Output power control

Abstract

One disclosure of the present specification provides a method. The method may comprise steps in which a wireless device: transmits a random access preamble to another device; receives a response message from the other device; and transmits, to a network entity related to a satellite, an uplink signal on the basis of a duty cycle and / or transmission power.

Description

Output power control

[0001] This specification relates to mobile communication.

[0002] 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a technology designed to enable high-speed packet communication. Many methods have been proposed to achieve LTE goals, such as reducing costs for users and operators, improving service quality, expanding coverage, and increasing system capacity. As high-level requirements, 3GPP LTE demands reduced cost per bit, improved service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple structure, open interfaces, and appropriate power consumption of terminals.

[0003] Work has begun at the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and 3GPP to develop requirements and specifications for New Radio (NR) systems. 3GPP must identify and develop the technical components necessary to successfully standardize NR in a timely manner, satisfying both urgent market demands and the longer-term requirements presented by the ITU-R (ITU Radio communication sector) IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications)-2020 process. Furthermore, NR must be able to utilize any spectrum band up to at least 110 GHz so that it can be used for wireless communication even in the distant future.

[0004] NR targets a single technical framework that covers all deployment scenarios, usage scenarios, and requirements, including eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (massive Machine Type-Communications), and URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications). NR must be forward compatible by nature.

[0005] The installation of wireless devices supporting satellite communication in vehicles is currently being discussed. When such devices are installed in vehicles, the distance between the device and the human body becomes very close. However, there is a problem in that the signals emitted by these vehicle-mounted wireless devices do not meet regulations intended to protect human health. Consequently, there is a concern that the output power of these devices could have adverse effects on the human body.

[0006] The installation of wireless devices supporting satellite communication in vehicles is currently being discussed. When such devices are installed in vehicles, the distance between the device and the human body becomes very close. However, there is a problem in that the signals emitted by these vehicle-mounted wireless devices do not meet regulations intended to protect human health. Consequently, there is a concern that the output power of these devices could have adverse effects on the human body.

[0007] In one embodiment, a method is provided. The method may include the steps of: a wireless device transmitting a random access preamble to another device; the wireless device receiving a response message from the other device; and the wireless device transmitting an uplink signal to a network entity associated with a satellite, based on at least one of a duty cycle or transmission power.

[0008] In another aspect, a device for implementing the above method is provided.

[0009] In one embodiment, a method is provided. The method may include the step of a network entity associated with a satellite receiving an uplink signal from a radio device based on at least one of a duty cycle or transmission power; and the step of the network entity associated with the satellite receiving at least one of information related to the duty cycle or information related to the transmission power from the radio device.

[0010] In another aspect, a device for implementing the above method is provided.

[0011] For example, even if a wireless device supporting satellite communication is installed in a vehicle, regulations for protecting human health can be effectively met. The impact of the output power of the wireless device installed in the vehicle on the human body can be minimized.

[0012] For example, according to the prior art, the Compliance Boundary for a wireless device to meet regulations for protecting human health was defined as a fixed circular boundary. According to one embodiment of this specification, the Compliance Boundary of a wireless device can be defined asymmetrically to match the outline shape of a vehicle in which the wireless device is mounted. Accordingly, even without physical barrier facilities around the wireless device, strict human protection regulations, such as those of the FCC, can be satisfied in an environment where the wireless device is mounted in a vehicle.

[0013] For example, a wireless device according to one embodiment of the disclosure of this specification may limit or not limit the output of the wireless device by taking into account the elevation angle and / or azimuth angle of the wireless device. Accordingly, a superior communication throughput can be secured compared to a method in which power was uniformly limited to meet regulations according to the prior art.

[0014] For example, a wireless device according to one embodiment of the disclosure of this specification can regulate average power by controlling the duty cycle rather than simply lowering peak power. Accordingly, the wireless device can maintain a high instantaneous output (e.g., Peak EIRP) required for satellite communication to prevent link disconnection and / or ensure the stability of communication.

[0015] The effects obtainable through the specific examples of this specification are not limited to those listed above. For example, there may be various technical effects that a person with ordinary skill in the related art can understand or derive from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0016] FIG. 1 shows an example of a communication system to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0017] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0018] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0019] Figure 4 is a figure showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0020] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0021] FIGS. 6a through 6e illustrate an example of a RACH procedure applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device mounted on a vehicle transmitting a signal according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0023] FIGS. 8a and FIGS. 8b illustrate examples of situations for testing a device mounted on a vehicle according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0024] FIGS. 9a and 9b illustrate examples of an azimuth angle and an elevation angle related to a device mounted on a vehicle according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0025] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an operation performed by a wireless device according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0026] FIGS. 11a to 11d illustrate examples of EIRP and compliance distances according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0027] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0028] The following techniques, devices, and systems may be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Multi-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA may be implemented through wireless technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA may be implemented through wireless technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented through wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or E-UTRA (Evolved UTRA). UTRA is part of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is part of E-UMTS (Evolved UMTS) using E-UTRA.3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL).

[0029] For convenience of explanation, the implementation of this specification is described primarily in relation to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems. However, the technical characteristics of this specification are not limited thereto. For example, the following detailed description is provided based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system, but aspects of this specification that are not limited to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems may be applied to other mobile communication systems.

[0030] For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically described, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to this specification.

[0031] In this specification, “A or B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Alternatively, in this specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and / or B.” For example, in this specification, “A, B or C” may mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.”

[0032] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma may mean “and / or.” For example, “A / B” may mean “A and / or B.” Accordingly, “A / B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C.”

[0033] In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this specification, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted as synonymous with “at least one of A and B.”

[0034] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” may mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Furthermore, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” may mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

[0035] Additionally, parentheses used in this specification may mean “for example.” Specifically, when indicated as “Control Information (PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “Control Information.” In other words, “Control Information” in this specification is not limited to “PDCCH,” and “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “Control Information.” Furthermore, even when indicated as “Control Information (i.e., PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “Control Information.”

[0036] Technical features described individually within a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0037] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be applied to various fields where wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G) is required.

[0038] The present specification will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and / or description, the same reference numerals may refer to the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and / or function blocks unless otherwise indicated.

[0039] In the attached drawings, User Equipment (UE) is illustrated by way of example, but the illustrated UE may also be referred to by terms such as Terminal, Mobile Equipment (ME), etc. Furthermore, the UE may be a portable device such as a laptop, mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, multimedia device, etc., or a non-portable device such as a PC, vehicle-mounted device, etc.

[0040] Hereinafter, UE is used as an example of a wireless communication device capable of wireless communication (or a wireless device, or a wireless device). Operations performed by the UE may be performed by a wireless communication device. A wireless communication device may also be referred to as a wireless device, a wireless device, etc.

[0041] The term "base station" used below generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with wireless devices, and may be referred to by other terms such as eNodeB (evolved-NodeB), eNB (evolved-NodeB), BTS (Base Transceiver System), Access Point, and gNB (Next generation NodeB).

[0042] FIG. 1 shows an example of a communication system to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0043] The 5G usage scenario shown in FIG. 1 is merely an example, and the technical features of this specification may be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not shown in FIG. 1.

[0044] The three main requirements categories for 5G are (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) category, (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC) category, and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) category.

[0045] Some use cases may require multiple categories for optimization, while others may focus on only one key performance indicator (KPI). 5G supports these diverse use cases using flexible and reliable methods.

[0046] eMBB far surpasses basic mobile internet access and covers rich interactive tasks and media and entertainment applications in the cloud and augmented reality. Data is one of the core drivers of 5G, and in the 5G era, dedicated voice services may not be available for the first time. In 5G, voice processing is expected to be simplified as an application that leverages the data connectivity provided by the communication system. The main cause of traffic growth is the increase in content size and the rise of applications requiring high data transfer speeds. As more devices connect to the internet, streaming services (audio and video), conversational video, and mobile internet access will become more widely used. Many of these applications require an always-on connection to push real-time information and alerts to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly increasing on mobile communication platforms and can be applied to both work and entertainment. Cloud storage is a special use case that accelerates the increase in uplink data transfer speeds. 5G is also used for remote work in the cloud. When using haptic interfaces, 5G requires much lower end-to-end latency to maintain a good user experience. For example, entertainment such as cloud gaming and video streaming is another key factor increasing the demand for mobile broadband capabilities. Entertainment is essential for smartphones and tablets in all places, including highly mobile environments such as trains, cars, and airplanes. Another use case is augmented reality for entertainment and information retrieval. In this case, augmented reality requires very low latency and instantaneous data volume.

[0047] Furthermore, one of the most anticipated use cases for 5G relates to mMTC, the ability to seamlessly connect embedded sensors across all fields. Potentially, the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices is expected to reach 240 million by 2020. Industrial IoT plays a key role in enabling smart cities, asset tracking, smart utilities, agriculture, and security infrastructure through 5G.

[0048] URLLC includes ultra-reliable, low-latency links for new services that will transform industries through the remote control of primary infrastructure, as well as for autonomous vehicles. Reliability and low latency are essential for controlling smart grids, automating industries, achieving robotics, and controlling and coordinating drones.

[0049] 5G is a means to deliver gigabits per second from streaming rated at hundreds of megabits per second, and it can complement Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or Docsis). Such high speeds are necessary to deliver TV with resolutions of 4K or higher (6K, 8K, and above), as well as virtual and augmented reality. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications include highly immersive sports games. Specific applications may require specialized network configurations. For example, in the case of VR games, game companies must integrate core servers with network operators' edge network servers to minimize latency.

[0050] Automobiles are expected to become a new and significant driving force in 5G, along with numerous use cases for in-vehicle mobile communication. For example, passenger entertainment requires broadband mobile communication with high simultaneous capacity and high mobility. This is because future users will continue to expect high-quality connectivity regardless of location or speed. Another use case in the automotive sector is the AR dashboard. AR dashboards enable drivers to identify objects in dark areas beyond those visible through the windshield, and display the distance to objects and their movement by overlapping information delivery to the driver. In the future, wireless modules will enable communication between vehicles, information exchange between vehicles and support infrastructure, and information exchange between vehicles and other connected devices (e.g., devices accompanying pedestrians). Safety systems reduce the risk of accidents by guiding drivers through alternative behavioral processes to drive more safely. The next step will be remotely controlled or autonomous vehicles. This requires extremely high reliability and very fast communication between different autonomous vehicles, as well as between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, autonomous vehicles will perform all driving activities, and drivers will focus only on abnormal traffic that the vehicle cannot identify. The technical requirements for autonomous vehicles demand ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability to raise traffic safety to a level unattainable by humans.

[0051] Smart cities and smart homes / buildings, referred to as a smart society, will be embedded in high-density wireless sensor networks. Distributed networks of intelligent sensors will identify conditions for cost-effective and energy-efficient maintenance of cities or homes. A similar configuration can be applied to individual households. All temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and home appliances will be wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors generally have low data transmission speeds, low power consumption, and low costs. However, real-time HD video may be required by certain types of devices for monitoring.

[0052] Automated control of distribution sensor networks is required to decentralize energy consumption and distribution, including heat and gas, to a higher level. Smart grids utilize digital information and communication technologies to collect data and interconnect sensors to operate based on the collected information. Since this information may include the behavior of suppliers and consumers, smart grids can improve the distribution of fuels, such as electricity, through methods such as efficiency, reliability, economic viability, production sustainability, and automation. A smart grid can also be regarded as another sensor network with low latency.

[0053] Mission-critical applications (e.g., e-health) are one of the 5G use scenarios. The health sector includes many applications that can benefit from mobile communication. Communication systems can support telemedicine, which provides clinical treatment from remote locations. Telemedicine can help reduce distance barriers and improve access to medical services that are not consistently available in remote rural areas. Telemedicine is also used to perform critical treatments and save lives in emergency situations. Mobile communication-based wireless sensor networks can provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

[0054] Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important in industrial applications. Wiring incurs high installation and maintenance costs. Therefore, the potential to replace cables with reconfigurable wireless links presents an attractive opportunity for many industries. However, achieving this replacement requires establishing wireless connections with latency, reliability, and capacity comparable to cables, as well as simplifying the management of these connections. With the demand for 5G connections, low latency and a very low probability of error are new requirements.

[0055] Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases of mobile communications that utilize location-based information systems to enable inventory and package tracking anywhere. While these use cases generally require low data rates, they necessitate location information with wide range and reliability.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system (1) includes wireless devices (100a to 100f), a base station (BS) (200), and a network (300). FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of the network of the communication system (1), but the implementation of the present disclosure is not limited to a 5G system and can be applied to future communication systems beyond a 5G system.

[0057] The base station (200) and the network (300) can be implemented as wireless devices, and a specific wireless device can operate as a base station / network node in relation to another wireless device.

[0058] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) represent devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may also be referred to as communication / wireless / 5G devices. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may include, but are not limited to, robots (100a), vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2), extended reality (XR) devices (100c), portable devices (100d), home appliances (100e), IoT devices (100f), and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers (400). For example, vehicles may include vehicles with wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing communication between vehicles. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) devices and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted devices (HMDs) and head-up displays (HUDs) mounted on vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signs, vehicles, robots, etc. Portable devices may include smartphones, smart pads, wearable devices (e.g., smartwatches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0059] In this specification, wireless devices (100a to 100f) may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a PDA (personal digital assistant), a PMP (portable multimedia player), a navigation system, a slate PC, a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with autonomous driving capabilities, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a fintech device (or financial device), a security device, a weather / environment device, a 5G service-related device, or a device related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

[0060] For example, a UAV can be an aircraft that is not on board and is navigated by radio control signals.

[0061] For example, a VR device may include a device for implementing objects or backgrounds in a virtual environment. For example, an AR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by connecting them to objects or backgrounds in a real world. For example, an MR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by merging them with objects or backgrounds in a real world. For example, a holographic device may include a device for implementing a 360-degree stereoscopic image by recording and playing back stereoscopic information using the phenomenon of light interference that occurs when two laser lights called holograms meet.

[0062] For example, a public safety device may include an image relay device or an image device that can be worn on a user's body.

[0063] For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or operation. For instance, MTC devices and IoT devices may include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0064] For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, curing, or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device used to diagnose, treat, alleviate, or correct an injury or damage. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a therapeutic device, a driving device, a (in vitro) diagnostic device, a hearing aid, or a surgical device.

[0065] For example, a security device may be a device installed to prevent potential risks and maintain safety. For example, a security device may be a camera, closed-circuit TV (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

[0066] For example, a fintech device may be a device capable of providing financial services such as mobile payments. For example, a fintech device may include a payment device or a POS system.

[0067] For example, a weather / environment device may include a device for monitoring or predicting the weather / environment.

[0068] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) through a base station (200). AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) through the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a network after 5G. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) may communicate with each other through the base station (200) / network (300), but they may also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (200) / network (300). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) / V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication). Also, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0069] Wireless communication / connections (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and / or between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and base station (200) and / or between base station (200). Here, the wireless communication / connections can be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR), such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D (device-to-device) communication), and communication between base stations (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access and backhaul)). Through the wireless communication / connections (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices (100a to 100f) and base station (200) can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) may transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various proposals in this specification, at least some of the following may be performed: a process for setting various configuration information for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, a process for various signal processing (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), and a resource allocation process.

[0070] AI refers to the field of researching artificial intelligence or the methodologies to create it, while machine learning refers to the field of researching methodologies to define and solve various problems within the realm of artificial intelligence. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves performance on a task through continuous experience.

[0071] A robot can refer to a machine that automatically processes or operates given tasks based on its own capabilities. In particular, a robot equipped with the ability to perceive its environment, make independent judgments, and perform actions can be called an intelligent robot. Robots can be classified into industrial, medical, domestic, and military types depending on their purpose or field of use. Robots are equipped with drive units, including actuators or motors, to perform various physical movements, such as moving robot joints. Additionally, mobile robots include wheels, brakes, propellers, etc., in their drive units, enabling them to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

[0072] Autonomous driving refers to technology that drives itself, and an autonomous vehicle refers to a vehicle that drives without user intervention or with minimal user intervention. For example, autonomous driving can include technologies such as maintaining the driving lane, automatically adjusting speed like adaptive cruise control, driving automatically along a predetermined route, and automatically setting a route and driving once a destination is set. The term "vehicle" encompasses vehicles equipped solely with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles equipped with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles equipped solely with electric motors; it can include not only automobiles but also trains and motorcycles. An autonomous vehicle can be viewed as a robot equipped with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0073] Augmented Reality is a collective term for VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects or backgrounds solely as CG images, AR technology provides virtual CG images superimposed on images of real objects, and MR technology is a CG technology that mixes and combines virtual objects with the real world. MR technology is similar to AR technology in that it displays real-world and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference in that while virtual objects in AR technology are used to complement real-world objects, virtual and real objects in MR technology are used as equal entities.

[0074] NR supports multiple numerologies or subcarrier spacings (SCS) to support various 5G services. For example, when the SCS is 15 kHz, it supports a wide area in traditional cellular bands; when the SCS is 30 kHz / 60 kHz, it supports dense-urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and when the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, it supports a bandwidth greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

[0075] The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (e.g., FR1, FR2). The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges may change. For example, the frequency ranges of the two types (FR1, FR2) may be as shown in Table 1 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in the NR system, FR1 may mean "sub 6 GHz range" and FR2 may mean "above 6 GHz range" and may be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW). FR2 may include FR2-1 and FR2-2, as illustrated in the examples in Tables 1 and 2.

