Determination of path loss estimation

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a determination of a PL estimation. In one aspect, a terminal device determines at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule. Based on the at least one RS resource set, the terminal device performs the PL estimation. Based on the PL estimation, the terminal device determines transmission power of the UL transmission.

Description

DETERMINATION OF PATH LOSS ESTIMATIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority from, and the benefit of, India Patent Application No. 202541021466, filed March 10, 2025, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.FIELD

[0002] Various example embodiments relate to the field of communication and in particular, to devices, methods, apparatuses and a computer readable storage medium for a determination of a path loss (PL) estimation.BACKGROUND

[0003] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network.

[0004] Such communication networks operate in accordance with standards, such as those promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) or European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Examples of such standards include the so-called 5th generation (5G) standard, 6th generation (6G) or other standards promulgated by 3GPP.SUMMARY

[0005] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for a determination of a path loss (PL) estimation.

[0006] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to: determine, based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission, perform the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set, and determine transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

[0007] In a second aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to: determine, for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission, and transmit the configuration to the terminal device.

[0008] In a third aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises determining, at a terminal device and based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission, performing the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set, and determining transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

[0009] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises determining, at a network device and for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission, and transmitting the configuration to the terminal device.

[0010] In a fifth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for determining, at a terminal device and based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission, means for performing the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set, and means for determining transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

[0011] In a sixth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for determining, at a network device and for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission, and means for transmitting the configuration to the terminal device.

[0012] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the above third to fourth aspect.

[0013] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the above third to fourth aspect.

[0014] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises first determining circuitry configured to determine, based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission, performing circuitry configured to perform the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set, and second determining circuitry configured to determine transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

[0015] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises determining circuitry configured to determine, for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission, and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the configuration to the terminal device.

[0016] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0018] Fig. 1A illustrates an example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;

[0019] Fig. 1B illustrates an example of reference signals transmitted in a window;

[0020] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling chart illustrating an example process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0021] Fig. 3 illustrates an example process of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0022] Fig. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a terminal device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0023] Fig. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a network device according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0024] Fig. 6 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0025] Fig. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0026] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement example embodiments of the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The example embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.

[0028] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0029] References in the present disclosure to "one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment," and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

[0030] It shall be understood that although the terms "first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.

[0031] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising", "has”, “having”, “includes” and / or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, "at least one of the following: " and "at least one of " and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by "and" or "or", mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0032] As used in this application, the term "circuitry" may refer to one or more or all of the following:(a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and(b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable):(i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and(ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and(c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

[0033] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

[0034] As used herein, the term "communication network" refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as long term evolution (LTE), LTE-advanced (LTE-A), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), high-speed packet access (HSPA), narrow band internet of things (NB-loT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G), the second generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G), the fourth generation (4G), 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.

[0035] As used herein, the term “network device" refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP), for example, a node B (NodeB or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), a new radio (NR) NB (also referred to as a gNB), a remote radio unit (RRU), a radio header (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.

[0036] The term "terminal device" refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE), a subscriber station (SS), a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS), or an access terminal (AT). The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE), an internet of things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device”, “communication device", "terminal", "user equipment" and "UE” may be used interchangeably.

[0037] Fig. 1A illustrates an example network environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The environment or communication system 100, which may be a part of a communication network, comprises terminal devices and network devices.

[0038] As illustrated in Fig. 1A, the communication system 100 may comprise a terminal device 110 (hereinafter may also be referred to as user equipment 110 or a UE 110), and a network device 120. The network device 120 can manage one or more cells, for example, cell 101. The network device 120 and the terminal device 110 may communicate data and control information to each other in the coverage of the cell. A link from the network device 120 to the terminal device 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL), while a link from the terminal device 120 to the network device 110 is referred to as an uplink (UL).

[0039] It is to be understood that the number of devices is only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The system 100 may include any suitable number of terminal devices or network devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more terminal devices or network devices may be located in the system 100.

[0040] Communications in the communication system 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol(s), comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G), the second generation (2G), the third generation (3G), the fourth generation (4G) and the fifth generation (5G) and on the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division duplex (FDD), time division duplex (TDD), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiple (OFDM), discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.

[0041] With the development of the communication, the component carrier measurement is enhanced for better communication performance. At RAN#103 meeting, a Release 19 work item (WI) was approved to study the further enhancements for NR and multiple radio access technology (Multi-RAT) dual connectivity (MR-DC) radio resource management (RRM) requirements. According to the WID, one of the objectives is FR2-1 synchronization signal block (SSB) based L3 measurement delay reduction, wherein the carrier specific scaling factor (CSSF) optimization is to be considered for a UE not in multiple-Rx simultaneous reception mode.

[0042] With the development of communication, network energy saving (NES) is widely used, and the 5G-A and 6G NES design impact on initial access needs to be considered. 5G SSB is mainly based on low periodicity (e.g., 20ms) to allow the UE faster cell search and initial access, a better synchronization, the beam-management, the RRM, the beam failure detection (BFD), etc.

[0043] In order to enable a larger NES and native energy efficient design, the paradigm shifted from the always-on signal for the SSB to the always-available signal for the SSB. Different solutions are discussed in 5G-advanced and preliminary 6G day1 discussions are highlighting: trade-off between the NES and the UE complexity: e.g., less frequent broadcast signals primary synchronization signal (PSS) / secondary synchronization signal (SSS) / physical broadcast channel (PBCH) or the SSB (i.e., larger periodicity up to 160-320ms or more); support broadcasted signal (for idle / inactive / connected) and on-demand SSB (OD-SSB) for connected mode; potentially other (light) discovery reference signal or reference signal for mobility may be considered for 6G. As an example, the broadcasted periodic SSB may have a larger periodicity and potentially other reference signal and / or OD-SSB may be transmitted between this window as shown in Fig. 1B.

[0044] For the NR UL power control, e.g., the NR physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) power control is based on a combination of the open-loop power control and the closed-loop power control. The open-loop power control includes support for a fractional path-loss compensation, where the UE estimates the UL path loss based on DL measurements and sets the transmit power accordingly. The closed-loop power control based on explicit transmit power-control (TPC) commands provided by the network.

