Laminated glass

Abstract

This laminated glass can be visually recognized in a natural black color tone while in a state where the transmittance of a light control film is decreased.　The laminated glass comprises: a first glass plate 10A; a second glass plate 10B; a light control film 14 which is provided between the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B, and in which the light transmittance when the voltage application state is a first state is lower than the light transmittance when the voltage application state is a second state; a first intermediate layer 12A which is provided between the first glass plate 10A and the light control film 14; and a second intermediate layer 12B which is provided between the second glass plate 10B and the light control film 14. In the first state, the value of a parameter A represented by formula (1) is higher than 2,000.　(1): A = H × |YI| / (Tt × L*) In the formula (1), H is the haze value (%) of the laminated glass, YI is the yellowness of the laminated glass, Tt is the total light transmittance (%) of the laminated glass, and L* is the lightness in the CIE-Lab color system of the laminated glass.

Description

Laminated glass

[0001] The present disclosure relates to laminated glass.

[0002] Laminated glass having a configuration in which a light control film having a characteristic that transmittance can be changed by voltage application is sandwiched between glass plates is known. Such laminated glass can change transmittance by applying a voltage to the light control film.

[0003] For example, Patent Document 1 below describes a glass structure laminated in the order of a first glass substrate layer, a first intermediate film layer, a first polymer film layer, a PDLC material layer, a second polymer film layer, a second intermediate film layer, and a second glass substrate layer. In Patent Document 1, it is described that at least one of the first glass substrate layer, the first intermediate film layer, and the first polymer film layer is a dark color layer, and at least one of the second glass substrate layer, the second intermediate film layer, and the second polymer film layer is a dark color layer. In Patent Document 1, the dark color layer is used to reduce visible light transmittance and alleviate the opaque appearance of the cloudy hue of the PDLC material.

[0004] Japanese National Publication of International Patent Application No. 2018-537379

[0005] In laminated glass including a light control film, while having a certain degree of design freedom for transmittance, it is required to engineeringly guarantee the naturalness of color tone. Further, for laminated glass having a light control film, it is required to improve user visibility in a state where the transmittance of the light control film is lowered. Specifically, laminated glass is required to be visually perceived with a natural black color tone when the transmittance of the light control film is lowered. However, in Patent Document 1, sufficient consideration has not been given to the influence on the color tone and appearance of the laminate (laminated glass) caused by the degree of transmittance reduction due to the addition of the dark color layer, the degree of cloudiness of the PDLC material, or both, and there has been a problem that mere control of transmittance cannot satisfy user needs.

[0006] The present disclosure has been made in view of the above, and an object of the present disclosure is to provide a laminated glass that can be visually recognized with a natural black color tone in a state where the transmittance of the light control film is lowered.

[0007] The laminated glass according to the present disclosure is a laminated glass comprising: a first glass plate; a second glass plate; a light control film provided between the first glass plate and the second glass plate, the light control film having a lower light transmittance when a voltage application state is a first state than when the voltage application state is a second state; a first intermediate layer provided between the first glass plate and the light control film; and a second intermediate layer provided between the second glass plate and the light control film, wherein in the first state, a value of parameter A represented by formula (1) is higher than 2000. A = H × |YI| / (Tt × L ＊ ) ... (1) wherein H is a haze value (%) of the laminated glass, YI is a yellowness index of the laminated glass, Tt is a total light transmittance (%) of the laminated glass, and L ＊ is lightness of the laminated glass in the CIE-Lab color system.

[0008] According to the present disclosure, a natural black color tone can be obtained in a state where the transmittance of the light control film is lowered.

[0009] Figure 1 is a schematic plan view of the laminated glass according to the present embodiment. Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the laminated glass according to the present embodiment. Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the light control film according to the present embodiment.

[0010] Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the present disclosure is not limited by these embodiments, and when there are a plurality of embodiments, the present disclosure also includes configurations formed by combining the respective embodiments. In addition, the upper limit values and lower limit values shown in numerical ranges can be combined as appropriate.

[0011] (Laminated Glass) Figure 1 is a schematic plan view of the laminated glass according to this embodiment, and Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the laminated glass according to this embodiment. The laminated glass 1 according to this embodiment is laminated glass for vehicles. The laminated glass 1 can be applied to, for example, roof glass, rear glass, rear side glass, rear quarter glass, extra glass, windshield, etc. for vehicles. Extra glass is glass installed on the rear side of a vehicle to improve the driver's rearward visibility. Here, "vehicle" typically refers to an automobile, but also includes trains, ships, aircraft, etc., as well as any other moving object with glass. However, the use of the laminated glass 1 is not limited to vehicles.

[0012] In Figures 1 and 2, the laminated glass 1 is shown as a flat plate, but it is not limited to this and may be curved in one direction or in two or more directions. Furthermore, the laminated glass 1 may be curved only in the longitudinal direction or only in the transverse direction. Also, in Figure 1, the planar shape of the laminated glass 1 is shown as rectangular, but the planar shape of the laminated glass 1 is not limited to rectangular and may be any shape including trapezoids and triangles. Here, "planar shape" refers to the shape of a predetermined area of ​​the laminated glass 1 as viewed from the normal direction of the surface 10Bb of the second glass plate 10B, which will be described later. Furthermore, "planar view" hereafter refers to viewing a predetermined area of ​​the laminated glass 1 in the Z direction (i.e., from the normal direction of the interior surface of the laminated glass 1), as described later.

[0013] As shown in Figure 2, the laminated glass 1 comprises a first glass plate 10A, a second glass plate 10B, an intermediate layer 12, and a light-adjusting film 14. Here, the direction in which the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B are laminated (the lamination direction in which each layer of the light-adjusting film 14 is laminated) is defined as the Z direction, the direction from the second glass plate 10B toward the first glass plate 10A within the Z direction is defined as the Z1 direction (first direction), and the direction from the first glass plate 10A toward the second glass plate 10B within the Z direction (the direction opposite to the Z1 direction) is defined as the Z2 direction (second direction). Furthermore, one direction perpendicular to the Z direction is defined as the Y direction, and the direction perpendicular to both the Z and Y directions is defined as the X direction.

[0014] The laminated glass 1 is constructed by laminating a second glass plate 10B, an intermediate layer 12, and a first glass plate 10A in the order of Z1 direction. The light-adjusting film 14 is provided within the intermediate layer 12. In this embodiment, the Z1 direction is the direction from the inside of the vehicle to the outside when the laminated glass 1 is installed in the vehicle. That is, the first glass plate 10A is the glass plate that faces the outside of the vehicle when the laminated glass 1 is installed in the vehicle, and the second glass plate 10B is the glass plate that faces the inside of the vehicle when the laminated glass 1 is installed in the vehicle. When the laminated glass 1 is curved, it is preferable that the laminated glass 1 is curved so as to be convex in the Z1 direction. That is, in this case, the laminated glass 1 can be said to be convex toward the outside of the vehicle when the laminated glass 1 is installed in the vehicle.

[0015] The total thickness T0 of the laminated glass 1 is preferably 2.8 mm or more and 10 mm or less. If the total thickness T0 of the laminated glass 1 is 2.8 mm or more, sufficient rigidity can be ensured. If the total thickness of the laminated glass 1 is 10 mm or less, sufficient transmittance can be obtained and haze (clouding) can be reduced. Note that the total thickness here, and the thickness described below, refers to the length in the Z direction.

[0016] (Glass Plates) The first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B are glass plates facing each other. The intermediate layer 12 and the light-adjusting film 14 are located between the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B. The first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B are fixed together with the intermediate layer 12 and the light-adjusting film 14 sandwiched between them. In this embodiment, the surface 10Aa of the first glass plate 10A in the Z1 direction becomes the surface 1A of the laminated glass 1 in the Z1 direction, and is the outer surface of the laminated glass 1. Also in this embodiment, the surface 10Bb of the second glass plate 10B in the Z2 direction becomes the surface 1B of the laminated glass 1 in the Z2 direction, and is the inner surface of the laminated glass 1. Hereafter, when the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B are not distinguished, they will be referred to as glass plate 10 as appropriate.

[0017] The glass plate 10 may be inorganic glass or organic glass. Examples of inorganic glass include soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, alkali-free glass, and quartz glass, which are used without particular limitation. The first glass plate 10A located on the outside of the vehicle is preferably inorganic glass from the viewpoint of scratch resistance, and preferably soda-lime glass from the viewpoint of moldability. When the glass plate 10 is soda-lime glass, clear glass, green glass containing a predetermined amount or more of iron, UV-cut green glass, and dark-colored privacy glass can be suitably used. The inorganic glass may be either untempered glass or tempered glass. Untempered glass is made by forming molten glass into a plate and slowly cooling it. Privacy glass is glass with a lower visible light transmittance than general transparent glass; for example, dark-colored tinted glass can be used.

[0018] Tempered glass is made by forming a compressive stress layer on the surface of untempered glass. Tempered glass can be either physically tempered glass, such as air-cooled tempered glass, or chemically tempered glass. In the case of physically tempered glass, the glass surface can be strengthened by creating a compressive stress layer on the glass surface through a temperature difference between the glass surface and the interior of the glass, for example, by rapidly cooling a uniformly heated glass plate from a temperature near its softening point during bending, rather than by slow cooling.

