System and method for accurate electrode site measurement on body surfaces, including sites not visible to lidar, using calibrated tactile probes and motion compensation

Abstract

The present invention relates to a system and method for automated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance on a subject's body surface, including regions obscured by hair, fur, or subject positioning. The system combines LiDAR- based three-dimensional scanning with calibrated tactile probes to generate an accurate model of the body surface. An external reference landmark system comprising three or more fixed fiducial markers provides a static coordinate reference frame to compensate for subject movement during scanning and placement guidance. A processing unit integrates LiDAR and probe data, calculates electrode or sensor site locations based on standard or custom placement systems, and provides guidance for site placement through visual, auditory, or haptic feedback. The system is applicable to clinical and research applications, including electroencephalography (EEG), neuromodulation, and animal studies, where accurate and reproducible electrode or sensor placement is essential. The system reduces operator dependency, compensates for motion, and improves placement accuracy and efficiency.

Description

[0001] Ńonfidential

[0002]

[0003] Confidential

[0004] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0005] The present invention relates to systems and methods for accurate positioning and mapping of biomedical electrodes and sensors on a subject’s body surface. More specifically, it relates to a system and method that combines LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) - based three-dimensional scanning with calibrated tactile probes to overcome challenges in surface mapping, including areas not visible to LiDAR, such as regions obscured by hair. The invention facilitates precise site measurement and placement guidance for neurophysiological and physiological monitoring applications in both human and non-human subjects, including but not limited to electroencephalography (EEG), brain-computer interfaces (BCI), neuromodulation therapies, electromyography (EMG), and electrocardiography (ECG).

[0006] BACKGROUND

[0007] Accurate placement of biomedical electrodes and sensors on a subject’s body surface is essential for reliable physiological and neurophysiological monitoring techniques. These techniques include, but are not limited to, electroencephalography (EEG), brain-computer interfaces (BCI), neuromodulation therapies, electromyography (EMG), and electrocardiography (ECG), and may be applied in both human and animal subjects.

[0008] Conventional methods for electrode placement, such as those used in EEG applications employing the internationally recognized 10-20 system, typically require manual measurement of distances between anatomical landmarks — such as the nasion, inion, and pre-auricular points — followed by manual marking of electrode sites on the subject’s body surface (for example, using a skin marking pencil). These manual procedures are time-consuming, highly dependent on the operator’s skill and experience, and prone to human error.

[0009] Deviations in electrode placement can lead to variations in recorded signals, impede reproducibility across sessions or between operators, and adversely affect both diagnostic and research outcomes. In high-density electrode applications, such as those requiring 64 or more electrodes for detailed neurophysiological mapping, theseConfidential

[0010] challenges are further compounded by the complexity and time required for accurate placement.

[0011] Moreover, conventional optical systems used to aid electrode site mapping are limited in their ability to accurately model body surfaces that are obscured by hair, fur, or other occlusions. This is particularly problematic when placing electrodes on the scalp or other areas where hair density interferes with optical scanning.

[0012] There remains a need for a system that reduces operator dependency, improves placement accuracy and reproducibility, and overcomes the limitations of traditional measurement techniques and optical scanning systems, particularly in regions of the body surface that are not visible to LiDAR or other three-dimensional scanning technologies.

[0013] Existing Technologies and Their Shortcomings

[0014] Several existing technologies have attempted to automate or improve electrode or sensor positioning on a subject’s body surface, such as the scalp, but each presents significant limitations that the present invention overcomes.

[0015] • Electromagnetic Digitizing Probes (e.g., Polhemus™)

[0016] These systems use an electromagnetic field transmitter and a handheld sensor probe to manually record the three-dimensional coordinates of anatomical landmarks and electrode or sensor sites. The operator must physically contact each point individually, making the process slow, labour-intensive, and highly dependent on operator skill and precision. These systems typically lack an external, stable reference system; as a result, subject motion between digitized points can lead to misalignment and inaccuracies in site positioning. Furthermore, electromagnetic tracking systems are susceptible to interference and distortion from nearby metallic objects, which may compromise positional accuracy.

[0017] In contrast, the present invention combines LiDAR scanning with calibrated tactile probes to continuously map the entire body surface, including regions usually obscured by hair, fur, or other occlusions. This hybrid approach reduces manualConfidential

[0018] input, improves efficiency, and minimizes operator dependency. Additionally, the system incorporates an external fixed reference landmark system, providing real-time motion compensation and maintaining accurate site mapping and placement guidance, even if the subject moves during scanning or placement.

