Picture timing and decoding unit information for temporal scalability
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/084318
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-20
- Filing Date
- 2026-03-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-24
Smart Images

Figure CN2026084318_24092026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PICTURE TIMING AND DECODING UNIT INFORMATION FOR TEMPORAL SCALABILITY
[0001] This application claims priority to International Application No. PCT / RU2025 / 000073, filed on March 20, 2025, and entitled "Picture Timing And Decoding Unit Information For Temporal Scalability", which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] Embodiments of the present application generally relate to the field of picture processing and more particularly to interface processing for decoder.BACKGROUND
[0003] Video coding (video encoding and decoding) is used in a wide range of digital video applications, for example broadcast digital TV, video transmission over internet and mobile networks, real-time conversational applications such as video chat, video conferencing, DVD and Blu-ray discs, video content acquisition and editing systems, and camcorders of security applications.
[0004] The amount of video data needed to depict even a relatively short video can be substantial, which may result in difficulties when the data is to be streamed or otherwise communicated across a communications network with limited bandwidth capacity. Thus, video data is generally compressed before being communicated across modern day telecommunications networks. The size of a video could also be an issue when the video is stored on a storage device because memory resources may be limited. Video compression devices often use software and / or hardware at the source to code the video data prior to transmission or storage, thereby decreasing the quantity of data needed to represent digital video images. The compressed data is then received at the destination by a video decompression device that decodes the video data. With limited network resources and ever-increasing demands of higher video quality, improved compression and decompression techniques that improve compression ratio with little to no sacrifice in picture quality are desirable.
[0005] There are many video coding standards like, H.264 / AVC, H.265 / HEVC, VP8, VP9, AV1, and the strandard released recently H.266 / VVC. The basic architecture of those coding standards is very similar.
[0006] NAL (Network Abstraction Layer) units are a fundamental component of the H.264 / AVC, and H.265 / HEVC and H.266 / VVC video compression standards. They serve as the interface between the video coding layer (VCL) and the transport or storage layer. Here’s a detailed description of NAL units:
[0007] Structure of NAL Units
[0008] NAL Unit Header:
[0009] Forbidden Zero Bit (1 bit) : This bit should always be zero. If it is one, it indicates an error in the stream.
[0010] NAL Unit Type (5 bits for H.264, 6 bits for H.265) : This field specifies the type of the NAL unit. Different types include VCL NAL units (which contain the actual encoded video data) and non-VCL NAL units (which contain metadata and other control information) .
[0011] NAL Unit Layer ID (3 bits, H.265 only) : This field is used in scalable video coding to indicate the layer to which the NAL unit belongs.
[0012] Temporal ID and other fields (H.265 only) : Additional fields for more advanced features in H.265.
[0013] Raw Byte Sequence Payload (RBSP) :
[0014] This is the actual payload of the NAL unit, which contains the encoded video data or metadata.
[0015] Types of NAL Units
[0016] CL NAL Units: These contain the actual video data. Examples include:
[0017] Coded Slice of a Non-IDR Picture: Contains slices of video frames that are not Instantaneous Decoder Refresh (IDR) frames.
[0018] Coded Slice of an IDR Picture: Contains slices of IDR frames, which can be decoded independently of previous frames.
[0019] Non-VCL NAL Units: These contain metadata and control information. Examples include:
[0020] Sequence Parameter Set (SPS) : Contains important information about the video sequence, such as profile, level, resolution, etc.
[0021] Picture Parameter Set (PPS) : Contains information about the encoding parameters for individual pictures.
[0022] Access Unit Delimiter: Marks the start of a new access unit (a set of NAL units that together form a complete picture or frame) .
[0023] Usage in Transport and Storage
[0024] NAL units are designed to be flexible for various transport mechanisms, including:
[0025] RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) : Used for streaming video over IP networks.
[0026] File Formats: Such as MP4 and MKV, where NAL units are encapsulated within the file structure.
[0027] Importance
[0028] NAL units play a crucial role in ensuring that video data can be efficiently and reliably transmitted or stored. They provide a standardized way to encapsulate video data, making it easier to handle different types of video streams and to recover from errors.
[0029] In summary, NAL units are essential for the organization, transmission, and storage of video data in modern video compression standards. They provide a structured way to encapsulate both video data and associated metadata, ensuring compatibility and robustness across different systems and applications.
[0030] H.266, also known as Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , is the latest video compression standard developed by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) , a collaboration between the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and the ISO / IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) . Like its predecessors, H.266 / VVC uses the concept of Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) units to encapsulate video data and metadata for efficient transmission and storage.
[0031] NAL Units in H.266 / VVC
[0032] Structure of NAL Units
[0033] The structure of NAL units in H.266 / VVC is similar to that in H.265 / HEVC but includes some enhancements and additional fields to support new features. A typical NAL unit in H.266 / VVC consists of:
[0034] NAL Unit Header:
[0035] F (Forbidden Zero Bit) : 1 bit, should be zero.
[0036] Type (NAL Unit Type) : 6 bits, indicating the type of NAL unit.
[0037] Layer ID (nuh_layer_id) : 6 bits, used for scalable video coding.
[0038] Temporal ID (nuh_temporal_id_plus1) : 3 bits, indicating the temporal layer.
[0039] Raw Byte Sequence Payload (RBSP) :
[0040] This is the actual payload containing the encoded video data or metadata.
[0041] Types of NAL Units
[0042] H.266 / VVC defines a wide range of NAL unit types to support its advanced features. Some key types include:
[0043] VCL NAL Units:
[0044] Coded Slice of a Coding Tree Unit (CTU) : Contains the actual video data.
[0045] Coded Slice Segment: Used for segmenting slices for parallel processing.
[0046] Non-VCL NAL Units:
[0047] Video Parameter Set (VPS) : Contains parameters that apply to a entire video sequence.
[0048] Sequence Parameter Set (SPS) : Contains parameters for a sequence of pictures.
[0049] Picture Parameter Set (PPS) : Contains parameters for individual pictures.
[0050] Access Unit Delimiter: Marks the start of a new access unit.
[0051] Filler Data: Used for padding.
[0052] Enhancements in H.266 / VVC
[0053] H.266 / VVC introduces several enhancements over H.265 / HEVC, including:
[0054] Improved Compression Efficiency: Achieves better compression ratios, reducing the bitrate required for the same quality.
[0055] Scalability: Enhanced support for scalable video coding, allowing for multiple layers of video quality and resolution.
[0056] Flexibility: Better support for various types of content, including 360-degree video and high dynamic range (HDR) .
[0057] Usage in Transport and Storage
[0058] NAL units in H.266 / VVC are designed to be flexible for various transport mechanisms, including:
[0059] Streaming Protocols: Such as RTP for real-time video transmission.
[0060] File Formats: Such as MP4 and MKV for storage.
[0061] Importance
[0062] NAL units in H.266 / VVC are crucial for organizing, transmitting, and storing video data efficiently. They provide a standardized way to encapsulate both video data and associated metadata, ensuring compatibility and robustness across different systems and applications.
[0063] In summary, NAL units in H.266 / VVC build upon the concepts introduced in previous standards while adding new features and enhancements to support the latest advancements in video compression technology.
[0064] the AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) codec, developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOM) , is a modern video compression standard designed to provide high efficiency and flexibility. Unlike H.264 / AVC, H.265 / HEVC, and H.266 / VVC, AV1 does not use the concept of Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) units in the same way. Instead, AV1 employs a different structure for organizing and encapsulating video data.
[0065] Structure of AV1 Bitstream
[0066] AV1 organizes its bitstream into several hierarchical layers, which include:
[0067] Sequence Layer:
[0068] Contains global parameters that apply to the entire video sequence.
[0069] Includes sequence header information such as frame size, color space, and other global settings.
[0070] Frame Layer:
[0071] Contains parameters that apply to individual frames.
[0072] Includes frame header information such as frame type (keyframe or interframe) , temporal layer, and other frame-specific settings.
[0073] Tile Layer:
[0074] AV1 divides each frame into one or more tiles, which are rectangular regions that can be encoded and decoded independently.
[0075] Each tile has its own header and data section.
[0076] Tile Data:
[0077] Contains the actual encoded video data for each tile.
[0078] Includes information such as transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other coding details.
[0079] Key Concepts in AV1
[0080] Tiles: AV1 divides frames into tiles to enable parallel processing. Each tile can be encoded and decoded independently, which improves performance on multi-core processors.
[0081] Frames and Super frames: AV1 support the concept of super frames, which are groups of frames that can be decoded together to improve compression efficiency.
[0082] Temporal Layers: AV1 supports temporal scalability, allowing different layers of temporal resolution to be encoded within the same bitstream.
[0083] Comparison with NAL Units
[0084] While AV1 does not use NAL units, it achieves similar goals through its hierarchical bitstream structure. Here’s how AV1’s structure compares to the NAL unit concept:
[0085] Global Parameters: In AV1, global parameters are stored in the sequence header, similar to how SPS (Sequence Parameter Set) is used in NAL-based codecs.
[0086] Frame Parameters: Frame-specific parameters are stored in the frame header, akin to PPS (Picture Parameter Set) in NAL-based codecs.
[0087] Independent Segments: Tiles in AV1 serve a similar purpose to slices in NAL-based codecs, allowing for parallel processing and error resilience.
[0088] Usage in Transport and Storage
[0089] AV1 bitstreams can be encapsulated in various container formats such as MP4, MKV, and others. The hierarchical structure of AV1 bitstreams makes it flexible for different transport mechanisms, including:
[0090] Streaming Protocols: Such as DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP) and HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) .
[0091] File Formats: Such as WebM (based on Matroska) and ISO Base Media File Format (MP4) .
[0092] Importance
[0093] The hierarchical structure of AV1 bitstreams provides several advantages:
[0094] Parallel Processing: Tiles enable efficient parallel encoding and decoding.
[0095] Scalability: Temporal and spatial scalability features allow for flexible adaptation to different network conditions and device capabilities.
[0096] Error Resilience: Independent encoding of tiles and frames enhances robustness against data corruption.
[0097] In summary, while AV1 does not use NAL units, it employs a hierarchical bitstream structure that achieves similar goals of efficient organization, transmission, and storage of video data. This structure is designed to leverage modern processing capabilities and provide flexibility for various applications.
[0098] Low latency background introduction
[0099] Traditional video communication services include video on-demand (VOD) , live broadcast, video call, video conference, and so on. In these scenarios, the delay is not so critical. For example, the delay of live broadcast can be 5s to 10s, and for low-delay live broadcast, the delay can be around 1-2s. The delay of video calls and video conferences ranges from 200 ms to 500 ms.
[0100] In addition to the traditional video communication services, there are many other Real-Time Communication (RTC) services emerging in recent years, such as interactive livestreaming, cloud gaming, remote industrial production services (e.g., tele-driving and remote mining) . They have much higher requirement on low latency transmission. For example, the cloud games need 50ms end-to-end latency, the remote-control scenarios need 50-100ms end-to-end latency. In the interactive livestreaming, if the latency is higher, two singers cannot have a good harmony. In a cloud game scenario, if the transmission delay cannot be ensured, a user on a device side cannot accurately identify a change of a current game content or a scenario, which severely affects control experience. In remote control scenarios, if the delay cannot be ensured, remote real-time content monitoring, decision-making, and efficient operation and safe production will be affected. All of them have gradually increased requirements for ultra-low-delay video communication.
[0101] Real time video communication services include video capture, encoding, transmission, decoding, and display. The latency of capture, encoding, decoding and display is stable since they are conducted on hardware. The latency from hardware encoder and decoder is small (e.g., 5ms-7ms per frame) with slice-based coding. Among the modules, the module with most unstable processing time is transmission, because it highly depends on the transmission condition, which may vary quickly and significantly. When a packet loss happens in the transmission process because of the transmission congestion, or bit error in the air interface, the decoder cannot start decoding a frame even if all other packets of the frame have been received successfully. Retransmission of the lost packet may take place one or multiple times, which will increase the delay significantly.
[0102] Due to inherent problems such as signal fading and communication interference, wireless communication has problems such as instantaneous fluctuation of bandwidth. This problem is magnified in the ultra-low-delay communication field.
[0103] Even for the ethernet, the bandwidth fluctuation is also significant, “approximately 5.6%of Ethernet users encounter at least five occurrences of dramatic bandwidth reduction (i. e. reduction by more than 50%within 100ms) per minute” .
[0104] If the encoded streams at the source end cannot adapt to the fluctuation of the channel bandwidth and the transmitted streams exceed the transmission capability of the channel, bit errors and packet loss may occur. The sender end may need to perform operations such as retransmission of the lost / erroneous packets, which may further increase transmission burden. If packets are directly discarded, frame freezing and frame skipping may occur at the receiver end. Usually a jitter buffer can be used to smooth the packet arrival time of different packets, which is a temporary storage buffer used to store incoming data packets. If a large jitter buffer is added on the receiver side, the transmission delay increases, which cannot meet service requirements.
[0105] In non-ultra-low-delay scenarios, automatic retransmission at sender side and buffer mechanism at the receiver side may be used to ensure smooth video playback. Therefore, only the compression rate and reconstruction quality need to be considered for video coding. However, in an ultra-low-delay scenario, to reach the very small end-to-end latency, e.g., 50 ms, the receiver side typically only uses a small buffer, and multiple times of retransmissions may not be practical. So, in the ultra-low-delay scenarios, in addition to the compression ratio and reconstruction quality and the delay from codec itself, the transmission delay should be also further considered, which is partially due to the nature of the HEVC / VVC codec that it cannot tolerate error to the payload. Therefore, the evaluation criteria of new video coding schemes designed for ultra-low-delay also need to include how the video coding scheme facilitates to meet the ultra-low-delay transmission requirements.
[0106] In the scenario where the bandwidth fluctuates very quickly, usually, bit rate control cannot solve it very well, firstly, bandwidth estimation is very hard because the bandwidth changes very quickly, and secondly, it needs some time to let the bit rate converge to the estimated bandwidth value and the value may be invalid since the bandwidth has changed a lot. VVC introduces a very useful coding tool called RPR (reference picture resampling) , it can change the video resolution directly during encoding process to adapt the bandwidth fluctuation. But it still needs the bandwidth estimation which is not so reliable, especially in the ultra-low-delay scenarios. If the bit rate cannot adapt to the bandwidth fluctuation and the transmitted streams exceed the transmission capability of the channel, packet loss may occur. The packet loss may last for 8 even 16 frames. Retransmission of the lost packets may happen one or multiple times, which increases the delay significantly, or increases the stall effect.