[0019] On the other hand, examples of materials for organic glass include polycarbonate, acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene.

[0020] The shape of the glass plate 10 is not particularly limited to a rectangular shape, and may be processed into various shapes and curvatures. Gravity forming, press forming, roller forming, etc., can be used to bend the glass plate 10. The method of forming the glass plate 10 is also not particularly limited, but for example, in the case of inorganic glass, a glass plate formed by the float method is preferred.

[0021] The thickness T1 of the first glass plate 10A is not particularly limited, but generally it can be appropriately selected within the range of 0.1 mm to 10 mm depending on the type and part of the vehicle to which the laminated glass 1 is applied. Within this range, a thickness T1 of 0.3 mm or more of the first glass plate 10A is preferable to adequately maintain impact resistance and sufficient strength for stone chip resistance, etc., and is preferably 0.5 mm or more, more preferably 0.7 mm or more, particularly preferably 1.1 mm or more, and most preferably 1.6 mm or more. Furthermore, within this range, a thickness T1 of 3 mm or less of the first glass plate 10A is preferable in terms of vehicle fuel efficiency as the mass of the laminated glass 1 does not become too large. Within this range, a thickness T1 of 2.6 mm or less is more preferable, and is particularly preferably 2.1 mm or less. Note that the thickness T1 here is preferably the thickness of the thinnest part of the first glass plate 10A.

[0022] The same applies to the thickness T2 of the second glass plate 10B as to the thickness T1 of the first glass plate 10A. The second glass plate 10B may have a different composition or thickness than the first glass plate 10A. For example, the second glass plate 10B may be thinner than the first glass plate 10A.

[0023] If the thickness T2 of the second glass plate 10B is 1.1 mm or less within this range, it is preferable from the viewpoint of strength that the second glass plate 10B is chemically strengthened glass.

[0024] A functional layer may be provided on the glass plate 10 (at least one of the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B). The functional layer is a component that provides additional functions to the glass plate. The functional layer may form a coating that has water-repellent, ultraviolet or infrared cut functions, a coating that has low reflectivity, low emissivity, and antifouling properties, a coating that has condensation prevention properties, or a coating that absorbs visible light or is colored. The functional layer may also be a low-emissivity (Low-E) coating. It is preferable that such a functional layer is provided on the surface 10Bb of the second glass plate 10B. That is, the glass plate 10 (at least one of the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B) may have one or more of the following: a water-repellent layer, an ultraviolet blocking layer, an infrared reflective layer, a low reflectivity layer, a low emissivity layer, an antifouling layer, a condensation prevention layer, a visible light absorbing layer, or a colored layer. These layers may be present in at least one of the following: the glass plate 10, the intermediate layer 12, and the dimming film 14.

[0025] In this embodiment, the laminated glass 1 has two glass plates, a first glass plate 10A and a second glass plate 10B, but the number of glass plates is not limited to this and may be three or more.

[0026] (Intermediate Layer) The intermediate layer 12 is positioned between the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B. As shown in Figure 2, the intermediate layer 12 includes, for example, a first intermediate layer 12A that is joined to the first glass plate 10A and a second intermediate layer 12B that is joined to the second glass plate 10B. The light-adjusting film 14 is provided between the first intermediate layer 12A and the second intermediate layer 12B in the Z direction. In this embodiment, the intermediate layer 12 has a frame-shaped third intermediate layer 12C that is positioned between the first intermediate layer 12A and the second intermediate layer 12B and surrounds the outer periphery of the light-adjusting film 14. However, the intermediate layer 12 does not have to have the third intermediate layer 12C. Even if the third intermediate layer 12C is not present, the outer periphery of the light-adjusting film 14 is surrounded by at least one of the first intermediate layer 12A and the second intermediate layer 12B during the bonding process in the manufacturing of the laminated glass 1.

[0027] The material of the intermediate layer 12 may be arbitrary, but for example, a thermoplastic resin may be used. Examples of thermoplastic resins include plasticized polyvinyl acetal resins, plasticized polyvinyl chloride resins, saturated polyester resins, plasticized saturated polyester resins, polyurethane resins, plasticized polyurethane resins, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resins, cycloolefin polymer resins, ionomer resins, etc., and it is preferable to use a polyvinyl acetal resin.

[0028] Examples of the above-mentioned polyvinyl acetal resins include polyvinyl formal resin obtained by reacting polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "PVA") with formaldehyde, polyvinyl acetal resin in the narrow sense obtained by reacting PVA with acetaldehyde, and polyvinyl butyral resin obtained by reacting PVA with n-butyraldehyde (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "PVB"), with PVB being particularly preferred.

[0029] As the intermediate layer 12, a curable transparent resin also known as Optical Clear Resin (OCR) or Liquid Optically Clear Adhesive (LOCA), or a transparent adhesive sheet also known as Optical Clear Adhesive (OCA) may be used.

[0030] Furthermore, the intermediate layer 12 may contain functional particles such as infrared absorbers, ultraviolet absorbers, and light-emitting agents. The intermediate layer 12 may also have a colored portion called a shade hand.

[0031] The thickness of the intermediate layer 12 is preferably 0.3 mm or more and 3 mm or less. If the thickness of the thinnest part of the intermediate layer 12 is 0.3 mm or more, the impact resistance required for laminated glass 1 will be sufficient. If the maximum thickness of the intermediate layer 12 is 3 mm or less, the mass of laminated glass 1 will not become too large. Within this range, the maximum thickness of the intermediate layer 12 is more preferably 2.8 mm or less, and even more preferably 2.6 mm or less. Note that the thickness of the intermediate layer 12 refers to the thickness of the intermediate layer 12 only, excluding the thickness of the dimming film 14. Therefore, the thickness of the intermediate layer 12 refers to the length obtained by subtracting the thickness T4 of the dimming film 14 from the thickness T3 from the surface of the second intermediate layer 12B facing the second glass plate 10B to the surface of the first intermediate layer 12A facing the first glass plate 10A.

[0032] The intermediate layer 12 may be a single layer, or it may have two or more layers, particularly three or more layers. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer 12A, the second intermediate layer 12B, and the third intermediate layer 12C may all be made of the same material, or at least one of the first intermediate layer 12A, the second intermediate layer 12B, and the third intermediate layer 12C may be made of a different material. That is, the first intermediate layer 12A, the second intermediate layer 12B, and the third intermediate layer 12C may be formed as a single unit, or they may be formed as separate units. In this embodiment, a portion of the first intermediate layer 12A or the second intermediate layer 12B is molded to surround the outer periphery of the light-adjusting film 14, but the first intermediate layer 12A and the second intermediate layer 12B may be molded to the same size as the light-adjusting film 14.

[0033] (Shielding layer) As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the laminated glass 1 may have a shielding layer 16. The shielding layer 16 is an opaque layer and can be provided in a strip shape along the periphery of the laminated glass 1, for example. As shown in Figure 1, when viewed from the Z direction, the area AR1 of the entire area of ​​the laminated glass 1 that does not overlap with the shielding layer 16 (the area surrounded by the shielding layer 16 in the example of Figure 1) can be said to be a light-transmitting area where visible light can pass through, and the area AR2 that overlaps with the shielding layer 16 can be said to be a shielding area where visible light is blocked.

[0034] The shielding layer 16 overlaps, for example, the peripheral edge of the glass plate 10 and the peripheral edge of the light-adjusting film 14 when viewed from the Z direction. The shielding layer 16 is, for example, an opaque (e.g., black) colored ceramic. The shielding layer 16 may be a light-shielding colored interlayer or colored film, or a combination of a colored interlayer and colored ceramic. The colored film may be integrated with an infrared reflective film or the like. The colored interlayer or colored film may be colored as a whole, or its surface may be colored or painted.

[0035] The opaque shielding layer 16 prevents the urethane or other resin that holds the periphery of the laminated glass 1 to the vehicle body from degrading due to ultraviolet rays. In addition, the shielding layer 16 conceals the power supply unit 30 and wiring 32, which will be described later, so that they are difficult to see from at least one of the outside and inside of the vehicle.

[0036] The shielding layer 16 can be formed, for example, by applying a ceramic color paste containing a molten glass frit containing a black pigment onto a glass plate by screen printing or the like, and then firing it, but is not limited to this. The shielding layer 16 may also be formed, for example, by applying an organic ink containing a black or dark-colored pigment onto a glass plate by screen printing or inkjet printing, and then drying it.

[0037] In the example shown in Figure 2, the shielding layer 16 is provided on the peripheral edge of the surface 10Ab of the first glass plate 10A in the Z2 direction and on the peripheral edge of the surface 10Bb of the second glass plate 10B in the Z2 direction. However, it is not limited to this, and the shielding layer 16 may be provided on at least one of the peripheral edges of the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B. For example, the shielding layer 16 may be provided on at least one of the peripheral edges of the surface 10Ab of the first glass plate 10A and on the peripheral edge of the surface 10Bb of the second glass plate 10B. Alternatively, for example, the shielding layer 16 may be provided on the peripheral edge of the surface 10Aa of the first glass plate 10A in the Z1 direction, or on the peripheral edge of the surface 10Ba of the second glass plate 10B in the Z1 direction. Alternatively, for example, the shielding layer 16 may be provided on the peripheral edge of the dimming film 14.