[0019] • Multi-Camera Optical Tracking Systems

[0020] These systems track reflective markers affixed to electrodes, sensors, or caps, using multiple cameras to triangulate their positions in space. While this method can reduce sensitivity to minor head or body movement during scanning, it requires unobstructed line-of-sight visibility for accurate tracking. Hair, operator movement, or equipment can obstruct the view, leading to errors. Furthermore, these systems often require a complex hardware setup and the attachment of numerous reflective markers, increasing both preparation time and workflow complexity.

[0021] In contrast, the present invention eliminates the need for continuous line-of-sight tracking. By integrating LiDAR scanning with tactile probes, the system does not rely on visual markers for tracking the subject’s body surface. Only three external fiducial markers, fixed relative to the scanning environment, are required to maintain an accurate reference frame. This simplifies setup and eliminates the need to attach multiple markers directly to the subject or individual electrodes or sensors.

[0022] • 3D Surface Scanning Technologies (Photogrammetry, Structured Light, or LiDAR-Only Systems)

[0023] These technologies capture a three-dimensional mesh of the subject’s head or body surface using optical imaging techniques. However, they are unable to accurately map areas obscured by dense, dark, or curly hair, or by fur in animal subjects.

[0024] Attempts to address this limitation — such as the use of tight-fitting caps or hair preparation techniques — introduce additional workflow complexity and may still fail to resolve occlusion challenges.

[0025] In contrast, the present invention differs by employing calibrated tactile probes that make direct contact with the body surface, such as the scalp, through hair or fur. ThisConfidential

[0026] enables accurate mapping of regions inaccessible to optical scanning alone. By fusing LiDAR and tactile probe data, the system generates a comprehensive and accurate three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface, including regions not visible to LiDAR.

[0027] • Head-Mounted Fiducial Systems for Motion Tracking

[0028] These systems utilize fiducial markers placed on the subject’s head or body to monitor motion during scanning and placement. However, these markers move with the subject and do not provide a stable external reference. Any shift in the subject’s position between scanning and electrode or sensor placement can lead to misalignment and inaccuracies.

[0029] In contrast, the present invention employs an external reference landmark system that remains fixed relative to the scanning environment. This enables accurate motion tracking and compensation throughout the procedure. The system ensures consistent alignment between scanning, mapping, and electrode placement guidance, even if the subject moves. The external markers can be implemented as simple, low-cost, reusable elements such as coloured markers, reflective tape, or fiducial patterns detectable by the LiDAR system.

[0030] Key Features of the Present Invention:

[0031] 1. Combination of LiDAR-based three-dimensional scanning and calibrated tactile probes for comprehensive mapping of a subject’s body surface, including regions not visible to LiDAR, such as areas obscured by hair or fur.

[0032] 2. External fixed reference landmark system, comprising three or more fiducial markers, enabling real-time motion compensation and ensuring accurate electrode or sensor site measurement and placement guidance, even when the subject moves during scanning or placement.Confidential

[0033] 3. Reduced dependence on operator skill through automated guidance and objective site measurement, resulting in a streamlined workflow suitable for outpatient, inpatient, and intensive care environments, as well as field or remote applications.

[0034]

[0035] There is a clear and ongoing need for an electrode site measurement and placement guidance system that overcomes the limitations of existing technologies. Specifically, there is a need for a system that:

[0036] • Overcomes the challenges of hair or fur occlusion on body surfaces (e.g., scalp), addressing the limitations of optical-only scanning systems.

[0037] • Combines the broad coverage and rapid data acquisition of LiDAR-based three- dimensional scanning with the precision of calibrated tactile probes to generate a complete and accurate surface model.

[0038] • Incorporates a stable external reference system, fixed relative to the scanning environment, to compensate for subject motion during scanning and electrode or sensor placement guidance.

[0039] • Reduces reliance on operator expertise by providing automated guidance and objective positioning, ensuring consistent and reproducible electrode site measurement and placement across different operators and clinical settings.

[0040] • Streamlines the workflow for electrode or sensor placement by reducing setup time while maintaining or improving measurement precision and placement accuracy.