[0107] All in all, in the ultra-low-delay scenarios, the challenge to the video decoder is it cannot always receive all packets in time.
[0108] In the low latency video transmission scenario, because of the fast bandwidth fluctuation, and also, it is not suitable to use a larger jitter buffer which may increase the latency, so usually it is impossible to receive all packets of one frame in time (like before the decoding time or display time of this frame) , so it is necessary to let the video decoder can decode the partial received packets of one frame. Like, when a compressed frame contains 10 packets, and even the decoder only has 8 packets of the 10 packets, the decoder can still decode the 8 packets and reconstruct a picture based on the 8 packets, and it is not mandatory to have all 10 packets to start the decoding and reconstruction.
[0109] But now, in current codec design, the structure of the bitstream of one frame is very tight, and when doing the packaging, then all packets of one frame are coupled very tightly. When even one packet of a frame which may contain multiple packets is lost, other remaining packets cannot be used for decoding. It is not suitable for the low latency video transmission scenario.
[0110] Moreover, existing video coding standard solutions do not provide interface to decode partially received information belonging to the same frame, tile or slice. If even single packet from that frame, tile or slice is lost whole the frame, tile or slice should be discarded.
[0111] Prior Art 1: independent region coding based on Slice / Tile.
[0112] There is one existing solution to solve this problem, like based on Slice or Tile, which can be used to do the independent coding. For example, split one image of a video into multiple areas, like A, B, C, D. each area is encoded independently, like during the encoding process of D area, A, B, C will not be used in the encoding process of D (like providing prediction) , and then when decoding area D, it can also be decoded independently. Even A, or B, or C area cannot be decoded because of packet loss or other reason, but D still can be decoded.
[0113] Disadvantage:
[0114] The splitting will affect the compression ratio because of the limitation of the usage of the spatial correlation. For example, when encoding the D area, both B and C cannot be used to provide the prediction, even they have big spatial correlation with D and can proved the spatial prediction to D.
[0115] The splitting cannot be in a very minor level, otherwise, it will bring big compression ratio loss. Because, usually, the compressed bitstreams of a single area will be put into multiple packets. When there is even only one packet loss, other received packets of this area cannot be used for decoding.
[0116] Prior Art 2: independent region coding based on FMO (flexible macroblock ordering) , which uses interleaving
[0117] There is another splitting method which can be used to formulate the independent regions. Because the image will be spitted into blocks (like macroblock in H.264, CTU in H.265 or H.266) , the independent coding regions can be constructed by interleaving blocks in the spatial dimension. For example, the white blocks in the figure can be put into the coding region#0 (an intendent coding area) , and the blocks with texture can be put into the coding region#1 (another independent coding area) . In this method, the independent coding areas (coding region#0 and coding region#1) are not encoded into a tight area, and they can be decoded and constructed separately.
[0118] Disadvantage:
[0119] It has the similar disadvantage as the Prior Art1. Usually, it will affect the compression ratio even larger than Prior Art1, because the spatial correlation is reduced significantly when encoding an independent area.
[0120] Prior Art 4: scalable coding
[0121] Starting from H.264 SVC extension video compression standards supports scalable coding, when compressed bitstream contains at least two layers of video information representation. First (base) layer can deliver basic quality, and enhancement layer (s) containing additional information to deliver reconstructed video of better quality. Base layer is used as reference for prediction of enhancement layer coding. Three scalability methods are normally considered. Temporal scalability allows to deliver base layer with reduces frame rate, i. e. reduced temporal resolution. Spatial scalability implies coding of base layer with reduced spatial resolution (down sampled videos) . The based layer is further upscaled to use as predictor for enhancement layer coding. And third method, is quality scalability when base layer has same spatial resolution as enhancement layer but encoded with lower quality (higher QP) . Normally, base layer bitstream is several times smaller than enhancement layer, and can be additionally protected by forward error correction methods like Reed-Solomon code. That allows to deliver basic quality at hard network conditions.
[0122] Scalability in H.266 / Versatile Video Coding (VVC) is a key feature designed to provide flexible and efficient video delivery across a wide range of devices and network conditions. Scalability allows a single encoded bitstream to contain multiple representations of the video content, which can be extracted and decoded independently to suit different requirements. This is particularly useful for applications such as adaptive streaming, where different users may have varying bandwidth and device capabilities.
[0123] Types of Scalability in H.266 / VVC
[0124] H.266 / VVC supports several types of scalability, each addressing different aspects of video content:
[0125] Spatial Scalability:
[0126] Allows the video to be encoded at multiple resolutions.
[0127] Lower resolution layers can be decoded independently, while higher resolution layers require the lower layers for decoding.
[0128] Useful for adapting video quality based on device screen size and resolution.
[0129] Temporal Scalability:
[0130] Involves encoding the video at multiple frame rates.
[0131] Lower temporal layers can be decoded independently, while higher temporal layers require the lower layers.
[0132] Useful for adapting to varying network conditions and device processing capabilities.
[0133] Quality Scalability (SNR Scalability) :
[0134] Involves encoding the video at different quality levels (e.g., different bitrates) .
[0135] Lower quality layers can be decoded independently, while higher quality layers require the lower layers.
[0136] Useful for adaptive bitrate streaming, where the quality can be adjusted based on available bandwidth.
[0137] Combined Scalability:
[0138] Combines two or more of the above scalability types.
[0139] For example, spatial and temporal scalability can be combined to provide both resolution and frame rate adaptability.
[0140] Scalable Coding Structure
[0141] In H.266 / VVC, scalability is achieved through a hierarchical coding structure where each layer builds upon the previous one. Here’s how it works:
[0142] Base Layer: The lowest layer that contains the most essential information. It can be decoded independently and provides the basic video quality, resolution, and frame rate.
[0143] Enhancement Layers: Higher layers that provide additional information to enhance the video quality, resolution, or frame rate. These layers depend on the base layer and possibly other lower enhancement layers for decoding.
[0144] Key Concepts and Tools
[0145] H.266 / VVC introduces several tools and concepts to support scalability effectively:
[0146] Layer Identifier (nuh_layer_id) : Each NAL unit contains a layer identifier that indicates which layer it belongs to.
[0147] Inter-layer Prediction: Enhancement layers can use information from lower layers to improve compression efficiency.
[0148] Scalable Video Coding (SVC) Tools: Specific tools and techniques designed to optimize the encoding and decoding of scalable video content.
[0149] Benefits of Scalability
[0150] Adaptive Streaming: Scalability enables seamless adaptation to varying network conditions by switching between different layers without the need for multiple separate streams.
[0151] Device Compatibility: Different devices with varying capabilities can decode the most appropriate layer, ensuring optimal playback.
[0152] Efficient Storage and Transmission: A single scalable bitstream can replace multiple non-scalable bitstreams, reducing storage and transmission overhead.
[0153] Use Cases
[0154] Broadcasting: Providing multiple resolutions and quality levels for different types of receivers.
[0155] Online Streaming: Adaptive bitrate streaming services can dynamically adjust the video quality based on the viewer’s current network conditions.
[0156] Disadvantage:
[0157] 1. The layered coding normally affects compression efficiency. Depending on implementation, every scalable layer can introduce ~10%of additional bitstream overhead comparing to single layer coding. That means high granularity scalability is not that reasonable, since bitstream size overhead will be too high.
[0158] 2. Another disadvantage is that if even small part of enhancement layer, e.g. one signal packet from several is not delivered in time or lost during transmission. Whole layer cannot be decoded, and have to be discarded. Moreover, all the following enhancement layer have to be discarded as well, since they are dependent from previous layer. So, the even though most of information from enhancement layer is delivered it cannot be used for video reconstruction, which affects the user experience and waste transmission resource.
[0159] Proposed solution introduces higher granularity unit which can be feed to decoder for the reconstruction.
[0160] To solve the problems, the bitstreams will be constructed at least from two types of units, Bitstream A, and Bitstream B. The bitstream A include the header info (like VPS, SPS, PPS, SH et. al) , block partitioning info, motion vector prediction info and loop filters info et. al. While for bitstream B, it includes mostly the residual information like the DCT coefficients. And for bitstream B, it will be encoded into multiple independent bitstreams (called chunk in this patent) , each chunk can be decoded independently. A chunk can be put into one packet (if the size of the chunk is smaller than the payload size of a packet) , or can be put into multiple packets (if the size of the chunk is larger than the payload size of a packet) , or one packet may contain several chunks. In some beneficial implementation, chunks size of each unit corresponds to the typical size of the packet transmitted in the network. For example, MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) size in IP networks. This can be achieved by using bitrate control algorithm on encoding side, and provide better tradeoff between useful payload transmitted and packet headers overhead.
[0161] Bitstream A (BSA) can provide a basic reconstructed image (the image quality could be low) , because it only contains header info, or some prediction info.
[0162] Bitstream B (BSB) can provide an enhanced reconstructed quality with Bitstream A, because it has residual info. and also, the BSB will be encoded into multiple independent chunks, and each chunk can be decoded independently. So, even there is a packet loss in one chunk, but other chunks can be decoded if their packets are received successfully.
[0163] In some embodiment BSA may correspond to base layer of scalable coding. And BSB corresponds to enhancement layer with multiple chunks which can de decoded independently.
[0164] In general, the bitstream size of BSA will be smaller than the bitstream size of BSB, during transmission, unequal protection (UEP) can be used, in which, more protection can be given to BSA, and less protection can be given to BSB. In this case, the possibility of packet loss in BSA will be very small, and a basic reconstructed image quality can be provided. And some packet loss may happen in some chunks of BSB, but other chunks without packet loss can be used for decoding, and further improve the image quality.SUMMARY
[0165] A first aspect of the present application, A method implemented by a video receiver, comprising: obtaining multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; triggering reconstruction based on the NAL_B units; reconstructing the region of a picture based on the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units.
[0166] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit comprises: critical information for decoding.
[0167] In an example, NAL_A unit further comprises: numbers of corresponding NAL_B units.
[0168] In an example, reconstruction process is triggered when amount of obtained NAL_B units is equal to number of corresponding NAL_B units specified in NAL_A unit.
[0169] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit comprises: optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.
[0170] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and NAL_B units are contained in a bitstream.
[0171] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and NAL_B units are contained in different bitstreams.
[0172] In a feasible implementation, generating NAL_B lost indicator based on ID (Identify) of the NAL_B units.
[0173] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B lost indicator is obtained from packet loss indicator obtained from network protocol.
[0174] In an example, packet loss indicator is from wi-fi router.
[0175] In a feasible implementation, ID of the NAL_B unit is derived from a bitstream.
[0176] In a feasible implementation, ID of the NAL_B unit is contained in non-VCL NAL unit.
[0177] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B lost indicator is a type of non-VCL NAL unit.
[0178] In a feasible implementation, NAL_E unit is contained in to non-VCL NAL unit, wherein NAL_E unit is used to indicate the last NAL unit.
[0179] In an example, the reconstruction process is triggered when NAL_E unit is obtained.
[0180] In a feasible implementation, non-VCL NAL unit is generated by the receiver.
[0181] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B lost indicator is generated by the receiver.
[0182] In a feasible implementation, triggering reconstruction when NAL units and NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.
[0183] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and NAL_Aunit is in last position, and NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0184] In an example, the reconstruction process is triggered when NAL_A unit is obtained.
[0185] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that NAL_A unit is in a first position and a NAL_B unit is followed, NAL_E unit is in last position, and a NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0186] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and then follow a NAL_B lost indicator, and a NAL_B unit is in last position.
[0187] In a feasible implementation, triggering reconstruction is under the condition that when the numbers of complete and lost NAL_B units is equal to a predefined value.
[0188] In a feasible implementation, obtaining NAL_B lost indicators, wherein NAL_B lost indicator indicates whether corresponding NAL_B unit is completely obtained or not, and wherein the NAL_B lost indicators are used for the triggering reconstruction.
[0189] A second aspect of the present application, A video receiver, comprising: a receiver configured to obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; a memory coupled to the receiver, the memory storing instructions; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the instructions to cause the decoding device to trigger reconstruction based on the NAL_B units, and further configured to reconstruct the region of a picture based on the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units.
[0190] A third aspect of the present application, A method implemented by a video encoder, comprising: obtaining, multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; encoding, multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit into at least one bitstream.
[0191] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit comprises: critical information for decoding.
[0192] In an example, NAL_A unit further comprises: numbers of corresponding NAL_B units.
[0193] In an example, reconstruction process is triggered when amount of obtained NAL_B units is equal to number of corresponding NAL_B units specified in NAL_A unit.
[0194] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit comprises: optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.
[0195] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and NAL_B units are encoded in a bitstream.
[0196] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and NAL_B units are encoded in different bitstreams.
[0197] In a feasible implementation, ID of the NAL_B units are encoded into at least one bitstream.
[0198] A fourth aspect of the present application, A video encoder, comprising: a memory containing instructions; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to implement the instructions to cause the encoding device to: obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; encode multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit into at least one bitstream.
[0199] A fifth aspect of the present application, A method implemented by a video decoder, comprising: parsing, multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; decoding, the region of the picture at least based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit.
[0200] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit comprises: critical information for decoding.
[0201] In an example, NAL_A unit further comprises: numbers of corresponding NAL_B units.
[0202] In an example, reconstruction process is triggered when amount of obtained NAL_B units is equal to number of corresponding NAL_B units specified in NAL_A unit.
[0203] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit comprises: optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.
[0204] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and NAL_B units are parsed from a bitstream.
[0205] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and NAL_B units are parsed from different bitstreams.
[0206] In a feasible implementation, ID of the NAL_B units are parsed from at least one bitstream.
[0207] In a feasible implementation, decoding the region of the picture is triggered when NAL units and NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.
[0208] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and NAL_Aunit is in last position, and NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0209] In an example, the reconstruction process is triggered when NAL_A unit is obtained.
[0210] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that NAL_A unit is in a first position and a NAL_B unit is followed, NAL_E unit is in last position, and a NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0211] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and then follow a NAL_B lost indicator, and a NAL_B unit is in last position.
[0212] In a feasible implementation, decoding the region of the picture is triggered when the numbers of corresponding NAL_B units equal to a predefined value.
