A device and method for coordinated spatial reuse
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/084213
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-21
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-24
Smart Images

Figure CN2025084213_24092026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A DEVICE AND METHOD FOR COORDINATED SPATIAL REUSETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates to configuring data for coordinated spatial reuse transmissions between multiple APs and stations assigned to those APs.BACKGROUND
[0002] Coordinated Spatial Reuse (CoSR) was accepted as a Multiple Access Point (MAP) coordination scheme for a communication network in the future. In the CoSR scheme, Access Points (APs) transmit concurrent Downlink (DL) Physical Layer Protocol Data Units (PPDUs) while transmit power is controlled to minimise interference. The scheme for a communication network in the future accepted transmit opportunity (TXOP) based CoSR, where the TXOP owner (i.e. the Sharing AP) may announce one other AP (i.e. Shared AP) that is invited to participate in the current TXOP. The scheme for a communication network in the future also defines that the Sharing AP may control the transmit power of Shared AP to ensure the desired interference signal at the receiver.
[0003] Figure 1, shows an example of the scheme as presented in many contributions, and shows messages transmitted through time from left to right, starting with a CoSR Trigger Frame transmitted by the Sharing AP and then concurrent PPDUs transmitted by all the APs. In this example implementation of CoSR there are two APs, the top line represents the Sharing AP 102 which transmits the CoSR Trigger Frame 110 (or Co-SR as shown in the figure) . The second AP, the Shared AP 104, is indicated at the second line. After the CoSR TF is transmitted, both APs can transmit DL PPDUs according to the parameters in the TF to their corresponding stations STA1 106 and STA2 108 . It is assumed in the CoSR scheme that the CoSR TF indicates the relevant CoSR parameters to the Shared AP, in particular the required transmit (Tx) power.
[0004] One of the main principles of CoSR transmission as accepted by a scheme for a communication network in the future is that PPDUs that are transmitted by the Sharing AP and Shared AP should start and end simultaneously. But in addition to this, when CoSR is used, both Sharing and Shared APs transmit to single stations and UHR PPDUs that are transmitted using the CoSR coordination scheme should be transmitted using a Single User (SU) PPDU mode.
[0005] As shown in Figure 1, the PPDUs 112 and 114 transmitted by both Sharing and Shared APs are fully aligned in time. This means that all the fields of the preamble are also fully aligned in time. In particular, the UHR LTF symbols or EHT LTF symbols are aligned in time as well.
[0006] When SU PPDU mode is used, the LTF symbols will be aligned in time and identical. This means that channel estimation at the receiver station will see a combination of the channel from Sharing AP 102 and Shared AP 104. However, in order to decode the data, which is different in each PPDU, the receivers need to estimate their own channel only. This means that channel estimation is biased by the channel of the other AP.
[0007] This biased channel estimation can be expressed according to the equations:
[0008]
[0009] Biased channel estimation may have a very strong impact on the performance.
[0010] The same problem of identical LTF symbols exists in CoBF scheme where two APs transmit simultaneously using beamforming techniques. The problem is solved in CoBF by applying Multiple User (MU) Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) mode transmission and using a different P-Matrix indices to create orthogonal LTF symbols.
[0011] However, as mentioned above, CoSR scheme can be used with SU transmission mode only. This prevents an AP from applying the MIMO LTF mode and transmitting orthogonal LTFs, as done in the case of CoBF. Moreover, when EHT PPDUs are involved, it is not possible to provide any modification as this cannot be supported by EHT STAs.SUMMARY
[0012] According to one aspect there is provided a method of configuring LTF symbols transmitted by a pair of access points, AP, of different basic service sets, BSSs, in a Coordinated Spatial Reuse, CoSR, transmission, the method comprising: implementing one or more rules at an AP of the pair of APs such that the LTF symbols transmitted by each of the APs within a multi-user, MU, physical layer protocol data unit, PPDU, and having a single, recipient are differently arranged from each other. This enables two stations associated with different APs in the CoSR scheme to distinguish their respective channels.
[0013] In an embodiment, the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP are orthogonal to each other.
[0014] In an embodiment, the method comprises creating orthogonal LTF symbols by inserting one or more additional LTF symbols.
[0015] In an embodiment, the method comprises, where CoSR is indicated in a Multi-Access Point, MAP, Trigger Frame, TF, inserting one or more additional LTF symbols such that the total number of LTF symbols is equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by the APs.
[0016] In an embodiment, the method comprises, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF and EHT PPDUs are transmitted, inserting a number of additional EHT LTF symbols such that the total number of EHT LTF symbols equals double the spatial streams of EHT PPDUs.
[0017] In an embodiment, the method comprises, where the plurality of APs transmit EHT PPDUs, starting from a first index of a P-matrix by which to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0018] In an embodiment, the method may comprise, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocating the UHR PPDU a P-matrix index greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0019] In an embodiment, the method may comprise, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDU, starting from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols within the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.