[0076] Frequency Range designationCorresponding frequency rangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1450MHz - 6000MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR2FR2-124250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHzFR2-257000MHz - 71000MHz120, 480, 960kHz

[0077] As described above, the numerical values ​​of the frequency range of the NR system may change. For example, FR1 may include a band of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher. For example, the frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher included within FR1 may include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for various purposes, for example, for communication for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

[0078] Frequency Range designationCorresponding frequency rangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1410MHz - 7125MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR2FR2-124250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHzFR2-257000MHz - 71000MHz120, 480, 960kHz

[0079] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of this specification may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology and may be implemented according to standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, but is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally, or generally, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of this specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as enhanced MTC (eMTC). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-bandwidth limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE MTC, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally or generally, wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of this specification may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN for low-power communication, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. For example, ZigBee technology may create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0080] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0081] Referring to FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals to / from an external device via various RATs (e.g., LTE and NR).

[0082] In FIG. 2, {the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to at least one of the {wireless devices (100a~100f) and base station (200)}, {wireless devices (100a~100f) and wireless devices (100a~100f)} and / or {base station (200) and base station (200)} of FIG. 1.

[0083] The first wireless device (100) may include at least one transceiver such as a transceiver (106), at least one processing chip such as a processing chip (101), and / or one or more antennas (108).

[0084] The processing chip (101) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (102), and at least one memory, such as a memory (104). FIG. 2 is shown as an example in which the memory (104) is included in the processing chip (101). Additionally and / or generally, the memory (104) may be placed outside the processing chip (101).

[0085] The processor (102) can control the memory (104) and / or the transceiver (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (102) may process information within the memory (104) to generate a first information / signal and transmit a wireless signal containing the first information / signal through the transceiver (106). The processor (102) may receive a wireless signal containing a second information / signal through the transceiver (106) and process the second information / signal to store the obtained information in the memory (104).

[0086] Memory (104) may be connected to the processor (102) so as to be operable. Memory (104) may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory (104) may store software code (105) that implements instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (102). For example, software code (105) may implement instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (102). For example, software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more protocols. For example, software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more wireless interface protocol layers.

[0087] Here, the processor (102) and memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive a wireless signal through one or more antennas (108). Each transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (106) may be interchangeably used with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In this specification, the first wireless device (100) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0088] The second wireless device (200) may include at least one transceiver such as a transceiver (206), at least one processing chip such as a processing chip (201), and / or one or more antennas (208).

[0089] The processing chip (201) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (202), and at least one memory, such as a memory (204). FIG. 2 is shown as an example in which the memory (204) is included in the processing chip (201). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (204) may be placed outside the processing chip (201).

[0090] The processor (202) can control the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (202) may process information within the memory (204) to generate a third information / signal and transmit a wireless signal containing the third information / signal through the transceiver (206). The processor (202) may receive a wireless signal containing a fourth information / signal through the transceiver (206) and process the fourth information / signal to store the obtained information in the memory (204).

[0091] Memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) so as to be operable. Memory (204) may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory (204) may store software code (205) that implements instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (202). For example, software code (205) may implement instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (202). For example, software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more protocols. For example, software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more wireless interface protocol layers.

[0092] Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and transmit and / or receive a wireless signal through one or more antennas (208). Each transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (206) may be interchangeably used with an RF unit. In this specification, the second wireless device (200) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0093] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a PHY (physical) layer, a MAC (media access control) layer, a RLC (radio link control) layer, a PDCP (packet data convergence protocol) layer, a RRC (radio resource control) layer, and an SDAP (service data adaptation protocol) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more PDUs (protocol data units) and / or one or more SDUs (service data units) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate a signal (e.g., baseband signal) containing a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification and provide it to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) may receive a signal (e.g., baseband signal) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and may obtain a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification.

[0094] One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, and / or microcomputers. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, and / or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), and / or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). Descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware and / or software, and the firmware and / or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, and functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be included in one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and / or sets of instructions.

[0095] One or more memories (104, 204) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. One or more memories (104, 204) may consist of read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer read storage media, and / or combinations thereof. One or more memories (104, 204) may be located inside and / or outside of one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, one or more memories (104, 204) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) through various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.

[0096] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, wireless signals, etc., to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, wireless signals, etc. from one or more other devices.

[0097] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more antennas (108, 208). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein through one or more antennas (108, 208). In this specification, one or more antennas (108, 208) may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0098] One or more transceivers (106, 206) can convert received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) can convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). To this end, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include (analog) oscillators and / or filters. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can up-convert an OFDM baseband signal into an OFDM signal through an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202) and transmit the up-converted OFDM signal at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive an OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal into an OFDM baseband signal through an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202).

[0099] In an implementation of this specification, the UE may operate as a transmitting device in the uplink (UL; uplink) and as a receiving device in the downlink (DL; downlink). In an implementation of this specification, the base station may operate as a receiving device in the UL and as a transmitting device in the DL. For technical convenience, it is generally assumed that the first wireless device (100) operates as a UE and the second wireless device (200) operates as a base station. For example, a processor (102) connected to, mounted on, or released to the first wireless device (100) may be configured to perform UE operations according to an implementation of this specification or to control a transceiver (106) to perform UE operations according to an implementation of this specification. A processor (202) connected to, mounted on, or released to the second wireless device (200) may be configured to perform base station operations according to an implementation of this specification or to control a transceiver (206) to perform base station operations according to an implementation of this specification.

[0100] In this specification, the base station may be referred to as Node B, eNode B, or gNB.

[0101] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0102] Wireless devices can be implemented in various forms depending on the use example / service (see FIG. 1).

[0103] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (100, 200) may correspond to the wireless device (100, 200) of FIG. 2 and may be composed of various components, devices / parts and / or modules. For example, each wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication device (110), a control device (120), a memory device (130), and additional components (140). The communication device (110) may include a communication circuit (112) and a transceiver (114). For example, the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) of FIG. 2 and / or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 2. For example, the transceiver (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) of FIG. 2 and / or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 2. The control unit (120) is electrically connected to the communication device (110), the memory device (130), and the additional component (140) and controls the overall operation of each wireless device (100, 200). For example, the control unit (120) may control the electrical / mechanical operation of each wireless device (100, 200) based on a program / code / command / information stored in the memory device (130). The control device (120) can transmit information stored in the memory device (130) to an external (e.g., other communication device) via the communication device (110) through a wireless / wired interface, or store information received from an external (e.g., other communication device) via the communication device (110) through a wireless / wired interface in the memory device (130).

[0104] The additional component (140) can be configured in various ways depending on the type of wireless device (100, 200). For example, the additional component (140) may include at least one of a power device / battery, an input / output (I / O) device (e.g., audio I / O port, video I / O port), a driving device, and a computing device. The wireless device (100, 200) may be implemented in the form of, but is not limited to, a robot (100a in FIG. 1), a vehicle (100b-1 and 100b-2 in FIG. 1), an XR device (100c in FIG. 1), a portable device (100d in FIG. 1), a home appliance (100e in FIG. 1), an IoT device (100f in FIG. 1), a digital broadcasting terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or financial device), a security device, a climate / environment device, an AI server / device (400 in FIG. 1), a base station (200 in FIG. 1), or a network node. The wireless device (100, 200) may be used in a mobile or fixed location depending on the use example / service.

[0105] In FIG. 3, the entirety of the various components, devices / parts and / or modules of the wireless device (100, 200) may be connected to each other via a wired interface, or at least some of them may be connected wirelessly via a communication device (110). For example, in each wireless device (100, 200), the control device (120) and the communication device (110) may be connected via a wire, and the control device (120) and the first device (e.g., 130 and 140) may be connected wirelessly via the communication device (110). Each component, device / part and / or module within the wireless device (100, 200) may further include one or more elements. For example, the control device (120) may be composed of one or more sets of processors. As an example, the control device (120) may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory device (130) may be composed of RAM, DRAM, ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory and / or a combination thereof.

[0106] <NR에서의 동작 대역>

[0107] The operating band in NR is as follows.

[0108] The operating bands in Table 3 below are operating bands that have been refarmed from the LTE / LTE-A operating bands. These are called the FR1 bands.

[0109] NR Operating Band Uplink (UL) Operating Band Downlink (DL) Operating Band Duplex Mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_highn11920 MHz - 1980 MHz2110 MHz - 2170 MHzFDDn21850 MHz - 1910 MHz1930 MHz - 1990 MHzFDDn31710 MHz - 1785 MHz1805 MHz - 1880 MHzFDDn5824 MHz - 849 MHz869 MHz - 894 MHzFDDn72500 MHz - 2570 MHz2620 MHz - 2690 MHzFDDn8880 MHz - 915 MHz925 MHz - 960 MHzFDDn12699 MHz - 716 MHz729 MHz - 746 MHzFDDn20832 MHz - 862 MHz791 MHz - 821 MHzFDDn251850 MHz - 1915 MHz1930 MHz - 1995 MHzFDDn28703 MHz - 748 MHz758 MHz - 803 MHzFDDn342010 MHz - 2025 MHz2010 MHz - 2025 MHzTDDn382570 MHz - 2620 MHz2570 MHz - 2620 MHzTDDn391880 MHz - 1920 MHz1880 MHz - 1920 MHzTDDn402300 MHz - 2400 MHz2300 MHz - 2400 MHzTDDn412496 MHz - 2690 MHz2496 MHz - 2690 MHzTDDn501432 MHz - 1517 MHz1432 MHz - 1517 MHzTDDn511427 MHz - 1432 MHz1427 MHz - 1432 MHzTDDn661710 MHz - 1780 MHz2110 MHz - 2200 MHzFDDn701695 MHz - 1710 MHz1995 MHz - 2020 MHzFDDn71663 MHz - 698 MHz617 MHz - 652 MHzFDDn741427 MHz - 1470 MHz1475 MHz - 1518 MHzFDDn75N / A1432 MHz - 1517 MHzSDLn76N / A1427 MHz - 1432 MHzSDLn773300 MHz - 4200 MHz3300 MHz - 4200MHzTDDn783300 MHz - 3800 MHz3300 MHz - 3800 MHzTDDn794400 MHz - 5000 MHz4400 MHz - 5000 MHzTDDn801710 MHz - 1785 MHzN / ASULn81880 MHz - 915 MHzN / ASULn82832 MHz - 862 MHzN / ASULn83703 MHz - 748 MHzN / ASULn841920 MHz - 1980 MHzN / ASULn861710 MHz - 1780 MHzN / ASUL

[0110] The table below shows the NR operating band defined at high frequencies. This is called the FR2 band.

[0111] NR Uplink (UL) Operation Downlink (DL) Operation Duplex Mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_high n25726500 MHz - 29500 MHz26500 MHz - 29500 MHzTDDn25824250 MHz - 27500 MHz24250 MHz - 27500 MHzTDDn25937000 MHz - 40000 MHz37000 MHz - 40000 MHzTDDn26037000 MHz - 40000 MHz37000 MHz - 40000 MHzFDDn26127500 MHz - 28350 MHz27500 MHz - 28350 MHzFDD

[0112] For reference, the operating band of E-UTRA is as shown in Table 5 below.

[0113] E-UTRA Operation Band Uplink (UL) Operation Band BS Receive UE Transmit Downlink (DL) Operation Band BS Transmit UE Receive Duplex Mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_high11920 MHz - 1980 MHz2110 MHz - 2170 MHzFDD21850 MHz - 1910 MHz1930 MHz - 1990 MHzFDD31710 MHz - 1785 MHz1805 MHz - 1880 MHzFDD41710 MHz - 1755 MHz2110 MHz - 2155 MHzFDD5824 MHz - 849 MHz869 MHz - 894MHzFDD6830 MHz - 840 MHz875 MHz - 885 MHzFDD72500 MHz - 2570 MHz2620 MHz - 2690 MHzFDD8880 MHz - 915 MHz925 MHz - 960 MHzFDD91749.9 MHz - 1784.9 MHz1844.9 MHz - 1879.9 MHzFDD101710 MHz - 1770 MHz2110 MHz - 2170 MHzFDD111427.9 MHz - 1447.9 MHz1475.9 MHz - 1495.9 MHzFDD12699 MHz - 716 MHz729 MHz - 746 MHzFDD13777 MHz - 787 MHz746 MHz - 756 MHzFDD14788 MHz - 798 MHz758 MHz - 768 MHzFDD15ReservedReservedFDD16ReservedReservedFDD17704 MHz - 716 MHz734 MHz - 746 MHzFDD18815 MHz - 830 MHz860 MHz - 875 MHzFDD19830 MHz - 845 MHz875 MHz - 890 MHzFDD20832 MHz - 862 MHz791 MHz - 821 MHzFDD211447.9 MHz - 1462.9 MHz1495.9 MHz - 1510.9 MHzFDD223410 MHz - 3490 MHz3510 MHz - 3590 MHzFDD232000 MHz - 2020 MHz2180 MHz - 2200 MHzFDD241626.5 MHz - 1660.5 MHz1525 MHz - 1559 MHzFDD251850 MHz - 1915 MHz1930 MHz - 1995 MHzFDD26814 MHz - 849 MHz859 MHz - 894 MHzFDD27807 MHz - 824 MHz852 MHz - 869 MHzFDD28703 MHz - 748 MHz758 MHz - 803 MHzFDD29N / A717 MHz - 728 MHzFDD302305 MHz - 2315 MHz2350 MHz - 2360 MHzFDD31452.5 MHz - 457.5 MHz462.5 MHz - 467.5 MHzFDD32N / A1452 MHz - 1496 MHzFDD. 2331900 MHz - 1920 MHz1900 MHz - 1920 MHzTDD342010 MHz - 2025 MHz2010 MHz - 2025 MHzTDD351850 MHz - 1910 MHz1850 MHz - 1910 MHzTDD361930 MHz - 1990 MHz1930 MHz - 1990 MHzTDD371910 MHz - 1930 MHz1910 MHz - 1930 MHzTDD382570 MHz - 2620 MHz2570 MHz - 2620 MHzTDD391880 MHz - 1920 MHz1880 MHz - 1920 MHzTDD402300 MHz - 2400 MHz2300 MHz - 2400 MHzTDD412496 MHz - 2690 MHz2496 MHz - 2690 MHzTDD423400 MHz - 3600 MHz3400 MHz - 3600 MHzTDD433600 MHz - 3800 MHz3600 MHz - 3800 MHzTDD44703 MHz - 803 MHz703 MHz - 803 MHzTDD451447 MHz - 1467 MHz1447 MHz - 1467 MHzTDD465150 MHz - 5925 MHz5150 MHz - 5925 MHzTDD475855 MHz - 5925 MHz5855 MHz - 5925 MHzTDD483550 MHz - 3700 MHz3550 MHz - 3700 MHzTDD493550 MHz - 3700 MHz3550 MHz - 3700 MHzTDD501432 MHz - 1517 MHz1432 MHz - 1517 MHzTDD511427 MHz - 1432 MHz1427 MHz - 1432 MHzTDD523300 MHz - 3400 MHz3300 MHz - 3400 MHzTDD532483.5 MHz - 2495 MHz2483.5 MHz - 2495 MHzTDD541670 MHz - 1675 MHz1670 MHz - 1675 MHzTDD64Reserved651920 MHz - 2010 MHz2110 MHz - 2200 MHzFDD661710 MHz - 1780 MHz2110 MHz - 2200 MHzFDD67N / A738 MHz - 758 MHzFDD68698 MHz - 728 MHz753 MHz - 783 MHzFDD69N / A2570 MHz - 2620 MHzFDD701695 MHz - 1710 MHz1995 MHz - 2020 MHzFDD71663 MHz - 698 MHz617 MHz - 652 MHzFDD72451 MHz - 456 MHz461 MHz - 466 MHzFDD73450 MHz - 455 MHz460 MHz - 465 MHzFDD741427 MHz - 1470 MHz1475 MHz - 1518 MHzFDD75N / A1432 MHz - 1517 MHzFDD76N / A1427 MHz - 1432 MHzFDD85698 MHz - 716 MHz728 MHz - 746 MHzFDD87410 MHz - 415 MHz420 MHz - 425 MHzFDD88412 MHz - 417 MHz422 MHz - 427 MHzFDD103787 MHz - 788 MHz757 MHz - 758 MHzFDD106896 MHz - 901 MHz935 MHz - 940 MHzFDD.

[0114] <6G 시스템 일반>

[0115] The 6G (wireless communication) system aims for (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be seen in four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements shown in Table 6 below. In other words, Table 6 is a table representing an example of the requirements for a 6G system.

[0116] Per device peak data rate1 TbpsE2E latency1 msMaximum spectral efficiency100bps / HzMobility supportUp to 1000km / hrSatellite integrationFullyAIFullyAutonomous vehicleFullyXRFullyHaptic CommunicationFully

[0117] 6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0118] Figure 4 is a figure showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0119] 6G systems are expected to have 50 times higher simultaneous wireless connectivity than 5G wireless communication systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become an even more dominant technology in 6G communication by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1ms. Unlike the frequently used area spectrum efficiency, 6G systems will exhibit significantly superior volume spectrum efficiency. 6G systems can provide very long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, meaning mobile devices in 6G systems will not require separate charging. New network characteristics in 6G may include the following.

[0120] - Satellite Integrated Network: 6G is expected to be integrated with satellites to provide a global mobile population. Integrating terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communication system is crucial for 6G.

