or includes a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node.
[0015] In some implementations, such a method further involves transmitting, from the sensing node, a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target.
[0016] In some implementations, such a method further involves transmitting, from the sensing node, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target is less than a threshold.
[0017] In some implementations, the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target is or includes a result of sensing the target.
[0018] In some implementations, the signal is or includes a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node.
[0019] In some implementations, the reflected sensing signal is or includes a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted from a second sensing node.
[0020] In some implementations, such a method further involves receiving, at the sensing node, a signal indicating a configuration for the sensing node to enable the sensing node to receive the reflected sensing signal.
[0021] In some implementations, the signal indicating the configuration further is or includes a location of the target.
[0022] In some implementations, the criterion is or includes power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target being greater than a threshold. In some implementations, the transmitting involves transmitting the signal when the criterion is satisfied.
[0023] In some implementations, such a method further involves: transmitting, from the sensing node, a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target at the sensing node; and receiving, at the sensing node, a reflection of the further sensing signal.
[0024] In some implementations, receiving the signal indicating the configuration involves receiving the signal indicating the configuration from a network device in a communication system.
[0025] In some implementations, transmitting the signal involves transmitting the signal to the network device in the communication system.
[0026] In some implementations, receiving the signal indicating the configuration involves receiving the signal indicating the configuration from the second sensing node.
[0027] In some implementations, transmitting the signal involves transmitting the signal to the second sensing node.
[0028] In some implementations, the criterion is related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal, the measure being or including a ratio of transmitted power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction.
[0029] In some implementations, the target is a moving target.
[0030] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method may be applied to a network device for a wireless communication network, such as a TRP or a component thereof. Such a method may involve transmitting, from the network device, a first signal indicating a sensing node configuration to enable a sensing node to receive a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. Such a method may also involve receiving, at the network device, a second signal transmitted from the sensing node based on a criterion and the sensing signal, the second signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.
[0031] In a possible implementation of the second aspect the second signal is or includes a request to initiate the sensing handover.
[0032] In some implementations, the criterion is or includes decreasing power of the sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node. In some implementations, the second signal is transmitted from the sensing node when the criterion is satisfied.
[0033] In some implementations, the sensing handover is or includes a handover of sensing the target between the sensing node and a second sensing node.
[0034] In some implementations, such a method further involves transmitting, from the network device, a third signal indicating a configuration for the second sensing node to enable the second sensing node to receive a further reflected sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node and reflected off the target.
[0035] In some implementations, the third signal indicating the configuration further is or includes a location of the target.
[0036] In some implementations, such a method further involves receiving, at the network device, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node is less than a threshold.
[0037] In some implementations, the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target is or includes a result of sensing the target.
[0038] In some implementations, the second signal is or includes a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node.
[0039] In some implementations, the criterion is or includes power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received at the sensing node being greater than a threshold. In some implementations, the second signal is transmitted from the sensing node when the criterion is satisfied.
[0040] In some implementations, the criterion is related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal, the measure being or including a ratio of transmitted power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction.
[0041] In some implementations, the target is or includes a moving target.
[0042] According to a further aspect, a communication apparatus is described. The communication apparatus has a function of implementing the first aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect. For example, the communication apparatus may include a corresponding module, unit, or means for performing operations in the first aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect. The module, unit, or means may be specifically implemented by using software, may be implemented by using hardware, or may be implemented by using software in combination with hardware.
[0043] According to another aspect, a communication apparatus is described. The communication apparatus has a function of implementing the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the second aspect. For example, the communication apparatus may include a corresponding module, unit, or means for performing operations in the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect. The module, unit, or means may be specifically implemented by using software, may be implemented by using hardware, or may be implemented by using software in combination with hardware.
[0044] A communication apparatus according to yet another aspect includes a memory and one or more processors. The memory is configured to store a part or all of a computer program or instructions for implementing a function in the first aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect. The one or more processors may execute the computer program or the instructions, and when the computer program or the instructions is / are executed, the communication apparatus is enabled to implement the method of the first aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect.
[0045] In some implementations, the communication apparatus may further include an interface circuit, and the processor is configured to communicate with another apparatus or component through the interface circuit.
[0046] In some implementations, the communication apparatus may further include the memory.
[0047] The communication apparatus may be a terminal, a module in a terminal, or a chip responsible for a communication function in a terminal, for example, a modem chip (also referred to as a baseband chip) or an SoC chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem module.
[0048] A communication apparatus according to a still further aspect includes a memory and one or more processors. The memory is configured to store a part or all of a computer program or instructions for implementing a function in the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the second aspect. The one or more processors may execute the computer program or the instructions, and when the computer program or the instructions is / are executed, the communication apparatus is enabled to implement the method of the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the second aspect.
[0049] According to another aspect an apparatus, which may be for a sensing node for example, may include a receiving unit and a transmitting unit. The receiving unit is configured to receive, at the sensing node, a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. The transmitting unit is configured to transmit, from the sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.
[0050] An apparatus according to a further aspect may be for a network device such as a TRP for example, and may include a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit is configured to transmit, from the network device, a first signal indicating a sensing node configuration to enable a sensing node to receive a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. The receiving unit is configured to receive, at the network device, a second signal transmitted from the sensing node based on a criterion and the sensing signal, the second signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.
[0051] A memory or storage medium need not necessarily or only be implemented in or in conjunction with an apparatus or a processor. According to another aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable (or processor-readable) storage medium or computer program product is described. The storage medium or product stores computer-readable / executable (or processor-readable / executable) instructions, and when a computer (or processor, or more generally one or more computers or one or more processors) reads and executes the instructions, the computer (s) or processor (s) is / are enabled or caused to perform a method consistent with the first aspect, or the second aspect, any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the second aspect.
[0052] According to yet another aspect, this application provides a computer program product. When a computer or processor reads and executes the computer program product, the computer or processor is enabled or caused to perform a method consistent with the first aspect, or the second aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect, or any one of the possible implementations of the second aspect.
[0053] Programming or instructions stored by a computer readable storage medium may include instructions to, or to cause a computer, processor, device, apparatus, or a component thereof to, perform, implement, support, or enable any of the methods or features disclosed herein.
[0054] This application also provides, according to another aspect, a system comprising at least one of an apparatus in (or at) a sensing node of the present application, or an apparatus in (or at) a network device of the present application.
[0055] A still further aspect of the present application provides a system that may include a first communication apparatus configured to perform a method consistent with the first aspect or any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect, and a second communication apparatus configured to perform a method consistent with the second aspect or any one of the possible implementations of the second aspect. For example: the first communication apparatus may be configured to receive, at a sensing node, a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target, and transmit, from the sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target; and the second communication apparatus may be configured to transmit, from a network device in a communication system, a first signal indicating a sensing node configuration to enable a sensing node to receive a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target, and receive, a the network device, a second signal transmitted from the sensing node based on a criterion and the sensing signal, the second signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.
[0056] According to another aspect, this application provides a method performed by a system comprising at least one of an apparatus in (or at) a sensing node of the present application, or an apparatus in (or at) a network device of the present application.
[0057] This application encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0058] For a more complete understanding of the present implementations, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0059] Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system.
[0060] Fig. 2 illustrates another example communication system.
[0061] Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus within a communication system.
[0062] Fig. 4 illustrates another example of an apparatus.
[0063] Fig. 5 illustrates yet another example of an apparatus.
[0064] Fig. 6 illustrates example sensing nodes.
[0065] Fig. 7 illustrates another example of sensing nodes.
[0066] Fig. 8 is an example signaling diagram.
[0067] Fig. 9 is another example signaling diagram.
[0068] Fig. 10 illustrates an example of two sensing nodes sensing a target.
[0069] Fig. 11A illustrates an example plot of a spatial direction of a receiver versus an example power ratio of power of a received sensing signal to power of a transmitted sensing signal.
[0070] Fig. 11B illustrates an example plot of time (t) versus RCS.
[0071] Fig. 12 illustrates another example of two sensing nodes sensing a target.
[0072] Fig. 13 illustrates another example plot of a spatial direction of a receiver versus an example power ratio of power of a received sensing signal to power of a transmitted sensing signal.
[0073] Fig. 14 illustrates another example of a spatial direction of a receiver versus an example power ratio of power of a received sensing signal to power of a transmitted sensing signal.
[0074] Fig. 15 illustrates example operation modes of the sensing nodes of the example illustrated in Fig. 12.
[0075] Fig. 16 illustrates another example of two sensing nodes sensing a target.
[0076] Fig. 17 illustrates an example plot of time versus RCS and example operation modes of the sensing nodes of the example illustrated in Fig. 16.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0077] For illustrative purposes, specific example implementations will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures.
[0078] The implementations set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0079] In Fig. 1, which is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure, there is shown a communication system 100 that includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 2G, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 for 3G, LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) for 4G, and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, the RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and consists of network nodes (e.g., 170a, 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, i.e., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3GPP system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G System (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to Fig. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0080] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0081] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) services, Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, Ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility and the like.
[0082] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0083] Fig. 2 illustrates another example communication system 100 according to an implementation of the present disclosure, and as there is shown the communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. Additionally, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and 120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 170a, 170b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a and 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In this context, the terms "TRP" and "base station" are used interchangeably unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, this disclosure primarily refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0084] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0085] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device facilitating communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0086] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0087] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0088] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0089] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as "sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) " in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like "receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0090] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0091] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0092] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one or more of:connection availability and connection necessity.
[0093] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0094] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0095] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0096] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) .