[0041] • Is adaptable to various clinical and research environments, including outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital settings, intensive care units (ICUs), and field applications where subject positioning and accessibility may present challenges.Confidential

[0042] The present invention addresses these needs by providing a hybrid system that integrates LiDAR-based scanning and calibrated tactile probes for comprehensive surface mapping. The system effectively resolves hair and fur occlusion challenges, compensates for subject motion using external fiducial markers, and reduces operator dependency by providing automated placement guidance and feedback. These features enable faster, more accurate, and reproducible electrode or sensor site measurement and placement, improving both clinical efficiency and the quality of physiological and neurophysiological data acquisition.

[0043] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0044] The present invention provides a hybrid LiDAR-tactile probe system and method for accurate measurement and guidance of electrode or sensor site placement on a subject’s body surface, including regions not visible to LiDAR, such as areas obscured by hair or fur, or regions not accessible due to subject positioning, for example, when the subject is in a supine position in an intensive care unit (ICU). The system integrates a LiDAR scanner, configured to rapidly capture the three-dimensional contour of the subject’s body surface, with one or more calibrated tactile probes configured to trace key anatomical landmarks and physically contact areas that are inaccessible to optical scanning alone.

[0045] Another key component of the present invention is its motion compensation system, which ensures electrode or sensor site measurement accuracy and placement guidance, even if the subject moves during scanning or placement. The system employs three or more fixed external reference landmarks, positioned on a stable structure such as a subject’s chair, bed, adjacent frame, or a dedicated fiducial frame located near the subject. These landmarks remain static relative to the scanning environment and are continuously monitored by the system’s software. Any movement of the subject’s body surface, such as the head or torso, is detected in real time and compensated for, maintaining alignment between the calculated electrode or sensor site positions and the subject’s anatomy throughout the procedure.Confidential

[0046] Key Innovative Features

[0047] Automated Electrode Site Mapping through LiDAR and Tactile Probe Data Fusion

[0048] The system uses a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scanner to provide an initial rapid three-dimensional scan of accessible areas of the subject’s body surface that are visible to LiDAR. In applications involving the head, such as electroencephalography (EEG), this may include regions such as the face, forehead, and lateral aspects of the scalp.

[0049] One or more calibrated tactile probes are then used to collect additional data by physically contacting regions that are concealed by hair, fur, or other occlusions, or that are otherwise inaccessible to optical scanning. For example, in applications involving the head, tactile probing may be used to identify anatomical landmarks such as the nasion, inion, and pre-auricular points, as well as along the midline between these landmarks or other relevant contour lines.

[0050] The combination of LiDAR scan data and tactile probe data results in a comprehensive, high-fidelity three-dimensional representation of the subject’s body surface, including areas not visible to LiDAR. This integrated model enables automated mapping of electrode or sensor site locations with high accuracy and reproducibility.

[0051] Hair Occlusion Solution

[0052] Unlike conventional optical scanning systems, which are limited by occlusion from hair, fur, or other surface coverings, the present invention employs calibrated tactile probes to physically contact the body surface through such obstructions. This enables accurate surface mapping of regions that are not accessible to LiDAR or other optical scanning systems, without the need for preparatory measures such as tight-fitting caps, hair gels, or shaving.

[0053] In certain implementations, an operator may part the hair or fur as needed and trace the tactile probe along key anatomical axes or predetermined contour lines to collect accurate spatial data. The data obtained from the tactile probe is integrated withConfidential

[0054] LiDAR scan data to generate a complete and accurate three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface, facilitating precise electrode or sensor site mapping in areas that would otherwise be inaccessible to optical methods.

[0055] Calibrated Tactile Probe Embodiments

[0056] The system includes one or more calibrated tactile probe designs, each suited to different tasks in the workflow of anatomical landmark registration and electrode or sensor site measurement. In various embodiments, the tactile probes may be equipped with features to enhance detectability by the LiDAR system, such as distinct surface geometries, color-coded markings, reflective coatings, or fiducial patterns.

[0057] The calibrated tactile probe embodiments may include, but are not limited to:

[0058] • Pedestal-Type Probe

[0059] A probe configured for registering anatomical landmarks on the subject’s body surface, such as the nasion, inion, and preauricular points. This probe may feature a flat or contoured contact surface to ensure perpendicular alignment with the body surface. In some embodiments, the probe includes an integrated marking mechanism, which may be manual or spring-actuated, for efficient point marking.