[0121] - Connected Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is innovative and will update wireless evolution from "connected things" to "connected intelligence." AI can be applied at each stage of the communication process (or at each step of the signal processing described below).

[0122] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0123] - Ubiquitous Super 3D Connectivity: Connectivity to the network and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create Super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

[0124] Some general requirements regarding the new network characteristics of 6G mentioned above may be as follows.

[0125] - Small cell networks: The idea of ​​small cell networks was introduced to improve the quality of received signals in cellular systems as a result of increased throughput, energy efficiency, and spectrum efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are an essential feature of communication systems for 5G and beyond 5G (5GB). Therefore, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0126] - Ultra-dense heterogeneous network: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important characteristic of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks composed of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0127] - High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized as high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems can be possible solutions to this problem.

[0128] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communication is one of the functions of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0129] - Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two important features that form the basis of the design process in 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Additionally, billions of devices can be shared across a shared physical infrastructure.

[0130] <Key Implementation Technologies of 6G Systems>

[0131] Artificial Intelligence

[0132] The most critical and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. AI was not involved in 4G systems. 5G systems will support AI partially or to a very limited extent. However, 6G systems will be supported by AI for complete automation. Advancements in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communication in 6G. Introducing AI into communications can streamline and enhance real-time data transmission. AI can determine how complex target tasks are performed using numerous analyses. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing latency.

[0133] Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly by using AI. AI can also play a significant role in M2M, machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communication. Furthermore, AI can enable rapid communication in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0134] Recently, attempts to integrate AI with wireless communication systems have emerged, but these have primarily focused on the application and network layers, particularly deep learning in the field of wireless resource management and allocation. However, such research is increasingly advancing toward the MAC and physical layers, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of signal processing and communication mechanisms based on AI drivers rather than traditional communication frameworks in terms of fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0135] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, and for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). In addition, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0136] Machine learning refers to a series of operations for training machines to create machines capable of performing tasks that humans can or find difficult to do. Machine learning requires data and learning models. Data learning methods in machine learning can be broadly classified into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0137] The purpose of neural network training is to minimize output errors. It is a process that repeatedly inputs training data into a neural network, calculates the error between the network's output and the target for the training data, and updates the weights of each node by backpropagating the error from the output layer to the input layer in a direction that reduces the error.

[0138] Supervised learning uses training data with correct answers labeled, whereas unsupervised learning may not have correct answers labeled. That is, for example, in the case of supervised learning regarding data classification, the training data may consist of data where each training data point is labeled with a category. Labeled training data is input into a neural network, and an error can be calculated by comparing the network's output (category) with the labels of the training data. The calculated error is backpropagated within the neural network (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated according to this backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each node being updated can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculations on the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, efficiency can be increased by using a high learning rate in the early stages of neural network training to enable the network to quickly achieve a certain level of performance, and accuracy can be improved by using a low learning rate in the later stages of training.

[0139] The learning method may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted from the transmitting end at the receiving end in a communication system, it is desirable to perform learning using supervised learning rather than unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0140] Learning models correspond to the human brain, and while the most basic linear models can be considered, a machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

[0141] The neural network cores used for learning methods are broadly classified into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNN), and spiking neural networks (SNN).

[0142] THz Communication (Terahertz Communication)

[0143] Data transmission rates can be increased by expanding bandwidth. This can be achieved by using sub-THz communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced large-scale MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter radiation, generally refer to a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz–300 GHz band range (Sub-THz band) is considered the primary portion of the THz band for cellular communication. Adding the Sub-THz band to the mmWave band increases 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, the 300 GHz–3 THz band is located in the far-infrared (IR) frequency band. Although the 300 GHz–3 THz band is part of the broadband, it lies at the boundary of the broadband and immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz–3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0144] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0145] Key characteristics of THz communication include (i) widely available bandwidth to support very high data transmission rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are indispensable). The narrow beam width generated by highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and BSs operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies that can overcome range limitations.

[0146] Large-scale MIMO

[0147] One of the key technologies for improving spectrum efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectrum efficiency also improves. Therefore, large-scale MIMO technology will be important in 6G systems. Since MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology and beam generation and operation technology suitable for the THz band must also be given important consideration to enable data signals to be transmitted through one or more paths.

[0148] Hologram Beam Forming (HBF)

[0149] Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit wireless signals in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, such as a high signal-to-noise ratio, interference prevention and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic Beamforming (HBF) is a new beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it utilizes software-defined antennas. HBF is expected to be a highly effective approach for the efficient and flexible transmission and reception of signals in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0150] Optical wireless technology

[0151] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that transmits signals using visible light, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV). OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390–750 nm) is generally referred to as Visible Light Communication (VLC). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be utilized for VLC implementation. VLC can be used in various applications, including wireless local area networks, wireless personal communication networks, and vehicle networks.

[0152] VLC offers the following advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is in the free / unlicensed band and can provide extensive bandwidth (THz-level bandwidth). Second, VLC causes minimal interference to other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications, such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers strengths in communication security and privacy protection. The transmission medium of VLC-based networks, namely visible light, cannot penetrate walls or other opaque obstacles. Consequently, the transmission range of VLC can be limited to indoors, thereby protecting users' personal and sensitive information. Fourth, since VLC can utilize lighting sources as base stations, expensive base stations are not required.

[0153] Free-space Optical Communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, or a vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for communication or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point OWC system on the ground. FSO can operate at near-infrared frequencies (750–1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used for FSO implementation, and FSO can provide high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), offering a potential solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0154] These OWC technologies were planned for 6G communication in addition to RF-based communication for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul / fronthaul network connections. Although OWC technologies have already been in use since 4G communication systems, they will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and broadband-based FSO communication are already well-known technologies. Communication based on optical radio technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communication.

[0155] LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) can also be utilized for ultra-high resolution 3D mapping in 6G communication based on wide bandwidth. LiDAR refers to a remote sensing method that measures distance by illuminating an object with near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light and detecting the reflected light through an optical sensor. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0156] FSO Backhaul Network

[0157] The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber optic system. Consequently, FSO can be a good technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems in conjunction with fiber optic networks. Using FSO enables very long-distance communication over distances of more than 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular backhaul connectivity.

[0158] Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

[0159] 6G systems integrate terrestrial and air networks to support vertically scalable user communications. 3D BS will be provided via low-orbit satellites and UAVs. By adding new dimensions in terms of altitude and associated degrees of freedom, 3D connectivity differs significantly from existing 2D networks. In NR, the Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) is considered as one method for this. An NTN refers to a network or network segment that utilizes RF resources mounted on a satellite (or UAS platform). There are two common scenarios for NTNs that provide access to user equipment: transparent payload and regenerative payload. The following are the basic elements of an NTN.

[0160] - One or more sat-gateways connecting NTN to a public data network

[0161] - GEO satellites are supplied by one or more satellite gateways deployed across a satellite target range (e.g., regional or continental range). We assume that the UEs in a cell are serviced by only one satellite gateway.

[0162] - Non-GEO satellites providing continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between continuous service satellite gateways with a time duration sufficient to perform mobility anchoring and handover.

[0163] - Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform)

[0164] - Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0165] - A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. Satellite (or UAS platform) generated beams typically produce multiple beams for a designated service area based on the line of sight. The beam footprint is generally elliptical. The satellite (or UAS platform)'s line of sight depends on the onboard antenna diagram and the minimum elevation angle.

[0166] - Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload is not altered.

[0167] - Playback Payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, coding / modulation. This is virtually equivalent to equipping a satellite (or UAS platform) with all or part of the base station functions (e.g., gNB).

[0168] - For satellite deployments, Inter-Satellite Links (ISL) are optional. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate at RF frequencies or in the broadband.

[0169] - User equipment is serviced by a satellite (or UAS platform) within the target service area.

[0170] Generally, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional, or local services.

[0171] Generally, LEO and MEO constellations are used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. In some cases, constellations may provide global coverage, including the polar regions. For this to work, appropriate orbital inclination, a sufficiently generated beam, and inter-satellite links are required.

[0172] Quantum Communication

[0173] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that applies quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communications to overcome the limitations of existing technologies, such as security and ultra-high-speed computing. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be represented in the form of 0 and 1 based on binary bits used in conventional communication technologies, or that is difficult to represent. While conventional communication technologies utilize wavelength or amplitude for information transmission between a transmitter and a receiver, quantum communication, in contrast, utilizes photons—the smallest unit of light—for this purpose. In particular, since quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility can be applied to the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), quantum communication possesses the characteristic of enabling communication with guaranteed perfect security. Furthermore, under specific conditions, quantum communication may enable ultra-high-speed communication by utilizing quantum entanglement.

[0174] Cell-free Communication

[0175] The tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial in 6G systems. Consequently, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without the need for any manual configuration on their devices. The best network among available communication technologies is automatically selected. This will break the limitations of the cellular concept in wireless communication. Currently, user movement from one cell to another causes excessive handovers in high-density networks, leading to handover failures, delays, data loss, and the "ping-pong" effect. 6G cell-free communication will overcome all of these issues and provide better QoS.

[0176] Cell-free communication is defined as a “system in which multiple geographically distributed access points (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time and frequency resources with the help of a fronthaul network and a CPU.” A single terminal is served by a set of multiple APs, which is called an AP cluster. There are various ways to form an AP cluster; among them, the method of configuring an AP cluster with APs that can significantly contribute to improving the terminal's reception performance is called terminal-centric clustering. When using this method, the configuration is dynamically updated as the terminal moves. By introducing this terminal-centric AP clustering technique, the terminal is always located at the center of the AP cluster, thereby becoming free from inter-cluster interference that can occur when a terminal is located at the boundary of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies, as well as heterogeneous radios used by different devices.

[0177] Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

[0178] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. In particular, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transmission during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the lifespan of wireless battery charging systems. Therefore, devices without batteries will be supported in 6G communication.

[0179] Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

[0180] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously detecting dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communication to support autonomous systems.

[0181] Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

[0182] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected via backhaul connections such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To cope with a very large number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

[0183] Big Data Analysis

[0184] Big data analysis is a complex process for analyzing various large-scale data sets or big data. This process ensures perfect data management by uncovering information such as hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer preferences. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process vast amounts of data in 6G systems.

[0185] Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

[0186] Numerous studies have been conducted that treat the wireless environment, along with transmitters and receivers, as a variable to be optimized. To emphasize the fundamental difference between wireless environments created through this approach and past design and optimization standards, they are referred to as Smart Radio Environments (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environments (IRE). Regarding reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna technology) as a technology for realizing SRE, various terms have been proposed, such as Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

[0187] THz band signals exhibit strong directivity, which can lead to numerous dead zones caused by obstacles. Consequently, RIS technology becomes crucial as it allows for the expansion of communication coverage, enhanced communication stability, and the provision of additional value-added services by installing RIS near these dead zones. An RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials capable of altering the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS may appear to be an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operational mechanism. Furthermore, RIS offers the advantage of low power consumption because it operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements—meaning it reflects signals passively without using an active RF chain. Additionally, since each passive reflector in the RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incident signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift through the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

[0188] There are also RISs that can control transmission and refraction characteristics as well as reflect wireless signals, and such RISs are mainly used for O2I (Outdoor to Indoor). Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides transmission and reflection simultaneously, is also being actively researched.

[0189] Metaverse

[0190] Metaverse is a compound word formed from 'Meta,' meaning virtual or transcendent, and 'Universe,' meaning the universe. Generally, the term metaverse is used to mean something like 'a three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities similar to those in the real world are prevalent.'

[0191] Extended Reality (XR), a core technology for implementing the metaverse, can expand real-world experiences and provide a unique sense of immersion through the convergence of the virtual and the real. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks enable users to experience Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) with enhanced immersion.

[0192] Autonomous Driving (Self-driving)

[0193] For perfect autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to alert one another to dangerous situations, or communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to verify information like parking locations and signal change times. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything), a core element of building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that enables vehicles to communicate and share with various elements on the road to perform autonomous driving, including wireless communication between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I).

[0194] Fast transmission speeds and low-latency technologies are essential to maximize the performance of autonomous driving and ensure high safety. Furthermore, as the amount of information to be transmitted and received increases significantly in the future—moving beyond the level of delivering warning or guidance messages to the driver to actively intervene in vehicle operation and directly control the vehicle in dangerous situations—it is expected that 6G will be able to maximize autonomous driving through faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

[0195] Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[0196] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones will become a critical element in 6G wireless communication. In most cases, high-speed data wireless connectivity is provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs possess specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled degrees of freedom for mobility. During emergencies, such as natural disasters, the deployment of ground communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes services cannot be provided in volatile environments. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in the field of wireless communication. This technology facilitates the three fundamental requirements of wireless networks: eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most critical technologies for 6G communication.

[0197] Blockchain

[0198] Blockchain will become a critical technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. As a form of distributed ledger technology, a distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchain is managed via a peer-to-peer (P2P) network and can exist without being managed by a centralized authority or server. Data in a blockchain is collected together and organized into blocks. These blocks are linked together and protected using encryption. Blockchain inherently complements large-scale IoT perfectly through enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, stability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology provides various capabilities such as inter-device interoperability, large-scale data traceability, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the large-scale connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0199] <Random Access Channel (RACH) 절차>

[0200] FIGS. 6a through 6e illustrate an example of a RACH procedure applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0201] With reference to FIGS. 6a through 6e, a RACH procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is described. The embodiment of FIGS. 6a through 6e may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0202] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, where RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements) are described, the UE may satisfy these RF requirements. For example, the UE may be tested to satisfy the RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a UE satisfying these RF requirements may perform a RACH procedure. When the UE transmits a message, data, signaling, etc. to a gNB, the UE satisfies the Tx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of the present specification. When the UE receives a message, data, signaling, etc. from a gNB, the UE satisfies the Rx RF performance requirements described in the present specification.

[0203] To connect a UE to a 5G network, the UE and the 5G network must be synchronized in the uplink and downlink. Downlink synchronization is performed when the UE successfully decodes the SSB transmitted by the gNB. To establish uplink synchronization and an RRC connection, the UE must perform the RACH random access procedure.

[0204] Two types of random access procedures are supported. The two types of random access procedures are a 4-stage Random Access (RA) type using MSG1 and a 2-stage RA type using MSGA.

[0205] The two types of RA procedures can support Contention Based Random Access (CBRA) and Contention Free Random Access (CFRA), respectively, as shown in Figures 6a through 6e below. The UE can select the random access type when starting the random access procedure according to the network configuration.

[0206] Referring to Figures 6a and 6c, a four-step RA type using MSG1 is described.

[0207] The MSG1 of the 4-step RA type includes a PRACH preamble. The UE transmits the MSG1. After the UE transmits the MSG1, the UE monitors the network for a response within a set period.

[0208] In the case of a CBRA according to the example of Fig. 6a, when the UE receives a random access response (MSG2) from the gNB, the UE can transmit MSG3 using a UL grant scheduled by the response message. The UE can then monitor contention resolution. If contention resolution is not successful even after MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE performs MSG1 transmission again.

[0209] In the case of CFRA according to the example of Fig. 6c, a dedicated preamble for transmitting MSG1 is allocated by the network. The gNB transmits the RA preamble allocation to the UE. The UE transmits MSG1 containing the random access preamble to the gNB. When the UE receives a random access response from the network, it terminates the random access procedure.

[0210] Referring to FIGS. 6b, 6d, and 6e, a two-stage RA type is described. The MSGA of the two-stage RA type includes a random access preamble of PRACH and a PUSCH payload. After the UE transmits the MSGA, the UE monitors the response of the network within a set window.

[0211] In the case of a CBRA according to the example of Fig. 6b, if the UE successfully resolves a race after receiving a network response (e.g., MSGB), the UE terminates the random access procedure. If a fallback indication is received within MSGB, the UE performs an MSG3 transmission using the UL grant reserved in the fallback indication as in Fig. 6e and monitors race resolution. If the resolution is not successful after the MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE performs an MSGA transmission again.

[0212] In the case of CFRA according to the example of Fig. 6d, the UE can receive an RA preamble allocation and a PUSCH allocation from the gNB. Then, dedicated preamble and PUSCH resources can be set for MSGA transmission. The UE transmits MSGA. When the UE receives a network response, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

[0213] If the random access procedure of the 2-stage RA type is not completed even after several MSGA transfers, the UE may be configured to switch to the CBRA of the 4-stage RA type.

[0214] Various examples of some procedures and technical specifications related to the present disclosure are as follows. For the various examples below, standard documents may also be referenced.

[0215] In this specification, a wireless device refers to any device equipped with a wireless communication function, and does not exclude cases where a wired connection function is combined or a wired cable for power supply is included.

[0216] Wireless devices can be, for example, User Equipment (UE) or Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT).

[0217] In this specification, UE, terminal, and wireless device are used interchangeably. Additionally, the descriptions relating to wireless devices below may apply equally to VSAT.

[0218] Methods to support communication based on Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), such as satellite communication, are being discussed. For example, to support NTN-based communication, wireless devices mounted on specific objects may be used. For instance, such wireless devices may be referred to as Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT).

[0219] The installation of wireless devices supporting satellite communication in vehicles is currently being discussed. When such devices are installed in vehicles, the distance between the device and the human body becomes very close. However, there is a problem in that the signals emitted by these vehicle-mounted wireless devices do not meet regulations intended to protect human health. Consequently, there is a concern that the output power of these devices could have adverse effects on the human body.