[0097] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a, 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b and / or the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a, 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a, 110b, and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a, 110b, and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a, 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0098] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0099] Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., the network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or number of apparatus 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0100] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0101] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0102] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0103] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) , b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs, c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs, and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320, processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320, and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0104] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or a part of the receiver 203 or a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0105] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by one or more processors that may the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0106] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0107] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore also can be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0108] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the Medium Access Control (MAC) or Radio Link Control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing. In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0109] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0110] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0111] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0112] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0113] Note that the term “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a. 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0114] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0115] Fig. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0116] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method embodiments disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method embodiments disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with another apparatus or system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or another processor. The signal may include or carry information intended as a payload, such as user data, control information, etc. The signal may also include or carry information useful to a receiver, but not necessarily as a payload, such as a pilot signal or reference signal. Communicating the signal may include transmitting the signal to another component or device. Communicating the signal may additionally or alternatively include receiving the signal from another component or device. Transmitting the signal may include outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Receiving the signal may include inputting or obtaining the signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0117] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0118] Fig. 5 illustrates example apparatus 510 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0119] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0120] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0121] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0122] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110 -such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core -a function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0123] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0124] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0125] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0126] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0127] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute embodiments may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method embodiments disclosed herein.
[0128] A sensing node (SeN) may be operable to sense, and potentially track, one or more sensing targets. The sensing node may be, or include, a network device such as a TRP. A sensing node may be, or include, a communication device such as a UE. A sensing node that is being operated to sense a sensing target may be referred to as a “serving sensing node” . At some time, a serving sensing node may be unable to sufficiently sense a sensing target. For example, the sensing target may have moved outside of a spatial range of the serving sensing node. As another example, the sensing target may have been blocked by another object. In such scenarios, sensing of the sensing target may be handed over to another sensing node (such as a neighbouring sensing node, for example) . In some implementations, a handover of sensing of a sensing target is initiated as a result of a prediction that a serving sensing node will soon be unable to sufficiently sense the sensing target.
[0129] A “sensing handover” refers to a handover of sensing, and may involve a protocol or process for handing over sensing of a target between sensing nodes. A sensing handover may have different stages that involve features at multiple sensing nodes, or may at different times involve features at multiple sensing nodes, and accordingly a sensing handover as disclosed herein is not limited to immediately switching sensing of a target from, for example, a first sensing node to a second sensing node with sensing operations immediately ceasing at the first sensing node when sensing operations begin at the second sensing node. Terms such as "handing over" , “hand over” , and the like are used herein as verb forms, to refer to one or more acts for handing over sensing of a target. Although “handover” , “handing over” , and “hand over” are used primarily herein, these features may be equivalently referred to as, for example, “handoff” , “handing off” , and “hand off” .
[0130] A sensing target may be, or include, any object that is to be sensed, and may be a moving target that is not stationary during sensing or a sensing target that does not move during sensing. Sensing handoff as disclosed herein is not in any way limited to moving targets, because target movement is just one example of a factor that may impact sensing ability of a sensing node to sense a sensing target. Other factors that may impact sensing include movement of other objects in the sensing environment to block or unblock a sensing object, and changes in orientation of a sensing object or a part thereof such as a door in the case of a vehicle, for example. The sensing target may be, or include, any object that is to be sensed.
[0131] Fig. 6 illustrates an example sensing implementation 600 which is operable to sense vehicles 610 moving along a roadway 615. The example sensing implementation 600 includes sensing nodes 622, 624 and 626. The example sensing implementation 600 also includes a network device 630 (shown by way of example as a TRP) which is in communication with the CN 130. The network device 630 may communicate with the sensing nodes 622, 624 and 626. As a vehicle 610 moves along the roadway 615, sensing may be handed over from a serving sensing node operable to sense the vehicle 610 (such as one of sensing nodes 622, 624 or 626, for example) to a neighbouring sensing node (such as another one of sensing nodes 622, 624 or 626, for example) .
[0132] Sensing continuous serving between the TRP may be one of the main requirements in ISAC. Soft handover is a solution for continuous serving in communication. However, the criteria of meeting the soft handover in communication is not necessarily similar to sensing handover. For instance, consider a scenario in Fig. 7, where a car is located between 4 TRPs or sensing nodes, where two bottom TRPs are doing mono-static and two above are sensing with bi-static. Assuming that all have LOS with the car, in terms of Radar cross-section (RCS) measurement of incident and reflection, the TRP on top right can have measurement on sensing target, while the other TRP can see nothing. As a consequence, while in terms of communication there is no need for soft handover, a handover and changing in operation mode is needed in this scenario.
[0133] The example scenario of Fig. 7 illustrates a vehicle by way of example as a car 710 and four sensing nodes (or network / TRP devices) 720-1, 720-2, 720-3 and 720-4 (collectively sensing nodes 720) which are proximal to the car 710 and are operable to sense the car 710. The car 710 is oriented, and moving, away from the sensing node 720-3 towards the sensing node 720-4. In the illustrated example scenario, each of the sensing nodes 720-1 and 720-2 operating in a mono-static operation mode cannot sufficiently sense the car 710. In the illustrated example scenario, the sensing node 720-3 is operating as a transmitter for bi-static sensing and is no longer sensing the car 710. Only the sensing node 720-4, which is operating as a receiver for bi-static sensing, is able to sufficiently sense the car 710 in this location and motion example. As described in further detail herein, the sensing node 720-3 may have transitioned from mono-static sensing to bi-static transmission after it could no longer sufficiently sense the car 710, and similarly the neighbouring sensing node 720-4 may be operating in a bi-static receiving mode until it is able to sufficiently sense the car 710 as it travels closer to the sensing node 720-4.
[0134] Therefore, moving targets may have different RCS observed from different incident and reflected angles which renders detecting the target to be hard for certain incident and reflected angles and at different sensing node or TRP locations. It is owing to the fact that sensing node (SeN) may receive no or very low return power in some orientations of the sensing target, thus, allowing alternating between bi-static and mono-static. Therefore, proper handover is desirable in sensing. However, sensing handover would be different than communication handover.
[0135] In some implementations, allowing alternating between bi-static and mono-static operation modes of a sensing node includes a sensing node and / or a network device using a decision criterion to at least partially determine whether an operating mode of the sensing node should be varied. For example, a sensing node may be switched from operating in a mono-static operation mode to a bi-static operation mode. As another example, a sensing node may be switched from operating in a bi-static operation mode to a mono-static operation mode. In some implementations, the decision criterion is, or includes, an amount of reflected power of a sensing signal that is received by a sensing node. Reflected power may also be referred to as return power herein. Reflected power may also be referred to as power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target. If, for example, a sensing node operating in a mono-static operating mode receives no, or little, reflected power of a sensing signal, then the sensing node may be caused to operate in a bi-static operating mode to handover sensing.
[0136] The decision criterion may represent, or be based on, one or more thresholds of reflected power of the sensing signal. A measured value of reflected power of the sensing signal that is above or equal to the threshold reflected power of the sensing signal may indicate that a sensing node is adequately receiving (or detecting) the sensing signal. Conversely, a measured value of reflected power of the sensing signal that is below the threshold reflected power of the sensing signal may indicate that a sensing node is not adequately receiving (or detecting) the sensing signal (such as due to a sensing target moving outside of a spatial range of the sensing node or the sensing target being blocked, for example) .
[0137] A measure of reflected power of a sensing signal may be, or include, an RCS measurement, a ratio of transmitted power of the sensing signal to received power of the sensing signal, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received sensing signal, a measure of received power of the sensing signal, a ratio of transmitted power of the sensing signal per spatial direction (AoD) to received power of the sensing signal per spatial direction (AoA) , combinations of two or more thereof, etc. The ratio of transmitted power of the sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the sensing signal per spatial direction may be referred to herein, for example, as In this context, may indicate a direction of a transmitted sensing signal such as an angle at which the sensing signal is transmitted relative to a sensing node, and may indicate a direction of a received sensing signal such as an angle at which the sensing signal is received relative to a sensing node.
[0138] Aspects of the present disclosure involve dynamically allocating operation mode of neighboring SeNs either mono-static, bi-static or multi-static to maximize the detectability of the sensing targets. Utilizing the wide-distribution of SeNs and the heterogeneity of their locations renders higher possibilities for observing larger RCS or reflected power. The operation mode scheduling results in having a soft handover between the SeNs, where NW is orchestrating this soft handover by indicating the operation mode scheduling for each SeN. Methods of measuring the criteria of soft handover by each SeN and the methods of indicating the operation mode for soft handover are other aspects of the present disclosure.
[0139] Operation modes of a sensing node for sensing a sensing target may be allocated, or set, based on measures of reflected power of a sensing signal received by the sensing node. For example, a first sensing node, which may be a serving sensing node, operating in a mono-static operation mode which detects decreasing reflected power of a sensing signal received by the first sensing node may initiate operation of a bi-static operation mode such as a bi-static transmission (Tx) mode. When the reflected power of the sensing signal detected by the first sensing node is decreasing, a second sensing node, which may be a neighbouring sensing node, may initiate operation of a bi-static operation mode such as a bi-static receiving (Rx) mode.
[0140] As another example, a sensing node that is operating in a mono-static sensing mode may detect decreasing reflected power of a sensing signal received by the sensing node and also detect that the reflected power of the sensing signal is below a threshold. In that case, the sensing node may cease operation in the mono-static operation mode, and potentially transition to a different operating mode, as described in further detail herein. Conversely, a sensing node that is operating in a bi-static sensing mode to receive reflections of a sensing signal may detect increasing reflected power of a sensing signal reflection received by the sensing node, and detect that the reflected power of the sensing signal is above, or equal to, a threshold. In that case, the sensing node may commence operation of a mono-static operation mode, and may potentially operate solely in the mono-static operation mode and operation in a bi-static operation mode may be ceased or terminated.
[0141] Although the NW may orchestrate soft handover by indicating an operation mode schedule for each SeN, this is not necessary in all implementations. In some implementations, one or more SeNs may orchestrate soft handover, such as by indicating the operation mode schedule for each SeN, for example.