[0213] A sixth aspect of the present application, A video decoder, comprising: a video decoder configured to parse at least one bitstream to obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit and obtain NAL_B lost indicator that comprises NAL_E and at least part information of NAL_A unit; a memory coupled to the receiver, the memory storing instructions; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the instructions to cause the decoding device to decode the region of the picture at least based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit.
[0214] A seventh aspect of the present application, A storage medium storing an encoded bitstream for video signals, the encoded bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit.
[0215] An eighth aspect of the present application, A data structure used by a decoder, the data structure comprising an encoded bitstream, the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; wherein a processor of the decoder decodes the bitstream to obtain the multiple NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; and decoding, by the video decoder, the region of the picture at least based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit.
[0216] A ninth aspect of the present application, A device for storing a bitstream, wherein the device comprises at least one storage medium and at least one communication interface; wherein the at least one communication interface is configured to receive or transmit the bitstream; the at least one storage medium is configured to store the bitstream; wherein the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit.
[0217] A tenth aspect of the present application, A method for storing a bitstream, comprising: receiving or transmitting a bitstream through a communication interface; storing the bitstream in one or more storage mediums, wherein the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit.
[0218] An eleventh aspect of the present application, A device for transmitting a bitstream, wherein the device comprises: at least one storage medium, configured to store at least one bitstream, wherein the bitstream comprises: multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; at least one processor, configured to obtain one or more bitstreams from one of the at least one storage medium, and transmit the one or more bitstreams to a destination device.
[0219] A twelfth aspect of the present application, A method for transmitting a bitstream, comprises: storing at least one bitstream at least one storage medium, wherein the bitstream comprises: multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; obtaining one or more bitstreams from one of the at least one storage medium, and transmitting the one or more bitstreams to a destination device.
[0220] A thirteenth aspect of the present application, A system for processing a bitstream, comprising: an encoding device, one or more storage devices, and a decoding device, wherein: the encoding device is configured to obtain video signal, and encode the video signal to obtain one or more bitstreams; and the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; the one or more storage devices are used to store the one or more bitstreams; the decoding device is used to decode the one or more bitstreams.
[0221] For the purpose of clarity, any one of the foregoing embodiments may be combined with any one or more of the other foregoing embodiments to create a new embodiment within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0222] These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0223] For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.
[0224] FIG.1 is a block diagram showing an example of a communication system configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0225] FIG.2 is a block diagram of method implemented by a video receiver;
[0226] FIG.3 is an illustration of NAL_B lost indicator;
[0227] FIG.4 is an illustration of reconstruction triggering;
[0228] FIG.5 is a block diagram showing an example of a video encoding method configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0229] FIG.6 is a block diagram showing an example of a video decoding method configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0230] FIG.7 is an example of bitstream structure configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0231] FIG.8 is a block diagram showing an example of a video encoder configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0232] FIG.9 is a block diagram showing an example of a video decoder configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0233] FIG.10 is a block diagram showing an example of a video encoder configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0234] FIG.11 is a block diagram showing an example of a video encoder configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0235] FIG.12 is a block diagram showing an example of a video decoder configured to implement embodiments of the application;
[0236] FIG.13 is a schematic diagram of a video coding device according to an embodiment of the application;
[0237] FIG.14 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a means for coding of the application.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0238] It should be understood at the outset that although an illustrative implementation of one or more embodiments are provided below, the disclosed systems and / or methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, including the exemplary designs and implementations illustrated and described herein, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.
[0239] The following terms are defined as follows unless used in a contrary context herein. Specifically, the following definitions are intended to provide additional clarity to the present disclosure. However, terms may be described differently in different contexts. Accordingly, the following definitions shouldbe considered as a supplement and should not be considered to limit any other definitions of descriptions provided for such terms herein.
[0240] A bitstream is a sequence of bits including video data that is compressed for transmission between an encoder and a decoder. An encoder is a device that is configured to employ encoding processes to compress video data into a bitstream. A decoder is a device that is configured to employ decoding processes to reconstruct video data from a bitstream for display. A picture is an array of luma samples and / or an array of chroma samples that create a frame or a field thereof. A picture that is being encoded or decoded can be referred to as a current picture for clarity of discussion. A reference picture is a picture that contains reference samples that can be used when coding other pictures by reference according to inter-prediction and / or inter-layer prediction. A reference picture list is a list of reference pictures used for inter-prediction and / or inter-layer prediction. Some video coding systems utilize two reference picture lists, which can be denoted as reference picture list one and reference picture list zero. A reference picture list structure is an addressable syntax structure that contains multiple reference picture lists. Inter-prediction is a mechanism of coding samples of a current picture by reference to indicated samples in a reference picture that is different from the current picture where the reference picture and the current picture are in the same layer. A reference picture list structure entry is an addressable location in a reference picture list structure that indicates a reference picture associated with a reference picture list. A slice header is a part of a coded slice containing data elements pertaining to all video data within a tile represented in the slice. A picture parameter set (PPS) is a parameter set that contains data related to an entire picture. More specifically, the PPS is a syntax structure containing syntax elements that apply to zero or more entire coded pictures as determined by a syntax element found in each pictureheader. A sequence parameter set (SPS) is a parameter set that contains data related to a sequence of pictures. An access unit (AU) is a set of one or more coded pictures associated with the same display time (e.g., the same picture order count) for output from a decoded picture buffer (DPB) (e.g., for display to a user) . An access unit delimiter (AUD) is an indicator or data structure used to indicate the start of an AU or the boundary between AUs. A decoded video sequence is a sequence of pictures that have been reconstructed by a decoder in preparation for display to a user.
[0241] The following acronyms are used herein, Coding Tree Block (CTB) , Coding Tree Unit (CTU) , Coding Unit (CU) , Coded Video Sequence (CVS) , Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) , Motion-Constrained Tile Set (MCTS) , Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) , Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) , Picture Order Count (POC) , Picture Parameter Set (PPS) , Raw Byte Sequence Payload (RBSP) , Sequence Parameter Set (SPS) , Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , and Working Draft (WD) .
[0242] Example Definitions
[0243] The following definitions are used in this document.
[0244] associated non-VCL NAL unit: A non-VCL NAL unit (when present) for a VCL NAL unit where the VCL NAL unit is the associated VCL NAL unit of the non-VCL NAL unit.
[0245] associated VCL NAL unit: The preceding VCL NAL unit in decoding order for a non-VCL NAL unit with nal_unit_type equal to EOS_NUT, EOB_NUT, SUFFIX_APS_NUT, SUFFIX_SEI_NUT, FD_NUT, RSV_NVCL_27, UNSPEC_30, or UNSPEC_31; or otherwise the next VCL NAL unit in decoding order.
[0246] Triggering: To initiate or cause parsing (decoding) from bitstream of syntax elements required for reconstruction and perform reconstruction process to begin or occur.
[0247] To ensure an encoded video can be accurately decoded, video is encoded and decoded according to corresponding video coding standards. Video coding standards include International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Standardization Sector (ITU-T) H.261, International Organization for Standardization / International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO / IEC) Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) -1 Part 2, ITU-T H.262 or ISO / IEC MPEG-2 Part 2, ITU-T H.263, ISO / IEC MPEG-4 Part 2, Advanced Video Coding (AVC) , also known as ITU-T H.264 or ISO / IEC MPEG-4 Part 10, and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , also known as ITU-T H.265 or MPEG-H Part 2. AVC includes extensions such as Scalable Video Coding (SVC) , Multiview Video Coding (MVC) and Multiview Video Coding plus Depth (MVC+D) , and three dimensional (3D) AVC (3D-AVC) . HEVC includes extensions such as Scalable HEVC (SHVC) , Multiview HEVC (MV-HEVC) , and 3D HEVC (3D-HEVC) . The joint video experts team (JVET) of ITU-T and ISO / IEC has begun developing a video coding standard referred to as Versatile Video Coding (VVC) . VVC is included in a Working Draft (WD) , which includes JVET-N1001-v10.
[0248] FIG.1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a communication system configured to implement embodiments of the application, the communication system mainly includes a real-time video engine on the sending side and a real-time video engine on the receiving side, which includes source encoder and channel estimation, real-time video engine includes jitter buffer and source decoder. Communication channel includes IP router and Wi-Fi router.
[0249] Optionally, bit rate control may be performed on the source encoder according to a channel estimation result. The source encoder sends the encoded code stream information to the IP router. After receiving the information from the IP router, the Wi-Fi router sends the network status information and the code stream to the jitter buffer.
[0250] FIG.2 is embodiment of method implemented by a video receiver, comprising:
[0251] S101. obtaining multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture.
[0252] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit comprises: critical information for decoding.
[0253] In an example, NAL_A unit further comprises: numbers of corresponding NAL_B units.
[0254] In an example, reconstruction process is triggered when amount of obtained NAL_B units is equal to number of corresponding NAL_B units specified in NAL_A unit.
[0255] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit comprises optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.
[0256] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are obtained from a bitstream.
[0257] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are obtained from different bitstreams.
[0258] In a feasible implementation, obtaining NAL_B lost indicators and NAL_B lost indicator indicates whether corresponding NAL_B unit is completely obtained or not.
[0259] In an example, NAL_B lost indicator is obtained based on IDs (Identifies) of the NAL_B units, wherein the ID of the NAL_B units can be derived from a bitstream and ID of NAL_B unit is contained in non-VCL NAL unit.
[0260] In an example, NAL_B lost indicator can be obtained from IDs of received NAL_B units other than the corresponding one, e.g. by observing the gap between IDs of received NAL_B units and set NAL_B lost indicators to be a certain value for the NAL_B units that in the gap.
[0261] In an example, NAL_B lost indicator is a type of non-VCL NAL unit.
[0262] In an example, NAL_B lost indicator is obtained from packet loss indicator. Packet loss indicator is obtained from network protocol, for example RTP based on gap in sequence numbers, of by checking control sum and indicates packet loss information.
[0263] In an example, NAL_B lost indicator is generated by the receiver. For example, NAL_B lost indicator can be generated in jitter buffer or source decoder.
[0264] Storing NAL_B unit payload in an array at the position corresponding to its ID, and initialized CABAC decoder and stores its state in array.
[0265] FIG.3 is an illustration of NAL_B lost indicator;
[0266] Option A) . Each NAL_B unit has corresponding ID information for a region of a picture. and ID information could be derived directly such as ID information be in bitstream, or ID information could be derived indirectly, such as could be obtained by using or checking one or more NAL_Bunit information. The receiving side generates the value of the NAL_B lost indicator corresponding to the NAL_B unit accordi ng to the received ID information of the NALU B. For example, when only received ID information of NAL_B unit is 3, 7 and 10, and ID information should be start from 0 to 10 in a region, it means that value of NAL_B lost indicators in gaps (NAL_B units that corresponding to ID information 0-2, 4-6 and 8-9) are 1, and value of NAL_B lost indicators corresponding to NAL_B units that corresponding to ID information 3, 7 and 10 are 0, wherein NAL_B lost indicator equal to 1 means that the corresponding NAL_B unit is not completely obtained or lost.
[0267] Option B) NAL_B lost indicators of NAL_B units are derived based on information from application level that derived from packet loss indicator that follow network protocol. For example, NAL_B lost indicator could be located after the corresponding NAL_B unit or not located after the corresponding NAL_B unit but put all NAL_B lost indicators for a region of a picture in an array.
[0268] Picture decoding process is not yet started (in contrast to existing solutions) , and NAL_B processing is completed.
[0269] S102: triggering reconstruction based on the NAL_B units;
[0270] In a feasible implementation, triggering reconstruction process is further based on NAL_B lost indicators.
[0271] FIG.4 is an illustration of reconstruction triggering;
[0272] In a feasible implementation, triggering reconstruction process is when NAL units with a certain sequence format is ready.
[0273] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and NAL_Aunit is in last position, and NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0274] In an example, the reconstruction process is triggered when NAL_A unit is obtained.
[0275] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that NAL_A unit is in a first position and a NAL_B unit is followed, NAL_E unit is in last position, and a NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0276] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and then follow a NAL_B lost indicator, and a NAL_B unit is in last position.
[0277] NAL units comprise NAL_B units only or NAL_A unit and NAL_B units.
[0278] In a feasible implementation, triggering reconstruction is under the condition that when the numbers of complete and lost NAL_B units is equal to a predefined value.
[0279] Triggering decoding process using initialized array or lists described at S102 and obtain reconstructed picture / slice / tile / scalable layer, where a triggering event is:
[0280] Option A) . The bitstream is configured to have NAL_B unit first in the bitstream, followed by NAL_B units or NAL_B lost indicators, and then followed by NAL_A unit at last, and the triggering event is obtaining NAL_A unit from bitstream.
[0281] Option B) . The bitstream is configured to have NAL_A unit first in the bitstream, followed by NAL_B units or NAL_B lost indicators, the bitstream further comprising a non-VCL NAL unit of type E at last, indicating the payload feeding process is completed, and decoder process should be initiated.
[0282] Option C) . when meet the condition: the number of complete and lost NAL_B units reached a predefined number num_b, and triggering event is obtaining.
[0283] Following are the further possible enhancement and modification which can be combined with 3 steps described above:
[0284] Lost NALU processing:
[0285] For the positions in array still having placeholder indicating corresponding NAL_B unit lost decoder bypasses entropy decoding, and optionally performs substitution process for the missed information, e.g. initializing missed non-decoded syntax elements by zeros.
[0286] Decoder state cleanup:
[0287] Obtaining a Cleanup triggering event and cleanup the payload array, described at Step 2. Where the Cleanup triggering array is:
[0288] Option A) a non-VCL NAL unit of dedicated Cleanup type
[0289] Option B) NAL_Aor NAL_B units of corresponding to picture different from payloads stored in the bitstream is obtained.
[0290] Error mask outputting:
[0291] Additionally, to reconstructed picture output from decoding process an information to identify regions on the reconstructed picture for which NAL_B units were not delivered, e.g. error mask in spatial (pixel domain) . This mask is beneficial for picture post or in-loop processing to improve subjective quality and mask possible artifacts caused by non-delivered information.
[0292] New NALU types:
[0293] NAL_A and NAL_B units have different NAL unit type in the NAL unit header.
[0294] Alternative HLS, not based on NAL units.