[0220] A wireless device according to one embodiment of this specification may encompass any type of terminal, earth station, or relay device capable of performing wireless communication with non-ground nodes, such as satellites, air command centers, or High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS), via a non-ground network (e.g., NTN). For example, such a wireless device may be equipped with a directional antenna and / or transceiver for directly transmitting and receiving wireless signals with a communication node in space or a communication node in the air to extend the coverage of a terrestrial cellular network or to provide a backhaul link. For example, the wireless communication device may be referred to as a Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) that supports bidirectional communication via an antenna, or may be implemented in a form including such a device. However, this is merely an example, and the embodiments described herein are not limited to the specific designation VSAT or the physical form of the device. For example, the description of VSAT below may apply to any device that supports communication based on NTN.

[0221] In this specification, such VSATs may be mounted on a vehicle. VSATs mounted on a moving vehicle may be operated even while the vehicle is in motion. VSATs mounted on a vehicle may also be referred to as Mobile VSATs.

[0222] In some implementations, the VSAT can dynamically control the transmit power and / or duty cycle based on the physical shape information of the vehicle and / or the real-time beam steering angle of the antenna included in the VSAT. Accordingly, the VSAT according to one embodiment of the disclosure herein can optimize communication performance while satisfying human electromagnetic exposure regulations (e.g., Radio Frequency (RF) Exposure Compliance).

[0223] For example, the regulations on human electromagnetic radiation exposure can be briefly summarized as follows. The standard long-term average measurement time applied when evaluating the general public's "whole-body exposure" in environments such as around base station antennas is 30 minutes. On the other hand, the existing standard average measurement time for "local exposure (e.g., SAR)" of terminals used in close contact with the human body, such as smartphones, is generally stipulated as 6 minutes (360 seconds) based on FCC or ICNIRP standards. However, regulatory agencies such as the FCC (U.S. Federal Communications Commission) have recently been introducing shorter measurement times (e.g., 100 seconds to 2 seconds) per frequency band to verify the "Time-Averaged SAR (TAS)" algorithms of 5G terminals. Shorter measurement times per frequency band were introduced because, when terminals dynamically control transmission power, the existing 6-minute average alone makes it difficult to prevent a rapid rise in body temperature caused by instantaneous high output. For example, as the frequency increases to the millimeter wave (mmWave) band of 6 GHz or higher, the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves into the skin becomes shallower, and energy is concentrated on the surface, which can cause human tissue to heat up much faster. Therefore, reflecting the physical characteristic that the thermal time constant of the human body decreases at higher frequencies, regulations are being strengthened to calculate average power over very short periods of time, such as 4 seconds or 2 seconds, in the high-frequency band.

[0224] For example, for the 3GHz and below range, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 100 seconds. For the 3–6GHz range, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 60 seconds. For the 6–10GHz range, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 30 seconds. For the 10–16GHz range, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 14 seconds. For the 16–24GHz range, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 8 seconds. For the 24–42GHz range, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 4 seconds. For the 42–95GHz range, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 2 seconds.

[0225] The duty cycle can refer to the ratio of the 'active time' during which a terminal (UE) or base station (eNB / gNB) actually transmits (or receives) a wireless signal within a certain time period. The duty cycle can generally be expressed as a percentage (%) using the formula (signal transmission / reception time / total cycle time) × 100.

[0226] For reference, the duty cycle can refer to the ratio of the time a wireless device transmits a signal during a given period. For example, if a wireless device transmits a signal for a period of 5ms during a time of 10ms, the duty cycle may be 50%.

[0227] Therefore, if, for example, at 10 to 16 GHz, the terminal transmits a signal for 7 seconds during a measurement over 14 seconds, the duty cycle can be 50%.

[0228] With the recent advancements in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite communication technologies, the demand for Earth Stations in Motion (ESIMs) installed on mobile vehicles, ships, and aircraft is surging. In these Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)-based systems, it is crucial to maintain RF exposure levels within the safety limits defined by international and regional regulations.

[0229] Generally, 'Compliance Distance' refers to the minimum separation distance required to ensure that the strength of a signal transmitted by a wireless device remains below the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limit for the human body. This is calculated based on the equipment's maximum transmit power (e.g., Max Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)) and tune-up tolerance. Since 3GPP does not have globally standardized Compliance Distances (FCC / ICNIRP) regarding short-range protection for human protection (e.g., Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)), Compliance Distances from a short-range perspective are not subject to discussion. However, Compliance Distances from a long-range perspective can be a subject of discussion because the entire world (e.g., the US, Europe, Korea, Japan, and even China) has the same standard (e.g., Federal Communications Commission (FCC) / International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)).

[0230] In the case of conventional fixed devices (e.g., CPE: Customer Premises Equipment), physical installation restrictions existed to ensure compliance with regulatory distances. For example, FCC documents may specify that a threshold power (e.g., Threshold EIRP) of 45 dBm and a compliance distance of 1 meter (m) are required for certain CPE products. In this case, it means that when such a device transmits a signal based on 45 dBm, the MPE requirements are met at a distance of 1 meter. Therefore, according to installation regulations, physical barriers must be installed to prevent human access within 1 meter of the device, or the device (e.g., antenna) must be installed at a height of approximately 3 meters or more out of reach of human hands.

[0231] 'Max EIRP' and 'Threshold EIRP' can be distinguished. For example, Max EIRP represents the actual maximum radiation capability that a device can output. Threshold EIRP may be a Regulatory Reference Level required to comply with a specified safety distance from the device. Therefore, to maintain certification (e.g., Certification Compliance), a device should, in principle, be designed so that its Max EIRP does not exceed the Threshold EIRP. For example, the relationship between Max EIRP and Threshold EIRP may be as follows: Max EIRP ≤ Threshold EIRP.

[0232] For example, according to FCC documentation regarding FWA devices, the Max EIRP can be 42 dBm. For safety, the FCC documentation sets the Threshold EIRP to 45 dBm so that Max EIRP ≤ Threshold EIRP. Additionally, the Compliance Distance based on this value is defined as 1m. To ensure a Compliance Distance of 1m from the wireless device to the human body, the FWA device must be installed at a designated location, or physical barriers must be installed around the FWA device.

[0233] However, for automotive VSAT (e.g., Mobile VSAT), there is a critical problem in that it is difficult to meet regulatory distance requirements.

[0234] For example, referring to Fig. 7, you can see an example of a vehicle VSAT (e.g., Mobile VSAT) transmitting a signal.

[0235] The following drawings are made to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0236] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a device mounted on a vehicle transmitting a signal according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0237] Referring to FIG. 7, an example is illustrated in which a wireless device (e.g., VSAT) mounted on a vehicle transmits a signal. In the example of FIG. 7, the wireless device is mounted on the top of the vehicle. The wireless device forms a beam that transmits, and can transmit a signal through the formed beam.

[0238] A wireless device can transmit signals using the Ku band. The Ku band may include frequency bands between 12 GHz and 18 GHz.

[0239] A wireless device can form a beam in a high-frequency band, such as the Ku band. Such a beam has strong directional properties. When a wireless device uses such a beam, communication may not be possible if an obstacle is present. For example, as illustrated in the example of Fig. 7, a wireless device (e.g., VSAT) may be mounted on the top of a vehicle. When the wireless device transmits a signal through the formed beam, as illustrated in Fig. 7, the signal transmitted through the beam formed to the left may not be delivered due to an obstacle (e.g., a building) on ​​the left. However, as the vehicle moves, the obstacle on the left may disappear, and if the obstacle disappears, there may not be a significant problem for the wireless device to communicate.

[0240] The problem regarding wireless devices installed in vehicles is not the ability to communicate, but the failure to comply with regulations for protecting Human Health. The reasons why wireless devices installed in vehicles fail to comply with regulations for protecting Human Health include at least one of the following.

[0241] First, there are physical constraints regarding wireless devices mounted on vehicles. Vehicles operate in environments where an unspecified number of people are present, such as in urban areas or on roads. Consequently, there is a problem in that physical access blocking measures, such as installing fences, are impossible for wireless devices mounted on vehicles. For example, the width of a vehicle is approximately 1.8m to 2.0m. If a wireless device (e.g., a VSAT including an antenna) is installed in the center of the vehicle roof, the naturally available distance (e.g., the distance from the wireless device to the vehicle boundary) is only about 0.9m to 1.0m. If the Compliance Boundary formed by the wireless device for high-power transmission extends beyond the physical size (width) of the vehicle, there is a problem that it may have a harmful effect on surrounding pedestrians or drivers.

[0242] Second, there may be a trade-off between communication performance and regulations. To ensure the quality of satellite communication, a high Max EIRP is required for radio devices. However, if a high Max EIRP is used for radio devices as is, the safety distance from the radio device reaches tens of meters, making vehicle mounting impossible. Conversely, if the output of the radio device is limited to the Threshold EIRP (e.g., 45 dBm) or lower to satisfy regulations, there is a problem that it is difficult to maintain the communication link of the radio device, and / or performance is significantly degraded.

[0243] The following drawings are made to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0244] FIGS. 8a and FIGS. 8b illustrate examples of situations for testing a device mounted on a vehicle according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0245] An example of an FCC test method is illustrated. Referring to FIGS. 8a and 8b, an example of a situation in which a test related to FCC regulation is performed when a wireless device is installed in a vehicle is illustrated. In FIGS. 8a and 8b, the risk to human health can be tested based on an isotropic evaluation centered on the transmitter (e.g., wireless device). According to the prior art, as in the example of FIG. 8b, a circle centered on the wireless device can be defined as a compliance boundary.

[0246] Third, there is a problem in that there are no standards to reduce the harmful effects of wireless devices mounted on vehicles on the human body. Currently, 3GPP standards and others do not contain any measures for RF exposure compliance (e.g., RF Exposure Compliance) that take into account the specific characteristics of such VSAT systems. Therefore, rather than simply limiting the output of wireless devices, specific control technologies are required that take into account the vehicle's shape and / or the operational characteristics of the wireless devices mounted on the vehicle.

[0247] A solution is needed to address at least one of the three aforementioned problems. For example, a solution is needed that can satisfy communication performance requirements such as 3GPP standards while ensuring human safety within the limited physical space of a vehicle. For example, to achieve this, a method for controlling the duty cycle of a wireless device and / or a method for dynamically controlling power (e.g., sensing-based dynamic power control technology) may be required.

[0248] Accordingly, in the various examples of this specification, examples of methods are proposed that satisfy both the communication performance required by standard technologies such as 3GPP and the regulations on human health effects of the FCC / ICNIRP. According to the various examples of this specification, wireless devices mounted on vehicles can be effectively commercialized.

[0249] For example, in conventional methods, regulations regarding human exposure, such as those imposed by the FCC, were applied to stationary and / or static environments. The safety radius according to conventional methods is based on a fixed circle from the wireless device. Furthermore, according to conventional methods, the beam direction of the wireless device was not considered at all. Additionally, conventional methods uniformly limited the output of the wireless device to satisfy regulations regarding human exposure. For instance, the maximum output power of the wireless device was uniformly limited. Consequently, it was virtually impossible to apply the method according to conventional methods to vehicles. There is a problem in that, according to conventional methods, complying with regulations is conservative, making it practically difficult or highly inefficient.

[0250] On the other hand, the technology according to the various examples of this specification differs from the prior art in the following respects. For example, in this specification, regulations related to human exposure, such as the FCC, may be applied considering the vehicle environment. For example, according to this specification, it is possible for a wireless device to be mounted on a vehicle while satisfying regulations related to human exposure, such as the FCC. According to one embodiment of this specification, the safety radius may be based on a range of distances based on the outline of the vehicle equipped with the wireless device. According to one embodiment of this specification, the beam direction of the wireless device may also be considered. For example, by considering the elevation angle and / or azimuth angle of the wireless device, operations may be performed to satisfy regulations related to human exposure, such as the FCC. According to one embodiment of this specification, the wireless device may perform dynamic duty cycle control and / or dynamic power control. According to one embodiment of this specification, regulations related to human exposure, such as the FCC, may be effectively applied to the device mounted on the vehicle. According to one embodiment of this specification, the wireless device may satisfy regulations related to human exposure, such as the FCC, even when performing minimal control.

[0251] In some implementations, the wireless device can control the EIRP and / or duty cycle so that a Compliance Boundary is formed within the limited physical size (e.g., width and / or length) of the vehicle. Accordingly, human safety can be ensured without a separate physical barrier near the wireless device.

[0252] In some implementations, the characteristic that the risk of human exposure varies depending on the directional angle (elevation angle or Elevation, azimuth angle or Azimuth) of the wireless device's antenna beam may be considered. For example, the wireless device may perform adaptive control by maximizing communication performance in low-risk areas (e.g., Zenith) and prioritizing safety in high-risk areas (e.g., Horizon).

[0253] In some implementations, even for the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) method, a wireless device may use a time slicing technique to satisfy the regulation of the average power standard.

[0254] In some implementations, the radio device may include or be a VSAT. The radio device may store information related to the vehicle shape, including at least one of the vehicle's width, length, and / or antenna installation location. The radio device may track the position of the satellite to calculate the antenna's beam steering angle (e.g., elevation angle and / or azimuth angle) in real time. Based on the information related to the vehicle shape and / or the beam steering angle, the radio device may control the duty cycle and / or transmission power of the transmitted signal so that the Compliance Distance is located within the physical outline of the vehicle.

[0255] In some implementations, the radio device may allow the maximum duty cycle or maximum transmit power in a safe zone (e.g., Zenith Zone) where the elevation angle of the beam steering angle is above a preset threshold. In a dangerous zone (e.g., Horizon Zone) where the elevation angle is below the threshold, the radio device may gradually reduce the duty cycle or / or limit it to a minimum value based on the reduction in elevation angle.

[0256] In some implementations, the wireless device, based on the azimuth angle of the beam steering angle, the physical distance (d) from the antenna to the vehicle outline edge ) can be calculated. The human safety distance (e.g., distance based on the compliance boundary) (e.g., R) is the physical distance (d edge The radio device may determine the maximum allowable average power so that it is formed within (R-edge). In this case, the radio device may allow a higher duty cycle and / or higher power if the beam is directed toward the front / rear direction rather than toward the side direction of the vehicle.

[0257] In some implementations, a modem included in the wireless device (e.g., a satellite communication modem) may operate in FDD mode. In this case, the bias of the wireless device's Power Amplifier (PA) may be periodically cut off, and / or the transmitted data may be modulated into a burst form. Accordingly, the wireless device may perform quasi-TDD control by applying a mandatory duty cycle (e.g., time slicing) so that the time-averaged power density satisfies regulatory limits related to human exposure.

[0258] In some implementations, the radio device may include at least one of a satellite communication modem, an RF front-end (including a transmit amplifier), a satellite tracking antenna (such as a phased array antenna), and / or a processor controlling the same. The radio device may store the vehicle's specifications in advance (e.g., at least one of full width W, full length L, and / or antenna offset). The radio device may determine the vehicle's attitude and / or position and / or track the satellite's trajectory through a Global Positioning System (GPS) and / or inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor.

[0259] For reference, in the disclosure of this specification, the direction of the beam of the wireless device and the direction in which the wireless device tracks the trajectory (or satellite) of the satellite may be the same or similar. The description regarding the direction in which the wireless device tracks the satellite may be applied in the same way to the direction of the beam of the wireless device.

[0260] In some implementations, dynamic Compliance Boundary modeling based on vehicle shape may be applied. According to the prior art, a circular area with radius R centered on the antenna is set as the safety distance (e.g., Compliance boundary). However, in one embodiment of the disclosure of this specification, the vehicle may be considered to be rectangular in shape. For example, the azimuth of the antenna beam ( Depending on ), the wireless device dedge the distance to the end of the vehicle ) can be calculated in real time. For example, depending on the azimuth, the wireless device can perform actions such as the following example:

[0261] - Side ≈90°): dedge ≈ W / 2 (Short distance -> Wireless devices perform strict power control and / or duty cycle control.)

[0262] - Front / Rear(Front / Rear, ≈0°): dedge ≈ L / 2 (Long distance -> The wireless device performs relaxed power control and / or duty cycle control.)

[0263] In some implementations, the wireless device always has a human safety distance R of dedge( So that it is less than or equal to )(R≤edge( Power and / or duty cycle can be controlled. For example, the safety distance R follows the formula below (based on the overhead direction):

[0264]

[0265] The parameters included in the above formula are as follows.

[0266] P : Antenna supply power (W)

[0267] G: Antenna gain

[0268] E: Standard value for electromagnetic field intensity for the general public (V / m) based on human protection standards for electromagnetic waves in the radio station transmission frequency band.

[0269] For example, E: 61.4 V / m -> This could be the standard for electromagnetic field strength for the general public. For example, E: 30.7 V / m -> This could be 50% of the standard for electromagnetic field strength for the general public.

[0270] For example, the criteria for Grade 1 of the electromagnetic wave rating system can satisfy a measured electromagnetic wave intensity value < 30.7 V / m. For example, Grade 2 of the electromagnetic wave rating system can satisfy 30.7 V / m < measured electromagnetic wave intensity value < 61.4 V / m.