[0038] (Dimmable Film) The dimmable film 14 is provided between the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B in the Z direction, and more specifically, between the first intermediate layer 12A and the second intermediate layer 12B in the Z direction. The dimmable film 14 is a film whose light transmittance can be changed, and its light transmittance changes when a voltage is applied. In this embodiment, the dimmable film 14 has a liquid crystal layer 24, and the light transmittance is switched by changing the orientation state of the liquid crystal elements contained in the liquid crystal layer 24 when a voltage is applied. More specifically, the light transmittance of the dimmable film 14 when the voltage applied to the dimmable film 14 is in the first state is lower than the light transmittance of the dimmable film 14 when the voltage applied to the dimmable film 14 is in the second state. In this embodiment, the first state refers to the state in which no voltage is applied to the dimmable film 14, and the second state refers to the state in which a voltage is applied to the dimmable film 14. However, it is not limited to this, and for example, the first state may refer to a state in which a voltage is applied to the dimming film 14, and the second state may refer to a state in which no voltage is applied to the dimming film 14.

[0039] It is preferable that the dimming film 14 be placed over almost the entire surface of the laminated glass 1 when viewed from the Z direction. The planar shape of the dimming film 14 is, for example, a rectangle smaller than the planar shape of the laminated glass 1. However, the planar shape of the dimming film 14 does not have to be rectangular. It is preferable that the peripheral edge of the dimming film 14 is in a position that overlaps with the shielding layer 16 in a planar view.

[0040] Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the dimmable film according to this embodiment. As shown in Figure 3, the dimmable film 14 has a first substrate 20A, a first electrode layer 22A, a liquid crystal layer 24, a second electrode layer 22B, and a second substrate 20B. The dimmable film 14 is laminated in the order of second substrate 20B, second electrode layer 22B, liquid crystal layer 24, first electrode layer 22A, and first substrate 20A in the Z1 direction. Hereinafter, when the first substrate 20A and the second substrate 20B are not distinguished, they will be referred to as substrate 20, and when the first electrode layer 22A and the second electrode layer 22B are not distinguished, they will be referred to as electrode layer 22.

[0041] The thickness T4 of the dimming film 14 is, for example, 0.05 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less, and preferably 0.1 mm or more and 0.4 mm or less.

[0042] (Substrates) The first substrate 20A and the second substrate 20B are substrates that sandwich the liquid crystal layer 24. The first substrate 20A is positioned in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, and the second substrate 20B is positioned in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24.

[0043] The base material 20 is preferably a transparent resin layer. The base material 20 preferably contains one or more selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide, polyether, polysulfone polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polystyrene, cyclic polyolefin, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polymide, aramid, polybutylene terephthalate, triacetylcellulose, polyurethane, and cycloolefin polymer.

[0044] The first base material 20A and the second base material 20B are, for example, made of the same material as described above, but are not limited to that, and may be made of different materials.

[0045] The thickness T5 of the base material 20 is, for example, 5 μm or more and 500 μm or less, preferably 10 μm or more and 200 μm or less, and more preferably 50 μm or more and 150 μm or less. A thickness T5 of 500 μm or less reduces the possibility of foaming or residual foam occurring. The first base material 20A and the second base material 20B have the same thickness T5, but their thicknesses may be different.

[0046] (Electrode Layers) The first electrode layer 22A is formed on the Z2 direction surface of the first substrate 20A and is in contact with the Z1 direction surface of the liquid crystal layer 24. The second electrode layer 22B is formed on the Z1 direction surface of the second substrate 20B and is in contact with the Z2 direction surface of the liquid crystal layer 24. In other words, the first electrode layer 22A and the second electrode layer 22B are electrode layers that sandwich the liquid crystal layer 24. The first electrode layer 22A and the second electrode layer 22B are connected to the power supply unit 30 via wiring 32 and a voltage is applied from the power supply unit 30. The first electrode layer 22A is formed over the entire area of ​​the first substrate 20A, and the second electrode layer 22B is formed over the entire area of ​​the second substrate 20B. However, the shapes of the first electrode layer 22A and the second electrode layer 22B are arbitrary and do not have to be formed over the entire surface of the first substrate 20A and the second substrate 20B, nor do they have to be rectangular, such as having a comb-like shape.

[0047] For example, transparent conductive oxide (TCO) can be used as the electrode layer 22. Examples of TCO include, but are not limited to, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and indium-doped cadmium oxide.

[0048] Transparent conductive polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or poly(4,4-dioctylcyclopentadithiophene) can also be suitably used as the electrode layer 22. Furthermore, laminated films of a metal phase and a dielectric layer, silver nanowires, and metal meshes of silver or copper can also be suitably used as the electrode layer 22.

[0049] (Liquid Crystal Layer) The liquid crystal layer 24 is a layer whose light transmittance and haze can be changed. The liquid crystal layer 24 is located between the first substrate 20A on which the first electrode layer 22A is formed and the second substrate 20B on which the second electrode layer 22B is formed. In other words, the liquid crystal layer 24 is located between the first electrode layer 22A and the second electrode layer 22B. The liquid crystal layer 24 may have any configuration that allows the amount of light transmitted to be changed by applying a voltage, but in this embodiment, it is preferable to include a dichroic dye. By including a dichroic dye, the light transmittance can be greatly changed by switching the voltage application state. In addition, in this embodiment, the liquid crystal layer 24 is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC). However, the liquid crystal layer 24 is not limited to PDLC, and may be any of the following: polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC), guest-host liquid crystal (GHLC), TN-type liquid crystal (TNLC), vertical alignment liquid crystal (VALC), or suspended particle device (SPD).

[0050] Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) are components having an active layer in which droplet-shaped liquid crystals are dispersed and held within a transparent polymer medium. Applying a voltage to the electrode layer changes the arrangement of the droplet liquid crystals held in the active layer. As a result, the active layer changes the intensity of light scattering in accordance with the voltage applied to the electrode layer. The degree of light scattering can be represented, for example, by haze.

[0051] Guest-host liquid crystal (GHLC) is a component having an active layer formed by mixing a dichroic dye (guest), which has anisotropy in light absorption in the long axis and short axis directions of the molecule, with a liquid crystal material (host). By applying a voltage to the electrode layer, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules held in the active layer changes. As a result, the active layer changes the degree of absorption of incident light in accordance with the voltage applied to the electrode layer.

[0052] (Color tone of laminated glass) The laminated glass 1, constructed as described above, is required to appear as a natural black color tone when the transmittance of the light-adjusting film 14 is low, in other words, when the voltage applied to the light-adjusting film 14 is in the first state (in this example, when no voltage is applied). As a result of diligent research, the inventors have found that by adjusting the characteristics of the laminated glass 1 to an appropriate range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color tone when the voltage is applied in the first state. The characteristics of the laminated glass 1 will be described in detail below. Note that each of the characteristics described later can be set to the desired range by appropriately adjusting the material and thickness of each component of the laminated glass 1 using known methods.

[0053] (Characteristics of Laminated Glass) First, let's explain the overall characteristics of laminated glass 1.

[0054] (Parameter A of Laminated Glass) Here, parameter A of laminated glass 1 is the value shown in the following equation (1). In equation (1), H is the haze value (%) of laminated glass 1, YI is the yellowness of laminated glass 1, and |YI| is the absolute value of YI. |YI| is the amount of color bias with the sign difference of the yellowness removed. Also, in equation (1), Tt is the total light transmittance (%) of laminated glass 1, and L ＊ This represents the lightness of laminated glass 1 in the CIE-Lab color system. For more details, see L ＊ This represents the lightness in the CIE-Lab color system, obtained from the 5-degree incident visible light transmission spectrum when using the standard illuminant D65 as the illumination light.