[0295] Alternatively, NAL_B units naming is used as an example. In principle, different naming can be used but keeping same logic. For example, Chunk_B, and mulitple Chunk_B units can be incorporated in the transitional NAL Units without introducing new NAL unit id in NAL unit header.
[0296] The optional delivery of NAL_B units can be considered as so called ‘Random’s calability when arbitrary part of the type B bitstreams can be omitted. In contrast to traditional scalability where entire enhancement layer can de discarded and all layers depending from it as well, random scalability con cept provides better flexibility in practical error prone network transmission, especially under low latency constraint. This concept has better aligning with network communication when information loss has random unpredictable nature, overall providing better end-to-end video reconstruction quality and user experience.
[0297] S103: reconstructing the region of a picture based on the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units.
[0298] FIG.5 is an embodiment of method implemented by a video encoder, comprising:
[0299] S201. obtaining multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture;
[0300] NAL_A unit and the number (N) of NAL_B units corresponding to the same picture / slice / tile / scalable layer based on for information singled for example in VPS, SPS, PPS, SH.
[0301] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit comprises: critical information for decoding.
[0302] In an example, NAL_A unit further comprises: numbers of corresponding NAL_B units.
[0303] In an example, reconstruction process is triggered when amount of obtained NAL_B units is equal to number of corresponding NAL_B units specified in NAL_A unit.
[0304] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit comprises optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.
[0305] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit further comprises ID information.
[0306] S202. encoding multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit into at least one bitstream;
[0307] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are encoded in a bitstream.
[0308] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are encoded in different bitstreams.
[0309] In a feasible implementation, ID of the NAL_B units are encoded into the at least one bitstream.
[0310] FIG.6 is an embodiment of method implemented by a video decoder, comprising:
[0311] S301. parsing multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream;
[0312] NAL_A unit and the number (N) of NAL_B units corresponding to the same picture / slice / tile / scalable layer based on for information singled for example in VPS, SPS, PPS, SH.
[0313] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit comprises: critical information for decoding.
[0314] In an example, NAL_A unit further comprises: numbers of corresponding NAL_B units.
[0315] In an example, reconstruction process is triggered when amount of obtained NAL_B units is equal to number of corresponding NAL_B units specified in NAL_A unit.
[0316] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit comprises optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.
[0317] S302. decoding the region of the picture based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit;
[0318] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are parsed from a bitstream.
[0319] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are parsed from different bitstreams.
[0320] In a feasible implementation, ID of the NAL_B units are parsed from the at least one bitstream.
[0321] In a feasible implementation, decoding the region of the picture is triggered when NAL units and NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.
[0322] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and NAL_Aunit is in last position, and NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0323] In an example, the reconstruction process is triggered when NAL_A unit is obtained.
[0324] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that NAL_A unit is in a first position and a NAL_B unit is followed, NAL_E unit is in last position, and a NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0325] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and then follow a NAL_B lost indicator, and a NAL_B unit is in last position.
[0326] NAL_B lost indicator indicates whether complete NAL_B unit is obtained
[0327] Option A) . The bitstream is configured to have NAL_B unit first in the bitstream, followed by NAL_B units or NAL_B lost indicators, and then followed by NAL_A unit at last, and the triggering event is obtaining NAL_A unit from bitstream.
[0328] Option B) . The bitstream is configured to have NAL_A unit first in the bitstream, followed by NAL_B units or NAL_B lost indicators, the bitstream further comprising a non-VCL NAL unit of type E at last, indicating the payload feeding process is completed, and decoder process should be initiated.
[0329] In a feasible implementation, decoding the region of the picture is triggered when the numbers of corresponding NAL_B units equal to a predefined value.
[0330] Embodiment of bitstream structure is shown in FIG.7.
[0331] In a feasible implementation, encoded bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit.
[0332] video encoder 20 that is configured to implement the techniques of the present application. In the example of FIG.8, the video encoder 20 comprises an input 201 (or input interface 201) , a residual calculation unit 204, a transform processing unit 206, a quantization unit 208, an inverse quantization unit 210, and inverse transform processing unit 212, a reconstruction unit 214, a loop filter unit 220, a decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, a mode selection unit 260, an entropy encoding unit 270, index generation unit, NAL interface (output NAL_A and NAL_B units) and an output 272 (or output interface 272) . The mode selection unit 260 may include an inter prediction unit 244, an intra prediction unit 254 and a partitioning unit 262. Inter prediction unit 244 may include a motion estimation unit and a motion compensation unit (not shown) . A video encoder 20 as shown in FIG.2 may also be referred to as hybrid video encoder or a video encoder according to a hybrid video codec. The residual calculation unit 204, the transform processing unit 206, the quantization unit 208, the mode selection unit 260 may be referred to as forming a forward signal path of the encoder 20, whereas the inverse quantization unit 210, the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 214, the buffer 216, the loop filter 220, the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, the inter prediction unit 244 and the intra-prediction unit 254 may be referred to as forming a backward signal path of the video encoder 20, wherein the backward signal path of the video encoder 20 corresponds to the signal path of the decoder (see video decoder 30 in FIG.3) . The inverse quantization unit 210, the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 214, the loop filter 220, the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, the inter prediction unit 244 and the intra-prediction unit 254 are also referred to forming the “built-in decoder” of video encoder 20.
[0333] The encoder 20 may be configured to receive, e.g. via input 201, a picture 17 (or picture data 17) , e.g. picture of a sequence of pictures forming a video or video sequence. The received picture or picture data may also be a pre-processed picture 19 (or pre-processed picture data 19) . For sake of simplicity the following description refers to the picture 17. The picture 17 may also be referred to as current picture or picture to be coded (in particular in video coding to distinguish the current picture from other pictures, e.g. previously encoded and / or decoded pictures of the same video sequence, i. e. the video sequence which also comprises the current picture) .
[0334] A (digital) picture is or might be regarded as a two-dimensional array or matrix of samples with intensity values. A sample in the array may also be referred to as pixel (short form of picture element) or a pel. The number of samples in horizontal and vertical direction (or axis) of the array or picture define the size and / or resolution of the picture. For representation of color, typically three-color components are employed, i. e. the picture may be represented or include three sample arrays. In RBG format or color space a picture comprises a corresponding red, green and blue sample array. However, in video coding each pixel is typically represented in a luminance and chrominance format or color space, e.g. YCbCr, which comprises a luminance component indicated by Y (sometimes also L is used instead) and two chrominance components indicated by Cb and Cr. The luminance (or short luma) component Y represents the brightness or grey level intensity (e.g. like in a grey-scale picture) , while the two chrominance (or short chroma) components Cb and Cr represent the chromaticity or color information components. Accordingly, a picture in YCbCr format comprises a luminance sample array of luminance sample values (Y) , and two chrominance sample arrays of chrominance values (Cb and Cr) . Pictures in RGB format may be converted or transformed into YCbCr format and vice versa, the process is also known as color transformation or conversion. If a picture is monochrome, the picture may comprise only a luminance sample array. Accordingly, a picture may be, for example, an array of luma samples in monochrome format or an array of luma samples and two corresponding arrays of chroma samples in 4: 2: 0, 4:2: 2, and 4: 4: 4 color format.
[0335] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 may comprise a picture partitioning unit (not depicted in FIG.2) configured to partition the picture 17 into a plurality of (typically non-overlapping) picture blocks 203. These blocks may also be referred to as root blocks, macro blocks (H.264 / AVC) or coding tree blocks (CTB) or coding tree units (CTU) (H.265 / HEVC and VVC) . The picture partitioning unit may be configured to use the same block size for all pictures of a video sequence and the corresponding grid defining the block size, or to change the block size between pictures or subsets or groups of pictures, and partition each picture into the corresponding blocks.
[0336] In further embodiments, the video encoder may be configured to receive directly a block 203 of the picture 17, e.g. one, several or all blocks forming the picture 17. The picture block 203 may also be referred to as current picture block or picture block to be coded.
[0337] Like the picture 17, the picture block 203 again is or might be regarded as a two-dimensional array or matrix of samples with intensity values (sample values) , although of smaller dimension than the picture 17. In other words, the block 203 may comprise, e.g., one sample array (e.g. a luma array in case of a monochrome picture 17, or a luma or chroma array in case of a color picture) or three sample arrays (e.g. a luma and two chroma arrays in case of a color picture 17) or any other number and / or kind of arrays depending on the color format applied. The number of samples in horizontal and vertical direction (or axis) of the block 203 define the size of block 203. Accordingly, a block may, for example, an MxN (M-column by N-row) array of samples, or an MxN array of transform coefficients.
[0338] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 as shown in FIG.8 may be configured to encode the picture 17 block by block, e.g. the encoding and prediction is performed per block 203.
[0339] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 as shown in FIG.8 may be further configured to partition and / or encode the picture by using slices (also referred to as video slices) , wherein a picture may be partitioned into or encoded using one or more slices (typically non-overlapping) , and each slice may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more groups of blocks (e.g. tiles (H.265 / HEVC and VVC) or bricks (VVC)) .
[0340] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 as shown in FIG.8 may be further configured to partition and / or encode the picture by using slices / tile groups (also referred to as video tile groups) and / or tiles (also referred to as video tiles) , wherein a picture may be partitioned into or encoded using one or more slices / tile groups (typically non-overlapping) , and each slice / tile group may comprise, e.g. one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more tiles, wherein each tile, e.g. may be of rectangular shape and may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) , e.g. complete or fractional blocks.
[0341] The residual calculation unit 204 may be configured to calculate a residual block 205 (also referred to as residual 205) based on the picture block 203 and a prediction block 265 (further details about the prediction block 265 are provided later) , e.g. by subtracting sample values of the prediction block 265 from sample values of the picture block 203, sample by sample (pixel by pixel) to obtain the residual block 205 in the sample domain.
[0342] The transform processing unit 206 may be configured to apply a transform, e.g. a discrete cosine transform (DCT) or discrete sine transform (DST) , on the sample values of the residual block 205 to obtain transform coefficients 207 in a transform domain. The transform coefficients 207 may also be referred to as transform residual coefficients and represent the residual block 205 in the transform domain.
[0343] The transform processing unit 206 may be configured to apply integer approximations of DCT / DST, such as the transforms specified for H.265 / HEVC. Compared to an orthogonal DCT transform, such integer approximations are typically scaled by a certain factor. In order to preserve the norm of the residual block which is processed by forward and inverse transforms, additional scaling factors are applied as part of the transform process. The scaling factors are typically chosen based on certain constraints like scaling factors being a power of two for shift operations, bit depth of the transform coefficients, tradeoff between accuracy and implementation costs, etc. Specific scaling factors are, for example, specified for the inverse transform, e.g. by inverse transform processing unit 212 (and the corresponding inverse transform, e.g. by inverse transform processing unit 312 at video decoder 30) and corresponding scaling factors for the forward transform, e.g. by transform processing unit 206, at an encoder 20 may be specified accordingly.
[0344] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 (respectively transform processing unit 206) may be configured to output transform parameters, e.g. a type of transform or transforms, e.g. directly or encoded or compressed via the entropy encoding unit 270, so that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and use the transform parameters for decoding. The quantization unit 208 may be configured to quantize the transform coefficients 207 to obtain quantized coefficients 209, e.g. by applying scalar quantization or vector quantization. The quantized coefficients 209 may also be referred to as quantized transform coefficients 209 or quantized residual coefficients 209.
[0345] The quantization process may reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the transform coefficients 207. For example, an n-bit transform coefficient may be rounded down to an m-bit Transform coefficient during quantization, where n is greater than m. The degree of quantization may be modified by adjusting a quantization parameter (QP) . For example, for scalar quantization, different scaling may be applied to achieve finer or coarser quantization. Smaller quantization step sizes correspond to finer quantization, whereas larger quantization step sizes correspond to coarser quantization. The applicable quantization step size may be indicated by a quantization parameter (QP) . The quantization parameter may for example be an index to a predefined set of applicable quantization step sizes. For example, small quantization parameters may correspond to fine quantization (small quantization step sizes) and large quantization parameters may correspond to coarse quantization (large quantization step sizes) or vice versa. The quantization may include division by a quantization step size and a corresponding and / or the inverse dequantization, e.g. by inverse quantization unit 210, may include multiplication by the quantization step size. Embodiments according to some standards, e.g. HEVC, may be configured to use a quantization parameter to determine the quantization step size. Generally, the quantization step size may be calculated based on a quantization parameter using a fixed point approximation of an equation including division. Additional scaling factors may be introduced for quantization and dequantization to restore the norm of the residual block, which might get modified because of the scaling used in the fixed-point approximation of the equation for quantization step size and quantization parameter. In one example implementation, the scaling of the inverse transform and dequantization might be combined. Alternatively, customized quantization tables may be used and signaled from an encoder to a decoder, e.g. in a bitstream. The quantization is a lossy operation, wherein the loss increases with increasing quantization step sizes.
[0346] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 (respectively quantization unit 208) may be configured to output quantization parameters (QP) , e.g. directly or encoded via the entropy encoding unit 270, so that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and apply the quantization parameters for decoding.
[0347] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 (respectively index generation unit) may be configured to output index of NAL_B units, e.g. directly or encoded via the entropy encoding unit 270 which might be output via the NAL interface, e.g., so that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and apply the quantization parameters for decoding.
[0348] The inverse quantization unit 210 is configured to apply the inverse quantization of the quantization unit 208 on the quantized coefficients to obtain dequantized coefficients 211, e.g. by applying the inverse of the quantization scheme applied by the quantization unit 208 based on or using the same quantization step size as the quantization unit 208. The dequantized coefficients 211 may also be referred to as dequantized residual coefficients 211 and correspond -although typically not identical to the transform coefficients due to the loss by quantization -to the transform coefficients 207.
[0349] The inverse transform processing unit 212 is configured to apply the inverse transform of the transform applied by the transform processing unit 206, e.g. an inverse discrete cosine transforms (DCT) or inverse discrete sine transform (DST) or other inverse transforms, to obtain a reconstructed residual block 213 (or corresponding dequantized coefficients 213) in the sample domain. The reconstructed residual block 213 may also be referred to as transform block 213.
[0350] The reconstruction unit 214 (e.g. adder or summer 214) is configured to add the transform block 213 (i. e. reconstructed residual block 213) to the prediction block 265 to obtain a reconstructed block 215 in the sample domain, e.g. by adding –sample by sample -the sample values of the reconstructed residual block 213 and the sample values of the prediction block 265.