[0045] The UE determines the PUSCH transmission power based on the procedures described in Sec. 7.1 of TS 38.213. In summary, the UE is indicated / determines closed-loop parameters (e.g., closed-loop index, TPC command) and open-loop parameters (e.g., pathloss reference RS, p0, alpha). The TPC command is carried in the downlink control information (DCI) scheduling the PUSCH transmission. Also, the TPC command (and corresponding closed-loop index) may be carried jointly to multiple UEs by means of group-common DCI using DCI format 2-2.

[0046] Some of the main power control parameters that the PUSCH transmission power depends on are closed-loop index (also known as PC adjustment state), TPC command (fb,f,c, absolute or accumulative TPC command), pathloss reference reference signal (RS), p0 (also split in two terms Po_Nominal_PUSCH and P0_UE_PUSCH), ab,f,c(j) indicating the PL compensation factor (for partial of full path-loss compensation). This factor depends on the parameter set configuration with index j for the PUSCH. Some of the main power control parameters further comprise DELTA_TF (i.e., ATF,b,f,c(i)), also sometimes referred to as power adjustment component. This term models how the required received power varies when the number of information bits per resource element (BPRE) changes due to different modulation schemes and channel-coding rates.

[0047] Specifically, the PUSCH power is determined based on the following (from TS 38.213): if a UE transmits a PUSCH on active UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c using parameter set configuration with index j and PUSCH power control adjustment state with index 1, the UE determines the PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH,b,f,c(i, j, qa, l) in PUSCH transmission occasion i as:PPUSCH,b,f,c(i, j, qa, l) = min{pPCMAX,f.c(i),Po_PUSCH.b.f.c(j) +10 log10(2MR(i))+ab,f.c(j)·PLb.f.c(qd)+△TF,b.f.c(i)+fb.f.c(i,l)}[dBm](1)

[0048] SRS power control is somewhat similar to PUSCH power control. Specifically, the SRS transmission power is determined based on the following (from TS 38.213): if a UE transmits SRS based on a configuration by SRS-ResourceSet on active UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c using SRS power control adjustment state with index l, the UE determines the SRS transmission power PSRS,b,f,c(i, qs, l) in SRS transmission occasion i as:PSRS,b.f.c (i, qs, 1) = minPCMAX,f.c(i),(PO_SRS,b,f,c(qs)+10 log10(24·MSRS,b,f,c(i))+asRS,b,f,c(qs)·PLb,f,c(qd)+hb,f,c(i,l)(2)

[0049] The PUCCH transmission power is determined based on the following (from TS 38.213): if a UE transmits a PUCCH on active UL BWP b of carrier f in the primary cell c using PUCCH power control adjustment state with index I, the UE determines the PUCCH transmission power PPUCCH,b,f,c(i, qu, qd, l) in PUCCH transmission occasion i as:PPUCCH,b,f,c (i, qu, qd, 1) =min{PCMAX.f.c(i),{PO_PUCCH.b.f.c (qu) +10 log10(24-MPC(i)+PLb.f.c(qd)+△F,PUCCH(F)+ATFb.f.c(i)+gb,f.c(i,l)}[dBm](3)

[0050] Finally, the PRACH transmission power is determined based on the following (from TS 38.213): a UE determines a transmission power for a PRACH, PPRACH,b,f,c(i), on active UL BWP b of carrier f of cell c based on DL RS for cell c in transmission occasion i asPPRACH,b,f,c(i) = min{Pсмах,f,c(i), PPRACH,target,f,c + PLb,f,c}[dBm](4)

[0051] where PCMAX,f,c(i) is the UE configured maximum output power defined in [8-1, TS 38.101-1], [8-2, TS 38.101-2] and [8-3, TS 38.101-3] for carrier f of cell c within transmission occasion i, PPRACH,target,f,c is the PRACH target reception power PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER provided by higher layers [11, TS 38.321] for the active UL BWP b of carrier f of cell c, and PLb,f,cis a pathloss for the active UL BWP b of carrier f based on the DL RS associated with the PRACH transmission on the active DL BWP of cell c and calculated by the UE in dB as referenceSignalPower – higher layer filtered RSRP in dBm, where RSRP is defined in [7, TS 38.215] and the higher layer filter configuration is defined in [12, TS 38.331]. If the active DL BWP is the initial DL BWP and for SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 2 or 3 as described in clause 13, or for a non-serving cell, the UE determines PLb,f,c based on the SS / PBCH block associated with the PRACH transmission. If a PRACH transmission from a UE is not in response to a detection of a PDCCH order by the UE, or is in response to a detection of a PDCCH order by the UE that triggers a contention based random access procedure, or is associated with a link recovery procedure where a corresponding index qnew is associated with a SS / PBCH block, as described in clause 6, reference Signal Power is provided by ss-PBCH-BlockPower.

[0052] If a PRACH transmission from a UE is in response to a detection of a PDCCH order by the UE that triggers a contention-free random access procedure and depending on the DL RS that the DM-RS of the PDCCH order is quasi-collocated with as described in clause 10.1

[0053] ReferenceSignalPower is provided by a corresponding ss-PBCH-BlockPower in the case of the at least one of the following: the PRACH association indicator is not present in the PDCCH order, or when the cell indicator field in the PDCCH order is not present or has value 0, or when a value of a PRACH association indicator field in the PDCCH order is 0 if the UE is not provided SSB-MTC-AdditionalPCI, or when the PRACH association indicator field in the PDCCH order indicates a physCellld associated with the cell of the PDCCH order reception, or depending on an indicated SS / PBCH block when the PRACH transmission is on a non-serving cell indicated by the cell indicator field in the PDCCH order, or when a value of a PRACH association indicator field in the PDCCH order is 1 if the UE is not provided SSB-MTC-AdditionalPCI, or when the PRACH association indicator field in the PDCCH order indicates a physCellld that is different that the physCellld associated with the cell of the PDCCH order reception.

[0054] Path loss definition and estimation according to TS 38.213 is as follows:

[0055] PLb,f,c(qa) in UL power control is "a downlink pathloss estimate in dB calculated by the UE using reference signal (RS) index qd for the active DL BWP, as described in clause 12, of carrier f of serving cell с."

[0056] PLb,f,c(qa) = referenceSignalPower - higher layer filtered RSRP, where referenceSignalPower is provided by higher layers and RSRP is defined in [7, TS 38.215] for the reference serving cell and the higher layer filter configuration provided by QuantityConfig is defined in [12, TS 38.331] for the reference serving cell.