[0055] A=H×|YI| / (Tt×L ＊ ) ... (1)

[0056] When haze is large, multiple scattering tends to emphasize the inherent color of the material as veiled light. Therefore, by adjusting the product of the haze value and the amount of color bias (H × |YI|) to an appropriate value, it becomes easier to control the sudden deterioration of appearance. On the other hand, when using laminated glass 1, there may be differences in the sensitivity of the color tone depending on the brightness seen by the user (e.g., occupants). Therefore, the inventors have set (H × |YI|) to (Tt × L＊ ), we obtained parameter A. Parameter A can also be described as a normalized index that indicates the extent to which the colored veil component (H × |YI|) from scattering contributes to the composite scale (Tt × L ＊ ) that represents the apparent brightness by transmission. Therefore, the relative contribution of colored veil light, which may occur along with changes in the amount of scattering and the amount of transmitted light when switching the voltage application state to the second state, can also be evaluated within the same framework. When the voltage application state of laminated glass 1 is the first state, parameter A of the laminated glass 1 is higher than 2000, preferably higher than 5000, and more preferably higher than 7000. Here, since we refer to parameter A when the voltage application state is the first state, H, YI, Tt, and L ＊ are the haze value, yellowness index, total light transmittance, and lightness of the laminated glass 1 when the voltage application state is the first state. When parameter A is higher than 2000, it is possible to achieve natural visual perception of the color tone of the laminated glass 1 in the first state. For example, if parameter A is 2000 or less because the haze value H is too low, the scattering degree of external light (in this example, light from outside the vehicle) will be low in the first state, which makes the light passing through the laminated glass 1 feel glaring, and there is a risk that it will not be perceived as a natural black color tone. Furthermore, if parameter A is 2000 or less because the total light transmittance Tt is too high, too much external light (in this example, light from outside the vehicle) will be transmitted in the first state, so that the external scenery can be seen too clearly through the laminated glass 1, and there is a risk that it will not be perceived as a natural black color tone under the influence of ambient light. Furthermore, if parameter A is 2000 or less because the lightness L ＊ is too high, the laminated glass 1 will appear too bright in the first state, and there is a risk that it will not be perceived as a natural black color tone. In contrast, when parameter A is higher than 2000, it allows the laminated glass 1 to be perceived as a natural color in the first state while suppressing stimulation to the user from external light, and allows the user to perceive a natural black color tone without feeling a sense of discomfort.

[0057] Parameter A of the laminated glass 1 is preferably less than 80,000, more preferably less than 50,000, even more preferably less than 20,000, and even more preferably less than 10,000, when the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state. When parameter A is less than 80,000, the color tone of the laminated glass 1 in the first state is perceived more naturally. For example, if parameter A exceeds 80,000 due to an excessive color bias |YI|, the degree of yellow or blue may become too strong in the first state, and it may no longer be perceived as a natural black color. Also, if parameter A exceeds 80,000 due to an excessive haze value H, the degree of scattering of external light (light from outside the car in this example) may become too high in the first state, increasing the colored veil light and potentially making it no longer visible as a natural black color. Furthermore, if the total light transmittance Tt is too low and parameter A exceeds 80000, in the first state, the transmission of external light (in this example, light from outside the vehicle) is too low, making the reflected light from the inside of the laminated glass 1 (in this example, light from inside the vehicle) more visible. This can cause the reflection of the interior scenery onto the laminated glass 1 to become more noticeable, and the natural black color may not be visible due to the influence of ambient light. Also, brightness L ＊ If parameter A is too low, and exceeds 80,000, the laminated glass 1 may become too dark in the first state, and may no longer be perceived as a natural black color. Conversely, if parameter A is less than 80,000, in the first state, reflections of the scenery on the laminated glass 1 can be suppressed, and the laminated glass 1 can be perceived as a natural black color without causing discomfort to the user.

[0058] Parameter A of the laminated glass 1 is preferably less than 80,000 and greater than 2,000, more preferably less than 50,000 and greater than 2,500, even more preferably less than 20,000 and greater than 5,000, and even more preferably less than 10,000 and greater than 7,000, when the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state. This allows the color tone of the laminated glass 1 to be naturally visible when in the first state.

[0059] Here, the haze value H can be measured using a haze meter in accordance with the method specified in JIS K7136:2000. That is, the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 in the first state can be measured using this method, with the voltage applied to the light-adjusting film 14 as the first state (in this example, with no voltage applied). The yellowness YI can be calculated using the formula YI = 100 × (1.2769X - 1.0592Z) / Y in the XYZ color system, by measuring the tristimulus values ​​X, Y, and Z of a 2-degree field of view with a spectrophotometer in accordance with the method specified in JIS K7373:2006, using the auxiliary illuminant C specified in JIS Z 8720:2012. That is, the yellowness YI of the laminated glass 1 in the first state can be measured using this method, with the voltage applied to the light-adjusting film 14 as the first state (in this example, with no voltage applied). Furthermore, the total light transmittance Tt refers to the ratio (percentage) of total transmitted light transmitted to the other surface of the object (in this example, surface 1B of the laminated glass 1) to the incident light incident at an incident angle of 0° to one surface of the object (in this example, surface 1A of the laminated glass 1). The total light transmittance Tt is determined as the transmittance including diffused light among the transmitted light that passes through the test plate to be measured in the thickness direction, in accordance with the method specified in JIS K7136:2000. The light source used to measure the total light transmittance Tt is the D65 light source described in JIS Z8720:2012. That is, the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 in the first state can be measured by this method, with the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 as the first state (in this example, no voltage applied). Also, brightness L ＊ This can be calculated using spectral transmittance measured according to JIS R3106:2019, in accordance with JIS Z 8781-4:2013.

[0060] (Haze value of laminated glass) When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state, the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than 50% and less than 100%, more preferably higher than 60% within this range, and even more preferably higher than 65%. In the first state, there is no particular upper limit to the haze value H of the laminated glass 1. By setting the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 within this range, the anti-glare properties can be appropriately maintained in the first state, which blocks the transmission of external light.

[0061] When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the second state, the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than 0% and less than 10%, more preferably less than 7% within this range, and even more preferably less than 5%. In the second state, there is no particular lower limit to the haze value H of the laminated glass 1. By setting the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 within this range, the appearance can be appropriately viewed in the second state, which transmits ambient light.

[0062] The difference between the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 in the first state and the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 in the second state, ΔH ((haze value H in the first state) - (haze value in the second state)), is preferably higher than 70% and less than 100%, more preferably higher than 80% within this range, and even more preferably higher than 90%. There is no particular upper limit to ΔH. By setting ΔH within this range, it is possible to maintain anti-glare properties in the first state, which blocks the transmission of external light, while allowing the appearance to be appropriately viewed in the second state, which transmits external light.

[0063] (Yellowness of Laminated Glass) When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state, the yellowness YI of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than -250 and less than 50, more preferably higher than -200 and less than 0, even more preferably higher than -150 and less than -40, and even more preferably higher than -60 and less than -50. Also, when the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state, the yellowness |YI| of the laminated glass 1 is preferably 250 or less, more preferably 150 or less, and even more preferably 70 or less. By setting the yellowness YI or |YI| of the laminated glass 1 within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear black in the first state where the transmission of external light is blocked.

[0064] When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the second state, the yellowness YI of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than -100 and less than 20, more preferably higher than -80 and less than 2, even more preferably higher than -75 and less than -13, and preferably higher than -70 and less than -30. Also, when the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the second state, the yellowness |YI| of the laminated glass 1 is preferably 100 or less, more preferably 50 or less, and even more preferably 20 or less. By setting the yellowness YI and |YI| of the laminated glass 1 within this range, the appearance can be appropriately viewed in the second state when ambient light is transmitted.

[0065] (Total light transmittance of laminated glass) When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state, the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than 0.03% and less than 2.00%, more preferably higher than 0.05% and less than 1.50%, even more preferably higher than 0.08% and less than 1.00%, even more preferably higher than 0.10% and less than 0.55%, and particularly preferably higher than 0.13% and less than 0.43%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 within this range, external light can be appropriately blocked in the first state.

[0066] When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the second state, the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than 0.15% and less than 10.00%, and more preferably higher than 0.20% and less than 7.00%. In the second state, the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 may be higher than 0.25% and less than 4.50%, higher than 0.30% and less than 2.20%, and higher than 0.38% and less than 2.00%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 within this range, ambient light can be appropriately transmitted in the second state.

[0067] The difference between the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 in the first state and the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 in the second state, ΔTt ((Tt in the second state) - (Tt in the first state)), is preferably higher than 0.10% and less than 100%, more preferably higher than 0.15% within this range, and may be higher than 0.20%. The upper limit of ΔTt is not particularly limited, and within the above range, it may be less than 40%, less than 10%, less than 7%, and less than 6%. By setting ΔTt within this range, it is possible to appropriately block ambient light in the first state, which blocks the transmission of ambient light, while appropriately transmitting ambient light in the second state.

[0068] (Brightness of laminated glass) Brightness L of laminated glass 1 in the first state ＊ It is preferably higher than 0.1 and less than 10.0, more preferably higher than 0.5 and less than 8.0, even more preferably higher than 0.8 and less than 5.0, and even more preferably higher than 1.0 and less than 4.0. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color in the first state. Brightness L of the laminated glass 1 in the second state. ＊ It is preferably higher than 20 and less than 40, more preferably higher than 25 and less than 35, and even more preferably higher than 27 and less than 33. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be perceived as a natural black color even in the second state.

[0069] (Laminated glass Lab) Here, the chromaticity coordinate in the CIE-Lab color system obtained from the 5-degree incident visible light transmission spectrum when the standard illuminant D65 is used as the illumination light is a ＊ and b ＊ Let's assume that. a ＊ and b ＊ This can be calculated according to JIS Z 8781-4:2013 using spectral transmittance measured according to JIS R3106:2019.

[0070] a of laminated glass 1 in the first state ＊ The a of the laminated glass 1 in the first state is preferably higher than -3.0 and less than 1.8, more preferably higher than -2.0 and less than 1.5, and even more preferably higher than -1.0 and less than 1.3. ＊ Within the aforementioned range, it may be higher than -0.7, less than 1.0, or less than 0. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color in the first state. The a of the laminated glass 1 in the second state ＊ It is preferably higher than -7.0 and less than 0, more preferably higher than -6.0 and less than -1.0, and even more preferably higher than -5.0 and less than -2.0. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be perceived as a natural black color even in the second state.