[0351] The loop filter unit 220 (or short “loop filter” 220) , is configured to filter the reconstructed block 215 to obtain a filtered block 221, or in general, to filter reconstructed samples to obtain filtered sample values. The loop filter unit is, e.g., configured to smooth pixel transitions, or otherwise improve the video quality. The loop filter unit 220 may comprise one or more loop filters such as a de-blocking filter, a sample-adaptive offset (SAO) filter or one or more other filters, e.g. an adaptive loop filter (ALF) , a noise suppression filter (NSF) , or any combination thereof. In an example, the loop filter unit 220 may comprise a de-blocking filter, a SAO filter and an ALF filter. The order of the filtering process may be the deblocking filter, SAO and ALF. In another example, a process called the luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS) (namely, the adaptive in-loop reshaper) is added. This process is performed before deblocking. In another example, the deblocking filter process may be also applied to internal sub-block edges, e.g. affine sub-blocks edges, ATMVP sub-blocks edges, sub-block transform (SBT) edges and intra sub-partition (ISP) edges. Although the loop filter unit 220 is shown in FIG.8 as being an in loop filter, in other configurations, the loop filter unit 220 may be implemented as a post loop filter. The filtered block 221 may also be referred to as filtered reconstructed block 221.
[0352] Embodiments of the video encoder 20 (respectively loop filter unit 220) may be configured to output loop filter parameters (such as SAO filter parameters or ALF filter parameters or LMCS parameters) , e.g. directly or encoded via the entropy encoding unit 270, so that, e.g., a decoder 30 may receive and apply the same loop filter parameters or respective loop filters for decoding.
[0353] The decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230 may be a memory that stores reference pictures, or in general reference picture data, for encoding video data by video encoder 20. The DPB 230 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) , including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) , magneto resistive RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , or other types of memory devices. The decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230 may be configured to store one or more filtered blocks 221. The decoded picture buffer 230 may be further configured to store other previously filtered blocks, e.g. previously reconstructed and filtered blocks 221, of the same current picture or of different pictures, e.g. previously reconstructed pictures, and may provide complete previously reconstructed, i. e. decoded, pictures (and corresponding reference blocks and samples) and / or a partially reconstructed current picture (and corresponding reference blocks and samples) , for example for inter prediction. The decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230 may be also configured to store one or more unfiltered reconstructed blocks 215, or in general unfiltered reconstructed samples, e.g. if the reconstructed block 215 is not filtered by loop filter unit 220, or any other further processed version of the reconstructed blocks or samples.
[0354] The mode selection unit 260 comprises partitioning unit 262, inter-prediction unit 244 and intra-prediction unit 254, and is configured to receive or obtain original picture data, e.g. an original block 203 (current block 203 of the current picture 17) , and reconstructed picture data, e.g. filtered and / or unfiltered reconstructed samples or blocks of the same (current) picture and / or from one or a plurality of previously decoded pictures, e.g. from decoded picture buffer 230 or other buffers (e.g. line buffer, not shown) . . The reconstructed picture data is used as reference picture data for prediction, e.g. inter-prediction or intra-prediction, to obtain a prediction block 265 or predictor 265.
[0355] Mode selection unit 260 may be configured to determine or select a partitioning for a current block prediction mode (including no partitioning) and a prediction mode (e.g. an intra or inter prediction mode) and generate a corresponding prediction block 265, which is used for the calculation of the residual block 205 and for the reconstruction of the reconstructed block 215.
[0356] Embodiments of the mode selection unit 260 may be configured to select the partitioning and the prediction mode (e.g. from those supported by or available for mode selection unit 260) , which provide the best match or in other words the minimum residual (minimum residual means better compression for transmission or storage) , or a minimum signaling overhead (minimum signaling overhead means better compression for transmission or storage) , or which considers or balances both. The mode selection unit 260 may be configured to determine the partitioning and prediction mode based on rate distortion optimization (RDO) , i. e. select the prediction mode which provides a minimum rate distortion. Terms like “best” , “minimum” , “optimum” etc. in this context do not necessarily refer to an overall “best” , “minimum” , “optimum” , etc. but may also refer to the fulfillment of a termination or selection criterion like a value exceeding or falling below a threshold or other constraints leading potentially to a “sub-optimum selection” but reducing complexity and processing time.
[0357] In other words, the partitioning unit 262 may be configured to partition a picture from a video sequence into a sequence of coding tree units (CTUs) , and the CTU 203 may be further partitioned into smaller block partitions or sub-blocks (which form again blocks) , e.g. iteratively using quad-tree-partitioning (QT) , binary partitioning (BT) or triple-tree-partitioning (TT) or any combination thereof, and to perform, e.g., the prediction for each of the block partitions or sub-blocks, wherein the mode selection comprises the selection of the tree-structure of the partitioned block 203 and the prediction modes are applied to each of the block partitions or sub-blocks.
[0358] In the following the partitioning (e.g. by partitioning unit 260) and prediction processing (by inter-prediction unit 244 and intra-prediction unit 254) performed by an example video encoder 20 will be explained in more detail.
[0359] The partitioning unit 262 may be configured to partition a picture from a video sequence into a sequence of coding tree units (CTUs) , and the partitioning unit 262 may partition (or split) a coding tree unit (CTU) 203 into smaller partitions, e.g. smaller blocks of square or rectangular size. For a picture that has three sample arrays, a CTU consists of an N×N block of luma samples together with two corresponding blocks of chroma samples. The maximum allowed size of the luma block in a CTU is specified to be 128×128 in the developing versatile video coding (VVC) , but it might be specified to be value rather than 128x128 in the future, for example, 256x256. The CTUs of a picture may be clustered / grouped as slices / tile groups, tiles or bricks. A tile covers a rectangular region of a picture, and a tile might be divided into one or more bricks. A brick consists of a number of CTU rows within a tile. A tile that is not partitioned into multiple bricks might be referred to as a brick. However, a brick is a true subset of a tile and is not referred to as a tile. There are two modes of tile groups are supported in VVC, namely the raster-scan slice / tile group mode and the rectangular slice mode. In the raster-scan tile group mode, a slice / tile group contains a sequence of tiles in tile raster scan of a picture. In the rectangular slice mode, a slice contains a number of bricks of a picture that collectively form a rectangular region of the picture. The bricks within a rectangular slice are in the order of brick raster scan of the slice. These smaller blocks (which may also be referred to as sub-blocks) may be further partitioned into even smaller partitions. This is also referred to tree-partitioning or hierarchical tree-partitioning, wherein a root block, e.g. at root tree-level 0 (hierarchy-level 0, depth 0) , may be recursively partitioned, e.g. partitioned into two or more blocks of a next lower tree-level, e.g. nodes at tree-level 1 (hierarchy-level 1, depth 1) , wherein these blocks may be again partitioned into two or more blocks of a next lower level, e.g. tree-level 2 (hierarchy-level 2, depth 2) , etc. until the partitioning is terminated, e.g. because a termination criterion is fulfilled, e.g. a maximum tree depth or minimum block size is reached. Blocks which are not further partitioned are also referred to as leaf-blocks or leaf nodes of the tree. A tree using partitioning into two partitions is referred to as binary-tree (BT) , a tree using partitioning into three partitions is referred to as ternary-tree (TT) , and a tree using partitioning into four partitions is referred to as quad-tree (QT) .
[0360] For example, a coding tree unit (CTU) may be or comprise a CTB of luma samples, two corresponding CTBs of chroma samples of a picture that has three sample arrays, or a CTB of samples of a monochrome picture or a picture that is coded using three separate colour planes and syntax structures used to code the samples. Correspondingly, a coding tree block (CTB) may be an NxN block of samples for some value of N such that the division of a component into CTBs is a partitioning. A coding unit (CU) may be or comprise a coding block of luma samples, two corresponding coding blocks of chroma samples of a picture that has three sample arrays, or a coding block of samples of a monochrome picture or a picture that is coded using three separate colour planes and syntax structures used to code the samples. Correspondingly a coding block (CB) may be an MxN block of samples for some values of M and N such that the division of a CTB into coding blocks is a partitioning.
[0361] In embodiments, e.g., according to HEVC, a coding tree unit (CTU) may be split into CUs by using a quad-tree structure denoted as coding tree. The decision whether to code a picture area using inter-picture (temporal) or intra-picture (spatial) prediction is made at the leaf CU level. Each leaf CU might be further split into one, two or four PUs according to the PU splitting type. Inside one PU, the same prediction process is applied and the relevant information is transmitted to the decoder on a PU basis. After obtaining the residual block by applying the prediction process based on the PU splitting type, a leaf CU might be partitioned into transform units (TUs) according to another quadtree structure similar to the coding tree for the CU.
[0362] In embodiments, e.g., according to the latest video coding standard currently in development, which is referred to as Versatile Video Coding (VVC) , a combined Quad-tree nested multi-type tree using binary and ternary splits segmentation structure, for example used to partition a coding tree unit. In the coding tree structure within a coding tree unit, a CU can have either a square or rectangular shape. For example, the coding tree unit (CTU) is first partitioned by a quaternary tree. Then the quaternary tree leaf nodes might be further partitioned by a multi-type tree structure. There are four splitting types in multi-type tree structure, vertical binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_VER) , horizontal binary splitting (SPLIT_BT_HOR) , vertical ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_VER) , and horizontal ternary splitting (SPLIT_TT_HOR) . The multi-type tree leaf nodes are called coding units (CUs) , and unless the CU is too large for the maximum transform length, this segmentation is used for prediction and transform processing without any further partitioning. This means that, in most cases, the CU, PU and TU have the same block size in the quadtree with nested multi-type tree coding block structure. The exception occurs when maximum supported transform length is smaller than the width or height of the colour component of the CU. VVC develops a unique signaling mechanism of the partition splitting information in quadtree with nested multi-type tree coding tree structure. In the signaling mechanism, a coding tree unit (CTU) is treated as the root of a quaternary tree and is first partitioned by a quaternary tree structure. Each quaternary tree leaf node (when sufficiently large to allow it) is then further partitioned by a multi-type tree structure. In the multi-type tree structure, a first flag (mtt_split_cu_flag) is signaled to indicate whether the node is further partitioned; when a node is further partitioned, a second flag (mtt_split_cu_vertical_flag) is signaled to indicate the splitting direction, and then a third flag (mtt_split_cu_binary_flag) is signaled to indicate whether the split is a binary split or a ternary split. Based on the values of mtt_split_cu_vertical_flag and mtt_split_cu_binary_flag, the multi-type tree slitting mode (MttSplitMode) of a CU might be derived by a decoder based on a predefined rule or a table. It should be noted, for a certain design, for example, 64×64 Luma block and 32×32 Chroma pipelining design in VVC hardware decoders, TT split is forbidden when either width or height of a luma coding block is larger than 64, as shown in FIG.6. TT split is also forbidden when either width or height of a chroma coding block is larger than 32. The pipelining design will divide a picture into Virtual pipeline data units (VPDUs) which are defined as non-overlapping units in a picture. In hardware decoders, successive VPDUs are processed by multiple pipeline stages simultaneously. The VPDU size is roughly proportional to the buffer size in most pipeline stages, so it is important to keep the VPDU size small. In most hardware decoders, the VPDU size might be set to maximum transform block (TB) size. However, in VVC, ternary tree (TT) and binary tree (BT) partition may lead to the increasing of VPDUs sizes.
[0363] In addition, it should be noted that, when a portion of a tree node block exceeds the bottom or right picture boundary, the tree node block is forced to be split until the all samples of every coded CU are located inside the picture boundaries.
[0364] As an example, the Intra Sub-Partitions (ISP) tool may divide luma intra-predicted blocks vertically or horizontally into 2 or 4 sub-partitions depending on the block size.
[0365] In one example, the mode selection unit 260 of video encoder 20 may be configured to perform any combination of the partitioning techniques described herein.
[0366] As described above, the video encoder 20 is configured to determine or select the best or an optimum prediction mode from a set of (e.g. pre-determined) prediction modes. The set of prediction modes may comprise, e.g., intra-prediction modes and / or inter-prediction modes.
[0367] The set of intra-prediction modes may comprise 35 different intra-prediction modes, e.g. non-directional modes like DC (or mean) mode and planar mode, or directional modes, e.g. as defined in HEVC, or may comprise 67 different intra-prediction modes, e.g. non-directional modes like DC (or mean) mode and planar mode, or directional modes, e.g. as defined for VVC. As an example, several conventional angular intra prediction modes are adaptively replaced with wide-angle intra prediction modes for the non-square blocks, e.g. as defined in VVC. As another example, to avoid division operations for DC prediction, only the longer side is used to compute the average for non-square blocks. And, the results of intra prediction of planar mode may be further modified by a position dependent intra prediction combination (PDPC) method.
[0368] The intra-prediction unit 254 is configured to use reconstructed samples of neighboring blocks of the same current picture to generate an intra-prediction block 265 according to an intra-prediction mode of the set of intra-prediction modes.
[0369] The intra prediction unit 254 (or in general the mode selection unit 260) is further configured to output intra-prediction parameters (or in general information indicative of the selected intra prediction mode for the block) to the entropy encoding unit 270 in form of syntax elements 266 for inclusion into the encoded picture data 21, so that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and use the prediction parameters for decoding.
[0370] The set of (or possible) inter-prediction modes depends on the available reference pictures (i. e. previous at least partially decoded pictures, e.g. stored in DBP 230) and other inter-prediction parameters, e.g. whether the whole reference picture or only a part, e.g. a search window area around the area of the current block, of the reference picture is used for searching for a best matching reference block, and / or e.g. whether pixel interpolation is applied, e.g. half / semi-pel, quarter-pel and / or 1 / 16 pel interpolation, or not.
[0371] Additional to the above prediction modes, skip mode, direct mode and / or other inter prediction mode may be applied.