[0271] Generally, manufacturers (e.g., manufacturers of product families such as base stations or FWAs) can obtain FCC / ICNIRP certification based on 30.7 V / m rather than the legal limit of 61.4 V / m. This is because it is necessary to secure a margin for multi-transmission environments and to account for the totality of overlapping radiation from other base stations, FWAs, etc. Additionally, it is required to reflect safety margins and measurement uncertainty, as well as consider co-location regulations. Therefore, unlike the electromagnetic radiation intensity for the general public intended for short distances such as mobile phones, it is common for manufacturers to pass certification by setting the Compliance Boundary for electromagnetic radiation intensity for the general public based on 50%.

[0272] In some implementations, the wireless device may control the duty cycle and / or power based on the elevation angle. For example, the modes of the wireless device may be distinguished based on the elevation angle (e.g., θ) of the beam. For example, such modes may include one or more modes. An example with three modes is described below. However, this is merely an example and the scope of this specification is not limited thereto. For example, the scope of this specification may include two or fewer modes or four or more modes in which the wireless device controls the duty cycle and / or power based on the elevation angle. An example with three modes of the wireless device is described:

[0273] - Zenith Zone (65°≤θ≤0°): Since the beam is directed toward the sky, the impact of the beam on the human body on the ground is minimal or non-existent. In this case, the wireless device may allow a Duty Cycle of 100%.

[0274] - Transition Zone (30°≤θ <65°): Risk increases as the beam decreases. The wireless device can reduce the Duty Cycle linearly or in steps in proportion to the decrease in θ; and

[0275] - Horizon Zone (θ <30°): Since the beam is close to horizontal with respect to the ground, the impact on the human body is most dangerous. Wireless devices can reduce average power below FCC regulatory limits (e.g., equivalent to Threshold EIRP 45dBm) by applying a minimum Duty Cycle (e.g., 10–20%).

[0276] Zenith Zone, Transition Zone, and Horizon Zone are merely examples of names for modes of a radio device based on elevation angle. The scope of the disclosure of this specification is not limited by the aforementioned names of modes. For example, names such as First Mode, Second Mode, and Third Mode may be used instead of Zenith Zone, Transition Zone, and Horizon Zone.

[0277] In some implementations, radio devices may implement Quasi-Time Division Duplexing (TDD) in Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) mode. In 3GPP standards and elsewhere, radio devices (e.g., VSAT or radio devices including VSAT) primarily use the FDD method. Human protection regulations (e.g., SAR and / or Maximum Permitted Exposure (MPE)) are defined based on 'time-averaged' power. In some implementations, considering that 'time-averaged' power is used, radio devices may time-divide the transmission interval (e.g., time gating) even in FDD mode. For example, a radio device can implement a 20% duty cycle by turning on the radio device's PA for 2ms and turning off the radio device's PA for 8ms within a 10ms frame. According to this method, although the radio device physically transmits data discontinuously, the link between the radio device and the satellite can be maintained at the upper layer of the radio device through packet retransmission, etc. This method may be more advantageous than the 'Power Back-off' method, which lowers transmission power (e.g., Amplitude). For instance, this is because satellite communication experiences significant path loss, so peak power must be maintained high to ensure the signal reaches the satellite.

[0278] According to various examples in this specification, compliance with 3GPP standards and FCC regulations can be satisfied. For example, according to conventional FCC documents, a Compliance Distance of 1 m may be required for a CPE at a Threshold EIRP of 45 dBm. In this case, since the width of a typical vehicle is approximately 1.8 to 2.0 m, a physical separation distance of approximately 0.9 to 1.0 m can be naturally secured when the antenna is installed in the center of the vehicle. One embodiment of this specification can utilize the distance of approximately 1 m provided by the physical structure of the vehicle. For example, even if the radio device is a high-power device with a Max EIRP exceeding 45 dBm, the 'average' Threshold EIRP can be adjusted to the 45 dBm level through duty cycle control. A practical solution can be provided to satisfy regulations without the need for a separate fence around the radio device.

[0279] The following drawings are made to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0280] FIGS. 9a and 9b illustrate examples of an azimuth angle and an elevation angle related to a device mounted on a vehicle according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0281] FIG. 9a is an example of the distance from a radio device (e.g., VSAT) mounted on a vehicle to the outer edge of the vehicle according to the azimuth of the radio device. Azimuth ( ) can be 0° at X3 and 90° at X1. Referring to Fig. 9a, the relationship between X1, X2, and X3 can be X2 > X3 > X1.

[0282] FIG. 9b shows an example of the distance from a radio device (e.g., VSAT) mounted on a vehicle to the outer edge of the vehicle according to the elevation angle (θ) of the radio device. The elevation angle (θ) can be 0° at Y1 and 90° at Y1. In FIG. 9b, the relationship between Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, and Y5 can be Y5 > Y4 > Y3 > Y2 > Y1. The distance value of Y5 can be infinite.

[0283] In some implementations, an analysis of the vehicle shape and / or the setting of reference distances were considered. To universally apply an embodiment of this specification to various types of vehicles, an analysis of the vehicle's specifications was performed. Based on this, the shortest distance (Side) and the longest distance (Front, Rear, and / or Diagonal) from the antenna installation location (e.g., wireless device installation location) to the vehicle's outline are defined.

[0284] Vehicle Type Length (m) Width (m) Height (m) Small Car 3 ~ 4.2 1.6 ~ 1.8 1.4 ~ 1.5 Mid-size Car 4.2 ~ 4.8 1.7 ~ 1.9 1.4 ~ 1.5 Large Car 4.8 ~ 5.2 1.8 ~ 2.0 1.4 ~ 1.5 SUV (Small) 4.5 ~ 4.5 1.7 ~ 1.8 1.5 ~ 1.7 SUV (Mid-size) 4.5 ~ 4.8 1.8 ~ 1.9 1.6 ~ 1.8 SUV (Large) 4.8 ~ 5.2 1.9 ~ 2.0 1.7 ~ 1.9 Pickup Truck 5.2 ~ 6.0 1.9 ~ 2.1 1.7 ~ 1.9 Van (Small) 4.5 ~ 5.0 1.8 ~ 2.0 1.7 ~ 2.0 Van (Large) 5.5 ~ 6.5 2.0 ~ 2.2 2.0 ~ 2.5 Bus 10 ~ 12 2.5 ~ 2.6 3.0 ~ 3.5 2nd Floor Bus 10 ~ 15 2.5 ~ 2.6 4.0 ~ 4.5

[0285] The example in Table 7 is an example of analyzing the length, width, and height according to the type of vehicle.

[0286] The results of analyzing the specifications of vehicles ranging from general passenger cars (e.g., sedans) to large SUVs, pickup trucks, and vans are as follows. For example, the width of the vehicle ranges from approximately 1.6m to 2.2m, and the length ranges from approximately 3m to 6m. Accordingly, assuming that a wireless device (e.g., an antenna) is installed in the center of the vehicle roof, the side distance (X1 in Fig. 9a), where the risk of human exposure is highest, can be modeled as approximately 1.0m, the front distance / rear distance (X3 in Fig. 9a) as approximately 2.5m, and the diagonal (Corner) distance (X2 in Fig. 9a) as approximately 2.7m.

[0287] For reference, in some implementations, VSAT classes (e.g., VSAT type) may be considered. For example, VSAT type 6 may be a Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO based on an electronic steering antenna. For example, VSAT type 6 may be described as mobile VSAT communicating with LEO only with an electronic steering antenna.

[0288] In the disclosure of this specification, VAST type 6 may be a device that supports a minimum peak EIRP of about 60 dBm. For example, VSAT type 7 may be a device that supports a minimum peak EIRP of 47 dBm to 50 dBm. VSAT type 8 may be a device that supports a minimum peak EIRP of 54 dBm to 57 dBm.

[0289] Although Mobile VSAT Type 5 (GSO, LEO) and 6 (LEO only) were defined in Release 19, unfortunately, feedback was received from vehicle manufacturers stating that installation in vehicles was impossible due to size issues. Therefore, in Release 20, the definition of Ultra Small VSAT for vehicles is being discussed.

[0290] In some implementations, the radio device can control the duty cycle and / or transmit power based on the VSAT class (e.g., VSAT type) and / or beam steering. In some implementations, the radio device can determine the optimal duty cycle and / or transmit power based on the VSAT class (e.g., VSAT Type 6, 7, 8, etc.) defined by the antenna's hardware performance (e.g., Max Peak EIRP), and / or the real-time beam steering angle (Elevation, Azimuth).

[0291] According to some implementations, a wireless device may calculate permissible power based on distance and / or elevation angle as follows. For example, as the elevation angle (θ) of the antenna beam increases, the distance between a human body located on the vehicle's outer edge and the main radiation direction of the antenna beam (e.g., Main Lobe) may increase, or the effective distance to the human body may increase. One embodiment of this specification proposes an example of quantifying this to calculate a 'Proposed Compliance Distance'. Additionally, according to some implementations, the wireless device may apply permissible EIRP and / or duty cycles corresponding to the 'Proposed Compliance Distance'.

[0292] In the following, embodiments are described for cases where one or more types related to wireless devices exist. For example, embodiments related to a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 8, a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 7, a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 6, and a Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO are described. In this specification, the designations VSAT Type 6, 7, 8, and Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO are merely illustrative, and the scope of this specification is not limited by the designations VSAT Type 6, 7, 8, and Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO. The descriptions below related to VSAT Type 6, 7, 8, and Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO may be applied equally to any one or more types related to wireless devices supporting satellite communication. For reference, in the following, a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 8, a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 7, and a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 6 may be referred to as a Type 8 terminal, a Type 7 terminal, and a Type 6 terminal, respectively.

[0293] 1) Examples related to VSAT Type 8

[0294] Wireless devices supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) may be low-power devices with a minimum peak EIRP of approximately 47 dBm. Although wireless devices supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) require a shorter safety distance for humans compared to high-power devices, there is still a risk of exceeding regulatory limits (e.g., Threshold EIRP) in the narrow side directions of the vehicle. If safety distances are applied uniformly as in conventional technology, inefficiency may occur in that the output of wireless devices supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) is unnecessarily limited even in the safe front and rear directions.

[0295] According to one embodiment, a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can utilize vehicle shape information to selectively control the duty cycle only in the low-angle section of the direction (e.g., side) where a risk exists (e.g., risk exceeding regulatory limits). The wireless device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can maximize communication efficiency by releasing power limits in the remaining sections. The following analysis regarding the operation of the wireless device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) may be a simulation result based on the side (1m), front (2.5m), and diagonal (2.7m) distances of the vehicle.

[0296] A radio device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can determine the duty cycle and / or output power of the uplink signal based on the azimuth and elevation angles of the beam.

[0297] 1-a. Explain an example of control related to the side direction (shortest distance condition: approximately 1 m). The side direction may be the only section requiring duty cycling control. However, due to the characteristics of low-power terminals, the intensity of control may be significantly lower compared to other classes (e.g., VASAT Type 6, 7). Radio devices supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can perform operations such as the following example based on the elevation angle:

[0298] - Horizon Zone (Elevation angle 0° ~ 30°): This zone may be where the beam is close to the ground. Radio devices supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can apply a duty cycle of 63.1% to 79.4% based on the elevation angle. This is a very high figure compared to Type 6 (3.2%) or Type 7 (12.5%), which will be discussed later. Even if a radio device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) applies duty cycling, the reduction in communication speed may not be significant.

[0299] - Full Power Zone (Elevation Angle 40° or greater): When the beam elevation angle reaches 40°, a radio device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can allow a 100% duty cycle. In this case, the EIRP of the radio device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can be 47 dBm or greater. For example, even if the beam direction is lateral, a radio device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can transmit signals without restrictions at medium / high angles of 40° or greater. Additionally, a radio device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can transmit signals based on higher output power as the elevation angle increases. For example, a radio device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) may determine output power based on the elevation angle, as shown in the example in the "Side" column of Table 8.

[0300] Except for the lateral range of 0° to 30°, radio devices supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can perform a duty cycle of 100%. Additionally, radio devices supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only) can transmit signals using power higher than the Min Peak EIRP of 47 dBm. For example, at an elevation angle of 10 degrees, the radio device can transmit a signal based on an EIRP of approximately 53 dBm. 53 dBm is 6 dB higher than the Min Peak EIRP. If the Min Peak EIRP for VSAT Type 8 is defined by 3GPP at the 50 dBm level, it can be seen that radio devices supporting VSAT Type 8 can use an EIRP approximately 3 dB higher.

[0301] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, for a wireless device supporting VSAT Type 8 (for LEO only), there will be almost no perceived performance degradation for the user.

[0302] 1-b. Describe an example of front direction control (long axis distance condition: approximately 2.5 m). The front direction of the vehicle may be a 'restriction-free' area for the Type 8 terminal. Based on the elevation angle, the Type 8 terminal can perform actions such as the following example:

[0303] - All Elevation Zone (Elevation angle 0° ~ 90°): Type 8 terminals can perform 100% continuous transmission without duty cycling from the beam elevation angle of 0°.

[0304] - Power Boost (Exceeding Min Peak EIRP is permitted): Rather than simply allowing 100% duty cycle, the margin of Type 8 terminal regulations can be utilized to determine output power higher than the Min Peak EIRP (47 dBm). For example, a Type 8 terminal can perform transmission based on 52.5 dBm output power (+5.5 dB gain relative to Min Peak EIRP) even at an elevation angle of 0°. A Type 8 terminal can also perform transmission based on 55 dBm output power at an elevation angle of 40°, and 68 dBm output power at an elevation angle of 80°.

[0305] In the front direction, no duty cycle limit applies to Type 8 terminals. Rather, Type 8 terminals can enhance link quality (Link Budget) by using a higher output than the basic specification (e.g., Min Peak EIRP).

[0306] 1-c. Explain an example of diagonal (corner) direction control (maximum distance condition: approximately 2.7 m). In the diagonal direction, the Type 8 terminal can secure a larger safety margin than in the front. Based on the elevation angle, the Type 8 terminal can perform actions such as the following example:

[0307] - All Elevation Zone (0° ~ 90°): Type 8 terminals can operate without duty cycling across the entire elevation angle range.

[0308] - Power Boost: Type 8 terminals can allow for an output power approximately 0.5 dB to 1 dB higher than the front direction in the diagonal direction. For example, Type 8 terminals can transmit a signal based on 53.5 dBm output power at an elevation angle of 0° or transmit a signal based on 55.5 dBm output power at an elevation angle of 40°.

[0309] The diagonal direction of the vehicle may be the section with the lowest risk of human exposure. Type 8 terminals can also utilize their maximum performance in the diagonal direction.

[0310] Referring to Table 8 below, examples of operations based on the azimuth and elevation angles of a Type 8 terminal are described.

[0311] Elevation Angle [°] Side Front (or Rear) Diagonal (Conner or diagonal) 0 6 3.1 % 5 2.5 dBm 5 3.5 dBm 10 6 3.1 % 5 3 dBm 5 3.5 dBm 20 7 0.8 % 5 3.5 dBm 5 4 dBm 30 7 9.4 % 5 4 dBm 5 4.5 dBm 40 100% (=47 dBm) 5 5 dBm 5 5.5 dBm 50 4 8.5 dBm 5 6.5 dBm 5 7 dBm 60 5 1 dBm 5 9 dBm 5 9.5 dBm 70 5 4 dBm 6 2 dBm 6 2.5 dBm 80 6 0 dBm 6 8 dBm 6 8.5 dBm 8 9 Max EIRP Max EIRP Max EIRP

[0312] According to one embodiment, a Type 8 terminal can determine the duty cycle and / or output power based on the azimuth and elevation angles, as shown in the example in Table 8. In the example in Table 8, the cells containing % represent examples of duty cycle values ​​determined by the Type 8 terminal. For example, if the beam's azimuth is related to the side and the beam's elevation angle is 40°, the Type 8 terminal can determine the duty cycle to be 100%. In this case, the Type 8 terminal can transmit a signal based on the Type 8 terminal's minimum peak EIRP of 47 dBm.

[0313] In the example of Table 8, when the beam's azimuth is related to the front or diagonal, the Type 8 terminal can transmit a signal based on a duty cycle of 100%. In this case, the Type 8 terminal can increase the output power based on the elevation angle.

[0314] In the example in Table 8, at an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is lateral, the Type 8 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 63.1%. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is frontal, the Type 8 terminal can transmit a signal based on 52.5 dBm output power. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is diagonal, the Type 8 terminal can transmit a signal based on 53.5 dBm output power. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is frontal or diagonal, the duty cycle is not limited, and the Type 8 terminal uses increased output power compared to when the azimuth is lateral.

[0315] In the example in Table 8, at an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is lateral, the Type 8 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 79.4%. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is frontal, the Type 8 terminal can transmit a signal based on 54 dBm output power. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is diagonal, the Type 8 terminal can transmit a signal based on 54.5 dBm output power. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is frontal or diagonal, the duty cycle is not limited, and the Type 8 terminal uses increased output power compared to when the azimuth is lateral.

[0316] In the example of Table 8, at an elevation angle of 40°, when the azimuth is lateral, the Type 8 terminal can operate based on a 100% duty cycle. For all directions related to the azimuth, the Type 8 terminal uses a 100% duty cycle. Depending on whether the azimuth is lateral, frontal, or diagonal, there may be a difference in output power.