[0057] In 5G NR, the PL-RS can be either based on one of SS-PBCH-block part (i.e., SSB) or based on one of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource. The issue would be mainly whenever the PL-RS is based on at least part of SS / PBCH, and it is not transmitted or infrequent (i.e., the large periodicity e.g., 160ms or 320 ms, etc.) in order to enable the larger network energy saving.

[0058] This is always the case as an example for initial access (e.g., initial cell search for the PRACH) and is also in several cases depending on the configuration for the PUSCH, etc. The following some cases is based on TS 38.213 for PUSCH: referenceSignalPower of reference signal (RS) index qd may be based on SS-PBCH-BlockPower for several cases.

[0059] This is the case for several UL transmissions in initial access (e.g., PRACH, etc.) and it could be also for different cases for PUSCH / PUCCH / SRS according to 38.213: if the UE is not provided PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS and enableDefaultBeamPL-ForSRS or before the UE is provided dedicated higher layer parameters; if the UE is configured with a number of RS resource indexes, the UE identifies a RS resource index qd in the set of RS resource indexes to correspond either to a SS / PBCH block index or to a CSI-RS resource index as provided by pusch-PathlossReferenceRS-Id in PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS, etc.

[0060] NES features for the initial access discussed for 6G day-1, such as infrequent broadcast signal, cells without broadcast signal (SSB-less) and / or on-demand signal, will have impact on the PL estimation, and thus UL power control for several UL transmissions (PRACH, PUSCH, etc.). Whenever only SS / PBCH (PSS, SSS and / or PBCH) of large periodicity is used for the PL estimation, UEs may have an inaccurate PL estimation impacting UL (PRACH / PUSCH / etc.) performance due to the UL power control.

[0061] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a solution is provided for a determination of a PL estimation. In one aspect of this solution, a terminal device determines at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule. Based on the at least one RS resource set, the terminal device performs the PL estimation. Based on the PL estimation, the terminal device determines transmission power of the UL transmission. In this way, a better NES opportunity may be provided without compromising UL coverage due to an inaccurate PL estimation. Therefore, resource utilization is optimized and overall communication performance is enhanced. Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to Figs. 2-7.

[0062] Fig. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 200 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1A. The process 200 may involve the terminal device 110 and the network device 120. It would be appreciated that although the process 200 has been described in relation to the communication system 100 of Fig. 1A, this process may be likewise applied to other communication scenarios with similar issues.

[0063] In the process 200, based on at least one of a TDW or at least one rule, the terminal device 110 determines 230 at least one RS resource set to be used for a PL estimation in an UL transmission.

[0064] In some embodiments, the at least one rule may comprise selecting a RS resource set within the TDW prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set that is closest to the UL transmission among multiple RS resource sets prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein occasions for the selected RS resource set is denser than occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein a number of occasions for the selected RS resource set is greater than a number of occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set with a number of occasions greater than a first threshold, selecting a pre-defined RS resource set, selecting a RS part of a downlink (DL) transmission triggered by the terminal device, selecting a RS part of an on-demand signal, selecting a resource element (RE) of a DL transmission, and the terminal device 110 has received a first indication of reference power associated with the RE, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0065] For example, the terminal device 110 determines at least one RS resource set (with at least one index qd) at least based on the following pre-defined rules / conditions: a PL-RS within a pre-determined TDW prior to UL transmissions, a PL-RS associated with most recent RS reception, a PL-RS associated with more dense RS occasions, a PL-RS associated with more RS occasions (e.g., number of received RS is greater than a threshold), a pre-defined / configured PL-RS, a RS part of UE triggered DL transmissions or on-demand signals, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items. In addition, if the terminal device 110 receive an indication of RS power (e.g., DM-RS / etc.) and / or an indication of relative power (or energy per resource element) between the data RE and the RS RE, the terminal device 110 may deduce power of the data RE when it is selected for PL estimation. It is to be understood that a RS resource set of the at least one RS resource set corresponds to a RS or a RS resource, and the index qd for the RS resource set is also corresponds to the RS or the RS resource. In some example embodiments of the present disclosure, the terms "RS resource set”, “RS” and t "RS resource” may be used interchangeably.

[0066] Alternatively or additionally, the pre-defined RS resource set may comprise an always broadcasted synchronization signal (SS) and / or physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a discovery RS, a RS for mobility, a RS for synchronization, a tracking RS (TRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0067] Additionally, the on-demand signal may comprise an on-demand synchronization signal block (OD-SSB), an on-demand system information block 1 (OD-SIB1), or a combination of the two items.

[0068] In some embodiments, the TDW, the at least one rule, or a combination of the above two items is predefined. Alternatively, the terminal device 110 may receive 225 a configuration 220 indicating the at least one of the TDW or the at least one rule from the network device 120.

[0069] On the other side of the communication, the network device 120 determines 210 a configuration for the terminal device 110 indicating at least one of a TDW or at least one rule for determining at least one RS resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission. The network device 120 then transmits 215 the configuration 220 to the terminal device 110.

[0070] In an example, the network device 120 may indicate a TDW where the RS could be combined or not in the PL estimation and / or indicate the RS to be considered in the PL estimation.

[0071] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further determine the at least one RS resource set based on a number of the at least one RS resource set.

[0072] Alternatively or additionally, the number of at least one RS resource set may be determined by the terminal device. Additionally, the number of at least one RS resource set may be determined based on a second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set, and the second indication is received from the network device 120. For instance, the number of PL-RS(s) used for the PL estimation may be up to UE implementation with NW control.

[0073] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit the second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set to the terminal device 110.

[0074] In some embodiments, the second indication may indicate a maximum number of the at least one RS resource set, a minimum number of the at least one RS resource set, a maximum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set, a minimum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0075] In an example, the number of at least one RS resource set may be up to the use of at least / most X PL-RS sets, and / or with the PL-RS with at least / most N occasions, the PL-RS that can be used shall satisfy the aforementioned rules or conditions, etc.