[0372] For example, Extended merge prediction, the merge candidate list of such mode is constructed by including the following five types of candidates in order: Spatial MVP from spatial neighbor CUs, Temporal MVP from collocated CUs, History-based MVP from an FIFO table, Pairwise average MVP and Zero MVs. And a bilateral-matching based decoder side motion vector refinement (DMVR) may be applied to increase the accuracy of the MVs of the merge mode. Merge mode with MVD (MMVD) , which comes from merge mode with motion vector differences. A MMVD flag is signaled right after sending a skip flag and merge flag to specify whether MMVD mode is used for a CU. And a CU-level adaptive motion vector resolution (AMVR) scheme may be applied. AMVR allows MVD of the CU to be coded in different precision. Dependent on the prediction mode for the current CU, the MVDs of the current CU might be adaptively selected. When a CU is coded in merge mode, the combined inter / intra prediction (CIIP) mode may be applied to the current CU. Weighted averaging of the inter and intra prediction signals is performed to obtain the CIIP prediction. Affine motion compensated prediction, the affine motion field of the block is described by motion information of two control point (4-parameter) or three control point motion vectors (6-parameter) . Subblock-based temporal motion vector prediction (SbTMVP) , which is similar to the temporal motion vector prediction (TMVP) in HEVC, but predicts the motion vectors of the sub-CUs within the current CU. Bi-directional optical flow (BDOF) , previously referred to as BIO, is a simpler version that requires much less computation, especially in terms of number of multiplications and the size of the multiplier. Triangle partition mode, in such a mode, a CU is split evenly into two triangle-shaped partitions, using either the diagonal split or the anti-diagonal split. Besides, the bi-prediction mode is extended beyond simple averaging to allow weighted averaging of the two prediction signals.
[0373] The inter prediction unit 244 may include a motion estimation (ME) unit and a motion compensation (MC) unit (both not shown in FIG.2) . The motion estimation unit may be configured to receive or obtain the picture block 203 (current picture block 203 of the current picture 17) and a decoded picture 231, or at least one or a plurality of previously reconstructed blocks, e.g. reconstructed blocks of one or a plurality of other / different previously decoded pictures 231, for motion estimation. E.g. a video sequence may comprise the current picture and the previously decoded pictures 231, or in other words, the current picture and the previously decoded pictures 231 may be part of or form a sequence of pictures forming a video sequence.
[0374] The encoder 20 may, e.g., be configured to select a reference block from a plurality of reference blocks of the same or different pictures of the plurality of other pictures and provide a reference picture (or reference picture index) and / or an offset (spatial offset) between the position (x, y coordinates) of the reference block and the position of the current block as inter prediction parameters to the motion estimation unit. This offset is also called motion vector (MV) .
[0375] The motion compensation unit is configured to obtain, e.g. receive, an inter prediction parameter and to perform inter prediction based on or using the inter prediction parameter to obtain an inter prediction block 265. Motion compensation, performed by the motion compensation unit, may involve fetching or generating the prediction block based on the motion / block vector determined by motion estimation, possibly performing interpolations to sub-pixel precision. Interpolation filtering may generate additional pixel samples from known pixel samples, thus potentially increasing the number of candidate prediction blocks that may be used to code a picture block. Upon receiving the motion vector for the PU of the current picture block, the motion compensation unit may locate the prediction block to which the motion vector points in one of the reference picture lists.
[0376] The motion compensation unit may also generate syntax elements associated with the blocks and video slices for use by video decoder 30 in decoding the picture blocks of the video slice. In addition, or as an alternative to slices and respective syntax elements, tile groups and / or tiles and respective syntax elements may be generated or used.
[0377] The entropy encoding unit 270 is configured to apply, for example, an entropy encoding algorithm or scheme (e.g. a variable length coding (VLC) scheme, an context adaptive VLC scheme (CAVLC) , an arithmetic coding scheme, a binarization, a context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) , syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC) , probability interval partitioning entropy (PIPE) coding or another entropy encoding methodology or technique) or bypass (no compression) on the quantized coefficients 209, inter prediction parameters, intra prediction parameters, loop filter parameters and / or other syntax elements to obtain encoded picture data 21 which might be output via the output 272, e.g. in the form of an encoded bitstream 21, so that, e.g., the video decoder 30 may receive and use the parameters for decoding, . The encoded bitstream 21 may be transmitted to video decoder 30, or stored in a memory for later transmission or retrieval by video decoder 30.
[0378] Other structural variations of the video encoder 20 might be used to encode the video stream. For example, a non-transform-based encoder 20 can quantize the residual signal directly without the transform processing unit 206 for certain blocks or frames. In another implementation, an encoder 20 can have the quantization unit 208 and the inverse quantization unit 210 combined into a single unit.
[0379] FIG.9 shows an example of a video decoder 30 that is configured to implement the techniques of this present application. The video decoder 30 is configured to receive encoded picture data 22 (residual data, index of Unit_B units. e.g. encoded bitstream) or Unit_B unit lost indicators, to obtain a decoded picture 331. The encoded picture data or bitstream comprises information for decoding the encoded picture data, e.g. data that represents picture blocks of an encoded video slice (and / or tile groups or tiles) and associated syntax elements.
[0380] the decoder 30 comprises an entropy decoding unit 304, NAL interface (output NAL_A and NAL_B units) , index generation unit, an inverse quantization unit 310, an inverse transform processing unit 312, a reconstruction unit 314 (e.g. a summer 314) , a loop filter 320, a decoded picture buffer (DBP) 330, a mode application unit 360, an inter prediction unit 344 and an intra prediction unit 354. Inter prediction unit 344 may be or include a motion compensation unit. Video decoder 30 may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 20 from FIG.8.
[0381] As explained with regard to the encoder 20, the inverse quantization unit 210, the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 214, the loop filter 220, the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, the inter prediction unit 344 and the intra prediction unit 354 are also referred to as forming the “built-in decoder” of video encoder 20. Accordingly, the inverse quantization unit 310 may be identical in function to the inverse quantization unit 110, the inverse transform processing unit 312 may be identical in function to the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 314 may be identical in function to reconstruction unit 214, the loop filter 320 may be identical in function to the loop filter 220, and the decoded picture buffer 330 may be identical in function to the decoded picture buffer 230. Therefore, the explanations provided for the respective units and functions of the video 20 encoder apply correspondingly to the respective units and functions of the video decoder 30.
[0382] The entropy decoding unit 304 is configured to parse the bitstream 21 (or in general encoded picture data 21) and perform, for example, entropy decoding to the encoded picture data 21 to obtain, e.g., quantized coefficients 309 and / or decoded coding parameters (not shown in FIG.9) , e.g. any or all of inter prediction parameters (e.g. reference picture index and motion vector) , intra prediction parameter (e.g. intra prediction mode or index) , transform parameters, quantization parameters, loop filter parameters, and / or other syntax elements. Entropy decoding unit 304 may be configured to apply the decoding algorithms or schemes corresponding to the encoding schemes as described with regard to the entropy encoding unit 270 of the encoder 20. Entropy decoding unit 304 may be further configured to provide inter prediction parameters, intra prediction parameter and / or other syntax elements to the mode application unit 360 and other parameters to other units of the decoder 30. Video decoder 30 may receive the syntax elements at the video slice level and / or the video block level. In addition, or as an alternative to slices and respective syntax elements, tile groups and / or tiles and respective syntax elements may be received and / or used.
[0383] The inverse quantization unit 310 may be configured to receive quantization parameters (QP) (or in general information related to the inverse quantization) and quantized coefficients from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and / or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) and to apply based on the quantization parameters an inverse quantization on the decoded quantized coefficients 309 to obtain dequantized coefficients 311, which may also be referred to as transform coefficients 311. The inverse quantization process may include use of a quantization parameter determined by video encoder 20 for each video block in the video slice (or tile or tile group) to determine a degree of quantization and, likewise, a degree of inverse quantization that should be applied.
[0384] Inverse transform processing unit 312 may be configured to receive dequantized coefficients 311, also referred to as transform coefficients 311, and to apply a transform to the dequantized coefficients 311 in order to obtain reconstructed residual blocks 213 in the sample domain. The reconstructed residual blocks 213 may also be referred to as transform blocks 313. The transform may be an inverse transform, e.g., an inverse DCT, an inverse DST, an inverse integer transforms, or a conceptually similar inverse transform process. The inverse transform processing unit 312 may be further configured to receive transform parameters or corresponding information from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and / or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) to determine the transform to be applied to the dequantized coefficients 311.
[0385] The reconstruction unit 314 (e.g. adder or summer 314) may be configured to add the reconstructed residual block 313, to the prediction block 365 to obtain a reconstructed block 315 in the sample domain, e.g. by adding the sample values of the reconstructed residual block 313 and the sample values of the prediction block 365.
[0386] The loop filter unit 320 (either in the coding loop or after the coding loop) is configured to filter the reconstructed block 315 to obtain a filtered block 321, e.g. to smooth pixel transitions, or otherwise improve the video quality. The loop filter unit 320 may comprise one or more loop filters such as a de-blocking filter, a sample-adaptive offset (SAO) filter or one or more other filters, e.g. an adaptive loop filter (ALF) , a noise suppression filter (NSF) , or any combination thereof. In an example, the loop filter unit 220 may comprise a de-blocking filter, a SAO filter and an ALF filter. The order of the filtering process may be the deblocking filter, SAO and ALF. In another example, a process called the luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS) (namely, the adaptive in-loop reshaper) is added. This process is performed before deblocking. In another example, the deblocking filter process may be also applied to internal sub-block edges, e.g. affine sub-blocks edges, ATMVP sub-blocks edges, sub-block transform (SBT) edges and intra sub-partition (ISP) edges. Although the loop filter unit 320 is shown in FIG.3 as being an in-loop filter, in other configurations, the loop filter unit 320 may be implemented as a post loop filter.
[0387] The decoded video blocks 321 of a picture are then stored in decoded picture buffer 330, which stores the decoded pictures 331 as reference pictures for subsequent motion compensation for other pictures and / or for output respectively display.
[0388] The decoder 30 is configured to output the decoded picture 311, e.g. via output 312, for presentation or viewing to a user.
[0389] The inter prediction unit 344 may be identical to the inter prediction unit 244 (in particular to the motion compensation unit) and the intra prediction unit 354 may be identical to the inter prediction unit 254 in function, and performs split or partitioning decisions and prediction based on the partitioning and / or prediction parameters or respective information received from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and / or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) . Mode application unit 360 may be configured to perform the prediction (intra or inter prediction) per block based on reconstructed pictures, blocks or respective samples (filtered or unfiltered) to obtain the prediction block 365.
[0390] When the video slice is coded as an intra coded (I) slice, intra prediction unit 354 of mode application unit 360 is configured to generate prediction block 365 for a picture block of the current video slice based on a signaled intra prediction mode and data from previously decoded blocks of the current picture. When the video picture is coded as an inter-coded (i.e., B, or P) slice, inter prediction unit 344 (e.g. motion compensation unit) of mode application unit 360 is configured to produce prediction blocks 365 for a video block of the current video slice based on the motion vectors and other syntax elements received from entropy decoding unit 304. For inter prediction, the prediction blocks may be produced from one of the reference pictures within one of the reference picture lists. Video decoder 30 may construct the reference frame lists, List 0 and List 1, using default construction techniques based on reference pictures stored in DPB 330. The same or similar may be applied for or by embodiments using tile groups (e.g. video tile groups) and / or tiles (e.g. video tiles) in addition or alternatively to slices (e.g. video slices) , e.g. a video may be coded using I, P or B tile groups and / or tiles.
[0391] Mode application unit 360 is configured to determine the prediction information for a video block of the current video slice by parsing the motion vectors or related information and other syntax elements, and uses the prediction information to produce the prediction blocks for the current video block being decoded. For example, the mode application unit 360 uses some of the received syntax elements to determine a prediction mode (e.g., intra or inter prediction) used to code the video blocks of the video slice, an inter prediction slice type (e.g., B slice, P slice, or GPB slice) , construction information for one or more of the reference picture lists for the slice, motion vectors for each inter encoded video block of the slice, inter prediction status for each inter coded video block of the slice, and other information to decode the video blocks in the current video slice. The same or similar may be applied for or by embodiments using tile groups (e.g. video tile groups) and / or tiles (e.g. video tiles) in addition or alternatively to slices (e.g. video slices) , e.g. a video may be coded using I, P or B tile groups and / or tiles.
[0392] Embodiments of the video decoder 30 as shown in FIG.9 may be configured to partition and / or decode the picture by using slices (also referred to as video slices) , wherein a picture may be partitioned into or decoded using one or more slices (typically non-overlapping) , and each slice may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more groups of blocks (e.g. tiles (H.265 / HEVC and VVC) or bricks (VVC)) .
[0393] Embodiments of the video decoder 30 as shown in FIG.9 may be configured to partition and / or decode the picture by using slices / tile groups (also referred to as video tile groups) and / or tiles (also referred to as video tiles) , wherein a picture may be partitioned into or decoded using one or more slices / tile groups (typically non-overlapping) , and each slice / tile group may comprise, e.g. one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more tiles, wherein each tile, e.g. may be of rectangular shape and may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) , e.g. complete or fractional blocks.
[0394] Other variations of the video decoder 30 might be used to decode the encoded picture data 21. For example, the decoder 30 can produce the output video stream without the loop filtering unit 320. For example, a non-transform-based decoder 30 can inverse-quantize the residual signal directly without the inverse-transform processing unit 312 for certain blocks or frames. In another implementation, the video decoder 30 can have the inverse-quantization unit 310 and the inverse-transform processing unit 312 combined into a single unit.
[0395] It should be understood that, in the encoder 20 and the decoder 30, a processing result of a current step may be further processed and then output to the next step. For example, after interpolation filtering, motion vector derivation or loop filtering, a further operation, such as Clip or shift, may be performed on the processing result of the interpolation filtering, motion vector derivation or loop filtering.
[0396] It should be noted that further operations may be applied to the derived motion vectors of current block (including but not limit to control point motion vectors of affine mode, sub-block motion vectors in affine, planar, ATMVP modes, temporal motion vectors, and so on) . For example, the value of motion vector is constrained to a predefined range according to its representing bit. If the representing bit of motion vector is bitDepth, then the range is -2^ (bitDepth-1) ~2^(bitDepth-1) -1, where “^” means exponentiation. For example, if bitDepth is set equal to 16, the range is -32768 ~ 32767; if bitDepth is set equal to 18, the range is -131072~131071. For example, the value of the derived motion vector (e.g. the MVs of four 4x4 sub-blocks within one 8x8 block) is constrained such that the max difference between integer parts of the four 4x4 sub-block MVs is no more than N pixels, such as no more than 1 pixel. Here provide two methods for constraining the motion vector according to the bitDepth. FIG.3 shows an example of a video decoder 30 that is configured to implement the techniques of this present application. The video decoder 30 is configured to receive encoded picture data 21 (e.g. encoded bitstream 21) , e.g. encoded by encoder 20, to obtain a decoded picture 331. The encoded picture data or bitstream comprises information for decoding the encoded picture data, e.g. data that represents picture blocks of an encoded video slice (and / or tile groups or tiles) and associated syntax elements.