[0060] • Hollow Tube Probe with Alignment Mechanism

[0061] A probe comprising a hollow cylindrical body with a three-arm alignment system incorporating rounded tips or roller mechanisms. This design maintains perpendicular alignment relative to the body surface during continuous or discrete point tracing. The hollow tube may include a spring-loaded actuator or accommodate manual insertion of a marking device for accurate and consistent site marking.

[0062] • Electrode-Integrated Pointer System

[0063] A system in which electrodes or sensors are equipped with calibrated pointers or fiducial markers detectable by the LiDAR system. This configuration enables direct positioning of the electrode or sensor at the calculated site without requiring priorConfidential

[0064] marking of the body surface, streamlining the placement process and improving workflow efficiency.

[0065] In some embodiments, the tactile probes may also incorporate additional features, such as force sensors to monitor contact pressure, or haptic feedback mechanisms to guide the operator during use. The tactile probes may be configured in a variety of shapes and geometries, including linear, curved, or articulated structures, to facilitate access to anatomical regions that may be difficult to reach with a conventional straight probe. For example, a curved probe may be used to access anatomical landmarks such as the inion in a supine subject, or to navigate around anatomical contours on other parts of the body.

[0066] Motion Compensation via External Reference Markers

[0067] The system employs three or more fixed external fiducial markers to establish a stable reference coordinate system that remains fixed relative to the scanning environment. These external markers enable the system to continuously monitor the spatial relationship between the subject’s body surface and the scanning apparatus. If the subject moves during scanning or placement — whether repositioning of the head, torso, or other body parts — the system detects movement relative to the fixed external markers and applies real-time compensatory adjustments. This ensures that electrode or sensor site measurement and placement guidance remains accurate, even in the presence of subject motion.

[0068] The external fiducial markers may be positioned on a variety of stable structures, such as a subject’s chair, bed, adjacent frame, or a dedicated three-point fiducial frame placed near the subject. The system is adaptable for use in diverse clinical and research environments, including outpatient settings, intensive care units (ICUs), operating rooms, and field applications. The system accommodates various subject positions, including supine or reclined postures, by allowing for alternative mounting of the external reference markers to maintain a reliable reference frame.

[0069] Automated Electrode Site Calculation and Placement GuidanceConfidential

[0070] The system’s software is configured to algorithmically calculate electrode or sensor site locations based on the complete three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface and identified anatomical landmarks. Standard placement systems, such as the international 10–20 or 10–10 systems for EEG, as well as customized electrode or sensor montages, may be applied. The algorithm automatically adjusts the placement coordinates to fit the individual’s anatomy, accounting for variations in size, shape, and proportions. This ensures accurate and reproducible site measurement and placement guidance across different subjects, including both human and animal applications.

[0071] Once the electrode or sensor sites are mapped and calculated, the system guides the operator through the site placement process. Guidance may be provided via a graphical user interface (GUI), augmented reality (AR) overlays, auditory cues, or haptic feedback mechanisms. The operator is directed to the precise locations for electrode or sensor placement, minimizing reliance on manual measurement or operator experience.

[0072] In some embodiments, when using an electrode- or sensor-integrated pointer system, the LiDAR scanner may confirm the position of the pointer in real time. This enables direct placement of electrodes or sensors at the calculated site locations without requiring prior marking of the body surface, further streamlining the workflow.

[0073] The present invention offers a faster, more accurate, and less operatordependent method for automated electrode site mapping and placement. It addresses the limitations of existing systems by overcoming hair occlusion, compensating for patient motion, and reducing reliance on operator expertise. The system improves workflow efficiency by reducing setup time and increasing accuracy and reproducibility, enabling widespread use in outpatient, inpatient, intensive care settings and research.Confidential

[0074] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0075] Overview

[0076] The present invention relates to a system and method for accurate measurement and guidance of electrode or sensor site placement on a subject’s body surface. The system integrates LiDAR-based three-dimensional scanning with calibrated tactile probes and a motion compensation system to enable accurate and reproducible site measurement and placement guidance, particularly in regions where hair, fur, or other obstructions limit the effectiveness of optical-only systems.

[0077] The system is applicable in clinical and research environments, including applications such as electroencephalography (EEG), brain-computer interfaces (BCI), neuromodulation therapies, electromyography (EMG), and other neurophysiological and physiological monitoring procedures where precise electrode or sensor placement is critical for data quality and patient outcomes. The system may be used on human and animal subjects.