[0071] b of laminated glass 1 in the first state ＊ The b of the laminated glass 1 in the first state is preferably higher than -18.0 and less than 2.0, and more preferably higher than -15.0 and less than 0. ＊ b may be higher than -3.6 and less than -1.0. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color in the first state. The b of the laminated glass 1 in the second state ＊ The value is preferably higher than -15.0 and less than 5.0, more preferably higher than -12.0 and less than 0, and even more preferably higher than -10.0 and less than -1.3. ＊By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be perceived as a natural black color even in the second state.

[0072] Here, the color difference of the laminated glass 1 between the first state and the second state is defined as the color difference ΔE. ＊ Let ab be the two colors. Color difference ΔE ＊ ab is given by the following equation (2). ΔL in equation (2) ＊ This is the L of the laminated glass 1 in the first state. ＊ And the L of laminated glass 1 in the second state ＊ This is the difference between and Δa in equation (2). ＊ This is the case of the laminated glass 1 in the first state. ＊ and the a of laminated glass 1 in the second state ＊ This is the difference, and Δb in equation (2) ＊ b of laminated glass 1 in the first state ＊ and the b of laminated glass 1 in the second state ＊ This is the difference.

[0073] ΔE ＊ ab = {(ΔL ＊ ) ２ + (Δa ＊ ) ２ + (Δb ＊ ) ２} １／２ ... (2)

[0074] In this case, the color difference ΔE of laminated glass 1 ＊ ab is preferably greater than 1.0 and less than 30.0, more preferably greater than 5.0 and less than 25.5, and even more preferably greater than 10.0 and less than 20.0. Color difference ΔE ＊ By setting ab to this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color in both the first and second states.

[0075] (Solar transmittance of laminated glass) When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state, the solar transmittance Te of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than 0% and less than 10.0%, more preferably less than 5.0%, even more preferably less than 3.5%, even more preferably less than 2.0%, and particularly preferably less than 1.0%. There is no particular lower limit to the solar transmittance Te of the laminated glass 1 in the first state. By setting the solar transmittance Te of the laminated glass 1 within this range, sunlight can be appropriately blocked in the first state. The solar transmittance Te can be measured in accordance with JIS R 3106:2019.

[0076] When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the second state, the solar transmittance Te of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than 0.1% and less than 15%, more preferably higher than 0.2% and less than 7.7%, even more preferably higher than 0.3% and less than 5.7%, and even more preferably higher than 0.4% and less than 2.8%. By setting the solar transmittance Te of the laminated glass 1 within this range, sunlight can be appropriately transmitted in the second state without being excessive.

[0077] (Solar reflectance of laminated glass) When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the first state, the solar reflectance Re of the laminated glass 1 is preferably higher than 4% and less than 65%, and more preferably higher than 5% and less than 60%. In the first state, the solar reflectance Re of the laminated glass 1 may be higher than 5% and less than 20%, higher than 30% and less than 58%, higher than 35% and less than 55%, and higher than 40% and less than 50%. By setting the solar reflectance Re of the laminated glass 1 within this range, sunlight can be appropriately blocked in the first state. When the voltage applied to the dimming film 14 is in the second state, it is also preferable that the solar reflectance Re be within the same range, thereby allowing sunlight to be transmitted appropriately without excessive transmission. The solar reflectance Re can be measured in accordance with JIS R 3106:2019.

[0078] (Emissivity of Laminated Glass) The emissivity ε from the surface 1B of the laminated glass 1 (surface 10Bb of the second glass plate 10B) is preferably higher than 0% and less than 30%, more preferably less than 25%, and even more preferably less than 20%. There is no particular lower limit to the emissivity ε from the surface 1B of the laminated glass 1. By setting the emissivity of the laminated glass 1 within this range, the temperature rise inside the vehicle can be suppressed. The emissivity ε is a value measured by a measurement method in accordance with JIS R1801:2002. The emissivity ε can be measured, for example, using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer IRPrestige-21 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).

[0079] (Characteristics of the first directional member) Next, the characteristics of the member of the laminated glass 1 that is in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 will be described. The member in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 refers to the entirety of the members that make up the laminated glass 1 that are located in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24. In the example of Figures 2 and 3, the member in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 refers to a laminate in which the first electrode layer 22A, the first substrate 20A, the first intermediate layer 12A, and the first glass plate 10A are stacked in this order in the Z1 direction, and may also include the shielding layer 16 and functional layer mentioned above. Hereinafter, the member in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 will be appropriately referred to as the first directional member. Note that the member of the laminated glass 1 that is in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14 may also be referred to as the first directional member. That is, the first directional member may refer to the member in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, or the member in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14. The members in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14 refer to the entirety of the members constituting the laminated glass 1 that are located in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14. In the example shown in Figure 2, this refers to a laminate in which the first intermediate layer 12A and the first glass plate 10A are stacked in this order in the Z1 direction, and may also include a shielding layer 16 and a functional layer.

[0080] (Total light transmittance and visible light transmittance of the first directional member) The total light transmittance Tt of the first directional member is preferably higher than 1% and less than 50%, more preferably higher than 2% and less than 40%, and even more preferably higher than 3% and less than 30%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the first directional member within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color. Similarly, by setting the visible light transmittance Tv of the first directional member within the same numerical range as the total light transmittance Tt, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color. The visible light transmittance Tv can be measured in accordance with JIS R3106:2019.

[0081] Furthermore, when the first directional member refers to a member in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, it is preferable that the visible light transmittance Tv of the first directional member is higher than the visible light transmittance Tv of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state. Also, the ratio of the visible light transmittance Tv of the first directional member to the visible light transmittance Tv of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state (Tv of the first directional member / Tv of the liquid crystal layer) is preferably higher than 0.1 and less than 100, more preferably higher than 5 and less than 50, and even more preferably higher than 10 and less than 30. This allows the laminated glass 1 to be viewed as a natural black color. Note that when the first directional member refers to a member in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14, the liquid crystal layer 24 should be read as the dimming film 14 in the above description. Note that the visible light transmittance Tv of the liquid crystal layer 24 can be calculated based on the visible light transmittance Tv of the dimming film 14 and the visible light transmittance Tv of the layers of the dimming film 14 other than the liquid crystal layer 24. In other words, in this example, the visible light transmittance Tv of the liquid crystal layer 24 can be calculated based on the visible light transmittance Tv of the dimming film 14, the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminate of the first electrode layer 22A and the first substrate 20A, and the visible light transmittance Tv of the laminate of the second electrode layer 22B and the second substrate 20B.

[0082] (UV light transmittance of the first directional member) The UV light transmittance Tu of the first directional member is preferably higher than 0% and lower than 20%, more preferably lower than 10% within this range, and even more preferably lower than 1%. There is no particular lower limit to the UV light transmittance Tu of the first directional member. By setting the UV light transmittance Tu of the first directional member within this range, degradation of the laminated glass 1 due to UV light can be suppressed. Note that the UV light transmittance Tu is the transmittance of ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 385 nm. The apparatus for measuring the UV light transmittance Tu is not particularly limited and can be measured, for example, by a spectrophotometer (Hitachi High-Tech Science "UH4150").

[0083] (Yellowness of the first directional member) The yellowness YI of the first directional member is preferably higher than -10 and less than 10, more preferably higher than -5 and less than 5, and even more preferably higher than -3 and less than 3. By setting the yellowness YI of the first directional member within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color.

[0084] Furthermore, if the first directional member refers to a member in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, and the yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state is a negative value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the first directional member be a positive value. Furthermore, if the first directional member refers to a member in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, and the yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state is a positive value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the first directional member be a negative value. Furthermore, if the first directional member refers to a member in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14, and the yellowness YI of the dimming film 14 in the first state is a negative value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the first directional member be a positive value. Furthermore, if the first directional member refers to a member in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14, and the yellowness YI of the dimming film 14 in the first state is a positive value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the first directional member be a negative value. The yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 and the dimming film 14 can be difficult to adjust. However, as described above, when the yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 and the dimming film 14 is positive or negative, the yellowness YI of the first directional member can be made the opposite (negative or positive), thereby bringing the overall yellowness YI of the laminated glass 1 closer to zero, and the laminated glass 1 can be easily made to have a natural black color tone. The yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 can be calculated based on the yellowness YI of the dimming film 14 and the yellowness YI of the layers of the dimming film 14 other than the liquid crystal layer 24. In other words, in this example, the yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 can be calculated based on the yellowness YI of the dimming film 14, the yellowness YI of the laminate of the first electrode layer 22A and the first substrate 20A, and the yellowness YI of the laminate of the second electrode layer 22B and the second substrate 20B.