[0142] Aspects of the present disclosure facilitate soft handover for sensing and increases the resolution of the sensing target for multi-static sensing. Having an efficient soft handover mechanism reduces the sensing interruptions, sensing’s blind spot and also enables the continuous sensing and tracking.
[0143] Increased resolution of a sensing target for multi-static sensing, reduced sensing interruptions, reduced sensing blind spots, and enabling continuous sensing and tracking are examples of potential benefits or effects of soft sensing handover as disclosed herein. Such benefits or effects may be provided or supported to varying degrees in different implementations.
[0144] In some aspects of the present disclosure about indication of soft handover between the TRP, each serving TRP measures the sensing received signal. The measurement can, for example, be either RCS measurement, ratio of receiving signal power and transmit signal power, received sensing strength, or error on target detection versus ground truth. Requesting the soft handover and indicating the operation mode based on the soft handover event are also disclosed. For signaling, two example implementations are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. In Fig. 8, the NW is the one handling the soft handover, while in Fig. 9 the handover is managed between the sensing nodes or UE.
[0145] A measurement of the sensing received signal, which may also be referred to as a received sensing signal, by a serving sensing node may be, or include, a measure of reflected power of the sensing received signal as described elsewhere herein. A serving sensing node may be co-located with or implemented at or in a network device such as a TRP, and may also be referred to as a serving TRP. Based on the measurement of the sensing received signal, a soft handover of the sensing may be requested by the serving sensing node. The soft handover may occur between the serving sensing node and a neighbouring sensing node. A neighbouring sensing node may be co-located with or implemented at or in a network device such as a TRP, and may also be referred to as a neighbouring TRP. An operation mode of the serving sensing node and / or the neighbouring sensing node for sensing the sensing target may be determined based at least in part on the measurement of the sensing received signal. A determined operation mode for a sensing node may be indicated to the sensing node. As described elsewhere herein, different values of the measurement of the sensing received signal may represent different events of the soft handover.
[0146] The examples in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 illustrate various features consistent with the present disclosure.
[0147] In Fig. 8, the TRP which can be either considered in RAN or part of the core, sends configuration of the sensing modes, time-frequency resources, thresholds, or the sensing time to release to the UEs or the SeNs. Serving SeN is monitoring the sensing strength on its mono-static, for example as will be discussed and observing –ve slope. Serving SeN initializes the soft handover by sending the HandoverRequest and BistaticInfo to the NW. NW then sends the bi-static time-frequency allocation and coarse target info, and serving SeN to the neighbouring SeN. The neighbouring SeN starts the bi-static Rx operation mode, while the serving SeN will add the bi-static Tx to its mono-static. Both serving and neighbouring SeN monitor the and observe the where γ is the handover threshold on sensing signal strength. Finally, soft handover confirmation will be sent to the NW by serving SeN and neighbouring SeN, and the neighboring SeN (new serving SeN) starts the sensing measurement on mono-static.
[0148] The illustrated example of Fig. 8 is in the context of a serving sensing node (SeN) 820 and a neighbouring sensing node (SeN) 822 which communicate with a network device, which is shown by way of example as a TRP 810. Features that are disclosed herein with reference to a sensing node and TRP are more generally applicable to implementations with multiple sensing nodes, and / or implementations in which sensing devices also or instead communicate with other types of network devices. The present disclosure is not in any way restricted to any particular type of sensing node or network device.
[0149] Making a sensing handover between sensing nodes as described herein is one example of how a sensing target can be continuously sensed and tracked by the sensing nodes even if one or more particular sensing nodes are no longer able to sense or track the sensing target.
[0150] In the illustrated example of Fig. 8, the TRP 810 configures the serving SeN 820 by sending configuration information 830 to the serving SeN 820 and configures the neighbouring SeN 822 by sending configuration information 832 to the neighbouring SeN 822. Configuration information 830 and 832 may each include information which configures the respective SeN to operate as desired. The configuration information 830 and 832 may each include, as described elsewhere herein, information indicating one or more of the following: an operation mode of the respective SeN, time-frequency resources, information representing one or more decision criterion for the sensing handover, sensing time to release information, etc. An operation mode may also be referred to as a sensing mode. A decision criterion may be based on one or more thresholds.
[0151] At block 834, Fig. 8 illustrates the serving SeN 820 operating in a mono-static operating mode and monitoring the reflected power of the received sensing signal for sensing the sensing target. For example, the serving SeN 820 may, as described herein, monitor of the sensing signal. of the sensing signal may be, or include a ratio of AOD to AOA. If the serving SeN 820 observes decreasing and / or another measure of reflected power of the received sensing signal, then the serving SeN 820 may initiate a sensing handover. The serving SeN 820 may observe decreasing and / or another measure of reflected power of the received sensing signal, if the SeN 820 detects that and / or another measure of reflected power of the received sensing signal, has a negative (-ve) slope over time.
[0152] To initiate the sensing handover, the serving SeN 820 may send a signal 836 indicating a sensing handover to the TRP 810 in this example or more generally to the NW. The signal 836 may include a HandoverRequest which includes a request to hand over sensing from the serving SeN 820 to another SeN. The signal 836 may also include BistaticInfo which represents information related to a bi-static operation mode of the serving SeN 820. The signal 836 may include a plurality of signals such as a first signal which includes the HandoverRequest and a second signal which includes the BistaticInfo, for example.
[0153] The NW / TRP 810 may then send a signal 838 to the neighbouring SeN 822. The signal 838 may include a bi-static time-frequency allocation for the neighbouring SeN 822. The signal 838 may include coarse target information of the sensing target. In some implementations, the signal 838 comprises a plurality of signals. The coarse target information may represent a coarse, or approximate, location of the sensing target. The coarse target information may assist the neighbouring SeN 822 to focus one or more sensing beams for sensing the sensing targets. The coarse target information may be determined at least partially by using a Location Management Function (LMF) or Sensing Management Function (SeMF) of the NW. The signal 838 may include information representing the serving SeN 820.
[0154] At block 840, Fig. 8 illustrates the serving SeN 820 also operating in a bi-static transmission (Tx) operation mode. In other words, block 840 illustrates the serving SeN 820 operating in both a mono-static operation mode as well as a bi-static transmission mode.
[0155] At block 844, Fig. 8 illustrates the neighbouring SeN 822 operating in a bi-static receiving (Rx) operation mode. This is a result of the neighbouring SeN 822 receiving the signal 838. In the bi-static receiving operation mode, the neighbouring SeN 822 may commence sensing of the sensing signal 842 for sensing or tracking the sensing target. Although shown as a straight line in Fig. 8 to indicate transmission of the sensing signal 842 by the serving SeN 820 and reception by the neighbouring SeN 822, it should be appreciated that what the neighbouring SeN 822 is receiving is a reflection of the sensing signal 842 from the sensing target. The sensing target is not shown in Fig. 8 in order to avoid further congestion in the drawing.
[0156] Both the serving SeN 820, which is now operating in both a mono-static operation mode and a bi-static transmission mode as shown at 840, and the neighbouring SeN 822, which is operating in a bi-static receiving mode as shown at 846, may monitor the reflected power of the received sensing signal for sensing the sensing target. For example, the serving SeN 820 and the neighbouring SeN 822 may, as described herein, monitor of the sensing signal.
[0157] If the SeN 820 observes that a measure of the reflected power of the received sensing signal for sensing the sensing target is less than a handover threshold value (γ) , such that for example, then the serving SeN 820 may send a signal 850 to the NW / TRP 810 confirming a sensing release of the sensing target and providing its sensing results and / or measurements. The signal 850 confirming the sensing release may confirm that the serving SeN 820 has stopped sensing the sensing target.
[0158] If the neighbouring SeN 822 observes that a measure of the reflected power of the received sensing signal for sensing the sensing target is greater than a handover threshold value (γ) , such that for example, then the neighbouring SeN 822 may send a signal 848 to the NW / TRP 810 confirming the handover request. The signal 848 may confirm that the handover request was successfully completed.
[0159] When the sensing handover between the serving SeN 820 and the neighbouring SeN is complete, the neighbouring SeN 822 becomes a serving SeN.
[0160] At block 852, Fig. 8 illustrates the neighbouring SeN 822, which is now the new serving SeN, operating in a mono-static operation mode. After a successful handover and the transition of the neighbouring SeN 822 to operate solely in a mono-static operation mode, the neighbouring SeN 822 is likely to observe increasing reflected power of the received sensing signal for sensing the sensing target. For example, the neighbouring SeN 822 may be expected to observe increasing of the sensing signal. The neighbouring SeN 822 may observe increasing and / or another measure of reflected power of the received sensing signal, if the neighbouring SeN 822 detects that and / or another measure of reflected power of the received sensing signal, has a positive (+ve) slope over time.
[0161] Fig. 9 shows a soft handover where the serving SeN sends the HandoverRequest and BistaticInfo and bi-static time-frequency allocation (indices) and coarse target info to the neighbouring SeN instead of the NW (previous implementation) . When the soft handover is successfully completed, the neighbouring SeN sends the confirmation of handover to the serving SeN and to the NW, while it continues sensing with its mono-static sensing.
[0162] The illustrated example of Fig. 9 is similar to the illustrated example of Fig. 8 except that in the illustrated example of Fig. 9, the serving SeN 820 and the neighbouring SeN 822 initiate and complete the sensing handover between the serving SeN 820 and the neighbouring SeN 822 without the NW / TRP 810. In the illustrated example of Fig. 9, the serving SeN 820 may determine the neighbouring SeN 822 rather than the NW / TRP 810.
[0163] In the illustrated example of Fig. 9, to initiate the sensing handover the serving SeN 820 may send a signal 866 requesting the handover to the neighbouring SeN 822. The signal 866 may include a HandoverRequest which includes a request to hand over sensing from the serving SeN 820 to the neighbouring SeN 822. The signal 866 may also include a bi-static time-frequency allocation for the neighbouring SeN 822. The signal 866 may include coarse target information of the sensing target. The contents of signal 866 may be similar to a combination of the content of signals 836 and 838 illustrated in Fig. 8.