[0317] Based on the operation of a VSAT Type 8 terminal according to one embodiment of the present specification, the following effects can be achieved. For example, the application of unnecessary restrictions can be eliminated. When restrictions are applied according to the prior art, the wireless device had to limit its output in all directions related to the elevation angle and / or azimuth angle of the wireless device. However, according to one embodiment, the limitation on output power can be released in all sections except when the azimuth angle of the VSAT Type 8 terminal is related to the side and the elevation angle is low (e.g., elevation angle less than 40°). For example, the power of the VSAT Type 8 terminal can be boosted. When the azimuth angle of the beam of the VSAT Type 8 terminal is related to the long axis of the vehicle (e.g., Front / Rear / Diagonal), a high output of 52.5 dBm to 68 dBm, exceeding the Min Peak EIRP (47 dBm) specified in the terminal's specifications, can be used. Accordingly, a robust communication connection can be ensured even in adverse weather conditions. In addition, restrictions imposed by regulations on VSAT Type 8 terminals can be minimized. Even under the worst conditions (e.g., when the azimuth is lateral and the elevation angle is 0°), a duty cycle of more than 60% is guaranteed for VSAT Type 8 terminals. Consequently, users of VSAT Type 8 terminals may experience almost no reduction in speed due to the direction of beam steering.

[0318] 2) Examples related to VSAT Type 7

[0319] VSAT Type 7 supports LEO and GSO. A VSAT Type 7 terminal can be a medium-power device with a minimum peak EIRP of approximately 54 dBm. Although VSAT Type 7 terminals have a relatively shorter regulatory compliance distance compared to high-power devices (e.g., Type 6 terminals), a safety distance exceeding the vehicle side distance (approx. 1 m) may be required for VSAT Type 7 terminals. Therefore, if the VSAT Type 7 terminal does not perform adaptive control according to the beam steering angle, a loss of communication performance may occur because the VSAT Type 7 terminal must constantly lower its output for safety.

[0320] According to one embodiment, a VSAT Type 7 terminal can maximize communication availability by controlling the duty cycle and / or output power by distinguishing between the side with a high risk of human exposure and the relatively safe front / rear based on the shape information of the vehicle. The following analysis related to the VSAT Type 7 terminal may be the result of a simulation based on the side (Side, 1m), front (Front, 2.5m), and diagonal (Corner, 2.7m) distances of the vehicle.

[0321] 2-a. Explain an example of Side direction control (shortest distance condition: approximately 1 m). The side direction may be the section where the strictest duty cycle control is applied due to the short distance between the antenna (e.g., VSAT Type 7 terminal) and the human body. When the azimuth is related to the side, the VSAT Type 7 terminal may perform the following actions:

[0322] - Horizon Zone (Elevation angle 0° ~ 10°): In the section where the beam is nearly horizontal to the ground, VSAT Type 7 terminals limit the duty cycle to 12.5%. To protect human safety, VSAT Type 7 terminals can transmit signals by reducing the transmission time per frame to 1 / 8. In this case, basic link maintenance is possible, but there are limitations to high-speed data transmission.

[0323] - Transition Zone (Elevation Angle 20° ~ 60°): As the elevation angle increases, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can gradually increase the duty cycle from 14.1% to 50%. When the elevation angle reaches 60°, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can apply a 50% duty cycle (Half Duty).

[0324] - Zenith Zone (Elevation angle 70° or greater): When the elevation angle is 70° or greater, the VSAT Type 7 terminal allows 100% duty cycle (Continuous Wave) or Min Peak EIRP (54 dBm) transmission.

[0325] When a VSAT Type 7 terminal tracks a satellite from a lateral direction (e.g., forming a beam toward the satellite), transmission speed is limited (less than 50%) over a wide range of elevation angles of less than 60°.

[0326] 2-b. An example of front direction control (long axis distance condition: approximately 2.5 m) is described. Since a sufficient separation distance (2.5 m) is secured in the front and rear directions of the vehicle, the degree of control considering regulations can be significantly relaxed compared to the side direction.

[0327] - Horizon Zone (Elevation angle 0° ~ 10°): The duty cycle, which was only 12.5% ​​on the side, can increase dramatically to 70.79% ~ 79.43% in the forward direction. This means that there is virtually no degradation in communication speed even when a VSAT Type 7 terminal tracks a satellite near the horizon.

[0328] - Full Power Zone (Elevation angle 30° or greater): When the elevation angle is 30°, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can operate based on a 100% duty cycle (e.g., output power 54 dBm). From an elevation angle of 40° or greater, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can perform high-power transmission at levels ranging from 55 dBm to Max EIRP, exceeding the Min Peak EIRP.

[0329] When the azimuth is related to the lateral direction, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can apply a 100% duty cycle when the elevation angle is 70°. On the other hand, when the azimuth is related to the forward direction, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can apply a 100% duty cycle starting from an elevation angle of 30°. When the azimuth is related to the forward direction, communication efficiency can be maximized when the VSAT Type 7 terminal tracks a satellite located in the forward direction (e.g., when the direction of the beam toward the satellite is related to the forward direction) over a wide elevation angle range between 30° and 70°.

[0330] 2-c. Explain an example of diagonal (Diagonal / Corner) direction control (maximum distance condition: approximately 2.7m). In the diagonal direction where the longest distance from the VSAT Type 7 terminal is secured, an optimal communication environment with almost no restrictions is provided to the VSAT Type 7 terminal.

[0331] - Horizon Zone (Elevation angle 0° ~ 10°): From an elevation angle of 0°, VSAT Type 7 terminals can allow a high duty cycle of 89.13%. When the azimuth is side, this can be about 7 times higher than the duty cycle at an elevation angle of 0° (12.5%).

[0332] - Full Power Zone (Elevation Angle 20° or higher): From a very low elevation angle of 20°, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can perform signals based on a 100% duty cycle (e.g., minimum peak EIRP 54 dBm). This implies that the VSAT Type 7 terminal can achieve maximum performance in most situations during vehicle operation.

[0333] Referring to Table 9 below, examples of operations based on the azimuth and elevation angles of a Type 7 terminal are described.

[0334] Elevation Angle [°] Side Front (or Rear) Diagonal (Conner or diagonal) 0 12.5% ​​70.79% 89.13% 10 12.5% ​​79.43% 89.13% 20 14.1% 89.1% 100% (54 dBm) 30 15.85% 100% (54 dBm) 54.5 dBm 40 19.95% 55 dBm 55.5 dBm 50 28% 56.5 dBm 57 dBm 60 50% 59 dBm 59.5 dBm 70 100% (54 dBm) 62 dBm 62.5 dBm 80 60 dBm 68 dBm 68.5 dBm 89 Max EIRP Max EIRP Max EIRP

[0335] According to one embodiment, a Type 7 terminal can determine the duty cycle and / or output power based on the azimuth and elevation angles, as shown in the example in Table 9. In the example in Table 9, the cells containing % represent examples of duty cycle values ​​determined by the Type 7 terminal. For example, if the beam's azimuth is related to the side and the beam's elevation angle is 70°, the Type 7 terminal can determine the duty cycle to be 100%. In this case, the Type 7 terminal can transmit a signal based on the Type 7 terminal's minimum peak EIRP of 54 dBm.

[0336] In the example of Table 9, at an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the side, the Type 7 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 12.5%. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the front, the Type 7 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 70.79%. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the diagonal, the Type 7 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 89.13%. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the front or diagonal, the communication performance of the Type 7 terminal increases by approximately 5.6 to 7.1 times compared to when the azimuth is related to the side.

[0337] In the example in Table 9, at an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is lateral, the Type 7 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 15.85%. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is lateral, the Type 7 terminal can transmit a signal based on a minimum peak EIRP (e.g., 54 dBm output power). At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is diagonal, the Type 7 terminal can transmit a signal based on 54.5 dBm output power. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is lateral or diagonal, the communication performance of the Type 7 terminal increases by more than approximately 6.3 times compared to when the azimuth is lateral.

[0338] In the example of Table 9, at an elevation angle of 60°, when the azimuth is related to the side, the Type 7 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 50%. At an elevation angle of 60°, when the azimuth is related to the front or diagonal, the communication performance of the Type 7 terminal increases by more than about 2 times compared to when the azimuth is related to the side.

[0339] Based on the operation of a VSAT Type 7 terminal according to one embodiment of the present specification, the following effects can be achieved. Communication performance can be improved in the low elevation angle range. For example, in the low elevation angle range, the VSAT Type 7 terminal can improve data throughput by more than five times when the azimuth angle is related to the front or diagonal, compared to when the azimuth angle is related to the side. When the azimuth angle is related to the front or diagonal, power limiting can be released at a relatively low elevation angle compared to when the azimuth angle is related to the side. For example, when the azimuth angle is related to the side, the Type 7 terminal releases power limiting only when the elevation angle reaches 70°. On the other hand, when the azimuth angle is related to the front, the Type 7 terminal releases power limiting when the elevation angle reaches 30°, and when the azimuth angle is related to the diagonal, the Type 7 terminal releases power limiting when the elevation angle reaches 20°. The available range of satellite communication according to the elevation angle can be significantly expanded. The Type 7 terminal can perform high-power operation. Type 7 terminals can use high power output close to the maximum performance (e.g., Max EIRP) of Type 7 terminals while complying with regulatory limits (e.g., Threshold) at elevation angles of 40° or more. Accordingly, link stability is ensured.

[0340] 3) Examples related to VSAT Type 6

[0341] VSAT Type 6 can support communication with LEO. Wireless devices supporting VSAT Type 6 may be high-power devices with a minimum peak EIRP of approximately 60 dBm. For VSAT Type 6 terminals, a very long compliance distance for human protection may be required. If a fixed regulation-based power limit is applied to VSAT Type 6 terminals according to the prior art, it may be virtually impossible to mount and operate VSAT Type 6 terminals in a vehicle, or communication performance may be severely degraded.

[0342] According to one embodiment, a VSAT Type 6 terminal can utilize vehicle shape information to precisely control the duty cycle and / or output power (e.g., allowable output power) based on the azimuth and elevation of the antenna beam. Accordingly, the limitations of the prior art can be overcome. The following analysis related to the VSAT Type 6 terminal is the result of a simulation based on the side (1m), front (2.5m), and diagonal (2.7m) distances of the vehicle.

[0343] 3-a. Explain an example of side direction control (shortest distance condition: approximately 1 m). When the beam azimuth of a VSAT Type 6 terminal is related to the side, it may be a worst-case scenario where the distance between the antenna and the human body is shortest (approximately 1 m) due to vehicle width limitations. The VSAT Type 6 terminal can perform operations as shown in the following example:

[0344] - Horizon Zone (Elevation Angle 0° ~ 30°): The risk of human exposure can be maximized in low-angle zones where the elevation angle of the VSAT Type 6 terminal beam is close to the ground. Therefore, the VSAT Type 6 terminal can limit average power within regulatory limits by applying a very low duty cycle of 3.2% to 4%. This duty cycle may be the minimum level required to maintain the link of the VSAT Type 6 terminal.

[0345] - Transition Zone (Elevation Angle 40° ~ 70°): As the elevation angle increases, VSAT Type 6 terminals can gradually increase their duty cycle from 5% to 25%. In this zone, VSAT Type 6 terminals still cannot perform transmissions based on a 100% duty cycle, and strict time slicing may be required.

[0346] - Zenith Zone (Elevation angle 80° or greater): Only when the elevation angle of the beam of the VSAT Type 6 terminal is nearly vertical, at 80° or greater, can the VSAT Type 6 terminal be allowed to transmit 100% duty cycle (Continuous Wave) or Min Peak EIRP (60 dBm).

[0347] In the lateral direction, due to physical limitations, communication speed may be restricted unless the elevation angle of the beam of the VSAT Type 6 terminal is very high.

[0348] 3-b. Explain an example of front direction control (long axis distance condition: approximately 2.5m). By utilizing the vehicle's long axis, a distance of approximately 2.5m can be secured between the VSAT Type 6 terminal antenna and the end of the vehicle. 2.5m provides a distance gain of 2.5 times compared to 1m for the side.

[0349] - Horizon Zone (Elevation angle 0° ~ 30°): When the azimuth is lateral, the duty cycle is only 3.2% in a similar elevation angle range, but when the azimuth is forward, the VSAT Type 6 terminal can significantly improve the duty cycle to 17.78% ~ 25%. When the azimuth is lateral, the VSAT Type 6 terminal can increase data throughput by more than five times compared to when the azimuth is lateral when tracking a satellite at a low elevation angle.

[0350] - Transition Zone (Elevation Angle 40° ~ 60°): VSAT Type 6 terminals can use a duty cycle of approximately 43.67% at an elevation angle of 50°. When the elevation angle is 40° ~ 60°, VSAT Type 6 terminals can perform high-speed data communication.

[0351] - High Power Zone (Elevation angle 70° or higher): From an elevation angle of 70°, high power transmission of 62 dBm to 68 dBm, which is higher than the Min Peak EIRP (60 dBm), is possible beyond the duty cycle limit.

[0352] When the beam of a VSAT Type 6 terminal is directed toward the front or rear of the vehicle, practical communication speeds can be secured even at low elevation angles. When the elevation angle is high, the VSAT Type 6 terminal can utilize the maximum performance of the equipment.

[0353] 3-c. Explain an example of diagonal (Diagonal / Corner) direction control (maximum distance condition: approximately 2.7m). When the azimuth is related to the diagonal direction, it may be the section where the longest distance is secured from the antenna of the VSAT Type 6 terminal to the outer edge of the vehicle.

[0354] - Horizon Zone (Elevation Angle 0° ~ 30°): Starts with a duty cycle of **22.39%** at 0° and is allowed up to **28.18%** at 30°. This indicates the safest communication zone.

[0355] - Transition Zone (Elevation Angle 40° ~ 60°): At an elevation angle of 60°, a duty cycle of **89.13%** is allowed, enabling performance close to Continuous Warp (CW). (At the same angle, the lateral range is only 12.5%.)

[0356] - Zenith Zone (Elevation angle 70° or more): In the section of 70° or more, high-power transmission of 62 dBm or more is possible, just like in the front direction.

[0357] Referring to Table 10 below, examples of operations based on the azimuth and elevation angles of a Type 6 terminal are described.

[0358] Elevation Angle [°] Side Front (or Rear) Diagonal (Conner or diagonal) 0 3.2% 17.78% 22.39% 10 3.2% 19.95% 22.39% 20 3.5% 22.39% 25% 30 4% 25% 28.18% 40 5% 31.62% 35.48% 50 7.1% 43.67% 50% 60 12.5% ​​79.43% 89.13% 70 25% 62 dBm 62 dBm 80 100% (60 dBm) 68 dBm 68 dBm 89 Max EIRP Max EIRP Max EIRP

[0359] According to one embodiment, a Type 6 terminal can determine the duty cycle and / or output power based on the azimuth and elevation angles, as shown in the example in Table 10. In the example in Table 10, cells containing % represent examples of duty cycle values ​​determined by the Type 6 terminal. For example, if the beam's azimuth is related to the side and the beam's elevation angle is 80°, the Type 6 terminal can determine the duty cycle to be 100%. In this case, the Type 6 terminal can transmit a signal based on the Type 6 terminal's minimum peak EIRP of 60 dBm.

[0360] In the example of Table 10, at an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the side, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 3.2%. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the front, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 17.78%. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the diagonal, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 22.39%. At an elevation angle of 0°, when the azimuth is related to the front or diagonal, the communication performance of the Type 6 terminal increases by about 5.5 to 7 times compared to when the azimuth is related to the side.

[0361] In the example of Table 10, at an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is related to the side, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 4%. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is related to the front, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 25%. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is related to the diagonal, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 28.18%. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is related to the front or diagonal, the communication performance of the Type 6 terminal increases by approximately 6.2 to 7 times compared to when the azimuth is related to the side.

[0362] In the example of Table 10, at an elevation angle of 60°, when the azimuth is related to the side, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 12.5%. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is related to the front, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 79.43%. At an elevation angle of 30°, when the azimuth is related to the diagonal, the Type 6 terminal can operate based on a duty cycle of 89.13%. At an elevation angle of 60°, when the azimuth is related to the front or diagonal, the communication performance of the Type 6 terminal increases by approximately 7.1 times compared to when the azimuth is related to the side.

[0363] According to one embodiment, a Type 6 terminal can secure a transmission efficiency (Duty Cycle) of approximately 5 to 7 times or more in the front direction and / or diagonal direction compared to the lateral direction by utilizing vehicle shape information. Compared to conventional technology that uniformly limits output based on the shortest distance (lateral), the operation of the Type 6 terminal according to one embodiment provides significantly higher communication quality in an environment where the Type 6 terminal is actually operated.

[0364] 4) Examples related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO

[0365] Examples related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO based on different and / or the same assumptions as the examples related to VSAT Type 6, VSAT Type 7, and / or VSAT Type 8 described above are described.

[0366] For reference, at least one of embodiments related to VSAT Type 6, VSAT Type 7, and / or VSAT Type 8, or embodiments related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO may be applied. Alternatively, some or all of the contents described in the embodiments related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO may also be applied to at least one of embodiments related to VSAT Type 6, VSAT Type 7, and / or VSAT Type 8 based on different and / or the same assumptions.

[0367] The physical size of the antenna of a Mobile VSAT terminal communicating with LEO can be assumed to be 45cm x 45cm. The minimum peak EIRP of the Mobile VSAT terminal communicating with LEO can also be assumed to be 64dBm. In this case, the relationship between the duty cycle and the compliance boundary can be derived as follows.