[0085] (Characteristics of the second direction member) Next, the characteristics of the member of the laminated glass 1 that is in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 will be described. The member in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 refers to the entirety of the members that make up the laminated glass 1 that are located in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24. In the example of Figures 2 and 3, the member in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 refers to a laminate in which the second electrode layer 22B, the second substrate 20B, the second intermediate layer 12B, and the second glass plate 10B are stacked in this order in the Z2 direction, and may also include the shielding layer 16 and functional layer mentioned above. Hereinafter, the member in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 will be appropriately referred to as the second direction member. Note that the member of the laminated glass 1 that is in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14 may also be referred to as the second direction member. That is, the second direction member may refer to the member in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, or the member in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14. The members in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14 refer to all of the members constituting the laminated glass 1 that are located in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14. In the example shown in Figure 2, this refers to a laminate in which the second intermediate layer 12B and the second glass plate 10B are laminated in this order in the Z2 direction, and may also include a shielding layer 16 and a functional layer.

[0086] (Total light transmittance and visible light transmittance of the second directional member) The total light transmittance Tt of the second directional member is preferably higher than 1% and less than 50%, more preferably higher than 2% and less than 40%, and even more preferably higher than 3% and less than 30%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the second directional member within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color. Similarly, by setting the visible light transmittance Tv of the second directional member within the same numerical range as the total light transmittance Tt, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color.

[0087] Furthermore, when the second directional member refers to a member in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, it is preferable that the visible light transmittance Tv of the second directional member is higher than the visible light transmittance Tv of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state. Also, the ratio of the visible light transmittance Tv of the second directional member to the visible light transmittance Tv of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state (Tv of the second directional member / Tv of the liquid crystal layer) is preferably higher than 0.1 and less than 100, more preferably higher than 5 and less than 50, and even more preferably higher than 10 and less than 30. This allows the laminated glass 1 to be viewed as a natural black color. Note that when the second directional member refers to a member in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14, the liquid crystal layer 24 should be read as the dimming film 14 in the above description.

[0088] Furthermore, it is preferable that the visible light transmittance Tv of the second directional member is higher than the visible light transmittance Tv of the first directional member. Also, the ratio of the visible light transmittance Tv of the second directional member to the visible light transmittance Tv of the first directional member (Tv of the second directional member / Tv of the first directional member) is preferably higher than 100% and less than 4000%, more preferably higher than 150% and less than 1000%, and even more preferably higher than 200% and less than 500%. In this way, by making the visible light transmittance Tv of the second directional member on the vehicle side lower than the visible light transmittance Tv of the first directional member on the vehicle side, it is possible to appropriately keep the overall visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 1 in the first state low, which is preferable. In this context, the first and second transparent members refer to a pair of members located in the Z1 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24 and a pair of members located in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, or a pair of members located in the Z1 direction relative to the dimming film 14 and a pair of members located in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14. It is preferable that the total light transmittance Tt of the second direction member is higher than the total light transmittance Tt of the first direction member. Furthermore, the ratio of the total light transmittance Tt of the second direction member to the total light transmittance Tt of the first direction member (Tt of the second direction member / Tt of the first direction member) may be within the same numerical range as the ratio of the visible light transmittance Tv of the second direction member to the visible light transmittance Tv of the first direction member (Tv of the second direction member / Tv of the first direction member).

[0089] (Yellowness of the second directional member) The yellowness YI of the second directional member is preferably higher than -10 and less than 10, more preferably higher than -5 and less than 5, and even more preferably higher than -3 and less than 3. By setting the yellowness YI of the second directional member within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color.

[0090] Furthermore, if the second directional member refers to a member in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, and the yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state is a negative value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the second directional member be a positive value. Furthermore, if the second directional member refers to a member in the Z2 direction relative to the liquid crystal layer 24, and the yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state is a positive value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the second directional member be a negative value. Furthermore, if the second directional member refers to a member in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14, and the yellowness YI of the dimming film 14 in the first state is a negative value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the second directional member be a positive value. Furthermore, if the second directional member refers to a member in the Z2 direction relative to the dimming film 14, and the yellowness YI of the dimming film 14 in the first state is a positive value, then it is preferable that the yellowness YI of the second directional member be a negative value. The yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 and the dimming film 14 can be difficult to adjust. However, as described above, when the yellowness YI of the liquid crystal layer 24 and the dimming film 14 is positive or negative, by making the yellowness YI of the second directional member the opposite (negative or positive), the overall yellowness YI of the laminated glass 1 can be brought close to zero, making it easy to achieve a natural black color tone for the laminated glass 1.

[0091] (Characteristics of the first glass plate) The haze value H of the first glass plate 10A is preferably higher than 0% and less than 1%, more preferably less than 0.5% within this range, and even more preferably less than 0.1%. By setting the haze value H of the first glass plate 10A within this range, the anti-glare properties can be appropriately maintained. There is no particular lower limit to the haze value H of the first glass plate 10A. The yellowness YI of the first glass plate 10A is preferably higher than -2 and less than 20. Within this range, the yellowness YI of the first glass plate 10A is more preferably higher than -1, even more preferably higher than -0.5, and may be higher than 0 or higher than 5. Also, within this range, the yellowness YI of the first glass plate 10A is more preferably less than 15, even more preferably less than 10, and may be less than 3. By setting the yellowness YI of the first glass plate 10A within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be appropriately made visible as black. The total light transmittance Tt of the first glass plate 10A is preferably higher than 30% and less than 95%, more preferably higher than 35% and less than 90%, and even more preferably higher than 40% and less than 85%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the first glass plate 10A within this range, external light can be appropriately blocked. Brightness L of the first glass plate 10A ＊ The brightness L of the first glass plate 10A is preferably higher than 50 and less than 100, more preferably higher than 60 and less than 97, and even more preferably higher than 70 and less than 95. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be viewed in a natural color.

[0092] (Characteristics of the second glass plate) The haze value H of the second glass plate 10B is preferably higher than 0% and less than 1%, more preferably less than 0.5% within this range, and even more preferably less than 0.1%. By setting the haze value H of the second glass plate 10B within this range, the anti-glare properties can be appropriately maintained. There is no particular lower limit to the haze value H of the second glass plate 10B. The yellowness YI of the second glass plate 10B is preferably higher than -2 and less than 20. Within this range, the yellowness YI of the second glass plate 10B is more preferably higher than -1, even more preferably higher than -0.5, and may be higher than 0 or higher than 5. In addition, within this range, the yellowness YI of the first glass plate 10A is more preferably less than 15, even more preferably less than 10, and may be less than 3. By setting the yellowness YI of the second glass plate 10B within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be appropriately made visible as black. The total light transmittance Tt of the second glass plate 10B is more preferably higher than 30% and less than 95%, even more preferably higher than 35% and less than 90%, and even more preferably higher than 40% and less than 85%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the second glass plate 10B within this range, external light can be appropriately blocked. Brightness L of the second glass plate 10B ＊ The brightness L of the second glass plate 10B is preferably higher than 50 and less than 100, more preferably higher than 60 and less than 97, and even more preferably higher than 70 and less than 95. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be viewed in a natural color.

[0093] (Characteristics of the Intermediate Layer) The haze value H of the first intermediate layer 12A is preferably higher than 0% and less than 5%, more preferably less than 3% and even more preferably less than 2%. By setting the haze value H of the first intermediate layer 12A within this range, appropriate anti-glare properties can be maintained. There is no particular lower limit to the haze value H of the first intermediate layer 12A. The yellowness YI of the first intermediate layer 12A is preferably higher than -10 and less than 15, more preferably higher than -7 and less than 10, and even more preferably higher than -5 and less than 5. By setting the yellowness YI of the first intermediate layer 12A within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be appropriately made to appear black. The total light transmittance Tt of the first intermediate layer 12A is preferably higher than 1% and less than 95%, more preferably higher than 4% and less than 60%, and even more preferably higher than 10% and less than 40%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the first intermediate layer 12A within this range, external light can be appropriately blocked. Brightness L of the first intermediate layer 12A ＊ The brightness L of the first intermediate layer 12A is preferably higher than 10 and less than 100, more preferably higher than 15 and less than 70, and even more preferably higher than 20 and less than 50. ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be viewed in a natural color.

[0094] (Characteristics of the second intermediate layer) The second intermediate layer 12B has a haze value H, yellowness YI, total light transmittance Tt, and lightness L. ＊ Preferably, this value is within the same range as the first intermediate layer 12A.

[0095] (Characteristics of the dimmable film) The haze value H of the dimmable film 14 in the first state is preferably higher than 10% and lower than 100%, and within this range, it is more preferably higher than 50%, and even more preferably higher than 80%. By setting the haze value H of the dimmable film 14 within this range, the anti-glare properties can be appropriately maintained. There is no particular upper limit to the haze value H of the dimmable film 14 in the first state. The yellowness YI of the dimmable film 14 in the first state is preferably higher than -400 and less than 20, more preferably higher than -200 and less than 10, and even more preferably higher than -100 and less than 0. By setting the yellowness YI of the second intermediate layer 12B within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be appropriately made to appear black. The total light transmittance Tt of the dimmable film 14 in the first state is preferably higher than 0% and less than 10%, and within this range, it is more preferably less than 7%, and even more preferably less than 2%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the second intermediate layer 12B within this range, external light can be appropriately blocked. The lower limit of the total light transmittance Tt of the dimmable film 14 in the first state is not particularly limited. Brightness L of the dimmable film 14 in the first state ＊ The brightness L of the dimming film 14 in the first state is preferably higher than 5 and less than 95. ＊ In this range, it is more preferable to be higher than 7, even more preferable to be higher than 10, and may be, for example, higher than 50. Also, the brightness L of the dimming film 14 in the first state ＊ Within the above range, less than 35 is more preferable, and less than 30 is even more preferable. Brightness L of the dimming film 14 ＊ By setting this range, the laminated glass 1 can be viewed in a natural color. Brightness L of the dimming film 14 in the first state ＊ For example, it can be higher than 5 and less than 35, or higher than 50 and less than 95.