[0164] In the illustrated example of Fig. 9, if the neighbouring SeN 822 observes that a measure of the reflected power of the received sensing signal 842 is greater than a handover threshold value (γ) , such that for example, then the neighbouring SeN 822 may send a signal 868 to the serving SeN 820 confirming the handover request. The signal 868 may confirm that the handover request was successfully completed. The signal 868 may be similar to the signal 848 illustrated in Fig. 8 except that the signal 868 illustrated in Fig. 9 is sent from the neighbouring SeN 822 to the serving SeN 820. When the sensing handover between the serving SeN 820 and the neighbouring SeN 822 is complete, the neighbouring SeN 822 becomes a serving SeN and may operate solely in a mono-static operation mode.
[0165] Elements of the example illustrated in Fig. 9 which are numbered the same as in the example illustrated in Fig. 8 may be the same as described above in relation to the example illustrated in Fig. 8.
[0166] The illustrated examples in Figs. 8 and 9 of sensing handovers between a serving SeN and a neighbouring SeN may be referred to as a soft handover or a soft sensing handover.
[0167] In one possible implementation that is consistent with Figs. 8 and 9, a method involves receiving at a sensing node such as 820 or 822, a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. Such a method may also involve transmitting from the sensing node 820 or 822 for example, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target. A reflected sensing signal may be or include a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node, for mono-static sensing for example. A reflected sensing signal may also be referred to herein as a sensing signal that is reflected off, off of, from, or by the target.
[0168] The signal indicating the sensing handover may be or include a request to initiate the sensing handover. This is shown by way of example at 836, and another example of a handover request signal is shown at 866 (Fig. 9) . In respect of a signal to initiate a sensing handover, the criterion may be decreasing power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target, which is shown by way of example as "-ve slope" at 834. At 836 and 866, Figs. 8 and 9 also illustrate that transmitting a signal indicating a sensing handover (in the examples shown, this signal is a handover request signal) , involves transmitting the signal when the criterion is satisfied, which is when -ve slope is observed at 834 in the example shown.
[0169] The sensing handover may be or include a handover of sensing the target between the sensing node, such as the serving SeN 820 in the example shown in Figs. 8 and 9, and a second sensing node, such as the neighbouring SeN 822 in the example shown in Figs. 8 and 9.
[0170] In some implementations, transmitting, from the sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target involves transmitting the signal to a network device in a communication system. This is shown by way of example in Fig. 8 by the handover request signal 836 being transmitted from the serving SeN 820 to the TRP 810.
[0171] In some implementations, transmitting from the sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target involves transmitting the signal to the second sensing node. This is shown by way of example in Fig. 9 by the handover request signal 866 being transmitted from the serving SeN 820 to the neighbouring SeN 822.
[0172] A method may also involve transmitting, from the sensing node, a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target. A further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target is shown by way of example at 842. The serving SeN 820 may transmit a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target when the serving SeN 820 is operating in both a mono-static operation mode as well as a bi-static transmission mode as shown by way of example at 840, or only in a bi-static transmission mode.
[0173] A method may also involve transmitting, from the sensing node, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target is less than a threshold. The signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target is shown by way of example at 850. In Figs. 8 and 9, an example of such a threshold is shown as “γ” . By way of example, Figs. 8 and 9 also illustrate that the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target is less than a threshold when The signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target may be or include a result of sensing the target, shown by way of example as sensing results / measurements at 850. The result of sensing the target may be a result acquired, obtained or determined by the serving SeN 820.
[0174] The signal indicating the sensing handover may be or include the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target which is shown by way of example at 850.
[0175] In some implementations, the signal indicating the sensing handover is or includes a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node. This is shown by way of example at 848 or at 868. When the signal indicating the sensing handover is or includes the confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node, the sensing node may be or include the neighbouring SeN 822.
[0176] The sensing node may receive a signal indicating a configuration for the sensing node to enable the sensing node to receive the reflected sensing signal. This is shown by way of example at 838 or 866. The signal indicating a configuration for the sensing node to enable the sensing node to receive the reflected sensing signal may be transmitted by the TRP 810 as shown by the signal 838 or the serving SeN 820 as shown by the signal 866. The signal indicating a configuration for the sensing node to enable the sensing node may be or include a location of the target such as a coarse location of the target, shown by way of example as coarse target info at 838 and 866. From the perspective of the neighbouring SeN 822 in Figs. 8 and 9 as an example, the reflected sensing signal that is received may be a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted (at 842 in the examples shown) from another sensing node (820 in the examples shown) .
[0177] In respect of a signal to confirm a sensing handover, the criterion may be power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target being greater than a threshold, which is shown by way of example as at 846. At 846, Figs. 8 and 9 also illustrate that transmitting a signal indicating a sensing handover (in the examples shown, this signal is a confirmation of handover signal at 848 or 868) , may involve transmitting the signal when the criterion is satisfied, which is when is observed at 846 in the example shown.
[0178] Sensing of the target may proceed at a sensing node after a handover request is confirmed. This sensing is shown by way of example as monitoring at 852, and may involve transmitting a further sensing signal from the sensing node to enable sensing of the target at the sensing node, and receiving, at the sensing node, a reflection of the further sensing signal. At 852, the sensing node, which is the neighbouring SeN 822 in the example of Figs. 8 and 9, may be operated in a mono-static operation mode, which involves such transmitting and receiving. At 852, the sensing node may receive increasing power of the received further sensing signal reflected off the target, which is shown by way of example as "+ve slope" at 852.
[0179] In some implementations, a method may involve receiving the signal indicating a configuration, at a sensing node such as the neighbouring SeN 822, from a network device in a communication system, such as TRP 810 for example. This is shown by way of example at 838. A method may also involvetransmitting the signal indicating the sensing handover to the network device, such as TRP 810 for example. This is shown by way of example at 848.
[0180] The example shown in Fig. 9 further illustrates that a method may involve receiving, at a sensing node such as neighbouring SeN 822, the signal indicating the configuration from a second sensing node, such as serving SeN 820 for example. This is shown by way of example at 866. A method may also involve transmitting the signal indicating the sensing handover to the second sensing node. This is shown by way of example at 868.
[0181] In respect of a criterion, the criterion may be related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal. The measure of power of the received sensing signal may comprise a ratio of transmitted power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction, which is shown by way of example as “ (θ, ) ” .
[0182] In respect of a target, the target may be or include a moving target. By way of example, the moving target may be or include a vehicle such as vehicle 610, car 710, vehicle 900, car 1000 or vehicle 1200.
[0183] From a network-side perspective, a method may include counterparts of sensing node features in some implementations. For example, such a method may involve transmitting, from a network device in a communication system such as a TRP as shown by way of example at 810, a first signal indicating a sensing node configuration to enable a sensing node 820 or 822 to receive a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. The first signal is shown by way of example at 830, at 832 or at 838. Such a method may also involve receiving, at the network device, a second signal transmitted from the sensing node 820 or 822 based on a criterion and the sensing signal. The second signal may indicate a sensing handover of sensing the target. The second signal is shown by way of example at 836 or at 848.
[0184] The second signal may be or include a request to initiate the sensing handover. This is shown by way of example at 836. In respect of a second signal to initiate a sensing handover, the criterion may be decreasing power of the sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node, which is shown by way of example as "-ve slope" at 834. At 836, Fig. 8 also illustrates that transmitting a second signal indicating a sensing handover (in the examples shown, this signal is a handover request signal) , involves transmitting the second signal when the criterion is satisfied, which is when -ve slope is observed at 834 in the example shown.
[0185] A method may also involve transmitting, from the network device, a third signal indicating a configuration for the second sensing node to enable the second sensing node to receive a further reflected sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node and reflected off the target. This is shown by way of example in Fig. 8 by the signal 838 being transmitted from the TRP 810 to the neighbouring SeN 822. The third signal indicating the configuration may be or include a location of the target.
[0186] A method may also involve receiving, at the network device, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node is less than a threshold. The signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target is shown by way of example at 850. At 840, Figs. 8 and 9 also illustrate the network device, which is the TRP 810 in the example of Figs. 8 and 9, receiving the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target is less than a threshold, which is when “ (θ, ) <γ” is observed at 840 in the example of Figs. 8 and 9. The signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target may be or include a result of sensing the target.
[0187] In some implementations, the second signal is or includes a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node. Such a second signal is shown by way of example at 848. In respect of a signal to confirm a sensing handover, the criterion may be power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received at the sensing node being greater than a threshold, which is shown by way of example as at 846. At 846, Fig. 8 also illustrates that transmitting a second signal indicating a sensing handover (in the examples shown, this signal is a confirmation of handover signal) , may involve transmitting the second signal when the criterion is satisfied, which is when (θ, ) >γ is observed at 846 in the example shown.
[0188] Other features that are disclosed in the context of a sensing node may be provided or supported in network device implementations. For example, as described at least above with reference to sensing nodes, the criterion may be related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal and the target may be or include a moving target.
[0189] More generally, the present disclosure provides other examples and implementations with features that may be provided or supported. For example, later drawings provide particular sensing examples, and methods may include related operations. In some implementations, a method involves measures of reflected power as shown by way of example in Figs. 13 and 14. In some implementations, a method involves a soft sensing handover as shown by way of example in Fig. 15. In some implementations, a method involves a harder or hard sensing handover as shown by way of example in Figs. 16 and 17.
[0190] As described herein, changes in a measure of reflected power of a sensing signal may initiate a sensing handover. A decrease may be caused, for example, due to a sensing target moving away from the serving SeN. If, however, the detected change in a measure of reflected power of a sensing signal reversed such as due to a sensing target that is moving turning around and now moving closer to the serving SeN causing the metric to increase, for example, the sensing handover may be reversed.