[0368] Duty Cycle (%)100908070605040302015Compliance boundary (m)4.54.243.73.53.22.82.421.7

[0369] According to the example in Table 11, a minimum peak EIRP of 64 dBm is assumed for a Mobile VSAT terminal communicating with an LEO that supports communication with LEO. In this case, even if the duty cycle of the Mobile VSAT terminal communicating with LEO is lowered to 15%, the Compliance Boundary is 1.7 m. Even if the Mobile VSAT terminal communicating with LEO is placed on the roof of a vehicle, it may cause harm to the human body.

[0370] Accordingly, VSAT terminals based on three sizes—small (20cm*20cm), medium (40cm*40cm), and large (60cm*60cm)—may be proposed.

[0371] For example, it can be assumed that the maximum peak EIRP of a VSAT terminal based on a small size is 55 dBm, the maximum peak EIRP of a VSAT terminal based on a medium size is 67.0 dBm, and the maximum peak EIRP of a VSAT terminal based on a large size is 74.1 dBm.

[0372] As another example, the minimum peak EIRP of a VSAT terminal based on small size may be assumed to be 55 dBm. In this case, the relationship between the duty cycle and the compliance boundary of a VSAT terminal based on small size can be derived as shown in Table 12.

[0373] Duty Cycle (%)100908070605040302015Compliance boundary (m)1.61.51.41.31.21.110.870.710.6

[0374] In this case, if the VSAT terminal based on the Small size is reduced to 40% or less, a Compliance Boundary of 1m or less can be secured. In this case, assuming the width of the small car is 1.6m and the installation location has an offset of about 0.1m from the center of the vehicle, a mobile VSAT array may be set up.

[0375] Regarding VSAT terminals based on small size, the achievable safety distance (e.g., compliance boundary) based on elevation angle can be derived as shown in Table 13 below.

[0376] Elevation Angle [°] 15 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 Secure Safety Distance (m) 0.7 20.7 70.8 0.8 50.8 70.9 91.091.2 21.4 1.6 52.05 2.7 48

[0377] According to the example in Table 13, when the elevation angle of the beam of a VSAT terminal based on a small size is 15°, a safety distance of 0.725m can be secured. When the elevation angle of the beam of a VSAT terminal based on a small size is 90° 30°, a safety distance of 0.8m can be secured.

[0378] Based on the example in Table 13 above, it can be seen that the safety distance varies depending on the elevation angle. Accordingly, a radio device disclosed in this specification, such as a VSAT terminal based on a small size, can determine the duty cycle and / or output power based on the elevation angle. Since the compliance boundary is 1.6 m when the EIRP is 55 dBm (e.g., when the duty cycle is 100%), a VSAT terminal based on a small size may increase the EIRP at 65 degrees or more in the table above.

[0379] A vehicle can be positioned inside a vehicle radio chamber used for vehicle-related testing, and tests on the mobile VSAT mounted on the vehicle can be performed. The height of the vehicle radio chamber can be secured to a minimum of 8m to 14m. Inside the vehicle radio chamber, tests for FCC certification of the mobile VSAT can be performed. Based on a 3-axis antenna with respect to width and length, measurements of the mobile VSAT can be performed in the height direction at intervals of approximately 0.5m.

[0380] In some implementations, Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO can apply a duty cycle based on vehicle width.

[0381] In some implementations, a Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO may apply a different duty cycle based on the angle range of the elevation angle. This is because the safe distance that can be secured may vary depending on the elevation angle.

[0382] In some implementations, when the beam of the Mobile VSAT communicating with the LEO is zenith-oriented or the elevation angle calculated from the ground is large, the Mobile VSAT communicating with the LEO may increase the Operating EIRP. The Mobile VSAT communicating with the LEO may also adjust the EIRP according to the angle range of the elevation angle.

[0383] In some implementations, the width and length of the vehicle may vary depending on the situation. For example, the minimum standard for vehicle width is 1.6m, and an offset of 0.1m may be applied. The minimum standard for vehicle length is 3m, and an offset of 0.5m may be applied. Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO may also apply a different duty cycle based on the azimuth angle.

[0384] At least one of the previously described 1) embodiments related to VSAT Type 8, 2) embodiments related to VSAT Type 7, 3) embodiments related to VSAT Type 6, and / or 4) embodiments related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO may be applied in combination. As another example, only one of 1) embodiments related to VSAT Type 8, 2) embodiments related to VSAT Type 7, 3) embodiments related to VSAT Type 6, and / or 4) embodiments related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO may be applied.

[0385] As another example, a broad range of embodiments may be applied, including 1) embodiments related to VSAT Type 8, 2) embodiments related to VSAT Type 7, 3) embodiments related to VSAT Type 6, and / or 4) embodiments related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO. For example, the radio device may determine the duty cycle and / or output power based on at least one of information related to the shape of the vehicle on which the radio device is mounted, the azimuth angle of the radio device's beam, the elevation angle of the radio device's beam, and / or the type of the radio device.

[0386] Hereinafter, examples of the disclosure of this specification are described that may be applicable to at least one combination of 1) embodiments related to VSAT Type 8, 2) embodiments related to VSAT Type 7, 3) embodiments related to VSAT Type 6, and / or 4) embodiments related to Mobile VSAT communicating with LEO. For example, the following describes examples related to a wireless device that may be applicable whether or not one or more types related to the wireless device exist.

[0387] For reference, the Compliance Boundary described in this specification is calculated based on the Class 1 safety rating under regulations for protecting the human body from electromagnetic waves. For example, the calculated safety boundary under regulations for base stations to ensure a level of protection for the human body from electromagnetic waves is defined as follows. For example, the safety boundary may be a point where the electromagnetic wave intensity of the radio station is calculated to have a value equal to the reference value (e.g., 61 V / m) under the electromagnetic wave protection standards for the human body. If the electromagnetic wave measured at the calculated safety boundary exceeds 61 V / m, the regulation is violated. If the electromagnetic wave measured at the calculated safety boundary is less than (or less than) 30.5 V / m, it satisfies the Class 1 safety rating.

[0388] In some implementations, the wireless device may store at least one of Tables 8 through 13 in memory in the form of a table (e.g., a look-up table). For example, the wireless device may determine whether the azimuth of the current antenna (or the antenna beam) is close to Side (90° or 270°), Front / Rear (0° or 180°), or Diagonal (20° or 200°). For example, the wireless device may determine the maximum duty cycle value allowed from the stored table based on the elevation angle (θ) of the antenna (or the antenna beam). The wireless device may transmit a signal based on the determined duty cycle value. For example, the wireless device may apply the determined duty cycle value to a modem and / or Radio Frequency (RF) Front-end.

[0389] For reference, in the examples related to at least one of Tables 8 through 13, unlike the elevation angle, which is defined in 10-degree increments, the azimuth angle is not defined in detail in 10-degree increments. However, this is merely an example, and for azimuth angles not defined in at least one of Tables 8 through 13 (e.g., 15°, 35°, etc.), the radio device may perform linear interpolation based on data from two adjacent reference azimuth angles (e.g., front and diagonal, diagonal and side, side and diagonal, diagonal and rear, etc.). Alternatively, in such cases, the radio device may select and apply a more conservative value (e.g., a value related to a lower duty cycle or a smaller EIRP).

[0390] In some implementations, network cooperation-based link adaptation and / or signaling is described. For example, when a wireless device performs an operation according to one embodiment of the disclosure of this specification, the wireless device and / or network may perform the operation described below.

[0391] For example, a radio device may reduce transmit power (e.g., backoff) or / or apply a duty cycle of less than 100% depending on the vehicle shape and / or beam steering angle. In such cases, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the uplink may decrease due to the reduced transmit power. If the reduced SNR is not compensated for, the satellite base station communicating with the radio device may mistake the decrease in SNR for a deterioration in the channel environment. In this case, there is a risk that the satellite base station will determine that the link quality has deteriorated or disconnect from the radio device.

[0392] To prevent this, the wireless device may transmit information to a network (e.g., a satellite or a satellite base station). For example, the wireless device may transmit power-related information to the network (e.g., a satellite or a satellite base station). Power-related information may include, for example, information regarding a determined maximum allowable power and / or power attenuation information. A signaling procedure that actively maintains the link between the wireless device and the network by the wireless device transmitting power-related information to the network (e.g., a satellite or a satellite base station) may be described below. For reference, the descriptions below relating to a base station, network, satellite, or satellite base station, respectively, may apply equally to any of the base station, network, satellite, or satellite base station. For example, base station, network, satellite, or satellite base station may all be used as terms with the same meaning.

[0393] In some implementations, a Static Capability Report may be performed. For example, a radio device may transmit capability information to the network. A radio device may transmit its capability information to the network during an initial attachment procedure (e.g., Initial attach, Random Access, etc.) or a registration procedure. For example, a radio device may transmit a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message containing capability information. For example, a radio device may transmit a registration request message containing capability information. The capability information may include at least one of the following: information related to the Vehicle Geometry Category (e.g., sedan, truck, bus, etc.), information related to the type of radio device (e.g., VSAT type 6, 7, and / or 8, etc.), and / or information related to the location where the radio device's antenna is installed relative to the center point of the vehicle (e.g., antenna offset). Through this, the network can recognize in advance that power limiting may occur if the radio device directs its beam at a specific azimuth (e.g., side) and can incorporate the possibility of power limiting into its scheduling strategy.

[0394] In some implementations, the wireless device may perform real-time monitoring and / or event detection. For example, the wireless device may acquire the beam's azimuth and / or elevation angles in real time or periodically. For example, the wireless device may determine whether it is necessary to control at least one of the duty cycle and / or transmission power based on at least one of the beam's azimuth and / or elevation angles. If the wireless device determines to control at least one of the duty cycle and / or transmission power, the wireless device may apply a limit on transmission power (e.g., power backoff) and / or a duty cycle. The wireless device may calculate the required attenuation amount based, for example, the type of the wireless device and at least one of the beam's azimuth and / or elevation angles. The wireless device may determine a duty cycle (e.g., 20%) based on the required attenuation amount. For example, the duty cycle may be applied based on puncturing and / or time slicing. An example of the wireless device applying the determined duty cycle is as follows. When a wireless device transmits a signal based on TDD mode, the wireless device may not use some of the uplink slots allocated for TDD mode based on the duty cycle. When a wireless device transmits a signal based on FDD mode, the wireless device may apply time slicing to continuous time resources. For example, the wireless device may perform burst transmission by puncturing data segments and leaving signaling segments.

[0395] For example, the wireless device may determine that it is not necessary to control at least one of the duty cycle and / or transmission power based on at least one of the beam's azimuth and / or elevation angle. In this case, one or more operations performed by the wireless device may be referred to as operations based on a first mode (e.g., may be referred to as a safety mode). For reference, an example of the first mode is illustrated in the example of FIG. 10. For example, referring to the example in Table 10, if the wireless device is a Type 6 terminal, the beam's azimuth of the wireless device may be related to the front or diagonal, and the beam's elevation angle may be 70 degrees or greater. In this case, the wireless device may not control the duty cycle and / or transmission power. In this case, the wireless device may use transmission power greater than 60 dBm, which is the minimum peak EIRP. For example, if the beam's elevation angle is 70 degrees, the wireless device may transmit a signal based on a power of 62 dBm.

[0396] As another example, the wireless device may control at least one of the duty cycle and / or transmission power based on at least one of the beam's azimuth and / or elevation angle. In this case, one or more operations performed by the wireless device may be referred to as operations based on a second mode (e.g., may be referred to as a control mode). For reference, an example of the second mode is illustrated in the example of FIG. 10. For example, referring to the example in Table 10, if the wireless device is a Type 6 terminal, when the beam's elevation angle is 60 degrees or less, the wireless device may control the duty cycle and / or transmission power. For example, depending on whether the beam's azimuth is related to the side, the front, or the diagonal, the wireless device may determine the duty cycle value.

[0397] In some implementations, dynamic signaling may be performed. For example, dynamic signaling may include a Dynamic Power Headroom Report. For example, a wireless device may transmit information to the network to indicate that the reason for the wireless device's reduced transmission power is regulatory compliance, rather than a failure or degradation of the communication environment. For example, the wireless device may calculate the maximum allowable power for regulatory satisfaction (e.g., P-compliance). The wireless device may calculate the difference between the wireless device's maximum rated output (e.g., P-max) and the maximum allowable power (e.g., P-compliance). This difference may be referred to as a power attenuation value (e.g., power attenuation value for human protection). The calculated power attenuation value (e.g., power attenuation value for human protection) may also be referred to as P-MPR (Power Management Maximum Power Reduction). The wireless device may determine a duty cycle value. The wireless device may transmit at least one of the P-MPR value, actual available power headroom (PHR: Power Headroom Report) information, or duty cycle value to a network periodically or based on an event (e.g., occurrence of a sudden power change above a threshold). For example, the wireless device may transmit at least one of the P-MPR value, actual available power headroom (PHR: Power Headroom Report) information, or duty cycle value to a network via a MAC CE (Control Element) and / or a Physical Layer Control Channel (PUCCH). For example, the duty cycle value may be referred to as a time distribution value for human protection.

[0398] In some implementations, a Link Adaptation Operation may be performed. For example, a network may receive at least one of a P-MPR value, actual available power headroom (PHR: Power Headroom Report) information, or a duty cycle value from a radio device. A network (e.g., a satellite, or a network scheduler) that receives such signaling may recognize that the terminal's power reduction (and / or time distribution) is based on intentional action for regulatory compliance rather than channel fading. For example, if a vehicle turns and the azimuth of the antenna beam changes from front to side, the radio device may reduce the duty cycle and transmit reduced available power information (e.g., at least one of a P-MPR value or actual available power headroom (PHR: Power Headroom Report) information) to the network. Based on the received information, the network (e.g., a satellite) may perform the following actions. For example, the network may change the uplink modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of the radio device from a high-order modulation (e.g., 16QAM) to a low-order modulation (e.g., QPSK), and / or adjust the number of allocated Resource Blocks (RBs). For example, the network may transmit Downlink Control Information (DCI) to the radio device containing information regarding the changed MCS and / or the changed number of RBs. Accordingly, the link may be adapted so that the communication connection remains robust with no or minimal packet loss, even when the transmit power is low. If the radio device transmits a signal by controlling the duty cycle and / or transmit power, the radio device may transmit the signal based on low transmit power.In this case, low transmission power is used, but since the network applies a robust modulation scheme, the connection between the wireless device and the network can be maintained without packet loss. For example, the connection between the wireless device and the network is stable, and safety regulations are also satisfied.

[0399] Hereinafter, with reference to FIG. 10, an example of an operation performed by a wireless device according to one example of the present specification is described.

[0400] The following drawings are made to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0401] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an operation performed by a wireless device according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0402] For reference, the order in which the steps illustrated in the example of FIG. 10 are performed is merely an example. Also, some of the steps illustrated in the example of FIG. 10 may be omitted. The order in which the steps are performed in the example of FIG. 10 may be changed, and two or more steps may be performed simultaneously.

[0403] For reference, only the operation performed by a wireless device is illustrated in FIG. 10, but this is merely an example, and based on the operation performed by the wireless device according to the example in FIG. 10, the operation performed by a network (e.g., satellite, satellite base station, etc.) may also be included in the example in FIG. 10.

[0404] In step (S1001), the wireless device can transmit capability information to the network.

[0405] The capability information may include, for example, at least one of information related to the Vehicle Geometry Category (e.g., sedan, truck, bus, etc.), information related to the type of radio device (e.g., VSAT type 6, 7, and / or 8, etc.), and / or information related to the location where the radio device's antenna is installed relative to the center point of the vehicle (e.g., antenna offset). Through this, the network can recognize in advance that power limiting may occur when the radio device directs its beam at a specific azimuth (e.g., side) and can reflect the possibility of power limiting in its scheduling strategy.

[0406] Before step (S1001) is performed, or while step (S1001) is performed, procedures related to initial access and / or registration procedures may be performed.

[0407] In step (S1002), the wireless device can determine whether the elevation angle (e.g., the elevation angle of the beam) exceeds a first threshold value.

[0408] For example, the first threshold value may be based on at least one of Tables 8 to 13, depending on the type of wireless device.

[0409] In step (S1003), the wireless device can determine whether the azimuth (e.g., the azimuth of the beam) is in the forward direction, the rearward direction, or the diagonal direction. If the azimuth is in the forward direction, the rearward direction, or the diagonal direction, the wireless device can perform step (S1004). If the azimuth is not in the forward direction, the rearward direction, or the diagonal direction (e.g., if the azimuth is in the lateral direction), the wireless device can perform step (S1005).

[0410] For reference, in the example of FIG. 10, an example is shown in which step (S1003) is performed after step (S1002) is performed, but this is merely an example. For example, the order in which steps (S1002) and step (S1003) are performed may be changed, and the wireless device may perform operations related to both steps simultaneously. For example, the wireless device may decide to perform either step (S1004) or step (S1005) by considering both the azimuth angle and the elevation angle of the beam. For example, based on at least one of Tables 8 to 13, the wireless device may decide to perform either step (S1004) or step (S1005) depending on the type of the wireless device.

[0411] For example, step (S1002) may be performed after step (S1003) is performed. In this case, if the wireless device determines that the azimuth angle is in the front, rear, or diagonal direction, the wireless device may perform step (S1002). In this case, if the wireless device determines that the elevation angle exceeds a first threshold value, the wireless device may perform step (S1004). In this case, if the wireless device determines that the elevation angle is below the first threshold value, the wireless device may perform step (S1005).

[0412] In some implementations, the criteria for performing either step (S1004) or step (S1005) may be based on at least one of Tables 8 to 13.