[0096] (Preferred combinations of components) The following are examples of preferred combinations of components included in the laminated glass according to this embodiment. However, the present invention is not limited to the following disclosure, and various suitable combinations of components can be adopted.

[0097] (If the haze value H in the first state is higher than 80%, and L＊ (When using a dimming film 14 with a value higher than 50) The haze value H is higher than 80%, and L ＊ A dimming film 14 with a value higher than 50 may appear as a fairly strong white opacity when used alone. Therefore, the laminated glass 1 has a haze value H higher than 80%, and L ＊ If the dimming film 14 has a value higher than 50, it is preferable that the yellowness YI of at least one (preferably both) of the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B is higher than 5 and less than 15, and that the intermediate layer 12 includes at least one intermediate layer with a Tt of higher than 1% and less than 40% (more preferably all intermediate layers have a Tt of higher than 1% and less than 40%), and the L of the laminated glass 1 ＊ It is preferable to keep the value below 8.0. This makes it easier to see the laminated glass as having particularly good color.

[0098] (If the haze value H in the first state is higher than 80%, and L ＊ (When using a dimmable film 14 with a value of less than 35) The haze value H is higher than 80%, and L ＊ A dimming film 14 with a value of less than 35 may appear slightly cloudy when used alone. Therefore, the laminated glass 1 has a haze value H higher than 80%, and L ＊ If the dimming film 14 has a yellowness YI of less than 35, it is preferable that the yellowness YI of at least one (preferably both) of the first glass plate 10A and the second glass plate 10B is greater than 5 and less than 15, and that the intermediate layer 12 includes at least one intermediate layer 12 with a Tt greater than 4% and less than 60% (more preferably all intermediate layers have a Tt greater than 4% and less than 60%), and the L of the laminated glass 1 ＊ It is preferable to set this value to less than 8.0. This makes it easier to see the laminated glass 1 as having a particularly good color tone.

[0099] (Effects) As described above, the laminated glass 1 according to the first aspect of this disclosure comprises a first glass plate 10A, a second glass plate 10B, a dimming film 14 provided between the first glass plate and the second glass plate, wherein the light transmittance when the voltage is applied is lower than the light transmittance when the voltage is applied is lower than the light transmittance when the voltage is applied is lower, a first intermediate layer 12A provided between the first glass plate 10A and the dimming film 14, and a second intermediate layer 12B provided between the second glass plate 10B and the dimming film 14, wherein the value of parameter A shown in equation (1) in the first state is higher than 2000. According to this disclosure, by having parameter A higher than 2000, it is possible to make the color tone of the laminated glass 1 in the first state naturally visible.

[0100] The laminated glass 1 according to the second aspect of this disclosure is the same as the laminated glass 1 according to the first aspect, wherein the value of parameter A in the first state is preferably less than 80,000. When parameter A is less than 80,000, the color tone of the laminated glass 1 in the first state is perceived more naturally.

[0101] The laminated glass 1 according to the third aspect of this disclosure is the laminated glass 1 according to the first or second aspect, wherein the value of H in the first state is preferably higher than 50%. By setting the haze value H of the laminated glass 1 within this range, it is possible to appropriately maintain anti-glare properties in the first state in which the transmission of external light is blocked.

[0102] The laminated glass 1 according to the fourth aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to third aspects, wherein the value of YI in the first state is preferably higher than -250 and lower than 50. By setting the yellowness YI of the laminated glass 1 within this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear black in the first state in which the transmission of external light is blocked.

[0103] The laminated glass 1 according to the fifth aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to fourth aspects, wherein the value of Tt in the first state is preferably less than 2%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 within this range, external light can be appropriately blocked in the first state.

[0104] The laminated glass 1 according to the sixth aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to fifth aspects, wherein the value of Tt in the second state is preferably higher than 0.15% and lower than 10.00%. By setting the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass 1 within this range, ambient light can be appropriately transmitted in the second state.

[0105] The laminated glass 1 according to the seventh aspect of this disclosure is the laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to sixth aspects, wherein the color difference ΔE between the first state and the second state is ＊ It is preferable that ab is greater than 1.0 and less than 30.0. Color difference ΔE ＊ By setting ab to this range, the laminated glass 1 can be made to appear as a natural black color in both the first and second states.

[0106] The laminated glass 1 according to the eighth aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to seventh aspects, wherein the value of YI in the second state is preferably higher than -100 and lower than 20. By setting the yellowness YI of the laminated glass 1 within this range, the appearance can be appropriately viewed in the second state in which ambient light is transmitted.

[0107] The laminated glass 1 according to the ninth aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to eighth aspects, wherein, when the direction from the dimming film 14 toward the first glass plate 10A is defined as the Z1 direction (first direction), it is preferable that the visible light transmittance Tv of the member in the Z1 direction (first direction member) is higher than 1% and lower than 50% than the liquid crystal layer 24 of the dimming film 14. This makes the laminated glass 1 appear as a natural black color.

[0108] The laminated glass 1 according to the tenth aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to ninth aspects, wherein the visible light transmittance Tv of the member in the Z1 direction (first direction member) is higher than that of the liquid crystal layer 24 of the dimming film 14, and is higher than the visible light transmittance Tv of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state. This makes the laminated glass 1 appear as a natural black color.

[0109] The laminated glass 1 according to the eleventh aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to tenth aspects, wherein the visible light transmittance Tv of the member in the Z2 direction (second direction member) is higher than that of the liquid crystal layer 24 of the dimming film 14 than that of the liquid crystal layer 24 in the first state. This makes the laminated glass 1 appear as a natural black color.

[0110] The laminated glass 1 according to the twelfth aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to eleventh aspects, wherein it is preferable that the total light transmittance of the member in the Z2 direction (second direction member) of the dimming film 14 is higher than that of the member in the Z1 direction (first direction member) of the liquid crystal layer 24. This makes it possible to appropriately keep the overall visible light transmittance Tv of the laminated glass 1 in the first state low.

[0111] The laminated glass 1 according to the 13th aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the 1st to 12th aspects, and it is preferable that the laminated glass 1 is curved so as to be convex in the Z1 direction. According to this disclosure, the color tone of such laminated glass 1 can be naturally perceived.

[0112] The laminated glass 1 according to the 14th aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the 1st to 13th aspects, wherein the first state refers to a state in which no voltage is applied to the dimming film 14, and the second state refers to a state in which voltage is applied to the dimming film 14. According to this disclosure, the color tone of such laminated glass 1 in the first state can be naturally perceived. The laminated glass 1 according to the 15th aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the 1st to 14th aspects, wherein the L in the first state ＊ It is preferable that the a is greater than 0.1 and less than 10.0. This makes the laminated glass 1 appear as a natural black color in the first state. The laminated glass 1 according to the 16th aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the 1st to 15th aspects, wherein in the first state a ＊ is greater than -3.0 and less than 1.8, and b ＊It is preferable that the value is higher than -18.0 and less than 2.0. This allows the laminated glass 1 to be viewed as a natural black color in the first state. The laminated glass 1 according to the 17th aspect of this disclosure is a laminated glass 1 according to any of the first to 16th aspects, wherein it is preferable that the parameter A in the first state is less than 50000 and higher than 2500. This allows the color tone of the laminated glass 1 to be viewed naturally when it is in the first state.

[0113] (Examples) Next, examples will be described. Tables 1 to 6 show the laminated glass for each example.

[0114] (Example 1) In Example 1, a 2 mm thick privacy glass (labeled "Privacy" in the table) was used as the first glass plate, a 0.4 mm thick transparent EVA interlayer containing a UV absorber (labeled "Clear" in the table) was used as the first intermediate layer, a 0.12 mm thick white PDLC without dichroic dyes (labeled "White PDLC (A)" in the table) was used as the light-adjusting film, the same film as the first intermediate layer was used as the second intermediate layer, and a 2.1 mm thick Low-E coated privacy glass (labeled "Privacy + Low-E" in the table) was used as the second glass plate. These components were laminated in this order to obtain laminated glass.