[0020] In an embodiment, the method may comprise, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocating the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of transmitted LTF symbols.
[0021] In an embodiment, the method may comprise, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, allocating the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with the second BSS colour a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.
[0022] In an embodiment, the method may comprise indicating explicitly that inserting one or more additional LTF symbols is enabled.
[0023] In an embodiment, the indicating explicitly may comprise transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0024] In an embodiment, the method may comprise creating orthogonal LTF symbols by using MIMO LTF symbols.
[0025] In an embodiment, the method may comprise, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF, transmitting LTF symbols within EHT PPDUs in non-OFDMA MU-MIMO format.
[0026] In an embodiment, the method may comprise: transmitting within the EHT PPDU a number of LTF symbols equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by each of the APs; and starting from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0027] In an embodiment, the method may comprise, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocating the UHR PPDU an index of a P-matrix greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0028] In an embodiment, the method may comprise allocating the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.
[0029] In an embodiment, the method may comprise indicating explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled.
[0030] In an embodiment, the indicating explicitly may comprise transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0031] In an embodiment, the method may comprise indicating the starting spatial stream index to the UHR PPDU in a Number of Spatial Streams, NSS, field of a User field of a UHR-SIG field.
[0032] In an embodiment, the method may comprise indicating the number of spatial streams allocated to the UHR PPDU equals the number of LTF symbols minus the value of the NSS field.
[0033] In an embodiment, the method may comprise, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, indicating by each AP the total number of MIMO LTF symbols in a U-SIG of each UHR PPDU.
[0034] In an embodiment, the method may comprise starting with a spatial stream index equal to zero to multiply the MIMO LTF symbols and allocating a total number of spatial streams equal to the value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.
[0035] In an embodiment, the method may comprise starting with a spatial stream index equal to the value of the NSS field of the User field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.
[0036] In an embodiment, the method may comprise indicating a total number of spatial streams equal to a total number of MIMO LTF symbols minus a value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.
[0037] In an embodiment, the method may comprise offsetting the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP in time with respect to each other.
[0038] In an embodiment, the method may comprise offsetting the LTF symbols but inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols in the PPDU of the shared AP.
[0039] In an embodiment, the method may comprise inserting one or more multiples of four UHR or EHT SIG symbols.
[0040] In an embodiment, the method may comprise indicating explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled.
[0041] In an embodiment, the indicating explicitly may comprise transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0042] According to another aspect there is provided an access point, AP, for participating in a Coordinated Spatial Reuse, CoSR, transmission with at least one other AP with a different basic service set, BSS, the access point configured to: configure LTE symbols to be transmitted according to one or more rules at the AP such that the LTF symbols transmitted by each of the APs within a multi-user, MU, physical layer protocol data unit, PPDU, and having a single recipient are differently arranged from each other. This enables two stations associated with different APs in the CoSR scheme to distinguish their respective channels.
[0043] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to configure the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP to be orthogonal to each other.
[0044] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to create orthogonal LTF symbols by inserting one or more additional LTF symbols.
[0045] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where CoSR is indicated in a Multi-Access Point, MAP, Trigger Frame, TF, insert one or more additional LTF symbols such that the total number of LTF symbols is equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by the APs.
[0046] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF and EHT PPDUs are transmitted, insert a number of additional LTF symbols such that the total number of EHT LTF symbol equals double the spatial streams of EHT PPDUs.
[0047] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where the plurality of APs transmit EHT PPDUs, start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0048] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocate to the UHR PPDU a P-matrix index greater than zero to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0049] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDU, start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols within the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.
[0050] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocate the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of transmitted LTF symbols.
[0051] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, allocate the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with the second BSS colour a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.
[0052] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting one or more additional LTF symbols is enabled.
[0053] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0054] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to create orthogonal LTF symbols by using MIMO LTF symbols.
[0055] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF, transmit LTF symbol within EHT PPDUs in non-OFDMA MU-MIMO format.
[0056] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to: transmit within the EHT PPDU a number of LTF symbols equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by each of the APs; and start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0057] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocate the UHR PPDU an index of as P-matrix greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0058] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to allocate the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.
[0059] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled.
[0060] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0061] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate the starting spatial stream index to the UHR PPDU in a Number of Spatial Streams, NSS, field of a User field of a UHR-SIG field.
[0062] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate the number of spatial streams to the UHR PPDU equals the number of LTF symbols minus the value of the NSS field.
[0063] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, indicate by each AP the total number of MIMO LTF symbols in a U-SIG of each UHR PPDU.
[0064] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to start with a spatial stream index equal to zero to multiply the MIMO LTF symbols and allocate a total number of spatial streams equal to the value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.