[0191] RCS changes across the different angles of departure and arrival as the sensing target moves towards or far away from the SeN. Tracking the changes of RCS over the different angles of departure and arrival may trigger changes in the sensing mode from mono-static to bi-static or multi-static and vice versa.
[0192] RCS is one example of a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal. In some implementations, a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal other than RCS is monitored. Monitoring a measure of reflected power may also be referred to as tracking a measure of reflected power.
[0193] Fig. 10 illustrates an example vehicle 900 moving in a direction illustrated by arrow 902. Outline 904 illustrates a past position of the vehicle 900. Outline 906 illustrates a future position of the vehicle 900. Sensing nodes 910 and 912 may be operable to sense and track the vehicle 900 as it moves in the direction of arrow 902. In the example illustrated by Fig. 10, the sensing node 910 operates with three sensing beams as the vehicle 900 moves, and the sensing node 912 is operating with one sensing beam when it first begins sensing the vehicle.
[0194] In some embodiments, the metrics of measuring the RCS changes can be the ratio of the average transmitted signal power per spatial direction (AOD) to the average received signal per spatial direction (AOA) , i.e., wherein for mono-static, AOD is similar to AOA and similar beam width, while for bi-and multi-static, different AoDs and AoA and different spatial characteristics (e.g., beam width) as shown in Fig. 11A, wherein the power ratio of the scenario in Fig. 10 per spatial direction AoD and AoA is shown based on the actual value of RCS shown in Fig. 11B.
[0195] When a sensing node is operated to sense a sensing target in a mono-static operation mode such that the same sensing node is transmitting and receiving sensing beams, the AOD is similar to the AOA and spatial characteristics of the transmitted sensing beams and the received sensing beams are similar. For example, a beam width of a transmitted sensing beam may be similar to a beam width of the received sensing beam.
[0196] When sensing nodes are operated to sense a sensing target in a bi-static or multi-static operation mode, e.g. a first sensing node is transmitting sensing beams and a second sensing node is receiving sensing beams, or more generally there may be one or more transmitting nodes and one or more receiving nodes, the AOD is different from the AOA and spatial characteristics of the transmitted sensing beams and the received sensing beams are different. For example, a beam width of a transmitted sensing beam may be different from a beam width of the received sensing beam.
[0197] In the case of a sensing node that is operating in a mono-static operation mode, an example power ratio of power of a received sensing signal to power of a transmitted sensing signal versus a spatial direction of the receiver (Rx) of the sensing node is shown in Fig. 11A. In the mono-static operation mode, In Fig. 11A, the vertical dashed lines define columns corresponding to different sensing beams and the horizontal dashed line represents a threshold value.
[0198] For a sensing node that is operating in a mono-static operation mode, an example RCS measurement of a sensing signal for sensing or tracking a sensing target versus time (t) is shown in Fig. 11B. In the illustrated example of Fig. 11B, the measured RCS illustrates that the sensing target is getting closer to the sensing node (increasing RCS) during time Δt1, that the sensing target is within a spatial range of the sensing node such that the sensing node detects high reflection of the sensing signal (e.g., an amount of reflection that is higher than a threshold amount) during time Δt2 and that the sensing target is outside the spatial range of the sensing node and getting farther away from the sensing node (decreasing RCS) during time Δt3.
[0199] Figs. 11A and 11B illustrate example measures of power of the received sensing signal.
[0200] In other aspects of the present disclosure, for relatively sophisticated SeNs, the RCS may be directly measured / observed as function of the AoD and AoAs of a given sensing target over a period of time. In other aspects, sensing signal strength and / or error on sensing target versus ground truth also can lead to soft handover request. In some embodiments, the sensing signal strength report may be sent periodically like periodic measurement report in communication handover and similar to sensing request, e.g. periodicalReporting under CommonIEsRequestSensingInformation.
[0201] In some implementations, a relatively sophisticated sensing node is, or includes, a sensing node which can measure RCS and / or another measure of reflected power of the sensing signal. In some implementations, a relatively sophisticated sensing node can directly measure RCS and / or another measure of reflected power of the sensing signal. In some implementations, a relatively sophisticated sensing node can measure RCS and / or another measure of reflected power of the sensing signal with a high degree of precision. As described at least above, the RCS, for a sensing target, may be directly measured and / or observed or monitored by one or more sensing nodes as a function of average transmitted sensing signal powers for a plurality of spatial directions (AODs) and average received sensing signal powers for a plurality spatial directions (AOAs) .
[0202] A sensing handover as described herein can be initiated if power of a received sensing signal does not sufficiently correspond to a power value that is expected to be received based on a known position, or positions, of the sensing target. For example, if the difference between a power of a received sensing signal and a power value that is expected to be received is greater than a threshold amount for the variance, a sensing handover may be initiated. In some implementations, the NW determines whether the power of a received sensing signal varies from a value that is expected to be received by more than expected based on one or more known positions of the sensing target such as one or more previously determined positions of the sensing target, for example. The sensing signal power that is expected to be received may be referred to as the “reference value” . The difference between the received sensing signal power and the sensing signal power that is expected to be received may be referred to as the “error” . The “reference value” may also be referred to as the “ground truth” .
[0203] In some implementations, at least one known position of the sensing target is determined based on at least one known position of an associated device such as an associated UE, for example.
[0204] A sensing node may send or transmit data representing one or more characteristics of a received sensing signal. The sensing node may, for example, send or transmit the data representing one or more characteristics of a received sensing signal to the NW, such as to a TRP. In some implementations, the sensing node transmits the data representing one or more characteristics of a received signal periodically. The data representing one or more characteristics of a received sensing signal may include a sensing signal strength report. The sensing signal strength report may be similar to a sensing request in a communication handover and may be sent like a periodic measurement report of a communication handover. In some implementations, the sending of the sensing signal strength is similar to periodicalReporting under CommonIEsRequestSensingInformation of a communication handover.
[0205] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to labeling the measurements by the AoD, AoA, the SeN ID, the beam information, and the operation mode as shown in Table 1. Table 1
[0206] Although “SeN” is used primarily herein with reference to a sensing node, a sensing node may be equivalently referred to as, for example, “SeRU” .
[0207] Knowing the operation mode on obtaining the RCS is useful because the RCSs for mono-and bi-static are different. The RCS reports are tagged with the Tx sensing signal and Rx sensing signal IDs. In some embodiments, a binary flag can indicate the operation mode is either mono-or bi-static to reduce the signaling overhead. Based on the operation mode and the RCS measurement report, the heading direction of the sensing target can be estimated for further tracking the sensing target.
[0208] Table 1 is an example illustrating how measurements of reflected power of a sensing signal may be labelled. Although in Table 1 the measurements of reflected power of the sensing signal include RCS measurements, measurements of reflected power need not include RCS measurements. Measurements of reflected power of the sensing signal may be labelled different than in the example shown in Table 1.
[0209] In some implementations, a heading direction of a sensing target may be estimated based on an operation mode of a sensing node and a measurement report of reflected power of the sensing signal. The measurement report of reflected power of the sensing signal may, but need not, include an RCS measurement report.
[0210] A sensing node may be selected as a neighbouring sensing node for a sensing handover, e.g. a sensing node to which sensing or tracking of a sensing target will be handed over to, based on the estimated heading direction of the sensing target. For example, a sensing node which the sensing target will be moving toward next based on the estimated heading of the sensing target may be selected as the neighbouring sensing node.
[0211] In some implementations, a binary flag indicates the operation mode as mono-static using a logic “HIGH” value, e.g., ‘1’ , and indicates the operation mode as bi-static using a logic “LOW” value, e.g., ‘0’ . In some implementations, a binary flag indicates the operation mode as mono-static using a logic “LOW” value, e.g., ‘0’ , and indicates the operation mode as bi-static using a logic “HIGH” value, e.g., ‘1’ .
[0212] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to operation mode indication of SeN for facilitating soft handover in sensing. The operation mode scheduling may be a function of reported RCS and location of the SeNs. TRP orchestrates the soft handover between the serving SeN and the neighbour SeN. Each SeN can operate in one of these modes: Mono-static: activating Tx and Rx for mono-static sensing, Mono-static-Bi-static (Tx) : activating Tx and Rx for simultaneous mono-static and bi-static sensing, Bi-static (Tx) : activating only Tx to send a sensing signal to be measured by the neighbouring SeN, Bi-static (Rx) : Activating Rx to measure the sensing signals of other SeNs.
[0213] In some implementations, operation modes of sensing nodes in a sensing handover are selected, or scheduled, based at least on the measured, or monitored, measure of reflected power of the sensing signal and locations of the sensing nodes.
[0214] In a mono-static operation mode, a sensing node may activate both transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) the sensing signal for mono-static sensing of the sensing signal.
[0215] In a mono-static-bi-static (Tx) operation mode, a sensing node may activate both transmission and receiving of the sensing signal for mono-static sensing of the sensing signal, and activate transmission of the sensing signal to transmit the sensing signal for detection / measurement by other sensing nodes, , such as a neighbouring sensing node, for example.
[0216] In a bi-static (Tx) operation mode, a sensing node may activate only transmission of the sensing signal. The transmitted sensing signal may be detected / measured by other sensing nodes.
[0217] In a bi-static (Rx) operation mode, a sensing node (SeN) may activate only receiving of the sensing signal to detect / measure sensing signals transmitted by other sensing nodes.
[0218] Assuming starting from a mono-static setup as shown in Fig. 12, wherein the car is moving from left side to the right, while the serving SeN is tracking the sensing target, it may need to change its spatial filter, beam or AoDs of the sensing signal to follow the target.