[0397] In the example of FIG.9, the decoder 30 comprises an entropy decoding unit 304, an inverse quantization unit 310, an inverse transform processing unit 312, a reconstruction unit 314 (e.g. a summer 314) , a loop filter 320, a decoded picture buffer (DBP) 330, a mode application unit 360, an inter prediction unit 344 and an intra prediction unit 354. Inter prediction unit 344 may be or include a motion compensation unit. Video decoder 30 may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 20 from FIG.8.
[0398] As explained with regard to the encoder 20, the inverse quantization unit 210, the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 214, the loop filter 220, the decoded picture buffer (DPB) 230, the inter prediction unit 344 and the intra prediction unit 354 are also referred to as forming the “built-in decoder” of video encoder 20. Accordingly, the inverse quantization unit 310 may be identical in function to the inverse quantization unit 110, the inverse transform processing unit 312 may be identical in function to the inverse transform processing unit 212, the reconstruction unit 314 may be identical in function to reconstruction unit 214, the loop filter 320 may be identical in function to the loop filter 220, and the decoded picture buffer 330 may be identical in function to the decoded picture buffer 230. Therefore, the explanations provided for the respective units and functions of the video 20 encoder apply correspondingly to the respective units and functions of the video decoder 30.
[0399] The entropy decoding unit 304 is configured to parse the bitstream 21 (or in general encoded picture data 21) and perform, for example, entropy decoding to the encoded picture data 21 to obtain, e.g., quantized coefficients 309 and / or decoded coding parameters (not shown in FIG.9) , e.g. any or all of inter prediction parameters (e.g. reference picture index and motion vector) , intra prediction parameter (e.g. intra prediction mode or index) , transform parameters, quantization parameters, loop filter parameters, and / or other syntax elements. Entropy decoding unit 304 may be configured to apply the decoding algorithms or schemes corresponding to the encoding schemes as described with regard to the entropy encoding unit 270 of the encoder 20. Entropy decoding unit 304 may be further configured to provide inter prediction parameters, intra prediction parameter and / or other syntax elements to the mode application unit 360 and other parameters to other units of the decoder 30. Video decoder 30 may receive the syntax elements at the video slice level and / or the video block level. In addition, or as an alternative to slices and respective syntax elements, tile groups and / or tiles and respective syntax elements may be received and / or used.
[0400] The inverse quantization unit 310 may be configured to receive quantization parameters (QP) (or in general information related to the inverse quantization) and quantized coefficients from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and / or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) and to apply based on the quantization parameters an inverse quantization on the decoded quantized coefficients 309 to obtain dequantized coefficients 311, which may also be referred to as transform coefficients 311. The inverse quantization process may include use of a quantization parameter determined by video encoder 20 for each video block in the video slice (or tile or tile group) to determine a degree of quantization and, likewise, a degree of inverse quantization that should be applied.
[0401] Inverse transform processing unit 312 may be configured to receive dequantized coefficients 311, also referred to as transform coefficients 311, and to apply a transform to the dequantized coefficients 311 in order to obtain reconstructed residual blocks 213 in the sample domain. The reconstructed residual blocks 213 may also be referred to as transform blocks 313. The transform may be an inverse transform, e.g., an inverse DCT, an inverse DST, an inverse integer transforms, or a conceptually similar inverse transform process. The inverse transform processing unit 312 may be further configured to receive transform parameters or corresponding information from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and / or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) to determine the transform to be applied to the dequantized coefficients 311.
[0402] The reconstruction unit 314 (e.g. adder or summer 314) may be configured to add the reconstructed residual block 313, to the prediction block 365 to obtain a reconstructed block 315 in the sample domain, e.g. by adding the sample values of the reconstructed residual block 313 and the sample values of the prediction block 365.
[0403] The loop filter unit 320 (either in the coding loop or after the coding loop) is configured to filter the reconstructed block 315 to obtain a filtered block 321, e.g. to smooth pixel transitions, or otherwise improve the video quality. The loop filter unit 320 may comprise one or more loop filters such as a de-blocking filter, a sample-adaptive offset (SAO) filter or one or more other filters, e.g. an adaptive loop filter (ALF) , a noise suppression filter (NSF) , or any combination thereof. In an example, the loop filter unit 220 may comprise a de-blocking filter, a SAO filter and an ALF filter. The order of the filtering process may be the deblocking filter, SAO and ALF. In another example, a process called the luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS) (namely, the adaptive in-loop reshaper) is added. This process is performed before deblocking. In another example, the deblocking filter process may be also applied to internal sub-block edges, e.g. affine sub-blocks edges, ATMVP sub-blocks edges, sub-block transform (SBT) edges and intra sub-partition (ISP) edges. Although the loop filter unit 320 is shown in FIG.9 as being an in-loop filter, in other configurations, the loop filter unit 320 may be implemented as a post loop filter.
[0404] The decoded video blocks 321 of a picture are then stored in decoded picture buffer 330, which stores the decoded pictures 331 as reference pictures for subsequent motion compensation for other pictures and / or for output respectively display.
[0405] The decoder 30 is configured to output the decoded picture 311, e.g. via output 312, for presentation or viewing to a user.
[0406] The inter prediction unit 344 may be identical to the inter prediction unit 244 (in particular to the motion compensation unit) and the intra prediction unit 354 may be identical to the inter prediction unit 254 in function, and performs split or partitioning decisions and prediction based on the partitioning and / or prediction parameters or respective information received from the encoded picture data 21 (e.g. by parsing and / or decoding, e.g. by entropy decoding unit 304) . Mode application unit 360 may be configured to perform the prediction (intra or inter prediction) per block based on reconstructed pictures, blocks or respective samples (filtered or unfiltered) to obtain the prediction block 365.
[0407] When the video slice is coded as an intra coded (I) slice, intra prediction unit 354 of mode application unit 360 is configured to generate prediction block 365 for a picture block of the current video slice based on a signaled intra prediction mode and data from previously decoded blocks of the current picture. When the video picture is coded as an inter-coded (i.e., B, or P) slice, inter prediction unit 344 (e.g. motion compensation unit) of mode application unit 360 is configured to produce prediction blocks 365 for a video block of the current video slice based on the motion vectors and other syntax elements received from entropy decoding unit 304. For inter prediction, the prediction blocks may be produced from one of the reference pictures within one of the reference picture lists. Video decoder 30 may construct the reference frame lists, List 0 and List 1, using default construction techniques based on reference pictures stored in DPB 330. The same or similar may be applied for or by embodiments using tile groups (e.g. video tile groups) and / or tiles (e.g. video tiles) in addition or alternatively to slices (e.g. video slices) , e.g. a video may be coded using I, P or B tile groups and / or tiles.
[0408] Mode application unit 360 is configured to determine the prediction information for a video block of the current video slice by parsing the motion vectors or related information and other syntax elements, and uses the prediction information to produce the prediction blocks for the current video block being decoded. For example, the mode application unit 360 uses some of the received syntax elements to determine a prediction mode (e.g., intra or inter prediction) used to code the video blocks of the video slice, an inter prediction slice type (e.g., B slice, P slice, or GPB slice) , construction information for one or more of the reference picture lists for the slice, motion vectors for each inter encoded video block of the slice, inter prediction status for each inter coded video block of the slice, and other information to decode the video blocks in the current video slice. The same or similar may be applied for or by embodiments using tile groups (e.g. video tile groups) and / or tiles (e.g. video tiles) in addition or alternatively to slices (e.g. video slices) , e.g. a video may be coded using I, P or B tile groups and / or tiles.
[0409] Embodiments of the video decoder 30 as shown in FIG.9 may be configured to partition and / or decode the picture by using slices (also referred to as video slices) , wherein a picture may be partitioned into or decoded using one or more slices (typically non-overlapping) , and each slice may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more groups of blocks (e.g. tiles (H.265 / HEVC and VVC) or bricks (VVC)) .
[0410] Embodiments of the video decoder 30 as shown in FIG.9 may be configured to partition and / or decode the picture by using slices / tile groups (also referred to as video tile groups) and / or tiles (also referred to as video tiles) , wherein a picture may be partitioned into or decoded using one or more slices / tile groups (typically non-overlapping) , and each slice / tile group may comprise, e.g. one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) or one or more tiles, wherein each tile, e.g. may be of rectangular shape and may comprise one or more blocks (e.g. CTUs) , e.g. complete or fractional blocks.
[0411] Other variations of the video decoder 30 might be used to decode the encoded picture data 21. For example, the decoder 30 can produce the output video stream without the loop filtering unit 320. For example, a non-transform-based decoder 30 can inverse-quantize the residual signal directly without the inverse-transform processing unit 312 for certain blocks or frames. In another implementation, the video decoder 30 can have the inverse-quantization unit 310 and the inverse-transform processing unit 312 combined into a single unit.
[0412] It should be understood that, in the encoder 20 and the decoder 30, a processing result of a current step may be further processed and then output to the next step. For example, after interpolation filtering, motion vector derivation or loop filtering, a further operation, such as Clip or shift, may be performed on the processing result of the interpolation filtering, motion vector derivation or loop filtering.
[0413] It should be noted that further operations may be applied to the derived motion vectors of current block (including but not limit to control point motion vectors of affine mode, sub-block motion vectors in affine, planar, ATMVP modes, temporal motion vectors, and so on) . For example, the value of motion vector is constrained to a predefined range according to its representing bit. If the representing bit of motion vector is bitDepth, then the range is -2^ (bitDepth-1) ~2^(bitDepth-1) -1, where “^” means exponentiation. For example, if bitDepth is set equal to 16, the range is -32768 ~ 32767; if bitDepth is set equal to 18, the range is -131072~131071. For example, the value of the derived motion vector (e.g. the MVs of four 4x4 sub-blocks within one 8x8 block) is constrained such that the max difference between integer parts of the four 4x4 sub-block MVs is no more than N pixels, such as no more than 1 pixel. Here provides two methods for constraining the motion vector according to the bitDepth.
[0414] FIG.10 shows a video receiver apparatus 1500 of the present application.
[0415] The video receiver apparatus 1500, comprising: a receiver 1501, configured to obtain NAL_B lost indicators, multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture; a memory 1502, configured to store instructions; a processor 1503, configured to execute the instructions to cause the decoding device 1504 to trigger reconstruction based on the NAL_B units and the NAL_B lost indicators and reconstruct the region of a picture based on the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units.
[0416] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the number (N) of NAL_B units corresponding to the same picture / slice / tile / scalable layer based on for information singled for example in VPS, SPS, PPS, SH.
[0417] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit comprises: critical information for decoding.
[0418] In an example, NAL_A unit further comprises: numbers of corresponding NAL_B units.
[0419] In an example, reconstruction process is triggered when amount of obtained NAL_B units is equal to number of corresponding NAL_B units specified in NAL_A unit.
[0420] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B unit comprises optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.
[0421] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are obtained from a bitstream.
[0422] In a feasible implementation, NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are obtained from different bitstreams.
[0423] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B lost indicator is obtained based on ID (identify) of the NAL_B unit, wherein the ID of the NAL_B units can be derived from a bitstream and ID of NAL_B unit is contained in non-VCL NAL unit.
[0424] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B lost indicator is a type of non-VCL NAL unit.
[0425] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B lost indicator is obtained from packet loss indicator that obtained from network protocol, for example RTP based on gap in sequence numbers, of by checking control sum and indicates packet loss information.
[0426] In a feasible implementation, NAL_B lost indicator is generated by the receiver. For example, NAL_B lost indicator can be generated in jitter buffer or source decoder.
[0427] Storing NAL_B unit payload in an array at the position corresponding to its ID, and initialized CABAC decoder and stores its state in array.
[0428] Option A) . Each NAL_B unit has corresponding ID information for a region of a picture. and ID information could be derived directly such as ID information be in bitstream, or ID information could be derived indirectly, such as could be obtained by using or checking one or more NAL_Bunit information. The receiving side generates the value of the NAL_B lost indicator corresponding to the NAL_B unit according to the received ID information of the NALU B. For example, when only received ID information of NAL_B unit is 3, 7 and 10, and ID information should be start from 0 to 10 in a region, it means that value of NAL_B lost indicators in gaps (NAL_B units that corresponding to ID information 0-2, 4-6 and 8-9) are 1, and value of NAL_B lost indicators corresponding to NAL_B units that corresponding to ID information 3, 7 and 10 are 0, wherein NAL_B lost indicator equal to 1 means that the corresponding NAL_B unit is not completely obtained or lost.
[0429] Option B) NAL_B lost indicators of NAL_B units are derived based on information from application level that derived from packet loss indicator that follow network protocol. For example, NAL_B lost indicator could be located after the corresponding NAL_B unit or not located after the corresponding NAL_B unit but put all NAL_B lost indicators for a region of a picture in an array.
[0430] Picture decoding process is not yet started (in contrast to existing solutions) , and NAL_B processing iscompleted.
[0431] In a feasible implementation, triggering reconstruction process is when NAL units and the NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.
[0432] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and NAL_Aunit is in last position, and NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0433] In an example, the reconstruction process is triggered when NAL_A unit is obtained.
[0434] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that NAL_A unit is in a first position and a NAL_B unit is followed, NAL_E unit is in last position, and a NAL_B lost indicator follows a NAL_B unit.
[0435] In an example, certain sequence format is with an order that a NAL_B unit is in a first position and then follow a NAL_B lost indicator, and a NAL_B unit is in last position.
[0436] NAL units comprise NAL_B units only or NAL_A unit and NAL_B units.
[0437] In a feasible implementation, triggering reconstruction is under the condition that when the numbers of complete and lost NAL_B units is equal to a predefined value.
[0438] Triggering decoding process using initialized array or lists described at S102 and obtain reconstructed picture / slice / tile / scalable layer, where a triggering event is:
[0439] Option A) . The bitstream is configured to have NAL_B unit first in the bitstream, followed by NAL_B units or NAL_B lost indicators, and then followed by NAL_A unit at last, and the triggering event is obtaining NAL_A unit from bitstream.