[0065] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to start with a spatial stream index equal to the value of the NSS field of the User field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.
[0066] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate a total number of spatial streams equal to a total number of MIMO LTF symbols minus a value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.
[0067] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to offset the LTF symbols transmitted in time with respect to the LTF symbols transmitted by the other AP.
[0068] In an embodiment, the access point may be the shared AP and is configured to offset the LTF symbols by inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols in the PPDU.
[0069] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to insert one or more multiples of four UHR or EHT SIG symbols.
[0070] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled.
[0071] In an embodiment, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0072] According to another aspect there is provided a computer program product comprising a computer-readable storage medium for storing program code which causes a computer or a processor to perform the method according to the first aspect when the program code is executed by the computer or the processor.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0073] The present disclosure will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
[0074] Figure 1 shows an example of the CoSR scheme as presented in many contributions and shows the messages transmitted through time.
[0075] Figure 2 shows a flow diagram of the proposed method.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0076] As mentioned above, the CoSR scheme can be used with SU transmission mode only. This prevents an AP from applying the MIMO LTF mode and transmitting orthogonal LTFs, as done in the case of CoBF. Moreover, when EHT PPDUs are involved, it is not possible to provide any modification as this cannot be supported by EHT stations. Thus, there is a need for an approach that allows for the creation of orthogonal LTF symbols for all the use cases of CoSR and that can support both UHR and EHT stations.
[0077] There is proposed herein a solution which focuses on the CoSR parameters and proposes an efficient way to indicate them to the Shared APs.
[0078] The main principles of CoSR transmission as accepted by a scheme for a communication network in the future include: that CoSR transmission should be triggered by the Sharing AP; that PPDUs that are transmitted by Sharing and Shared APs should start and end simultaneously; that when CoSR is used, both the Sharing and Shared AP should transmit to a single Station (STA) ; and that UHR PPDUs that are transmitted using CoSR coordination scheme should be transmitted using SU PPDU mode.
[0079] In addition to those principle, CRS has two modes of operation which for the purposes of the objective described herein, should both be enabled.
[0080] CoSR supports two modes of operation. Mode 1 supports the combination of the following PPDU versions transmitted by the Sharing AP and Shared AP respectively: UHR+EHT (UHR and EHT) , EHT+UHR (EHT and UHR) , and EHT+EHT (EHT and EHT) . In this mode, the L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, RL-SIG fields in the PPDU preamble should be identical for both APs. U-SIG and the rest of the fields may differ between the APs. Mode 2 supports only a combination of UHR+UHR (UHR and UHR) PPDUs for transmission by the APs. In this mode L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, RL-SIG and U-SIG fields in the PPDU preamble should be identical for both APs.
[0081] Power Control is the main tool of CoSR scheme. It is assumed that stations measure the interference signal from orthogonal BSS (OBSS) APs and report the results to the AP. The Sharing AP uses this report to control the Tx power of the Shared APs. The Shared APs may also use the reported information to decide on transmission parameters according to power control as indicated by the Sharing AP.
[0082] As can be seen in Figure 1, the PPDUs transmitted by both Sharing and Shared AP are fully aligned in time. This means that all the fields of the preamble are also fully aligned in time. In particular, the UHR and / or EHT LTF symbols are aligned in time as well.
[0083] When the SU PPDU mode is used, the LTF symbols will be aligned in time and identical. This means that channel estimation at the receiver station will see a combination of the channel from both the Sharing AP and the Shared AP. However, in order to decode the data, which is different in each PPDU, the receiver stations need to estimate their own channel only. This means that channel estimation is biased by the channel of the second AP, as mentioned above. Biased channel estimation may have a very strong impact on the performance.
[0084] This problem is usually solved by creating orthogonality between the LTF symbols corresponding to different sources. For example, in MIMO or MU-MIMO transmissions, the AP transmits multiple LTF symbols (the same number as the total number of transmitted spatial streams) , where for each spatial stream LTF symbols are multiplied by a different binary sequence. The orthogonality between the spatial streams is achieved due to orthogonality of the binary sequences. The set of binary orthogonal sequence is called a P-Matrix and it is defined by the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) specifications. Every transmitted spatial stream has a corresponding index of the P-Matrix. For each station, it is indicated what starting index of the P-Matrix was applied to its spatial streams.
[0085] It has been simulated and compared between the performance of the CoSR scheme in the case when the LTF symbols are identical and the case when the LTF symbols are orthogonal. It was clear that using orthogonal LTF symbols improved the performance, while identical LTF symbols caused a significant degradation, even in the presence of a high signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) . Therefore, in order to achieve reasonable performance with identical LTF symbols, a very aggressive power control would be needed, which may lead to a very low efficiency of CoSR scheme.