[0413] In step (S1004), the wireless device may perform an operation based on a first mode. For example, the first mode may be referred to as a safety mode. An operation based on the first mode may include an operation in which the wireless device applies a duty cycle of 100% in various examples of the disclosure of this specification. For example, the wireless device may transmit a signal based on a high transmission power greater than or equal to the minimum peak EIRP as described in various examples of the disclosure of this specification. The maximum power available to the wireless device may be Max EIRP (e.g., may be referred to as safety boundary power).

[0414] In step (S1005), the wireless device can perform an operation based on the second mode.

[0415] For example, the radio device can calculate the required amount of attenuation. The radio device can calculate the required amount of attenuation based, for example, at least one of the type of the radio device, the azimuth and / or elevation angle of the beam. The radio device can determine a duty cycle (e.g., 20%) based on the required amount of attenuation.

[0416] For example, the duty cycle may be applied based on puncturing and / or time slicing. Examples of how a radio device applies a determined duty cycle are as follows. If the radio device transmits a signal based on TDD mode, the radio device may not use some of the uplink slots allocated for TDD mode based on the duty cycle. If the radio device transmits a signal based on FDD mode, the radio device may apply time slicing to continuous time resources. For example, the radio device may perform burst transmission by puncturing data segments and leaving signaling segments.

[0417] For example, a wireless device can calculate the maximum allowable power (e.g., P-compliance) for regulatory compliance. The wireless device can calculate the difference between the device's maximum rated output (e.g., P-max) and the maximum allowable power (e.g., P-compliance). This difference may be referred to as a power attenuation value (e.g., power attenuation value for human protection). The calculated power attenuation value (e.g., power attenuation value for human protection) may also be referred to as P-MPR (Power Management Maximum Power Reduction).

[0418] For example, a wireless device may transmit at least one of a P-MPR value, actual available power headroom (PHR: Power Headroom Report) information, or a duty cycle value to a network periodically or based on an event (e.g., occurrence of a sudden power change above a threshold). For example, the wireless device may also transmit at least one of the P-MPR value, actual available power headroom (PHR: Power Headroom Report) information, or duty cycle value to a network via a MAC CE (Control Element) and / or a Physical Layer Control Channel (PUCCH). For example, the duty cycle value may be referred to as a time distribution value for human protection.

[0419] For example, a network may receive at least one of a P-MPR value, actual available power headroom (PHR: Power Headroom Report) information, or a duty cycle value from a wireless device. A network (e.g., a satellite, or a network scheduler) receiving such signaling may recognize that the terminal's power reduction (and / or time distribution) is not channel fading but is based on intentional behavior for regulatory compliance.

[0420] A network (e.g., a satellite) may perform the following actions based on the received information. For example, the network may change the uplink modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of a radio device from a higher-order modulation (e.g., 16QAM) to a lower-order modulation (e.g., QPSK), and / or adjust the number of allocated Resource Blocks (RBs). For example, the network may transmit Downlink Control Information (DCI) to the radio device containing information regarding the changed MCS and / or the changed number of RBs. Accordingly, the link may be adapted so that the communication connection remains robust with no or minimal packet loss, even when the transmit power is low.

[0421] When a wireless device transmits a signal by controlling the duty cycle and / or transmission power, the wireless device can transmit the signal based on low transmission power. In this case, although low transmission power is used, the connection between the wireless device and the network can be maintained without packet loss because the network applies a robust modulation scheme. For example, the connection between the wireless device and the network is stable, and safety-related regulations are also satisfied.

[0422] The following drawings are made to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0423] FIGS. 11a to 11d illustrate examples of EIRP and compliance distances according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0424] For reference, FIGS. 11a through 11d illustrate examples simulating the relationship between the power (e.g., EIRP) and the Compliance Distance of a wireless device. The simulation data of FIGS. 11a through 11d may be applied to various examples of the disclosure of this specification.

[0425] In FIGS. 11a through 11d, the white bar graphs represent examples of compliance distances that satisfy the electromagnetic field strength of the first level (e.g., about 30.5 V / m). The black bar graphs represent examples of compliance distances that satisfy the electromagnetic field strength of the Maginot level (e.g., about 61 V / m).

[0426] For reference, average power was calculated for each frequency band based on the following methods. For example, for 3 GHz and below, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 100 seconds. For 3–6 GHz, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 60 seconds. For 6–10 GHz, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 30 seconds. For 10–16 GHz, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 14 seconds. For 16–24 GHz, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 8 seconds. For 24–42 GHz, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 4 seconds. For 42–95 GHz, the average power was calculated by measuring the output power of the wireless device for 2 seconds.

[0427] The following drawings are made to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0428] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0429] For example, regarding the example of FIG. 12, operations described in various examples above may also be applied. For example, even if operations, contents, etc. are not directly described in the example of FIG. 12, operations, contents, etc. described in various examples of the disclosure of this specification may be applied. For example, operations of a wireless device described in various examples of the disclosure of this specification may be performed by a UE.

[0430] A wireless device may include at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory capable of storing instructions and being connected to the at least one processor to enable operation. Based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor, the operations described below may be performed.

[0431] In the example of Fig. 12, the UE may also be referred to as a wireless device.

[0432] In step (S1201), a wireless device (e.g., UE) can transmit a random access preamble to another device (e.g., base station).

[0433] In step (S1202), the wireless device (e.g., UE) can receive a response message from another device (e.g., base station).

[0434] In step (S1203), a wireless device (e.g., UE) can transmit an uplink signal to another device (e.g., base station).

[0435] For example, a wireless device (e.g., UE) can transmit an uplink signal to a network entity associated with a satellite based on at least one of a duty cycle or transmission power.

[0436] In some implementations, if the network entity associated with the satellite is the same as the base station of FIG. 12, the UE can transmit the uplink signal to another device (e.g., base station).

[0437] In some implementations, the network entity associated with the satellite may be different from the base station of FIG. 12. In this case, the UE may transmit the uplink signal to the network entity associated with the satellite rather than the base station of FIG. 12.

[0438] Wireless devices (e.g., UE) can be mounted on a vehicle.

[0439] A wireless device (e.g., UE) can determine at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power based on at least one of the type of wireless device, the elevation angle of the beam associated with the uplink signal, or the azimuth angle of the beam.

[0440] In some implementations, a wireless device (e.g., UE) may include a Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT).

[0441] In some implementations, the type of wireless device may be one of one or more types of wireless devices associated with one or more minimum peak Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) values.

[0442] In some implementations, based on the elevation angle of the beam being greater than or equal to a first threshold value, the transmission power may be determined to be greater than or equal to the minimum peak EIRP value of the wireless device.

[0443] In some implementations, based on the elevation angle of the beam being less than or equal to a first threshold and the azimuth angle of the beam being related to the front, rear, or diagonal direction of the vehicle, the transmission power may be determined to be greater than or equal to the minimum peak EIRP value of the wireless device.

[0444] In some implementations, based on the elevation angle of the beam being less than or equal to a first threshold and the azimuth angle of the beam not being related to the front, rear, or diagonal direction of the vehicle, the duty cycle may be determined to be a value less than 100%.

[0445] In some implementations, at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power may be determined based on one or more of a preset duty cycle or a preset transmission power based on at least one of the type of the wireless device, the elevation angle of the beam, or the azimuth angle of the beam.

[0446] In some implementations, the wireless device may transmit at least one of information related to the duty cycle or information related to the transmission power to a network entity related to the satellite.

[0447] In some implementations, a network entity associated with the satellite may determine at least one of one or more Resource Blocks (RBs) or Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) for the radio device based on at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power.

[0448] This specification may have various effects.

[0449] For example, even if a wireless device supporting satellite communication is installed in a vehicle, regulations for protecting human health can be effectively met. The impact of the output power of the wireless device installed in the vehicle on the human body can be minimized.

[0450] For example, according to the prior art, the Compliance Boundary for a wireless device to meet regulations for protecting human health was defined as a fixed circular boundary. According to one embodiment of this specification, the Compliance Boundary of a wireless device can be defined asymmetrically to match the outline shape of a vehicle in which the wireless device is mounted. Accordingly, even without physical barrier facilities around the wireless device, strict human protection regulations, such as those of the FCC, can be satisfied in an environment where the wireless device is mounted in a vehicle.

[0451] For example, a wireless device according to one embodiment of the disclosure of this specification may limit or not limit the output of the wireless device by taking into account the elevation angle and / or azimuth angle of the wireless device. Accordingly, a superior communication throughput can be secured compared to a method in which power was uniformly limited to meet regulations according to the prior art.

[0452] For example, a wireless device according to one embodiment of the disclosure of this specification can regulate average power by controlling the duty cycle rather than simply lowering peak power. Accordingly, the wireless device can maintain a high instantaneous output (e.g., Peak EIRP) required for satellite communication to prevent link disconnection and / or ensure the stability of communication.

[0453] For example, the application of unnecessary regulations can be eliminated. When regulations are applied according to conventional technology, the wireless device had to limit its output in all directions related to the elevation angle and / or azimuth angle of the wireless device. However, according to one embodiment, the limitation on output power can be removed in all sections except when the azimuth angle of the VSAT Type 8 terminal is related to the side and the elevation angle is low (e.g., elevation angle less than 40°). For example, the power of the VSAT Type 8 terminal can be boosted. When the azimuth angle of the beam of the VSAT Type 8 terminal is related to the long axis of the vehicle (e.g., Front / Rear / Diagonal), high output of 52.5 dBm to 68 dBm, exceeding the terminal's specification Min Peak EIRP (47 dBm), can be used. Accordingly, a robust communication connection can be ensured even in adverse weather conditions. Furthermore, limitations caused by regulations on the VSAT Type 8 terminal can be minimized. Even under the worst conditions (e.g., when the azimuth is sideways and the elevation angle is 0°), a duty cycle of more than 60% is guaranteed for VSAT Type 8 terminals. Accordingly, users of VSAT Type 8 terminals may hardly experience any reduction in speed due to the beam steering direction.

[0454] For example, communication performance can be improved in low elevation angle ranges. For instance, in low elevation angle ranges, a VSAT Type 7 terminal can improve data throughput by more than five times when the azimuth is forward or diagonal compared to when it is lateral. When the azimuth is forward or diagonal, power limiting can be released at relatively lower elevation angles compared to when it is lateral. For example, when the azimuth is lateral, the Type 7 terminal releases power limiting only when the elevation angle reaches 70°. Conversely, when the azimuth is forward, the Type 7 terminal releases power limiting when the elevation angle reaches 30°, and when the azimuth is diagonal, the Type 7 terminal releases power limiting when the elevation angle reaches 20°. The available range of satellite communication based on elevation angle can be significantly expanded. The Type 7 terminal is capable of high-power operation. Type 7 terminals can use high power output close to the maximum performance (e.g., Max EIRP) of Type 7 terminals while complying with regulatory limits (e.g., Threshold) at elevation angles of 40° or more. Accordingly, link stability is ensured.

[0455] The effects obtainable through the specific examples of this specification are not limited to those listed above. For example, there may be various technical effects that a person with ordinary skill in the related art can understand or derive from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0456] For reference, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE, wireless device including VSAT, VSAT terminal) described in this specification may be implemented by the device of FIGS. 1 to 3 described above. For example, the terminal (e.g., UE, wireless device including VSAT, VSAT terminal) may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE, wireless device including VSAT, VSAT terminal) described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operation of the terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of an instruction / program (e.g., instruction, executable code) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) can control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (105 or 206) and execute instructions / programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform the operation of a terminal (e.g., UE) as described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0457] Additionally, instructions for performing the operation of a terminal (e.g., UE, wireless device including VSAT, VSAT terminal) described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be contained in one or more memories (104 or 204). And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may perform the operation of a terminal (e.g., UE, wireless device including VSAT, VSAT terminal) described in the disclosure of this specification by being executed by one or more processors (102 or 202).

[0458] For reference, the operation of a network node (e.g., AMF, SMF, UPF, PCF, AUSF, satellite, satellite-related network entity, etc.) or a base station (e.g., NG-RAN, gNB, eNB, satellite base station, satellite, etc.) described in this specification may be implemented by the device of FIGS. 1 to 3, which will be described below. For example, the network node or base station may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operation of a network node or base station described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operation of a terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of an instruction / program (e.g., instruction, executable code) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) can control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (106 or 206) and execute instructions / programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform the operation of a network node or base station as described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0459] Additionally, instructions for performing the operation of a network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile (or non-transient) computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be contained in one or more memories (104 or 204). And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may perform the operation of a network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification by being executed by one or more processors (102 or 202).

[0460] Although preferred embodiments have been described by way of example above, the disclosure of this specification is not limited to such specific embodiments, and may be modified, changed, or improved in various forms within the scope of the spirit and claims of this specification.

[0461] In the exemplary system described above, methods are described based on a flowchart as a series of steps or blocks, but are not limited to the order of the described steps, and some steps may occur in a different order or simultaneously with other steps as described above. Furthermore, a person skilled in the art will understand that the steps shown in the flowchart are not exclusive, and that other steps may be included, or that one or more steps of the flowchart may be omitted without affecting the scope of rights.

[0462] The claims described in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a method. Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A wireless device transmitting a random access preamble to another device; The step of the wireless device receiving a response message from the other device; and The above wireless device includes the step of transmitting an uplink signal to a network entity associated with a satellite, based on at least one of a duty cycle or transmission power, and The above wireless device is mounted on a vehicle, and A method in which at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power is determined based on at least one of the type of the wireless device, the elevation angle of the beam associated with the uplink signal, or the azimuth angle of the beam.

2. In Paragraph 1, The above wireless device includes a Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), a method.

3. In Paragraph 1 or 2, A method in which the type of the above-mentioned wireless device is one of one or more types of wireless devices associated with one or more minimum peak Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) values.

4. In any one of paragraphs 1 through 3, A method in which the transmission power is determined to be greater than or equal to the minimum peak EIRP value of the wireless device, based on the elevation angle of the beam being greater than or equal to a first threshold value.

5. In any one of paragraphs 1 through 3, A method in which the transmission power is determined to be greater than or equal to the minimum peak EIRP value of the wireless device, based on the elevation angle of the beam being less than or equal to a first threshold value and the azimuth angle of the beam being related to the front direction, rear direction, or diagonal direction of the vehicle.

6. In any one of paragraphs 1 through 3, A method in which the duty cycle is determined to be a value less than 100% based on the fact that the elevation angle of the beam is less than or equal to a first threshold value and the azimuth angle of the beam is not related to the front direction, rear direction, or diagonal direction of the vehicle.

7. In any one of paragraphs 1 through 6, A method in which at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power is determined based on one or more of a preset duty cycle or a preset transmission power based on at least one of the type of the wireless device, the elevation angle of the beam, or the azimuth angle of the beam.

8. In any one of paragraphs 1 through 7, A method comprising the step of the wireless device further transmitting to a network entity related to the satellite at least one of information related to the duty cycle or information related to the transmission power.

9. As a wireless device, At least one transceiver; At least one processor; and It includes at least one memory that stores instructions and can be connected to operate with at least one processor, and A wireless device in which the operation performed based on the execution of the above instruction by the at least one processor is: a method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. At least one processor; and It includes at least one memory that stores instructions and is operablely electrically connected to at least one processor, and An operation performed based on the execution of the above instruction by the at least one processor is: a method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, a device.

11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that records instructions, The above instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: a method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, a CRM.

12. A network entity associated with a satellite receiving an uplink signal from a wireless device based on at least one of a duty cycle or transmission power; and A network entity related to the satellite includes the step of receiving at least one of information related to the duty cycle or information related to the transmission power from the wireless device, and The above wireless device is mounted on a vehicle, and A method in which at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power is determined based on at least one of the type of the wireless device, the elevation angle of the beam associated with the uplink signal, or the azimuth angle of the beam.

13. In Paragraph 12, The above wireless device includes a Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), a method.

14. In Paragraph 12 or 13, A method in which the type of the above-mentioned wireless device is one of one or more types of wireless devices associated with one or more minimum peak Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) values.

15. In any one of paragraphs 12 through 14, A method in which the transmission power is determined to be greater than or equal to the minimum peak EIRP value of the wireless device, based on the elevation angle of the beam being greater than or equal to a first threshold value.

16. In any one of paragraphs 12 through 14, A method in which the transmission power is determined to be greater than or equal to the minimum peak EIRP value of the wireless device, based on the elevation angle of the beam being less than or equal to a first threshold value and the azimuth angle of the beam being related to the front direction, rear direction, or diagonal direction of the vehicle.

17. In any one of paragraphs 12 through 14, A method in which the duty cycle is determined to be a value less than 100% based on the fact that the elevation angle of the beam is less than or equal to a first threshold value and the azimuth angle of the beam is not related to the front direction, rear direction, or diagonal direction of the vehicle.

18. In any one of paragraphs 12 through 17, A method in which at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power is determined based on one or more of a preset duty cycle or a preset transmission power based on at least one of the type of the wireless device, the elevation angle of the beam, or the azimuth angle of the beam.

19. In any one of paragraphs 12 through 18, A method further comprising the step of determining at least one of one or more Resource Blocks (RB) or Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) for the wireless device based on at least one of the duty cycle or the transmission power.

20. As a network entity related to a satellite, At least one transceiver; At least one processor; and It includes at least one memory that stores instructions and can be connected to operate with at least one processor, and An operation performed based on the execution of the above instruction by the at least one processor is: a network entity related to a satellite, which is a method according to any one of claims 12 to 19.

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