[0219] In some implementations, a sensing node, such as a serving sensing node for example, may vary one or more parameters associated with transmission of the sensing signal and / or receiving of the sensing signal. For example, a sensing node may apply a spatial filter, may vary a spatial filter, may vary a beam of the sensing signal, may vary AOD, combinations of two or more thereof, etc. A sensing node may vary such parameters to be able to sense or track or follow the sensing target as it moves relative to the sensing node, for example.
[0220] Fig. 12 illustrates an example of a vehicle, shown as a car 1000, moving from a first sensing node (SeN1) 1010 towards a second sensing node (SeN2) 1012. In Fig. 12, the three different illustrations of the car 1000 show a position of the car 1000 relative to the first sensing node 1010 and the second sensing node 1012 at three different times. The first sensing node 1010 may be a serving sensing node and the second sensing node 1012 may be a neighbouring sensing node.
[0221] In the example shown, during operation in mono-static sensing mode, the first sensing node 1010 transmits a plurality of beams 1020-1, 1020-2, …, 1020-N (collectively beams 1020) , and the second sensing node 1012 transmits a plurality of beams 1030-1, 1030-2, …, 1030-N (collectively beams 1030) .
[0222] The first sensing node 1010 may monitor at least one measure of reflected power of the sensing signal. Based on the at least one measure of reflected power of the sensing signal and a decision criterion, the first sensing node 1010 may initiate a sensing handover of sensing of the car 1000 from the first sensing node 1010 to the second sensing node 1012.
[0223] The serving SeN keep monitoring the ratio (θ, ) over each sensing beam, 1) Positive slope (+ve slope) from beam to beam, the SeN keep allocating mono-static resources to the sensing target and keep tracking it, 2) Negative slope (-ve slope) from beam to beam as shown in Fig. 13 for serving SeN and Fig. 14 for neighbouring SeN, the SeN node sends a SensingHandoverReq to the TRP asking for switching to bi-static mode. In this case, the handover request contains information about the bi-static configuration e.g., Tx power, AoD, time frequency resources of the sensing signal and the handover request may be followed or accompanied with target information e.g. coarse location to facilitate the handover.
[0224] Once (θ, ) <γ, no more sensing is available at the serving SeN, and it only works as a sensing transmitter. Therefore, the serving SeN keep working as a sensing transmitter (bi-static TX) until receiving a confirmation from the TRP or neighbouring SeN that the neigbouring SeN started the mono-static sensing and to release its time-frequency resources and stop sensing. In some embodiments, the serving SeN keep working as TX-transmitter (bi-static TX) for a fixed amount of time from sending the HandoverRequest, SensingTimetoRelease. The method of indicating the operation modes for soft handover for the scenario in Fig. 12 is shown in Fig. 15.
[0225] Fig. 13 illustrates, for the first sensing node 1010 operating in a mono-static sensing mode an example plot of a ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal relative to a spatial position of the car 1000 with respect to the first sensing node 1010. Each of the columns 1040-1, 1040-2, …, 1040-N-1, 1040-N may correspond to a respective beam transmitted by the first sensing node 1010. For example, column 1040-1 may correspond to beam 1020-1, column 1040-2 may correspond to beam 1020-2, etc. As the car 1000 moves towards the first sensing node 1010, the ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal increases, e.g., with a positive (+ve slope) , as illustrated by arrow 1050. At some point, as the car 1000 continues to move, the car 1000 starts to get farther away from the first sensing node 1010 and the ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal decreases, e.g., with a negative (-ve slope) , as illustrated by arrow 1052. If the ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal is less than a threshold (γ) as illustrated by the line 1054, the first sensing node 1010 cannot sufficiently detect the sensing signal, e.g., the car 1000 has moved outside of the sensing range of the first sensing node 1010. If the first sensing node 1010 cannot sufficiently detect the sensing signal, the first sensing node 1010 may be caused to operate only in a bi-static transmission operation mode.
[0226] As described herein, once the first sensing node 1010 detects that a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal is decreasing, the first sensing node 1010 may initiate a sensing handover as described herein to hand over sensing of the car 1000 from the first sensing node 1010 to the second sensing node 1012. As described herein, initiating the sensing handover may include the first sensing node 1010 adding a bi-static transmission operation mode to its mono-static operation mode.
[0227] When the sensing handover is completed, the second sensing node 1012 becomes a serving sensing node and may be operated in a mono-static operation mode as described herein. The second sensing node 1012 may become the serving sensing node when a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal is less than a threshold (γ) at the first sensing node 1010 and the measure of reflected power of the sensing signal is greater than or equal to the threshold (γ) at the second sensing node 1012.
[0228] Fig. 14 illustrates, for the second sensing node 1012, an example plot of a ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal relative to a spatial position of the car 1000 with respect to the second sensing node 1012. Each of the columns 1060-1, 1060-2, …, 1060-N-1, 1060-N may correspond to a respective beam transmitted by the second sensing node 1012. For example, column 1060-1 may correspond to beam 1030-1, column 1060-2 may correspond to beam 1030-2, etc. As the car 1000 begins to approach the second sensing node 1012, the second sensing node 1012 cannot initially detect the sensing signal, e.g., the ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal of column 1060-1 is less than a threshold (γ) as illustrated by line 1074. As the car 1000 continues to move towards the second sensing node 1012, the ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal increases, e.g., with a positive (+ve slope) , as illustrated by arrow 1070. At some point, as the car 1000 continues to move, the car 1000 starts to get farther away from the second sensing node 1012 and the ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal decreases, e.g., with a negative (-ve slope) , as illustrated by arrow 1072. As described herein, the second sensing node 1012 may initiate a sensing handover when the ratio of power of the received sensing signal to power of the transmitted sensing signal begins to decrease.
[0229] Fig. 15 illustrates example operation modes of the first sensing node 1010 and the second sensing node 1012 of Fig. 12 as the car 1000 moves from the first sensing node 1010 to the second sensing node 1012 over time (t) and a sensing handover between the first sensing node 1010 and the second sensing node 1012 is orchestrated.
[0230] In the example of Fig. 15, the first sensing node 1010 is initially operated in a mono-static operation mode 1102.
[0231] When the first sensing node 1010 detects that a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal, such as being monitored by the first sensing node 1010 is decreasing, the first sensing node 1010 may initiate a sensing handover to handover sensing of the car 1000 from the first sensing node 1010 to the second sensing node 1012. As described herein, when the sensing handover is initiated, a bi-static transmission operation mode may be added to the mono-static operation mode such that the first sensing node 1010 operates in a mono-static-bi-static (Tx) operation mode 1104.
[0232] In response to the handover being initiated, the second sensing node 1012 may operate in a bi-static receiving transmission mode 1108.
[0233] When the measure of reflected power of the sensing signal being monitored by the first sensing node 1010 is less than a threshold (γ) , the first sensing node 1010 may be operated in only a bi-static transmission operation mode 1106.
[0234] When the measure of reflected power of the sensing signal being monitored by the second sensing node 1012 is greater than or equal to the threshold (γ) , the second sensing node 1012 may be operated in only a mono-static operation mode 1110. When the second sensing node 1012 is switched from operating in the bi-static receiving operation mode 1108 to the mono-static operation mode 1110, the second sensing node 1012 may detect that the measure of reflected power of the sensing signal being monitored by the second sensing node 1012 is consistently increasing.
[0235] Once the second sensing node 1012 is operating in the mono-static operation mode 1110 the first sensing node 1010 may stop sensing the car 1000. In some implementations, the first sensing node 1010 is operated in the bi-static transmission operation mode 1106 until the first sensing node 1010 has received confirmation that the sensing handover has been successfully completed. For example, the first sensing node 1010 may continue to operate in the bi-static transmission operation mode 1106 until the first sensing node 1010 receives from the NW, a TRP device and / or the second sensing node 1012 confirmation that the second sensing node 1012 is being operated in the mono-static operation mode 1110. The NW, TRP device and / or the second sensing node 1012 may instruct the first sensing node 1010 to release its time-frequency resources and to stop sensing the car 1000.
[0236] When the second sensing node 1012 detects that the measure of reflected power of the sensing signal being monitored by the second sensing node 1012 is decreasing, the second sensing node 1012 may initiate a sensing handover to handover sensing of the car 1000 from the second sensing node 1011 to another sensing node. As described herein, when the sensing handover is initiated, a bi-static transmission operation mode may be added to the mono-static operation mode such that the second sensing node 1012 operates in a mono-static-bi-static (Tx) operation mode 1112.
[0237] As illustrated in Fig. 15, the bi-static transmission operation mode 1106 of the first sensing node 1010 may temporally overlap both the bi-static receiving operation mode 1108 and the mono-static operation mode 1110 of the second sensing node 1012. Likewise, the bi-static receiving operation mode 1108 of the second sensing node 1012 may temporally overlap both the mono-static-bi-static transmission operation mode 1104 and the bi-static transmission operation mode 1106 of the first sensing node 1010. In the illustrated example of Fig. 15, for an amount of time the first sensing node 1010 is operated in only the bi-static transmission mode 1106, e.g., the first sensing node 1010 does not receive a sensing signal, while the second sensing node 1012 is operated in only the bi-statice receiving mode 1108, e.g., the second sensing node 1012 does not transmit a sensing signal.
[0238] The sensing handover illustrated by Fig. 15 may be referred to as a soft sensing handover.
[0239] The threshold (γ) , or thresholds, may set a sensitivity of a sensing handover described herein. A sensitivity of a sensing handover may determine when a serving sensing node stops sensing a sensing target and a neighbouring sensing node takes over sensing of the sensing target. Varying the threshold (γ) , or thresholds, may vary the sensitivity of the sensing handover.
[0240] The threshold (γ) may be a relative value or an absolute value.
[0241] The threshold (γ) may be target-specific such that the threshold (γ) may be different for different targets. For example, the threshold (γ) for sensing a sensing target that is a car may be different that the threshold (γ) for sensing a sensing target that is a bus.