[0086] It has been recognised that there may be a set of rules and indications devised that allow transmission of orthogonal LTF symbols in different CoSR modes. More specifically it is proposed to combine several techniques to create an orthogonality between the LTF symbols transmitted by the APs that participate in CoSR transmission.
[0087] There is therefore defined herein a set of rules and indications that can be used by the APs during information exchange prior to DL PPDU transmission using CoSR to produce an orthogonal LTF symbols without direct application of MIMO LTF mode at both Aps. That is, there is provided a method of configuring LTF symbols transmitted by a pair of access points, AP, of different basic service sets, BSSs, in a Coordinated Spatial Reuse, CoSR, transmission. The method comprises implementing one or more rules at an AP of the pair of APs such that the LTF symbols transmitted by each of the APs within a multi-user, MU, physical layer protocol data unit, PPDU, and having a single recipient, are differently arranged from each other. By differently arranged it is meant that the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP are not identical, either in content or in alignment, and therefore do not overlap. By single recipient it is meant that the receiving station is operating in a single user (SU) mode and each AP has a single recipient. This may be achieved via a plurality of mechanisms details in the embodiments below.
[0088] There is also provided herein an access point for participating in a Coordinated Spatial Reuse, CoSR, transmission with at least one other AP with a different basic service set, BSS. The access point is configured to configure LTE symbols to be transmitted according to one or more rules at the AP such that the LTF symbols transmitted by each of the APs within a multi-user, MU, physical layer protocol data unit, PPDU, and having a single recipient, are differently arranged from each other.
[0089] Across all the embodiments there is an assumption that power control parameters are provided by the Sharing AP in the beginning of the TXOP and are thus known to all the Shared APs. It should be noted that all the field sizes provided in this section are examples and actual implemented sizes may differ according to bit requirements.
[0090] In a first embodiment, the method comprises the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP being orthogonal to each other. That is, the method comprises creating orthogonal LTF symbols. The access point may be configured to configure the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP to be orthogonal to each other accordingly.
[0091] It may be possible to create orthogonal LTF symbols by using additional LTF symbols. That is, a scheme for a communication network in the future defines the number of LTF symbols that should be transmitted for every number of spatial streams. It also allows for the transmission of additional LTF symbols to improve channel estimation. Thus, it may be possible to use this mechanism to create orthogonal LTF symbols between two APs. The method provided may therefore comprise creating orthogonal LTF symbols by inserting one or more additional LTF symbols. The LTF symbols may be EHT LTF symbols or UHR LTF symbols depending on the mode of CoSR and the stations involved. The proposed access point may be configured to create orthogonal LTF symbols by inserting one or more additional LTF symbols.
[0092] The inserting of additional LTF symbols may be enabled implicitly based on a set of circumstances or criteria. This may be captured in one or more rules implemented at the AP which are pre-defined and shared. The stations associated with each AP may also be aware of the rules and thus able to act accordingly when receiving LTF symbols in the preamble of the PPDUs transmitted by the AP. By enabled implicitly it is meant that the set of default rules is implemented and no explicit indication is provided.
[0093] For example, when CoSR is used and indicated in a MAP TF, the number of LTFs may be equal to total number of service sets (SSs) across the two APs. That is, where CoSR is indicated in a Multi-Access Point, MAP, Trigger Frame, TF, the method may comprise inserting one or more additional LTF symbols such that the total number of LTF symbols is equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by the APs. Where the total is the combination of existing EHT LTF symbols and the additional EHT LTF symbols. The proposed AP would accordingly be configured to insert one or more additional LTF symbols such that the total number of LTF symbols is equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by the APs.
[0094] In the case where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF and EHT PPDUs are transmitted, the method may comprise inserting a number of additional EHT LTF symbols such that the total number of EHT LTF symbols equals double the spatial streams of EHT PPDUs. The proposed AP would accordingly be configured to insert a number of additional LTF symbols such that the total number of EHT LTF symbol equals double the spatial streams of EHT PPDUs.
[0095] In one case, the rule may comprise that the AP that transmits EHT PPDUs will always start from a first index of a P-matrix. This would not result in a change in the LTF processing for the EHT station. That is, where the plurality of APs transmit EHT PPDUs, the method may comprise starting from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols to create orthogonality. The AP may therefore be configured start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols to where the plurality of APs in the CoSR transmission transmit EHT PPDUs.
[0096] In the case the UHR+EHT mode is used, the UHR station may always be allocated an index greater than zero. For P-matrices, this means not the first index which may be equal to or less than zero. That is, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, the method may comprise allocating the UHR PPDU a P-matrix index greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols. The AP may therefore be configured to allocate to the UHR PPDU a P-matrix index greater than zero for multiplying the LTF symbols.