[0076] Alternatively or additionally, the terminal device 110 may further determine the at least one RS resource set based on at least one additional rule. The at least one additional rule may comprise selecting RS resource sets using a same spatial filter, selecting RS resource sets corresponding to a same source reference signal, selecting RS resource sets that are quasi-collocated, selecting RS resource sets in a same bandwidth part (BWP), selecting RS resource sets in a same cell, selecting RS resource sets using a same subcarrier spacing (SCS), selecting RS resource sets within a pre-defined TDW, selecting RS resource sets whose maximum power difference among the RS resource sets is less than a second threshold, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0077] For example, the terminal device 110 may have additional conditions / rules on PL-RSs that can be combined for PL estimation. The additional conditions / rules may indicate PL-RSs using the same spatial filter, PL-RSS corresponding / associated to the same source reference signal (e.g., same TCI state, or QCL info,), PL-RSs that are quasi-collocated, PL-RSs in the same BWP, or in same cell or using SCS, etc.

[0078] The additional conditions / rules may indicate PL-RSs within a pre-defined TDW (for PRACH and other UL), or within a pre-defined or pre-configured maximum allowed power difference (threshold) among the multiple PL-RSs.

[0079] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further transmit capability information to the network device 120. The capability information indicates that the terminal device 110 is capable of performing the PL estimation based on multiple RS types. Correspondingly, the network device 120 may receive the capability information from the terminal device 110.

[0080] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the terminal device 110 performs 235 the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set. It to be understood that performing the PL estimation can also be referred to interchangeably as estimating the PL or calculating the PL. The PL may be determined in different ways.

[0081] In the first way, the terminal device 110 may perform the PL estimation by averaging at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set. In the second way, the terminal device 110 may perform the PL estimation by selecting one or more PL estimations from at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set. In the third way, the terminal device 110 may perform the PL estimation by weighting at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0082] As an example, the PL estimation may be similar to the following equations:PL b,f,c(qd1) = (referenceSignalPower(qd1)— higher layer filtered RSRP(qd1)) (5)PL b,f,c(qd2) = (referenceSignalPower(qd2)— higher layer filtered RSRP(qd2)) (6)PL b,f,c=function (PL b,f,c(qa1), PL b,f,c(qa2), etc.) (7)Where referenceSignalPower(qd1)is the transmission power for RS resource set qd1, and reference SignalPower(qd2)is the transmission power for RS resource set qd2. The function may be pre-configured or pre-defined for averaging or selecting between multiple PL estimations and / or multiple RSRPs from different PL-RSs. This is done to provide higher weights for those PL-RSs associated with the most recent and / or most dense PL-RS, or for those PL-RSs with more occasions.

[0083] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit a third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set to the terminal device 110. Correspondingly, the terminal device 110 may further receive the third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set from the network device 120. For example, the network device 120 may indicate the associated referenceSignalPower for the at least one PL-RS. The network device 120 may indicate the power of the least one RS resource set as an absolute value or as a relative value with respect to another power reference. The third indication may be an indication of absolute power of DMRS and / or other RS, relative power of and / or other RS with respect to previously indicated SS / PBCH power. The third indication may also be absolute power or relative power of a data RE with respect to previously indicated DMRS RE power.

[0084] In addition, the network device 120 may enable or disable the PL estimation based on multiple DL RS types.

[0085] In an example, the network device 120 may further transmit a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types to the terminal device 110. Correspondingly, the terminal device 110 may further receive a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types from the network device 120.

[0086] In another example, the network device 120 may further transmit a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types to the terminal device 110. Correspondingly, the terminal device 110 may further receive a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

[0087] In some embodiments, the terminal device may further transmit the following, or an indication / information indicative of the following, to the network device 120: at least one index of the at least one RS resource set, at least one type of the at least one RS resource set, a number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0088] For example, the terminal device may indicate to the network device 120 the selected PL-RS resource index (qd) or PL-RS type (e.g., broadcasted SSB, OD-SSB, other RS, etc.), and / or the number of occasions used for at least one of the PL-RS used in with PL estimation, etc.

[0089] Correspondingly, the network device 120 may receive the following, or an indication / information indicative of the following, from the terminal device 110: at least one index of the at least one RS resource set, at least one type of the at least one RS resource set, a number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0090] Continuing with reference to Fig. 2, the terminal device 110 determines 240 transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

[0091] In some embodiments, the PL estimation determined by the terminal device 110 is the first PL estimation, the network device 120 may transmit the second PL estimation to the terminal device 110, and the second PL estimation is performed by the network device. on the other side of the communication, the terminal device 110 may receive second PL estimation from the network device 120.

[0092] In addition, the terminal device 110 may further transmit a report associated with the second PL estimation to the network device 120. Correspondingly, the network device 120 may receive the report from the terminal device 110. The report may comprise the first PL estimation, at least one layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one filtered layer 3 (L3) RSRP measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one statistic for the first PL estimation, at least one statistic for at least one measurement of the at least one RS resource set, an indication of at least one of quality or accuracy or statistic based on the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation (e.g., a delta PL between the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation, etc.), one or more occasions of the at least one RS resource set, or any combination of above two or more of the above-mentioned items.

[0093] Alternatively or additionally, the at least one statistic may comprise a variance, a delta RSRP among a minimum RSRP and a maximum RSRP of the at least one RS resource set, or a combination of above two items, or any other statistic information related to DL measurements and / or PL estimation.

[0094] The report may be triggered by the terminal device 110 or the network device 120. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive a trigger message for the report from the network device. On the other side of the communication, the network device 120 may transmit the trigger message for the report to the terminal device 110.

[0095] In some embodiments, the report may be transmitted via a message 3 (Msg3) (comprising a PUSCH in response to random-access response (or Msg2)), a message A (MsgA) (comprising a PRACH / preamble and PUSCH), a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical UL control channel (PUCCH).

[0096] In addition, the terminal device 110 may further receive the PL estimation from the network device 120 based on UL SRS. The terminal device 110 may validate its PL estimation based on DL reference signals. Additionally, the terminal device 110 may report to the network device 120 an indicator for PL estimation quality and / or a delta PL value compared to the PL estimation of the network device 120.

[0097] Fig. 3 illustrates an example process of proposed solution according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 300 may involve a NW 301 and a UE 302. It is understood that the process 300 can be considered as a more specific example of process 200. Thus, the NW 301 of Fig. 3 may represent for example the network device 120 of Fig. 2, and the UE 302 of Fig. 3 may represent for example the terminal device 110 of Fig. 2.