[0242] The threshold (γ) may be sensing node specific such that the threshold (γ) may be different for different sensing nodes. Different sensing nodes may have different sensitivities and / or sensing capabilities. The threshold (γ) for different sensing nodes may be different for the different sensing nodes to take into account the different sensitivities and / or sensing capabilities of the different sensing nodes. In some implementations, a threshold (γ) for a serving sensing node is different from a threshold (γ) for a neighbouring sensing node.
[0243] The threshold (γ) may be task-specific such that the threshold (γ) may be different for different sensing tasks. For example, the threshold (γ) may be higher for a first sensing task which requires very accurate sensing whereas the threshold (γ) for a second sensing task which does not require very accurate sensing may be lower than for the first sensing task.
[0244] In some implementations, a NW device or function such as a NW optimizer optimizes the threshold (s) (γ) . The threshold (s) (γ) may be varied and / or tuned based on a NW implementation. For example, the threshold (s) (γ) may be varied and / or tuned based on how far apart the sensing nodes in the NW are from one another.
[0245] Optimizing the threshold (s) (γ) may involve a trade-off between the sensing nodes initiating too many sensing handovers based on a threshold (γ) that is too low, e.g. which sensing node is operating to sense a sensing target is frequently changing, and the sensing nodes losing track of a sensing target based on a threshold (γ) that is too high, e.g., no sensing node can detect a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal that is equal to or greater than the threshold (γ) .
[0246] In some embodiments, the operation mode scheduling can be defined on both time and frequency domain, in case of different sensing technologies frequencies. In other embodiments, the operation mode indication would be equivalent to scheduledLocationTime in LPP. However, this indication not only provide the time of the sensing, it also provides the operation mode. In other aspect, the operation mode can be indicated in a new field or under Common IEs or under Common Sensing. In one aspect the field on scheduledSensing for the duration of the soft handover may be comprised of sensingDuration and sensingOperationMode.
[0247] In some implementations, operation mode scheduling includes indicating to a sensing node in what operation mode the sensing node should operate in to carry out the sensing handover as described herein. An operation mode indication indicating to a sensing node the operation mode in which the sensing node is to operate may be provided to the sensing node in any of various ways. For example, an operation mode indication for a sensing node may include both the time of the sensing as well as the operation mode in which the sensing node is to operate. As another example, the operation mode may be included in one or more common information elements (or fields) or in a new field of one or more signals transmitted to the sensing node.
[0248] In some embodiments, UE is the sensing node. In one example embodiment, the NW can instruct sensing UE to switch the operation mode and sensing sub-space; in another example embodiment, the UE can trigger the operation mode switch. Since the operation mode change should be informed by neighbouring UE, the UE triggered operation switch can be sent via sidelink to the neighbouring UE.
[0249] A sensing node described herein may be, or include, a UE. In some implementations, the serving sensing node is, or includes a first UE, e.g., a serving UE, and the neighbouring sensing node is, or includes a second UE, e.g., a neighbouring UE. The serving UE may handover sensing of a sensing target to the neighbouring UE according to a sensing handover as described herein. In some implementations, the NW orchestrates the sensing handover as described herein. In some implementations, the serving UE orchestrates the sensing handover as described herein.
[0250] The sensing sub-space may be, or include, a spatial area within which the serving UE (or sensing UE, or more generally a sensing node) is able to sense a sensing target. A sensing sub-space may be configured or otherwise established for a sensing node to enable the sensing node to focus its sensing activities, to avoid monitoring of a larger area for example.
[0251] In some embodiments, as shown in Fig. 16 and Fig. 17, there can be a harder version of soft handover, wherein there is a (or are) specific time slot (s) for each SeN to take an operating mode. This method is simpler for scheduling. However, there could be a risk of losing the sensing target on each interval.
[0252] In some implementations, during a sensing handover a sensing node is operated in a single operation mode (e.g., a sensing node is not operated in two or more operation modes at any one time during the sensing handover) . Operation modes of sensing nodes may be changed or switched at the same time. For example, an operation mode of a serving sensing node may be changed or switched at the same time as when an operation mode of a neighbouring sensing node is changed or switched. The operation mode changes or switches for one or more sensing nodes may be scheduled at specified times during a sensing handover, such as during specified time slots or periods for example. Such a sensing handover may be referred to as a “harder” or “hard” sensing handover.
[0253] The “harder” or “hard” sensing handover may be orchestrated by a network device such as a TRP (or more generally by the NW) or by one or more sensing nodes.
[0254] Fig. 16 illustrates an example vehicle 1200 moving from a first sensing node (SeN1) 1210 towards a second sensing node (SeN2) 1212. In Fig. 16, during a first time period (Δt1) the vehicle 1200 is closer to the first sensing node 1210 than the second sensing node 1212, during a second time period (Δt2) the vehicle 1200 is between the first sensing node 1210 and the second sensing node 1212 and during a third time period (Δt3) the vehicle 1200 is closer to the second sensing node 1212 than the first sensing node 1210.
[0255] Fig. 17 illustrates an example harder, or hard, sensing handover between the first sensing node 1210 and the second sensing node 1212 of Fig. 16 for sensing the vehicle 1200. An upper portion 1202 of Fig. 17 illustrates a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal monitored by the first and second sensing nodes 1210, 1212 over time (t) . In the example of Fig. 17, the measure of reflected power of the sensing signal is an RCS measure. A lower portion 1204 of Fig. 17 illustrates example operation modes of the first sensing node 1210 and the second sensing node 1212 as the vehicle 1200 moves from the first sensing node 1210 to the second sensing node 1212 over time (t) and an example harder, or hard, sensing handover between the first sensing node 1210 and the second sensing node 1212 is orchestrated.
[0256] During the first time period (Δt1) , in the example shown the first sensing node 1210 operates in a mono-static operation mode 1220 and the second sensing node 1212 operates in a bi-static receiving operation mode 1222. The second sensing node 1212 may have been switched to operate in the bi-static receiving operation mode 1222 at the same time that the first sensing node 1210 was switched to operate in the mono-static operation mode 1220, as is the case in the example shown. The first sensing node 1210 may be a serving sensing node and the second sensing node 1212 may be a neighbouring sensing node during the first time period.
[0257] In response to RCS of the sensing signal, or more generally a measure of reflected power of the sensing signal, detected by the first sensing node 1210 being less than the threshold (γ) (indicated by the line 1230 in Fig. 17) and / or the RCS detected by the second sensing node 1212 being equal to or greater than the threshold (γ) , the first sensing node 1210 operates in a bi-static transmission operation mode 1224 while the second sensing node 1212 continues to operate in the bi-static receiving operation mode 1222 in the example shown.
[0258] In response to RCS of the sensing signal detected by the second sensing node 1212 being less than the threshold (γ) , the first sensing node 1210 operates in a bi-static receiving operation mode 1226 while the second sensing node 1212 operates in a multi-static operation mode 1228. Upon, the first sensing node 1210 operating in the bi-static receiving operation mode 1226 and the second sensing node 1212 operating in the multi-static operation mode 1228, the harder, or hard, sensing handover may be complete and the second sensing node 1212 becomes the serving sensing node. Once the harder, or hard, sensing handover is complete, the first sensing node 1210 may stop sensing of the vehicle 1200.
[0259] In Fig. 17, a curve 1242 illustrates example RCS of the sensing signal detected by the first sensing node 1210 operating in the mono-static operation mode 1220, a curve 1244 illustrates example RCS of the sensing signal detected by the second sensing node 1212 operating in the bi-static receiving operation mode 1222 and a curve 1246 illustrates example RCS of the sensing signal detected by the second sensing node 1212 operating in the mono-static operation mode 1228. In the example of Fig. 17, the dashed portion of the curve 1242 illustrates decreasing RCS of the sensing signal at the first sensing node 1210, the dashed portion of the curve 1244 during the first time period (Δt1) illustrates increasing RCS of the sensing signal at the second sensing node 1212, the dashed portion of the curve 1244 during the third time period (Δt3) illustrates decreasing RCS of the sensing signal at the second sensing node 1212 and the dashed portion of the curve 1246 illustrates increasing RCS of the sensing signal at the second sensing node 1212. Although the dashed portions of the illustrated RCS of the sensing signal may not be measured, the dashed portions illustrate what the RCS would be in the example case of Fig. 17.
[0260] A sensing target may not know what one or more conditions of the sensing handover are, when the sensing handover between sensing nodes occurs and / or how the sensing handover between sensing nodes occurs. Such a sensing target may be referred to as a passive sensing target.
[0261] The present disclosure encompasses various examples, including not only method examples, but also other examples such as apparatus examples and examples related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Examples may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein. Examples and implementations that include other features, and / or relate to other categories of subject matter such as apparatus, UEs, network devices, chips, processors, non-transitory computer readable storage media, computer program products, programming stored by computer readable storage media, systems, etc., are also possible.
[0262] An apparatus may include one or more processors configured, by executing instructions or programming for example, to cause the apparatus to perform a method or operations, or to provide or support features, disclosed herein. An apparatus may also include memory or one or more storage media, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The storage medium or media may be coupled to the processor (s) and store instructions or programming for execution by the processor (s) . For example, the processors 210 and 260 in Fig. 3 may each be or include one or more processors, and the example apparatus 410 in Fig. 4 may include one or more processors / processor cores 411. Each memory 208 and 258 in Fig. 3 and 413 in Fig. 4 is an example of a storage medium that may be provided in an apparatus. A storage medium need not necessarily be provided only in combination with a processor, and may be provided separately in a computer program product, for example.
[0263] As an illustrative example, instructions or programming stored in or on a storage medium may include instructions or programming to, or to cause a processor, an apparatus, or a component thereof to, perform any of the operations or provide any of the features disclosed herein. A processor, device, or other component may otherwise be configured to perform any of the operations or provide any of the features disclosed herein.