[0097] In the case the UHR+UHR mode is used, the UHR station that is associated with a first Basic Service Set (BSS) colour may always start with the first index of a P-matrix. That is, the method may comprise starting from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols within the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour. Accordingly, the AP may be configured start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols within the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.
[0098] In the case of the UHR+EHT AP transmission combination, the first spatial stream (SS) index for the UHR station is half the number of LTF symbols. That is, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDUs and the other is transmitting EHT PPDUs, the method may comprise allocating to the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix where the first index is equal to half the total number of transmitted LTF symbols. The station should use the relevant P-matrix indices for channel estimation. The access point may accordingly be configured to allocate the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of transmitted LTF symbols.
[0099] In the case of the UHR+UHR AP transmission combination, the first spatial stream (SS) index of the UHR station, which is associated with a second BSS colour, is half the number of LTF symbols (NLTF / 2) . That is, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, the method may comprise allocating the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with the second BSS colour a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols. Similarly, the station should use relevant P-matrix indices for channel estimation. The access point may accordingly be configured to allocate the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with the second BSS colour a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.
[0100] Alternatively, it may be preferable to consider explicitly indicating enablement of the method of inserting additional LTF symbols in specific CoSR transmission and also indicate specific parameters. The proposed approach may therefore comprise indicating explicitly that inserting one or more additional LTF symbols is enabled. The access point may accordingly be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting one or more additional LTF symbols is enabled. In this case, the following indications may be applied.
[0101] A single bit indication may be added to the information exchanged between the APs during an invite or respond negotiation. A single bit indication may be added to a synchronisation frame or trigger frame transmitted by the Sharing AP. A single bit indication may be added to the U-SIG of a UHR PPDU. For example, the single bit flag may be added at bit B8 of U-SIG2. When the bit is set to ‘1’ , the UHR station should act according to the pre-determined rules as mentioned above. Therefore, the indicating explicitly may comprise transmitting, within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU, an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag. The access point may be accordingly configured to indicate explicitly that the pre-defined rules should be applied by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0102] Another implementation option for producing orthogonal LTFs is to use MIMO LTFs without explicit indication of MIMO (or MU-MIMO) transmission mode for the UHR station. Similarly to the above embodiment, a set of default rules may be used or explicit indications may be included for flexibility. The proposed method may therefore comprise creating orthogonal LTF symbols by using MIMO LTF symbols. The proposed access pint may be configured to create orthogonal LTF symbols by using MIMO LTF symbols.
[0103] In the case that CoSR is indicated, the EHT PPDU may be transmitted in non-OFDMA MU-MIMO format. That is, the method may comprise, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF, transmitting LTF symbols within EHT PPDUs in non-OFDMA MU-MIMO format. The access point may be configured to transmit one or more LTF symbols within EHT PPDUs in a non-OFDMA MU-MIMO format.
[0104] Within an EHT PPDU there may be a number of LTF symbols, NLTF, equal to the total number of spatial streams (SS) across two APs and start from a first index of a P-matrix. That is, the method may comprise transmitting within the EHT PPDU a number of LTF symbols equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by each of the APs; and starting from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols. There would be no change required for the EHT station. Accordingly, the access point may be configured to transmit, within the EHT PPDU, a number of LTF symbols equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by each of the APs. The access point may also be configured to start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0105] In the case where the UHR+EHT mode is used, the UHR station may always be allocated with an index greater than zero. That is, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, the method may comprise allocating the UHR PPDU an index of a P-matrix greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols. In a P-matrix an index larger than zero is typically not the first index. The access point may be configured accordingly to allocate the UHR PPDU an index of as P-matrix greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols.
[0106] The first spatial stream index for the UHR station may be half the number of LTF symbols (NLTF / 2) . That is, the method may comprise allocating the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols. The relevant P-matrix indices for channel estimation should be used. The access point may also be configured to allocate the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.
[0107] Similarly to the embodiment described above, it may be preferable to consider explicitly indicating enablement of the method of creating orthogonal LTF symbols by using MIMO LTF symbols. The proposed approach may therefore comprise indicating explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled. The access point may thus be configured to indicate explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled.
[0108] A single bit indication may be added to the information exchanged between the APs during an invite and / or respond negotiation. A single bit indication may be added to a synchronisation frame or a trigger frame transmitted by the Sharing AP. A single bit indication may l be added to the U-SIG of a UHR PPDU. For example, the single bit may be located at the bit number B8 of a U-SIG2. When the bit is set to ‘1’ the UHR station should act according to the rules mentioned above. Therefore, the proposed indicating explicitly may comprise transmitting, within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU, an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag. The access point may be accordingly configured to indicate explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0109] That is, the proposed method may comprise indicating explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled by adding a single bit flag to information exchanged during an Invite and Response negotiation between the APs. Alternatively or additionally, the proposed method may comprise indicating explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled by adding a single bit flag to a synchronisation frame or trigger frame transmitted by the sharing AP. Alternatively or additionally, the method may comprise indicating explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled by adding a single bit flag to a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU such that the UHR station acts according to one or more pre-define rules.