[0115] The following parameters were measured or calculated for the obtained laminated glass or each component. The measurement and calculation methods for each parameter were those described in the embodiment. • Total light transmittance Tt (%) of the laminated glass in the first state (voltage OFF to the dimming film) and the second state (voltage ON to the dimming film) • Difference ΔTt (%) between the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass in the first state and the total light transmittance Tt of the laminated glass in the second state (Tt in the second state - Tt in the first state) • Haze value H (%) of the laminated glass in the first and second states • Difference ΔH (%) between the haze value H of the laminated glass in the first state and the haze value H of the laminated glass in the second state (H in the first state - H in the second state) • Brightness L of the laminated glass in the first and second states ＊ - chromaticity coordinate a of laminated glass in the first and second states. ＊ - chromaticity coordinate b of laminated glass in the first and second states. ＊ - The color difference ΔE of laminated glass between the first state and the second state. ＊ ab ・Yellowness YI of the laminated glass in the first and second states ・Difference ΔYI between the yellowness YI of the laminated glass in the first state and the yellowness YI of the laminated glass in the second state (YI in the second state - YI in the first state) ・Solar transmittance Te (%) of the laminated glass in the first and second states ・Solar reflectance Re (%) of the laminated glass in the first and second states ・Solar absorptiveness Ae (%) of the laminated glass in the first and second states (calculated using 100 - Te - Re) ・Haze value H (%), yellowness YI, and total light transmittance Tt (%) of the first glass plate ・Haze value H (%), yellowness YI, and total light transmittance Tt (%) of the second glass plate ・Haze value H (%), yellowness YI, and total light transmittance Tt (%) of the first intermediate layer - Haze value H (%), yellowness YI, total light transmittance Tt (%) of the second intermediate layer - Haze value H (%), yellowness YI, total light transmittance Tt (%) of the dimming film - Haze value H (%), yellowness YI, total light transmittance Tt (%) of the first directional member - Haze value H (%), yellowness YI, total light transmittance Tt (%) of the second directional member - Parameter A

[0116] The measurement results and calculation results are shown in Tables 1 to 6.

[0117] (Examples 2 to 34) In Examples 2 to 34, laminated glass was obtained and each parameter was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the components were as shown in the table. Note that in the table, "Clear + Ag" refers to 2.1 mm thick clear glass with a heat-reflective coating, "Green" refers to 2 mm thick green glass, "Clear + Ag3" refers to 2 mm thick clear glass with a three-layer silver heat-reflective coating, "Clear" refers to 2 mm thick clear glass, and "Clear + Low-E" refers to 2 mm thick clear glass with a Low-E coating. In the first and second intermediate layers, "Interlayer (A)" is a 0.38 mm thick gray-colored PVB interlayer (transmittance of approximately 15%), "Gray" is a 0.38 mm thick gray-blue colored PVB interlayer (transmittance of approximately 30%), "Interlayer (B)" is a 0.38 mm thick gray-colored PVB interlayer (transmittance of approximately 25%), "Interlayer (C)" is a 0.38 mm thick gray-colored PVB interlayer (transmittance of approximately 30%), and "Interlayer (D)" is a 0.38 mm thick gray-colored PVB interlayer (transmittance of approximately 20%). The dichroic films are as follows: "White PDLC (A)" is a 0.12 mm thick white PDLC film that does not contain dichroic dyes; "White PDLC (B)" is a 0.39 mm thick white PDLC film that does not contain dichroic dyes; "White PDLC (C)" is a 0.38 mm thick white PDLC film that does not contain dichroic dyes. "Black PDLC (A)" is a 0.39 mm thick black PDLC film that contains dichroic dyes, with two uncolored substrates. "Black PDLC (B)" is a 0.39 mm thick black PDLC film that contains dichroic dyes, with one substrate colored and the other uncolored. "Black PDLC (C)" is a 0.39 mm thick black PDLC film that contains dichroic dyes, with two colored substrates. "Black PDLC (D)" is a 0.13 mm thick black PDLC film that contains dichroic dyes, with two uncolored substrates."Black PDLC (E)" is a black PDLC film containing a dichroic dye with a thickness of 0.13 mm, which has a different type of dye than black PDLC (D). "Black PDLC (F)" is a black PDLC film containing a dichroic dye with a thickness of 0.13 mm, which has a different type of dye than black PDLC (D) and black PDLC (E). "Black PDLC (G)" is a black PDLC film containing a dichroic dye with a thickness of 0.13 mm, which has a different type of dye than black PDLC (D) to (F). "Black PDLC (H)" is a black PDLC film containing a dichroic dye with a thickness of 0.13 mm, which has a different type of dye than black PDLC (D) to (G). "SPD (A)" is an SPD film with a thickness of 0.35 mm. "GHLC (A)" is a guest-host liquid crystal film. "EC (A)" is an electrochromic film.

[0118] (Evaluation) In the evaluation, the visibility of the laminated glass in the first state was assessed. With sunlight shining on the laminated glass from the first glass plate side, the laminated glass was observed from the second glass plate side and its visibility was evaluated. In the evaluation of visibility, × (Poor) was used if it was not perceived as a natural color, or if the effect of glare was so noticeable that it was not perceived as a black color; △ (Acceptable) was used if it was within the range of a natural color despite the effect of glare; ○ (Good) was used if it was perceived as a natural black; and ◎ (Excellent) was used if it was perceived as the most natural black.

[0119] As shown in the table, in comparative examples 1 to 4, 6 to 7, 9 to 11, 17, 21 to 25, and 30 to 33, which do not satisfy the condition that parameter A is greater than 2000, the visibility evaluation was unsatisfactory, and the color could not be perceived as a natural black in the first state. On the other hand, in examples 5, 8, 12 to 16, 18 to 20, 26 to 29, and 34, which are examples where parameter A is greater than 2000, the visibility evaluation was satisfactory as it falls within the range of natural color. Of these, examples 14 to 15, 19, and 27 to 28 were perceived as a natural black in the first state, and in particular, examples 8, 20, and 26 were perceived as the most natural black.

[0120] Although embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the embodiments are not limited to those described herein. Furthermore, the aforementioned components include those that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art, those that are substantially the same, and those that fall within the so-called equivalent range. Moreover, the aforementioned components can be combined as appropriate. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions, or modifications of the components can be made without departing from the spirit of the embodiments described above.

[0121] 1 Laminated glass 10A First glass plate 10B Second glass plate 12A First intermediate layer 12B Second intermediate layer 14 Dimming film 24 Liquid crystal layer The entire contents of the specification, claims, drawings and abstract of Japanese Patent Application No. 2025-039178, filed on March 12, 2025, are incorporated herein by reference as disclosure of the specification of the present invention.

Claims

1. Laminated glass comprising: a first glass plate; a second glass plate; a dimming film provided between the first and second glass plates, wherein the light transmittance when a voltage is applied is lower than the light transmittance when a voltage is applied is lower than the light transmittance when a voltage is applied is lower; a first intermediate layer provided between the first glass plate and the dimming film; and a second intermediate layer provided between the second glass plate and the dimming film, wherein the value of parameter A shown in equation (1) in the first state is greater than 2000. A = H × |YI| / (Tt × L ＊ ) ... (1) Here, H is the haze value (%) of the laminated glass, YI is the yellowness of the laminated glass, Tt is the total light transmittance (%) of the laminated glass, L ＊ This is the lightness of the laminated glass in the CIE-Lab color system.

2. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the value of parameter A in the first state is less than 80,000.

3. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the value of H in the first state is greater than 50%.

4. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the value of YI in the first state is greater than -250 and less than 50.

5. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the value of Tt in the first state is greater than 0.03% and less than 2%.

6. The laminated glass according to claim 5, wherein the value of Tt in the second state is greater than 0.15% and less than 10.00%.

7. Color difference ΔE between the first state and the second state. ＊ The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein ab is greater than 1.0 and less than 30.

0.

8. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein, in the case of the second state, the value of YI is greater than -100 and less than 20.

9. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, when the direction from the dimming film toward the first glass plate is defined as the first direction, the visible light transmittance Tv of the member in the first direction is greater than 1% and less than 50% than that of the liquid crystal layer of the dimming film.

10. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, when the direction from the dimming film toward the first glass plate is defined as the first direction, the visible light transmittance Tv of the member in the first direction is higher than that of the liquid crystal layer of the dimming film than that of the liquid crystal layer in the first state.

11. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, when the direction from the dimming film toward the second glass plate is defined as the second direction, the visible light transmittance Tv of the member in the second direction is higher than that of the liquid crystal layer of the dimming film than that of the liquid crystal layer in the first state.

12. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, when the direction from the dimming film toward the first glass plate is defined as the first direction and the direction from the dimming film toward the second glass plate is defined as the second direction, the total light transmittance of the member in the second direction is higher than that of the liquid crystal layer of the dimming film than that of the member in the first direction than that of the liquid crystal layer.

13. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, when the direction from the dimming film toward the first glass plate is defined as the first direction, the laminated glass is curved so as to be convex in the first direction.

14. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first state refers to a state in which no voltage is applied to the dimming film, and the second state refers to a state in which a voltage is applied to the dimming film.

15. L in the first state ＊ The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the coefficient is greater than 0.1 and less than 10.

0.

16. a in the first state ＊ is greater than -3.0 and less than 1.8, and b ＊ The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the coefficient of gravity is greater than -18.0 and less than 2.

0.

17. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein parameter A in the first state is less than 50,000 and greater than 2,500.

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