[0098] At 310, the UE 302 may indicate capability related to the PL estimation based on multiple DL RS types to the NW 301. At 315, the NW 301 may determine a TDW (relative to the UL transmission), where RS could be combined in PL estimation. The NW 301 may further determine the potential configuration for the RS selection and / or the configuration for PL statistics reporting.

[0099] At 320, the NW 301 transmits a TDW indication for the potential PL-RS combination in the PL estimation and the potential configuration for the RS selection (threshold min / max number of occasions, RS types, etc.) to the UE 302.

[00100] Alternatively or additionally, at 325, the UE 302 may determine at least one PL-RS resource set to use for the PL estimation in the UL Power of one of PUSCH / SRS / PUCCH and / or PRACH based on the TDW and / optionally other conditions.

[00101] At 330, the UE 302 calculates the PL based on at least one or more PL-RS resource set within the indicated TDW. The PL-RS resource set may comprise the SSB, the DMRS of PDCCH / PDSCH, the TRS, the OD-SSB, the RS for mobility, etc.

[00102] . At 335, the UE 302 determines the UL power based on the determined PL within the TDW and optionally satisfying other conditions. At 340, the UE 302 performs the UL transmission based on the determined UL power using at least one PL-RS set satisfying pre-defined / configured conditions.

[00103] At 355, the UE 302 may transmit the PL estimation related quality indicator or statistics to the NW 301. The UE 302 may report related L1-RSRP measurement or estimated PL, filtered L3-RSRP based on L1-RSRP from multiple reference signals (e.g., multiple PL-RS). The UE 302 may also report statistics related to PL estimations or measurement of the associated PL-RS. These statistics may include variance, delta values among the minimum and maximum RSRP of the multiple PL-RS, etc. The report or indication may also comprise indications of the associated PL-RS occasions or instances.

[00104] An indication or report of PL estimation related quality / statistics measures (statistics) especially for PL estimation based on multiple PL-RS types may be triggered by the UE 302 or the NW 301. In an example, at 345, the NW 301 may transmit a message for triggering the PL estimation quality / statistics reporting. In another example, at 350, the UE 302 may trigger the PL report.

[00105] In general, the UE is enabled to achieve a better PL estimation by considering at least one reference signal resource set based on pre-defined / pre-configured rules. The rules may include: RS comprised in a TDW, RSRP for the one or more RS is within a threshold, minimum / maximum number of RS occasions and / or types, quasi-collocated RSs, etc. In addition, reporting PL estimation quality indicator or statistics measures is also proposed.

[00106] Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of an example method 400 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 400 will be described from the perspective of the terminal device 110 with reference to Fig. 1A.

[00107] At block 410, the terminal device 110 determines, based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission. At block 420, the terminal device 110 performs the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set. At block 430, the terminal device 110 determines transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

[00108] In some embodiments, the at least one rule may comprise at least one of the following: selecting a RS resource set within the TDW prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set that is closest to the UL transmission among multiple RS resource sets prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein occasions for the selected RS resource set is denser than occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein a number of occasions for the selected RS resource set is greater than a number of occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set with a number of occasions greater than a first threshold, selecting a pre-defined RS resource set, selecting a RS part of a downlink (DL) transmission triggered by the terminal device, selecting a RS part of an on-demand signal, or selecting a resource element (RE) of a DL transmission, wherein the terminal device has received a first indication of reference power associated with the RE.

[00109] In some embodiments, the pre-defined RS resource set may comprise at least one of the following: an always broadcasted synchronization signal (SS) and / or physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a discovery RS, a RS for mobility, a RS for synchronization, a tracking RS (TRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[00110] In some embodiments, the on-demand signal may comprise at least one of the following: an on-demand synchronization signal block (OD-SSB), or an on-demand system information block 1 (OD-SIB1).

[00111] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further determine the at least one RS resource set by: determining the at least one RS resource set based on a number of the at least one RS resource set.

[00112] In some embodiments, the number of at least one RS resource set may be determined by the terminal device. In some embodiments, the number of at least one RS resource set may be determined based on a second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set, wherein the second indication is received from a network device.

[00113] In some embodiments, the second indication may indicate at least one of the following: a maximum number of the at least one RS resource set, a minimum number of the at least one RS resource set, a maximum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set, or a minimum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set.

[00114] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating the at least one of the TDW or the at least one rule. In some embodiments, the at least one of the TDW or the at least one rule may be predefined.

[00115] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further determine the at least one RS resource set by: determining the at least one RS resource set based on at least one additional rule, wherein the at least one additional rule comprises at least one of the following: selecting RS resource sets using a same spatial filter, selecting RS resource sets corresponding to a same source reference signal, selecting RS resource sets that are quasi-collocated, selecting RS resource sets in a same bandwidth part (BWP), selecting RS resource sets in a same cell, selecting RS resource sets using a same subcarrier spacing (SCS), selecting RS resource sets within a pre-defined TDW, or selecting RS resource sets whose maximum power difference among the RS resource sets is less than a second threshold.

[00116] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further transmit, to a network device, capability information that the terminal device is capable of performing the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

[00117] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further receive, from a network device, a third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further receive, from a network device, at least one of a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types or a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

[00118] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further transmit, to a network device, at least one of the following: at least one index of the at least one RS resource set, at least one type of the at least one RS resource set, or a number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation.

[00119] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set by at least one of the following: averaging at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set, selecting one or more PL estimations from at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set, or weighting at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set.

[00120] In some embodiments, the PL estimation is a first PL estimation, and the terminal device 110 may receive, from a network device, second PL estimation performed by the network device. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit, to a network device, a report associated with the second PL estimation, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following: the first PL estimation, at least one layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one filtered layer 3 (L3) RSRP measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one statistic for the first PL estimation, at least one statistic for at least one measurement of the at least one RS resource set, an indication of at least one of quality or accuracy or statistic based on the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation, or one or more occasions of the at least one RS resource set.

[00121] In some embodiments, the at least one statistic may comprise at least one of the following: a variance, or a delta RSRP among a minimum RSRP and a maximum RSRP of the at least one RS resource set. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may further receive, from the network device, a trigger message for the report.

[00122] In some embodiments, the report may be transmitted via one of the following: a message 3 (Msg3), a message A (MsgA), a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical UL control channel (PUCCH).

[00123] Fig. 5 shows a flowchart of an example method 500 implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the network device 120 with reference to Fig. 1A.