[0110] The Nss field of the User Field may be interpreted as a starting spatial stream (SS) index. The proposed method may comprise indicating the starting spatial stream index to the UHR PPDU in a Number of Spatial Streams, NSS, field of a User field of a UHR-SIG field. The UHR-SIG is a part of the preamble portion of the PPDU. The access point may therefore be configured to indicate the starting spatial stream index to the UHR PPDU in a Number of Spatial Streams, NSS, field of a User field of a UHR-SIG field.
[0111] The number of spatial streams (Nss) may be obtained by the UHR station associated with them by the number of LTF symbols (NLTF) minus the number of spatial streams (Nss) . That is, the proposed method may comprise indicating that the number of spatial streams allocated to the UHR PPDU equals the number of LTF symbols minus the value of the NSS field. Accordingly, the access point may be configured to indicate the number of spatial streams allocated to the UHR PPDU equals the number of LTF symbols minus the value of the NSS field.
[0112] In the case where both APs transmit UHR PPDUs, an extended set of rules and indications may be needed, adjusted to the U-SIG format accepted in CoSR.
[0113] The total number of LTF symbols may be indicated by each AP by using a corresponding subfield of the UHR-SIG. Therefore, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, the proposed method may comprise indicating by each AP the total number of MIMO LTF symbols in a U-SIG of each UHR PPDU. The access point may be correspondingly configured to indicate by each AP the total number of MIMO LTF symbols in a U-SIG of each UHR PPDU.
[0114] The station that is associated with a first BSS colour may always start with an SS index of zero and use the Nss field to obtain the total number of allocated spatial streams SSs. The proposed method may therefore comprise starting with a spatial stream index equal to zero to multiply the MIMO LTF symbols and allocating a total number of spatial streams equal to the value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour. Accordingly, the access point may be configured to start with a spatial stream index equal to zero to multiply the MIMO LTF symbols and allocate a total number of spatial streams equal to the value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.
[0115] The Nss field of the User Field may be interpreted as the starting SS index for the station associated with a second BSS colour. That is, the proposed method may comprise starting with a spatial stream index equal to the value of the NSS field of the User field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour. The access point may thus be configured to start with a spatial stream index equal to the value of the NSS field of the User field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.
[0116] The number of spatial streams (Nss) may be obtained by the station associated with a second BSS colour by subtracting the number of spatial streams from the number of LTF symbols. The proposed method may therefore comprise indicating a total number of spatial streams equal to a total number of MIMO LTF symbols minus a value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour. The access point may therefore be configured to indicate a total number of spatial streams equal to a total number of MIMO LTF symbols minus a value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.
[0117] A further, different way to ensure LTF symbols are not identical is to create a difference in time for the LTFs transmitted by every AP. The current mode of the PPDUs using CoSR is restricted to single user (SU) mode. In this mode, the UHR or EHT SIG that is transmitted after the U-SIG has only one symbol. However, in the general case, a PPDU may have multiple UHR or EHT SIG symbols. The idea is to transmit “dummy” UHR / EHT-SIG symbols in the PPDU of Shared AP. Every four UHR / EHT SIG symbols result in same duration as one LTF symbols. Therefore, it is proposed to use multiples of four “dummy” UHR or EHT SIG symbols to shift the LTF symbols transmitted by the Shared AP in time. The proposed method may thus comprise offsetting the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP in time with respect to each other. The proposed method may comprise offsetting the LTF symbols by inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols in the PPDU of the shared AP. The access point may therefore be configured to offset the LTF symbols transmitted in time with respect to the LTF symbols transmitted by the other AP. The access point is the shared AP and is configured to offset the LTF symbols by inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols in the PPDU.
[0118] The default number of “dummy” symbols may be four and this might be used with no additional indication. That is, the implicit number of dummy signals may be pre-defined as four. The proposed method may therefore comprise inserting one or more multiples of four UHR or EHT SIG symbols. The AP may be configured to insert one or more multiples of four UHR or EHT SIG symbols accordingly.
[0119] As for the embodiments described above, to allow flexibility the following explicit indications may be implemented.
[0120] A single bit indication may be added to the information exchanged between the APs during an invite and / or response negotiation to indicate that shifted LTFs should be applied. A single bit indication may be added to a synchronisation frame and / or trigger frame transmitted by the Sharing AP to indicate that shifted LTFs should be applied. An indication of 5 bits may be added to the information exchanged between the APs within an invite frame, a response frame, or a sync frame to indicate the number of dummy UHR or EHT SIG symbols that need to be added.