[0264] Apparatus examples are not limited to the foregoing examples, or to processor-based or programming-based examples. An apparatus may also or instead include, for example, one or more units configured to perform any of the operations or provide any of the features disclosed herein. Examples of such units are provided in Figs. 3 to 5, including the illustrated components of the example apparatus 310, the example apparatus 320, the example apparatus 410, and the example apparatus 510.
[0265] In some unit-based examples, an apparatus may include one or both of a receiving unit and a transmitting unit, as separate units or as a communication unit as shown at 513 in Fig. 5 for example. An apparatus may include a processing unit as shown by way of example at 512 in Fig. 5.
[0266] One example apparatus includes a receiving unit and a transmitting unit. The receiving unit is configured to receive, at a sensing node, a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. The transmitting unit is configured to transmit, from the sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.
[0267] Examples related to such an apparatus, and other implementations such as those related to instructions or programming, may include any one or more of the following features, for example, which are also discussed elsewhere herein: the signal may be or include a request to initiate the sensing handover; the criterion may be or include decreasing power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target; the transmitting unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit the signal when the criterion is satisfied; the sensing handover may be or include a handover of sensing the target between the sensing node and a second sensing node; the transmitting unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit the signal to a network device in a communication system; the transmitting unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit the signal to the second sensing node; the reflected sensing signal may be or include a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node; the transmitting unit may be further configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit, from the sensing node, a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target; the transmitting unit may be further configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit, from the sensing node, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target is less than a threshold; the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target may be or include a result of sensing the target; the signal may be or include a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node; the reflected sensing signal may be or include a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted from a second sensing node; the receiving unit may be further configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, receive, at the sensing node, a signal indicating a configuration for the sensing node to enable the sensing node to receive the reflected sensing signal; the signal indicating the configuration may further be or include a location of the target; the criterion may be or include power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target being greater than a threshold; the transmitting unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit the signal when the criterion is satisfied; the transmitting unit may be further configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit, from the sensing node, a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target at the sensing node; the receiving unit may be further configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, receive, at the sensing node, a reflection of the further sensing signal; the receiving unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, receive the signal indicating the configuration from a network device in a communication system; the transmitting unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit the signal to the network device in the communication system; the receiving unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, receive the signal indicating the configuration from the second sensing node; the transmitting unit may be configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit the signal to the second sensing node; the criterion may be related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal, the measure comprising a ratio of transmitted power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction; the target may be a moving target.
[0268] The apparatus examples above (and further examples below) are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. More generally, an apparatus or a component thereof may be configured to, or instructions or programming may (when executed) cause an apparatus or a component thereof to perform any of the operations or provide any of the features disclosed herein.
[0269] Another example apparatus includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit is configured to transmit, from a network device in a communication system, a first signal indicating a sensing node configuration to enable a sensing node to receive a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target. The receiving unit is configured to receive, at the network device, a second signal transmitted from the sensing node based on a criterion and the sensing signal, the second signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.
[0270] Examples related to such an apparatus, and other implementations such as those related to instructions or programming, may include any one or more of the following features, for example, which are also discussed elsewhere herein: the second signal may be or include a request to initiate the sensing handover; the criterion may be or include decreasing power of the sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node; the second signal may be transmitted from the sensing node when the criterion is satisfied; the sensing handover may be or include a handover of sensing the target between the sensing node and a second sensing node; the transmitting unit may be further configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, transmit, from the network device, a third signal indicating a configuration for the second sensing node to enable the second sensing node to receive a further reflected sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node and reflected off the target; the third signal indicating the configuration may further be or include a location of the target; the receiving unit may be further configured to, or instructions or programming may cause a processor or the apparatus to, receive, at the network device, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node is less than a threshold; the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target may be or include a result of sensing the target; the second signal may be or include a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node; the criterion may be or include power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received at the sensing node being greater than a threshold; the second signal may be transmitted from the sensing node when the criterion is satisfied; the criterion may be related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal, the measure comprising a ratio of transmitted power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction; the target may be or include a moving target.
[0271] These apparatus examples, like others herein, are intended to be illustrative and non-limiting, and more generally, an apparatus or a component thereof may be configured to, or instructions or programming may (when executed) cause an apparatus or a component thereof to perform any of the operations or provide any of the features disclosed herein.
[0272] Other features disclosed herein may also or instead be provided or supported in apparatus examples. For example, an apparatus or a component thereof may be configured to perform any step or operation that is disclosed in the context of a method.
[0273] Another apparatus example relates to a communication apparatus that is configured to perform any method disclosed herein.
[0274] Yet another possible implementation of an apparatus includes: one or more processors; and a memory storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform a disclosed method.
[0275] Apparatus examples are not in any way restricted to single devices. A communication system, for example, may include multiple communication apparatus that are configured to provide transmitting / receiving features and / or other features that are counterparts of each other. More generally, a communication system may include any of the features disclosed herein.
[0276] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0277] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example embodiment for its intended application.
[0278] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0279] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0280] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0281] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in different embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0282] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0283] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device and enable a machine to execute the instructions. When executed by any computer or the processor of a programmable data processing device, the instructions cause the apparatus to implement specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0284] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the another programmable device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or on another programmable device provide steps for implementing specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0285] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
[0286] The following acronyms, abbreviations, and initialisms may be used herein.
Claims
1.A method comprising:receiving, at a sensing node, a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target; andtransmitting, from the sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal comprises a request to initiate the sensing handover.3.The method of claim 2,wherein the criterion comprises decreasing power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target,wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting the signal when the criterion is satisfied.4.The method of claim 2 or claim 3, wherein the sensing handover comprises a handover of sensing the target between the sensing node and a second sensing node.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting the signal to a network device in a communication system.6.The method of claim 4, wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting the signal to the second sensing node.7.The method of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the reflected sensing signal comprises a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node.8.The method of any one of claims 4 to 7, further comprising:transmitting, from the sensing node, a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target.9.The method of claim 3, further comprising:transmitting, from the sensing node, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target is less than a threshold.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target comprises a result of sensing the target.11.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal comprises a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the reflected sensing signal comprises a reflection of a sensing signal transmitted from a second sensing node.13.The method of claim 12, further comprising:receiving, at the sensing node, a signal indicating a configuration for the sensing node to enable the sensing node to receive the reflected sensing signal.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the signal indicating the configuration further comprises a location of the target.15.The method of any one of claims 12 to 14,wherein the criterion comprises power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target being greater than a threshold,wherein the transmitting comprises transmitting the signal when the criterion is satisfied.16.The method of any one of claims 12 to 15, further comprising:transmitting, from the sensing node, a further sensing signal to enable sensing of the target at the sensing node; andreceiving, at the sensing node, a reflection of the further sensing signal.17.The method of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein receiving the signal indicating the configuration comprises receiving the signal indicating the configuration from a network device in a communication system.18.The method of claim 17, wherein transmitting the signal comprises transmitting the signal to the network device in the communication system.19.The method of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein receiving the signal indicating the configuration comprises receiving the signal indicating the configuration from the second sensing node.20.The method of claim 19, wherein transmitting the signal comprises transmitting the signal to the second sensing node.21.The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the criterion is related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal, the measure comprising a ratio of transmitted power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction.22.The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the target is a moving target.23.A method comprising:transmitting, from a network device in a communication system, a first signal indicating a sensing node configuration to enable a sensing node to receive a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target; andreceiving, at the network device, a second signal transmitted from the sensing node based on a criterion and the sensing signal, the second signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the second signal comprises a request to initiate the sensing handover.25.The method of claim 24,wherein the criterion comprises decreasing power of the sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node,wherein the second signal is transmitted from the sensing node when the criterion is satisfied.26.The method of claim 24 or claim 25, wherein the sensing handover comprises a handover of sensing the target between the sensing node and a second sensing node.27.The method of claim 26, further comprising:transmitting, from the network device, a third signal indicating a configuration for the second sensing node to enable the second sensing node to receive a further reflected sensing signal transmitted from the sensing node and reflected off the target.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the third signal indicating the configuration further comprises a location of the target.29.The method of claim 25 or 26, further comprising:receiving, at the network device, a signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target when the power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received by the sensing node is less than a threshold.30.The method of claim 29, wherein the signal indicating that the sensing node has stopped sensing of the target comprises a result of sensing the target.31.The method of claim 23, wherein the second signal comprises a confirmation of the sensing handover of sensing the target to the sensing node.32.The method of claim 31,wherein the criterion comprises power of the received sensing signal reflected off the target and received at the sensing node being greater than a threshold,wherein the second signal is transmitted from the sensing node when the criterion is satisfied.33.The method of any one of claims 23 to 32, wherein the criterion is related to a measure of power of the received sensing signal, the measure comprising a ratio of transmitted power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction to received power of the received sensing signal per spatial direction.34.The method of any one of claims 23 to 33, wherein the target is a moving target.35.An apparatus comprising:a receiving unit, configured to receive, at a sensing node, a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target; anda transmitting unit, configured to transmit, from the sensing node, based on a criterion and the received sensing signal, a signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.36.The apparatus of claim 35, further configured to perform the method of any one of claims 2 to 22.37.An apparatus comprising:a transmitting unit, configured to transmit, from a network device in a communication system, a first signal indicating a sensing node configuration to enable a sensing node to receive a reflected sensing signal associated with sensing a target; anda receiving unit, configured to receive, at the network device, a second signal transmitted from the sensing node based on a criterion and the sensing signal, the second signal indicating a sensing handover of sensing the target.38.The apparatus of claim 37, further configured to perform the method of any one of claims 24 to 34.39.A communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 34.40.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; anda memory storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 22 or the method of any one of claims 23 to 34.41.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 22 and a second communication apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 23 to 34.42.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 22 or the method of any one of claims 23 to 34.43.A computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 22 or the method of any one of claims 23 to 34.