[00124] At block 510, the network device 120 determines, for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission. At block 520, the network device 120 transmits the configuration to the terminal device.

[00125] In some embodiments, the at least one rule may comprise at least one of the following: selecting a RS resource set within the TDW prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set that is closest to the UL transmission among multiple RS resource sets prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein occasions for the selected RS resource set is denser than occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein a number of occasions for the selected RS resource set is greater than a number of occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set with a number of occasions greater than a first threshold, selecting a pre-defined RS resource set, selecting a RS part of a downlink (DL) transmission triggered by the terminal device, selecting a RS part of an on-demand signal, or selecting a resource element (RE) of a DL transmission, wherein the terminal device has received a first indication of reference power associated with the RE.

[00126] In some embodiments, the pre-defined RS resource set may comprise at least one of the following: an always broadcasted synchronization signal (SS) and / or physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a discovery RS, a RS for mobility, a RS for synchronization, a tracking RS (TRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[00127] In some embodiments, the on-demand signal may comprise at least one of the following: on-demand synchronization signal block (OD-SSB), or on-demand system information block 1 (OD-SIB1).

[00128] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, a second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set. In some embodiments, the second indication for the number of at least one RS may indicate at least one of the following: a maximum number of the at least one RS resource set, a minimum number of the at least one RS resource set, a maximum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set, or a minimum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set.

[00129] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further receive, from the terminal device, capability information that the terminal device is capable of performing the PL estimation based on multiple RS types. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, a third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set.

[00130] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, at least one of a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types or a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

[00131] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further receive, from the terminal device, at least one of the following: at least one index of the at least one RS resource set, at least one type of the at least one RS resource set, or a number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation. In some embodiments, the PL estimation is a first PL estimation, and the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, second PL estimation performed by the network device.

[00132] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further receive, from the terminal device, a report associated with the second PL estimation, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following: the first PL estimation, at least one layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one filtered layer 3 (L3) RSRP measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one statistic for the first PL estimation, at least one statistic for at least one measurement of the at least one RS resource set, an indication of at least one of quality or accuracy or statistic based on the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation, or one or more occasions of the at least one RS resource set.

[00133] In some embodiments, the at least one statistic may comprise at least one of the following: a variance, or a delta RSRP among a minimum RSRP and a maximum RSRP of the at least one RS resource set.

[00134] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may further transmit, to the terminal device, a trigger message for the report, wherein the report is in response to the trigger message. In some embodiments, the report may be received via one of the following: a message 3 (Msg3), a message A (MsgA), a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical UL control channel (PUCCH).

[00135] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 400 (for example, the terminal device 110) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 400. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.

[00136] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining, based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission, means for performing the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set, and means for determining transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

[00137] In some embodiments, the at least one rule may comprise at least one of the following: selecting a RS resource set within the TDW prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set that is closest to the UL transmission among multiple RS resource sets prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein occasions for the selected RS resource set is denser than occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein a number of occasions for the selected RS resource set is greater than a number of occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set with a number of occasions greater than a first threshold, selecting a pre-defined RS resource set, selecting a RS part of a downlink (DL) transmission triggered by the terminal device, selecting a RS part of an on-demand signal, or selecting a resource element (RE) of a DL transmission, wherein the terminal device has received a first indication of reference power associated with the RE.

[00138] In some embodiments, the pre-defined RS resource set may comprise at least one of the following: an always broadcasted synchronization signal (SS) and / or physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a discovery RS, a RS for mobility, a RS for synchronization, a tracking RS (TRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). In some embodiments, the on-demand signal may comprise at least one of the following: an on-demand synchronization signal block (OD-SSB), or an on-demand system information block 1 (OD-SIB1).

[00139] In some embodiments, means for determining the at least one RS resource set may comprise means for determining the at least one RS resource set based on a number of the at least one RS resource set.

[00140] In some embodiments, at least one of the following: the number of at least one RS resource set may be determined by the terminal device, or the number of at least one RS resource set may be determined based on a second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set, wherein the second indication is received from a network device.

[00141] In some embodiments, the second indication may indicate at least one of the following: a maximum number of the at least one RS resource set, a minimum number of the at least one RS resource set, a maximum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set, or a minimum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set.

[00142] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network device, a configuration indicating the at least one of the TDW or the at least one rule. In some embodiments, the at least one of the TDW or the at least one rule may be predefined.

[00143] In some embodiments, means for determining the at least one RS resource set may comprise means for determining the at least one RS resource set based on at least one additional rule, wherein the at least one additional rule comprises at least one of the following: selecting RS resource sets using a same spatial filter, selecting RS resource sets corresponding to a same source reference signal, selecting RS resource sets that are quasi-collocated, selecting RS resource sets in a same bandwidth part (BWP), selecting RS resource sets in a same cell, selecting RS resource sets using a same subcarrier spacing (SCS), selecting RS resource sets within a pre-defined TDW, or selecting RS resource sets whose maximum power difference among the RS resource sets is less than a second threshold.

[00144] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to a network device, capability information that the terminal device is capable of performing the PL estimation based on multiple RS types. In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network device, a third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set.

[00145] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network device, at least one of a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types or a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

[00146] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to a network device, at least one of the following: at least one index of the at least one RS resource set, at least one type of the at least one RS resource set, or a number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation.

[00147] In some embodiments, means for performing the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set may comprise means for averaging at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set, means for selecting one or more PL estimations from at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set, or means for weighting at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set.

[00148] In some embodiments, the PL estimation is a first PL estimation, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network device, second PL estimation performed by the network device.

[00149] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to a network device, a report associated with the second PL estimation, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following: the first PL estimation, at least one layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one filtered layer 3 (L3) RSRP measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one statistic for the first PL estimation, at least one statistic for at least one measurement of the at least one RS resource set, an indication of at least one of quality or accuracy or statistic based on the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation, or one or more occasions of the at least one RS resource set.

[00150] In some embodiments, the at least one statistic may comprise at least one of the following: a variance, or a delta RSRP among a minimum RSRP and a maximum RSRP of the at least one RS resource set.

[00151] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the network device, a trigger message for the report. In some embodiments, the report may be transmitted via one of the following: a message 3 (Msg3), a message A (MsgA), a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical UL control channel (PUCCH).

[00152] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 400. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.