[0121] That is, the proposed method may comprise indicating explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled. Therefore, the method may comprise indicating explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled by adding a single bit flag to information exchanged during an invite and response negotiation between the APs. The proposed method may comprise indicating explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled by adding a single bit flag to a synchronisation or trigger frame transmitted by the sharing AP. Similarly, the proposed method may comprise indicating explicitly the number of additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols to be added by adding five bits to information exchanged during an invite, response, or synchronisation procedure.
[0122] Accordingly, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled. That is, the access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled by adding a single bit flag to information exchanged during an invite and response negotiation between the APs. The access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled by adding a single bit flag to a synchronisation or trigger frame transmitted by the sharing AP. The access point may be configured to indicate explicitly the number of additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols to be added by adding five bits to information exchanged during an invite, response, or synchronisation procedure.
[0123] The indicating explicitly may comprise transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag. The access point may be configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.
[0124] As a result, the transmission of non-identical LTF symbols in CoSR with no MIMO mode applied at both APs is achieved. This improves channel estimation at the receiver and increases CoSR efficiency.
[0125] Figure 2 shows a flow diagram of the proposed method 200 of configuring LTF symbols transmitted by a pair of access points, AP, of different basic service sets, BSSs, in a Coordinated Spatial Reuse, CoSR, transmission. The method 200 comprises the step of 202 of implementing one or more rules at an AP of the pair of APs such that the LTF symbols transmitted by each of the APs within a multi-user, MU, physical layer protocol data unit, PPDU, and having a single, recipient are differently arranged from each other.
[0126] The applicant hereby discloses in isolation each individual feature described herein and any combination of two or more such features, to the extent that such features or combinations are capable of being carried out based on the present specification as a whole in the light of the common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art, irrespective of whether such features or combinations of features solve any problems disclosed herein, and without limitation to the scope of the claims. The applicant indicates that aspects of the present disclosure may consist of any such individual feature or combination of features. In view of the foregoing description it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the scope of the disclosure.
Claims
1.A method of configuring LTF symbols transmitted by a pair of access points, AP, of different basic service sets, BSSs, in a Coordinated Spatial Reuse, CoSR, transmission, the method comprising:implementing one or more rules at an AP of the pair of APs such that the LTF symbols transmitted by each of the APs within a multi-user, MU, physical layer protocol data unit, PPDU, and having a single recipient, are differently arranged from each other.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP are orthogonal to each other.3.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises creating orthogonal LTF symbols by inserting one or more additional LTF symbols.4.The method according to any preceding claim, wherein the method comprises, where CoSR is indicated in a Multi-Access Point, MAP, Trigger Frame, TF, inserting one or more additional LTF symbols such that the total number of LTF symbols is equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by the APs.5.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF and EHT PPDUs are transmitted, inserting a number of additional EHT LTF symbols such that the total number of EHT LTF symbols equals double the spatial streams of EHT PPDUs.6.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises, where the plurality of APs transmit EHT PPDUs, starting from a first index of a P-matrix by which to multiply the LTF symbols.7.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocating the UHR PPDU a P-matrix index greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols.8.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDU, starting from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols within the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.9.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocating the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of transmitted LTF symbols.10.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, allocating the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with the second BSS colour a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.11.The method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the method comprises indicating explicitly that inserting one or more additional LTF symbols is enabled.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the indicating explicitly comprises transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.13.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises creating orthogonal LTF symbols by using MIMO LTF symbols.14.The method according to claims 1, 2 or 13, wherein the method comprises, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF, transmitting LTF symbols within EHT PPDUs in non-OFDMA MU-MIMO format.15.The method according to claims 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises: transmitting within the EHT PPDU a number of LTF symbols equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by each of the APs; and starting from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols.16.The method according to claims 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocating the UHR PPDU an index of a P-matrix greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols.17.The method according to claims 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises allocating the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.18.The method according to claims 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises indicating explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled.19.The method according to claim 18, wherein the indicating explicitly comprises transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.20.The method according to claim 18, wherein the method comprises indicating the starting spatial stream index to the UHR PPDU in a Number of Spatial Streams, NSS, field of a User field of a UHR-SIG field.21.The method according to claim 18, wherein the method comprises indicating the number of spatial streams allocated to the UHR PPDU equals the number of LTF symbols minus the value of the NSS field.22.The method according to claim 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, indicating by each AP the total number of MIMO LTF symbols in a U-SIG of each UHR PPDU.23.The method according to claim 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises starting with a spatial stream index equal to zero to multiply the MIMO LTF symbols and allocating a total number of spatial streams equal to the value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.24.The method according to claim 