[0440] Option B) . The bitstream is configured to have NAL_A unit first in the bitstream, followed by NAL_B units or NAL_B lost indicators, the bitstream further comprising a non-VCL NAL unit of type E at last, indicating the payload feeding process is completed, and decoder process should be initiated.
[0441] Option C) . when meet the condition: the number of complete NAL_B units reached a predefined integer number num_b, and triggeringevent is obtaining.
[0442] Following are the further possible enhancement and modification which can be combined with 3 steps described above:
[0443] Lost NALU processing:
[0444] For the positions in array still having placeholder indicating corresponding NAL_B unti lost decoder bypasses entropy decoding, and optionally performs substitution process for the missed information, e.g. initializing missed non-decoded syntax elements by zeros.
[0445] Decoder state cleanup:
[0446] Obtaining a Cleanup triggering event and cleanup the payload array, described at Step 2. Where the Cleanup triggering array is:
[0447] Option A) a non-VCL NAL unit of dedicated Cleanup type
[0448] Option B) NAL_Aor NAL_B units of corresponding to picture different from payloads stored in the bitstream is obtained.
[0449] Error mask outputting:
[0450] Additionally, to reconstructed picture output from decoding process an information to identify regions on the reconstructed picture for which NAL_B units were not delivered, e.g. error mask in spatial (pixel domain) . This mask is beneficial for picture post or in-loop processing to improve subjective quality and mask possible artifacts caused by non-delivered information.
[0451] New NALU types:
[0452] NAL_A and NAL_B units have different NAL unit type in the NAL unit header.
[0453] Alternative HLS, not based on NAL units.
[0454] Alternatively, NAL_B units naming is used as an example. In principle, different naming can be used but keeping same logic. For example, Chunk_B, and mulitple Chunk_B units can be incorporated in the transitional NAL Units without introducing new NALunit id in NAL unit header.
[0455] The optional delivery of NAL_B units can be consideredas so called ‘Random’s calability when arbitrary part of the type B bitstreams can be omitted. In contrast to traditional scalability where entire enhancement layer can de discarded and all layers depending from it as well, random scalability concept provides better flexibility in practical error prone network transmission, especially under low latency constraint. This concept has better aligning with network communication when information loss has random unpredictable nature, overall providing better end-to-end video reconstruction quality and user experience.
[0456] FIG.11 shows a video encoder 1600 of the present application.
[0457] The video encoder 1600, comprising: a memory 1601, configured to contain instructions; a processor 1602, configured to execute the instructions to cause the encoding device 1603 to obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit and encode multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit into at least one bitstream.
[0458] FIG.12 shows a video decoder 1700 of the present application.
[0459] The video decoder 1700, comprising: a decoding device 1701, configured to parse at least one bitstream to obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; a memory 1702 coupled to the decoding device 1701, the memory storing instructions; a processor 1703 coupled to the memory, the processor 1703 configured to execute the instructions to cause the decoding device to decode the region of the picture at least based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit.
[0460] FIG.13 is a schematic diagram of a video coding device 1100 (e.g., a video encoder 300 or a video decoder 400) according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The video coding device 1100 is suitable for implementing the disclosed embodiments as described herein. The video coding device 1100 comprises ingress ports 1110 and receiver units (Rx) 1120 for receiving data; a processor, logic unit, or central processing unit (CPU) 1130 to process the data; transmitter units (Tx) 1140 and egress ports 1150 for transmitting the data; and a memory 1160for storing the data. The video coding device 1100 may also comprise optical-to-electrical (OE) components and electrical-to-optical (EO) components coupled to the ingress ports 1110, the receiver units 1120, the transmitter units 1140, and the egress ports 1150 for egress or ingress of optical or electrical signals.
[0461] The processor 1130 is implemented by hardware and software. The processor 1130 may be implemented as one or more CPU chips, cores (e.g., as a multi-core processor) , field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , and digital signal processors (DSPs) . The processor 1130 is in communication with the ingress ports 1110, receiver units 1120, transmitter units 1140, egress ports 1150, and memory 1160. The processor 1130 comprises a coding module 1170. The coding module 1170 implements the disclosed embodiments described above. For instance, the coding module 1170 implements, processes, prepares, or provides the various codec functions. The inclusion of the coding module 1170 therefore provides a substantial improvement to the functionality of the video coding device 1100 and effects a transformation of the video coding device 1100 to a different state. Alternatively, the coding module 1170 is implemented as instructions stored in the memory 1160 and executed by the processor 1130.
[0462] The video coding device 1100 may also include input and / or output (I / O) devices 1180 for communicating data to and from a user. The I / O devices 1180 may include output devices such as a display for displaying video data, speakers for outputting audio data, etc. The I / O devices 1180 may also include input devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, trackball, etc., and / or corresponding interfaces for interacting with such output devices.
[0463] The memory 1160 comprises one or more disks, tape drives, and solid-state drives and may be used as an over-flow data storage device, to store programs when such programs are selected for execution, and to store instructions and data that are read during program execution. The memory 1160 may be volatile and / or non-volatile and may be read-only memory (ROM) , random access memory (RAM) , ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) , and / or static random-access memory (SRAM) .
[0464] FIG.14 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a means for coding 1200. In an embodiment, the means for coding 1200 is implemented in a video coding device 1202 (e.g., a video encoder 300 or a video decoder 400) . The video coding device 1202 includes receiving means 1201. The receiving means 1201 is configured to receive a picture to encode or to receive a bitstream to decode. The video coding device 1202 includes transmission means 1207 coupled to the receiving means 1201. The transmission means 1207 is configured to transmit the bitstream to a decoder or to transmit a decoded image to a display means (e.g., one of the I / O devices 1180) .
[0465] The video coding device 1202 includes a storage means 1203. The storage means 1203 is coupled to at least one of the receiving means 1201 or the transmission means 1207. The storage means 1203 is configured to store instructions. The video coding device 1202 also includes processing means 1205. The processing means 1205 is coupled to the storage means 1203. The processing means 1205 is configured to execute the instructions stored in the storage means 1203 to perform the methods disclosed herein.
[0466] It should also be understood that the steps of the exemplary methods set forth herein are not necessarily required to be performed in the order described, and the order of the steps of such methods should be understood to be merely exemplary. Likewise, additional steps may be included in such methods, and certain steps may be omitted or combined, in methods consistent with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0467] While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods might be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.
[0468] In addition, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A method implemented by a video receiver, comprising:obtaining multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;triggering reconstruction based on the NAL_B units;reconstructing the region of a picture based on the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units.2.The method of claim 1, further comprises:obtaining NAL_B lost indicators, wherein NAL_B lost indicator indicates whether corresponding NAL_B unit is completely obtained or not, and wherein the NAL_B lost indicators are used for the triggering reconstruction.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the NAL_A unit comprises:·Critical information for decoding.4.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the NAL_B unit comprises:·Optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.5.The method according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are contained in a bitstream.6.The method according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are contained in different bitstreams.7.The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is obtained based on IDs of the NAL_B units.8.The method according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is obtained based on packet loss indicator.9.The method according to claim 6, wherein NAL_B units contains an information to derive ID.10.The method according to claim 6, wherein the ID of the NAL_B unit is contained in non-VCL NAL unit.11.The method according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is a type of non-VCL NAL unit.12.The method according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is generated by the receiver.13.The method according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein the triggering reconstruction when NAL units and the NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.14.The method according to any one of claims 1-13, wherein the triggering reconstruction is under the condition that when the numbers of complete and lost NAL_B units is equal to a predefined value.15.A video receiver, comprising:a receiver configured to obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;a memory coupled to the receiver, the memory storing instructions; anda processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the instructions to cause the decoding device to trigger reconstruction based on the NAL_B units, and further configured to reconstruct the region of a picture based on the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units.16.The video receiver of claim 15, wherein the NAL_A comprises:·Critical information for decoding.17.The video receiver of claim 15, wherein the NAL_B comprises:·Optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.18.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are contained in a bitstream.19.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are contained in different bitstreams.20.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-19 wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is obtained based on ID of the NAL_B unit.21.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-19, wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is obtained from packet loss indicator.22.The video receiver according to claim 20, wherein the ID of the NAL_B units are derived from a bitstream.23.The video receiver according to claim 20, wherein the ID of the NAL_B unit is contained in non-VCL NAL unit.24.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-23, wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is a type of non-VCL NAL unit.25.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-24, wherein the NAL_B lost indicator is generated by the receiver.26.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-25, wherein the triggering reconstruction is when NAL units and the NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.27.The video receiver according to any one of claims 15-26, wherein the triggering reconstruction is under the condition that when the numbers of complete and lost NAL_B units is equal to a predefined value.28.A method implemented by a video encoder, comprising:obtaining multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;encoding multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit into at least one bitstream.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the NAL_A unit comprises:·Critical information for decoding.30.The method of claim 28, wherein the NAL_B unit comprises:·Optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.31.The method according to any one of claims 28-30, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are encoded in a bitstream.32.The method according to any one of claims 28-30, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are encoded in different bitstreams.33.The method according to any one of claims 28-32, wherein the ID of the NAL_B units are encoded into the at least one bitstream.34.A video encoder, comprising:a memory containing instructions;a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to implement the instructions to cause the encoding device to:obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;encode multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit into at least one bitstream.35.The video encoder of claim 34, wherein the NAL_A comprises:·Critical information for decoding.36.The video encoder of claim 34, wherein the NAL_B comprises:·Optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.37.The video encoder according to any one of claims 34-36, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are encoded in a bitstream.38.The video encoder according to any one of claims 34-36, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are encoded in different bitstreams.39.The video encoder according to any one of claims 34-38, wherein the ID of the NAL_B units are encoded into the at least one bitstream.40.A method implemented by a video decoder, comprising:parsing multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;decoding the region of the picture based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit.41.The method of claim 40, wherein the NAL_A unit comprises:·Critical information for decoding.42.The method of claim 40, wherein the NAL_B unit comprises:·Optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.43.The method according to any one of claims 40-42, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are parsed from a bitstream.44.The method according to any one of claims 40-42, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are parsed from different bitstreams.45.The method according to any one of claims 40-44, ID of the NAL_B units are parsed from the at least one bitstream.46.The method according to any one of claims 40-45, wherein the decoding the region of the picture is triggered when NAL units and NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.47.The method according to any one of claims 40-46, wherein the decoding the region of the picture is triggered when the numbers of corresponding NAL_B units equal to a predefined value.48.A video decoder, comprising:a decoding device configured to parse at least one bitstream to obtain multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_Aunit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;a memory coupled to the decoding device, the memory storing instructions; anda processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the instructions to cause the decoding device to decode the region of the picture at least based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit.49.The video decoder of claim 48, wherein the NAL_A comprises:·Critical information for decoding.50.The video decoder of claim 48, wherein the NAL_B comprises:·Optional VCL information that can be dropped during transmission.51.The video decoder according to any one of claims 48-50, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are parsed from a bitstream.52.The video decoder according to any one of claims 48-50, wherein the NAL_A unit and the NAL_B units are parsed from different bitstreams.53.The video decoder according to any one of claims 48-52, ID of the NAL_B units are parsed from the at least one bitstream.54.The video decoder according to any one of claims 48-53, wherein the decoding the region of the picture is triggered when NAL units and NAL_B lost indicators with a certain sequence format is ready.55.The video decoder according to any one of claims 48-54, wherein the decoding the region of the picture is triggered when the numbers of corresponding NAL_B units equal to a predefined value.56.A coding apparatus, comprising:a receiver configured to receive a picture to encode or to receive a bitstream to decode;a transmitter coupled to the receiver, the transmitter configured to transmit the bitstream to a decoder or to transmit a decoded image to a display;a memory coupled to at least one of the receiver or the transmitter, the memory configured to store instructions; anda processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to execute the instructions stored in the memory to perform the method in any of claims 1 to 16, 33 to 38 and 45 to 52.57.A video encoder comprising processing circuitry for carrying out the method according to any of claims 27 to 32.58.A video receiver comprising processing circuitry for carrying out the method according to any of claims 1 to 13.59.A video decoder comprising processing circuitry for carrying out the method according to any of claims 39 to 47.60.A computer program product comprising a program code for performing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, 27 to 32 and 39 to 47.61.A non-transitory storage medium comprising a bitstream decoded by the method of any one of claims 39 to 47.62.A storage medium storing an encoded bitstream for video signals, the encoded bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit.63.A terminal, wherein the terminal comprises one or more processors, a memory, and a communications interface; and the memory and the communications interface are connected to the one or more processors, the terminal communicates with another device through the communications interface, the memory is configured to store computer program code, the computer program code comprises an instruction, and when the one or more processors execute the instruction, the terminal performs the method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, 27 to 32 and 39 to 47.64.A data structure used by a decoder, the data structure comprising an encoded bitstream, the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;wherein a processor of the decoder decodes the bitstream to obtain the multiple NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit; anddecoding, by the video decoder, the region of the picture at least based on the NAL_B units and the only one NAL_A unit.65.A device for storing a bitstream, wherein the device comprises at least one storage medium and at least one communication interface;wherein the at least one communication interface is configured to receive or transmit the bitstream;the at least one storage medium is configured to store the bitstream;wherein the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit.66.A method for storing a bitstream, comprising:receiving or transmitting a bitstream through a communication interface;storing the bitstream in one or more storage mediums, wherein the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit.67.A device for transmitting a bitstream, wherein the device comprises:at least one storage medium, configured to store at least one bitstream, wherein the bitstream comprises: multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;at least one processor, configured to obtain one or more bitstreams from one of the at least one storage medium, and transmit the one or more bitstreams to a destination device.68.A method for transmitting a bitstream, comprises:storing at least one bitstream at least one storage medium, wherein the bitstream comprises: multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;obtaining one or more bitstreams from one of the at least one storage medium, andtransmitting the one or more bitstreams to a destination device.69.A system for processing a bitstream, comprising: an encoding device, one or more storage devices, and a decoding device, wherein:the encoding device is configured to obtain video signal, and encode the video signal to obtain one or more bitstreams; and the bitstream comprises multiple NAL_B units and only one NAL_A unit for a region of a picture from at least one bitstream, wherein NAL_A and NAL_B are types of NAL unit;the one or more storage devices are used to store the one or more bitstreams;the decoding device is used to decode the one or more bitstreams.