[00153] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 500 (for example, the network device 120) is provided. The apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 500. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.

[00154] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for determining, for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission, and means for transmitting the configuration to the terminal device.

[00155] In some embodiments, the at least one rule may comprise at least one of the following: selecting a RS resource set within the TDW prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set that is closest to the UL transmission among multiple RS resource sets prior to the UL transmission, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein occasions for the selected RS resource set is denser than occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein a number of occasions for the selected RS resource set is greater than a number of occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets, selecting a RS resource set with a number of occasions greater than a first threshold, selecting a pre-defined RS resource set, selecting a RS part of a downlink (DL) transmission triggered by the terminal device, selecting a RS part of an on-demand signal, or selecting a resource element (RE) of a DL transmission, wherein the terminal device has received a first indication of reference power associated with the RE.

[00156] In some embodiments, the pre-defined RS resource set may comprise at least one of the following: an always broadcasted synchronization signal (SS) and / or physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a discovery RS, a RS for mobility, a RS for synchronization, a tracking RS (TRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). In some embodiments, the on-demand signal may comprise at least one of the following: on-demand synchronization signal block (OD-SSB), or on-demand system information block 1 (OD-SIB1).

[00157] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, a second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set. In some embodiments, the second indication for the number of at least one RS may indicate at least one of the following: a maximum number of the at least one RS resource set, a minimum number of the at least one RS resource set, a maximum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set, or a minimum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set.

[00158] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the terminal device, capability information that the terminal device is capable of performing the PL estimation based on multiple RS types. In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, a third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set.

[00159] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, at least one of a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types or a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

[00160] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the terminal device, at least one of the following: at least one index of the at least one RS resource set, at least one type of the at least one RS resource set, or a number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation.

[00161] In some embodiments, the PL estimation is a first PL estimation, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, second PL estimation performed by the network device.

[00162] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the terminal device, a report associated with the second PL estimation, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following: the first PL estimation, at least one layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one filtered layer 3 (L3) RSRP measurement on the at least one RS resource set, at least one statistic for the first PL estimation, at least one statistic for at least one measurement of the at least one RS resource set, an indication of at least one of quality or accuracy or statistic based on the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation, or one or more occasions of the at least one RS resource set.

[00163] In some embodiments, the at least one statistic may comprise at least one of the following: a variance, or a delta RSRP among a minimum RSRP and a maximum RSRP of the at least one RS resource set.

[00164] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the terminal device, a trigger message for the report, wherein the report is in response to the trigger message. In some embodiments, the report may be received via one of the following: a message 3 (Msg3), a message A (MsgA), a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical UL control channel (PUCCH).

[00165] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 500. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.

[00166] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a device 600 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 600 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 as shown in Fig. 1. As shown, the device 600 includes one or more processors 610, one or more memories 620 coupled to the processor 610, and one or more communication modules 640 coupled to the processor 610.

[00167] The communication modules 640 are for bidirectional communications. The communication modules 640 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.

[00168] The processor 610 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 600 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.

[00169] The memory 620 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM) 624, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD), a digital video disk (DVD), and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 622 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.

[00170] A computer program 630 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 610. The program 630 may be stored in the ROM 624. The processor 610 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 630 into the RAM 622.

[00171] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 630 so that the device 600 may perform any process of example embodiments of the disclosure as discussed with reference to Figs. 2 to 3. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.

[00172] In some embodiments, the program 630 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 600 (such as in the memory 620) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 600. The device 600 may load the program 630 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 622 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. Fig.7 shows an example of the computer readable medium 700 in form of CD or DVD. The computer readable medium has the program 630 stored thereon.

[00173] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[00174] Example embodiments of the present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the methods 400 and 500 as described above with reference to Figs. 4-5. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.

[00175] Program code for carrying out methods of example embodiments of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.

[00176] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.

[00177] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory," as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).

[00178] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

[00179] Although example embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the example embodiments of the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A terminal device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to:determine, based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission;perform the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set; anddetermine transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

2. The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one rule comprises at least one of the following:selecting a RS resource set within the TDW prior to the UL transmission;selecting a RS resource set that is closest to the UL transmission among multiple RS resource sets prior to the UL transmission;selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein occasions for the selected RS resource set is denser than occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets;selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein a number of occasions for the selected RS resource set is greater than a number of occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets;selecting a RS resource set with a number of occasions greater than a first threshold;selecting a pre-defined RS resource set;selecting a RS part of a downlink (DL) transmission triggered by the terminal device;selecting a RS part of an on-demand signal; orselecting a resource element (RE) of a DL transmission, wherein the terminal device has received a first indication of reference power associated with the RE.

3. The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the pre-defined RS resource set comprises at least one of the following:an always broadcasted synchronization signal (SS) and / or physical broadcast channel (PBCH);a discovery RS;a RS for mobility;a RS for synchronization;a tracking RS (TRS);a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS); ora demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

4. The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the on-demand signal comprises at least one of the following:an on-demand synchronization signal block (OD-SSB); oran on-demand system information block 1 (OD-SIB1).

5. The terminal device of any of claims 1-4, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine the at least one RS resource set by:determining the at least one RS resource set based on a number of the at least one RS resource set.

6. The terminal device of claim 5, wherein at least one of the following:the number of at least one RS resource set is determined by the terminal device; orthe number of at least one RS resource set is determined based on a second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set, wherein the second indication is received from a network device.

7. The terminal device of claim 6, wherein the second indication indicates at least one of the following:a maximum number of the at least one RS resource set;a minimum number of the at least one RS resource set;a maximum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set; ora minimum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set.

8. The terminal device of any of claims 1-7, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating the at least one of the TDW or the at least one rule.

9. The terminal device of any of claims 1-7, wherein the at least one of the TDW or the at least one rule is predefined.

10. The terminal device of any of claims 1-9, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine the at least one RS resource set by:determining the at least one RS resource set based on at least one additional rule, wherein the at least one additional rule comprises at least one of the following:selecting RS resource sets using a same spatial filter;selecting RS resource sets corresponding to a same source reference signal;selecting RS resource sets that are quasi-collocated;selecting RS resource sets in a same bandwidth part (BWP);selecting RS resource sets in a same cell;selecting RS resource sets using a same subcarrier spacing (SCS);selecting RS resource sets within a pre-defined TDW; orselecting RS resource sets whose maximum power difference among the RS resource sets is less than a second threshold.