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises starting with a spatial stream index equal to the value of the NSS field of the User field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.25.The method according to claim 1, 2, or 13, wherein the method comprises indicating a total number of spatial streams equal to a total number of MIMO LTF symbols minus a value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.26.The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method comprises offsetting the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP in time with respect to each other.27.The method according to claim 26, wherein the method comprises offsetting the LTF symbols but inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols in the PPDU of the AP.28.The method according to claim 27, wherein the method comprises inserting one or more multiples of four UHR or EHT SIG symbols.29.The method according to claims 26 to 28, wherein the method comprises indicating explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled.30.The method according to claim 29, wherein the indicating explicitly comprises transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.31.An access point, AP, for participating in a Coordinated Spatial Reuse, CoSR, transmission with at least one other AP with a different basic service set, BSS, the access point configured to:configure LTE symbols to be transmitted according to one or more rules at the AP such that the LTF symbols transmitted by each of the APs within a multi-user, MU, physical layer protocol data unit, PPDU, and having a single recipient are differently arranged from each other.32.The access point according to claim 31, wherein the access point is configured to configure the LTF symbols transmitted by each AP to be orthogonal to each other.33.The access point according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the access point is configured to create orthogonal LTF symbols by inserting one or more additional LTF symbols.34.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to, where CoSR is indicated in a Multi-Access Point, MAP, Trigger Frame, TF, insert one or more additional LTF symbols such that the total number of LTF symbols is equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by the APs.35.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF and EHT PPDUs are transmitted, insert a number of additional LTF symbols such that the total number of EHT LTF symbol equals double the spatial streams of EHT PPDUs.36.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to, where the plurality of APs transmit EHT PPDUs, start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols.37.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocate to the UHR PPDU a P-matrix index greater than zero to multiply the LTF symbols.38.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDU, start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols within the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.39.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocate the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of transmitted LTF symbols.40.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, allocate the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with the second BSS colour a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.41.The access point according to any of claims 31 to 33, wherein the access point is configured to indicate explicitly that inserting one or more additional LTF symbols is enabled.42.The access point according to claim 41, wherein the access point is configured to indicate explicitly by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.43.The access point according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the access point is configured to create orthogonal LTF symbols by using MIMO LTF symbols.44.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to, where CoSR is indicated in a MAP TF, transmit LTF symbol within EHT PPDUs in non-OFDMA MU-MIMO format.45.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to: transmit within the EHT PPDU a number of LTF symbols equal to the total number of spatial streams transmitted by each of the APs; and start from a first index of a P-matrix to multiply the LTF symbols.46.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to, where one AP is transmitting UHR PPDU and the other is transmitting EHT PPDU, allocate the UHR PPDU an index of as P-matrix greater than zero by which to multiply the LTF symbols.47.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to allocate the UHR PPDU a first index of a P-matrix equal to half the total number of LTF symbols.48.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to indicate explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled.49.The access point according to claim 48, wherein the access point is configured to indicate explicitly that the use of MIMO LTF symbols is enabled by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.50.The access point according to claim 48, wherein the access point is configured to indicate the starting spatial stream index to the UHR PPDU in a Number of Spatial Streams, NSS, field of a User field of a UHR-SIG field.51.The access point according to claim 48, wherein the access point is configured to indicate the number of spatial streams allocated to the UHR PPDU equals the number of LTF symbols minus the value of the NSS field.52.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to, where both APs are transmitting UHR PPDUs, indicate by each AP the total number of MIMO LTF symbols in a U-SIG of each UHR PPDU.53.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to start with a spatial stream index equal to zero to multiply the MIMO LTF symbols and allocate a total number of spatial streams equal to the value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a first BSS colour.54.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to start with a spatial stream index equal to the value of the NSS field of the User field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.55.The access point according to claim 31, 32, or 43, wherein the access point is configured to indicate a total number of spatial streams equal to a total number of MIMO LTF symbols minus a value of the NSS field for the UHR PPDU transmitted to a station associated with a second BSS colour.56.The access point according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the access point is configured to offset the LTF symbols transmitted in time with respect to the LTF symbols transmitted by the other AP.57.The access point according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the access point is the AP and is configured to offset the LTF symbols by inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols in the PPDU.58.The access point according to claim 57, wherein the access point is configured to insert one or more multiples of four UHR or EHT SIG symbols.59.The access point according to any of claims 56 to 58, wherein the access point is configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled.60.The access point according to claim 59, wherein the access point is configured to indicate explicitly that inserting additional UHR or EHT SIG symbols is enabled by transmitting within any one or more of an invite frame, a response frame, a synchronisation frame, and a U-SIG of a UHR PPDU an explicit indication comprising a single bit flag.61.A computer program product comprising a computer-readable storage medium for storing program code which causes a computer or a processor to perform the method of claims 1 -30 when the program code is executed by the computer or the processor.