11. The terminal device of any of claims 1-10, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:transmit, to a network device, capability information that the terminal device is capable of performing the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

12. The terminal device of any of claims 1-11, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:receive, from a network device, a third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set.

13. The terminal device of any of claims 1-12, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:receive, from a network device, at least one of a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types or a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

14. The terminal device of any of claims 1-13, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:transmit, to a network device, at least one of the following:at least one index of the at least one RS resource set;at least one type of the at least one RS resource set; ora number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation.

15. The terminal device of any of claims 1-14, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set by at least one of the following:averaging at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set;selecting one or more PL estimations from at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set; orweighting at least one PL estimation of the at least one RS resource set.

16. The terminal device of any of claims 1-15, wherein the PL estimation is a first PL estimation, the terminal device is caused to:receive, from a network device, second PL estimation performed by the network device.

17. The terminal device of claim 16, wherein the terminal device is caused to:transmit, to a network device, a report associated with the second PL estimation, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following:the first PL estimation;at least one layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the at least one RS resource set;at least one filtered layer 3 (L3) RSRP measurement on the at least one RS resource set;at least one statistic for the first PL estimation;at least one statistic for at least one measurement of the at least one RS resource set;an indication of at least one of quality or accuracy or statistic based on the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation; orone or more occasions of the at least one RS resource set.

18. The terminal device of claim 17, wherein the at least one statistic comprises at least one of the following:a variance; ora delta RSRP among a minimum RSRP and a maximum RSRP of the at least one RS resource set.

19. The terminal device of claim 17 or 18, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:receive, from the network device, a trigger message for the report.

20. The terminal device of any of claims 17-19, wherein the report is transmitted via one of the following:a message 3 (Msg3);a message A (MsgA);a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH); ora physical UL control channel (PUCCH).

21. A network device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to:determine, for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission; andtransmit the configuration to the terminal device.

22. The network device of claim 21, wherein the at least one rule comprises at least one of the following:selecting a RS resource set within the TDW prior to the UL transmission;selecting a RS resource set that is closest to the UL transmission among multiple RS resource sets prior to the UL transmission;selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein occasions for the selected RS resource set is denser than occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets;selecting a RS resource set from a plurality of RS resource sets, wherein a number of occasions for the selected RS resource set is greater than a number of occasions for other RS resource sets in the plurality of RS resource sets;selecting a RS resource set with a number of occasions greater than a first threshold;selecting a pre-defined RS resource set;selecting a RS part of a downlink (DL) transmission triggered by the terminal device;selecting a RS part of an on-demand signal; orselecting a resource element (RE) of a DL transmission, wherein the terminal device has received a first indication of reference power associated with the RE.

23. The network device of claim 21 or 22, wherein the pre-defined RS resource set comprises at least one of the following:an always broadcasted synchronization signal (SS) and / or physical broadcast channel (PBCH);a discovery RS;a RS for mobility;a RS for synchronization;a tracking RS (TRS);a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS); ora demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

24. The network device of claim 22, wherein the on-demand signal comprises at least one of the following:on-demand synchronization signal block (OD-SSB); oron-demand system information block 1 (OD-SIB1).

25. The network device of any of claims 21-24, wherein the network device is further caused to:transmit, to the terminal device, a second indication for the number of the at least one RS resource set.

26. The network device of claim 25, wherein the second indication for the number of at least one RS indicates at least one of the following:a maximum number of the at least one RS resource set;a minimum number of the at least one RS resource set;a maximum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set; ora minimum number of at least one occasion for a RS resource set in the at least one RS resource set.

27. The network device of any of claims 21-26, wherein the network device is further caused to:receive, from the terminal device, capability information that the terminal device is capable of performing the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

28. The network device of any of claims 21-27, wherein the network device is further caused to:transmit, to the terminal device, a third indication of transmission power of the at least one RS resource set.

29. The network device of any of claims 21-28, wherein the network device is further caused to:transmit, to the terminal device, at least one of a fourth indication enabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types or a fifth indication disabling the PL estimation based on multiple RS types.

30. The network device of any of claims 21-29, wherein the network device is further caused to:receive, from the terminal device, at least one of the following:at least one index of the at least one RS resource set;at least one type of the at least one RS resource set; ora number of used occasions for the at least one RS resource set for the PL estimation.

31. The network device of any of claims 21-30, wherein the PL estimation is a first PL estimation, the network device is further caused to:transmit, to the terminal device, second PL estimation performed by the network device.

32. The network device of claim 31, wherein the network device is further caused to:receive, from the terminal device, a report associated with the second PL estimation, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following:the first PL estimation;at least one layer 1 (L1) reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the at least one RS resource set;at least one filtered layer 3 (L3) RSRP measurement on the at least one RS resource set;at least one statistic for the second PL estimation;at least one statistic for at least one measurement of the at least one RS resource set;an indication of at least one of quality or accuracy or statistic based on the first PL estimation and the second PL estimation; orone or more occasions of the at least one RS resource set.

33. The network device of claim 32, wherein the at least one statistic comprises at least one of the following:a variance; ora delta RSRP among a minimum RSRP and a maximum RSRP of the at least one RS resource set.

34. The network device of claim 32 or 33, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:transmit, to the terminal device, a trigger message for the report, wherein the report is in response to the trigger message.

35. The network device of any of claims 32-34, wherein the report is received via one of the following:a message 3 (Msg3);a message A (MsgA);a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH); ora physical UL control channel (PUCCH).

36. A method comprising:determining, at a terminal device and based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission;performing the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set; anddetermining transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

37. A method comprising:determining, at a network device and for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission; andtransmitting the configuration to the terminal device.

38. An apparatus comprising:means for determining, at a terminal device and based on at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule, at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for a path loss (PL) estimation in an uplink (UL) transmission;means for performing the PL estimation based on the at least one RS resource set; andmeans for determining transmission power of the UL transmission based on the PL estimation.

39. An apparatus comprising:means for determining, at a network device and for a terminal device, a configuration indicating at least one of a time domain window (TDW) or at least one rule for determining at least one reference signal (RS) resource set to be used for PL estimation in UL transmission; andmeans for transmitting the configuration to the terminal device.

40. A computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method of claim 36 or 37.

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