[0078] The system incorporates a LiDAR scanning device configured to rapidly capture the three-dimensional contours of a subject’s body surface. In some embodiments, the LiDAR scanner may be integrated into commercially available handheld or mountable devices equipped with high-resolution LiDAR sensors capable of generating point cloud data. The system is adaptable to different clinical settings and workflow requirements, supporting both portable and fixed configurations.

[0079] By combining high-resolution LiDAR scanning, tactile probe surface mapping, and an external reference landmark system, the invention addresses key challenges in electrode or sensor site mapping and placement. These challenges include occlusion caused by hair, fur, or other obstacles; subject movement during scanning or placement; and operator-dependent variability. The system provides automated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance to ensure consistency, accuracy, and workflow efficiency across diverse use cases and environments.Confidential

[0080] System Components

[0081] The system comprises several key components that work together to enable automated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance with high accuracy and efficiency. These components are illustrated in Figure 1 (System Overview) and Figure 2 (Tactile Probe Embodiments), and include:

[0082] 1. LiDAR Scanning Device

[0083] The system includes a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scanning device (1) configured to rapidly capture a three-dimensional point cloud of the subject’s body surface. The LiDAR scanner generates high-resolution surface data, particularly over areas that are not obstructed by hair, fur, or other occlusions. In applications involving the head, these may include the face, forehead, and lateral aspects of the scalp.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the LiDAR scanner may be integrated into commercially available handheld or mountable devices equipped with built-in LiDAR sensors capable of generating accurate depth maps and point cloud data. The system is adaptable to various clinical settings and workflow requirements, including portable configurations suitable for bedside or field applications. The LiDAR scanning process is depicted in Figure 1, where the operator directs the scanning device towards the subject.

[0085] In alternative embodiments, the LiDAR scanner may be integrated into mobile computing devices, wearable headsets, or incorporated into multi-sensor platforms, depending on the clinical or research environment.

[0086] 2. Calibrated Tactile Probes

[0087] The system includes one or more calibrated tactile probes (2), each designed to physically contact and trace the subject’s body surface in regions where hair, fur, or other occlusions limit the effectiveness of optical scanning methods. These tactile probes provide accurate three-dimensional positional data, supplementing the LiDAR scan to complete the body surface model.Confidential

[0088] Probe Embodiments

[0089] • Pedestal-Type Probe (2a):

[0090] Configured for registering anatomical landmarks on the subject’s body surface, such as the nasion, inion, and preauricular points in cranial applications. This probe includes a flattened or contoured contact surface to ensure perpendicular alignment with the body surface. In some embodiments, the probe may include an aperture or integrated marking mechanism, which may be manually operated or spring-loaded, for accurate marking of anatomical landmarks.

[0091] In addition to continuous tracing, the pedestal-type probe may be used to collect discrete point measurements at regular intervals along predefined contour lines. The system software is configured to interpolate between these discrete points to reconstruct a complete contour line or surface, providing flexibility in clinical or research settings where continuous tracing may not be feasible.

[0092] • Hollow Tube Probe with Alignment Mechanism (2b):

[0093] Comprising a hollow cylindrical body and a three-arm alignment system incorporating rounded tips or roller mechanisms, this probe maintains perpendicular alignment relative to the body surface during movement. The hollow tube may include a spring-loaded actuator or accommodate manual insertion of a marking device to allow consistent and accurate marking at electrode or sensor sites, such as Fz in a 10–20 placement system. The probe may also be configured with curved or articulated geometries to facilitate access to anatomical landmarks in various subject positions, such as supine or reclined postures.

[0094] • Electrode-Integrated Pointer System (2c):

[0095] In this configuration, electrodes or sensors (3) are equipped with calibrated pointers or fiducial markers detectable by the LiDAR system. This enables direct placement of electrodes or sensors at calculated site locations without requiring prior marking of the body surface, streamlining the placement workflow and improving efficiency.

[0096] Additional FeaturesConfidential

[0097] In some embodiments, the tactile probes may incorporate additional features such as:

[0098] • Force sensors configured to monitor contact pressure, providing feedback on probe alignment and contact quality

[0099] • Haptic feedback mechanisms to guide the operator during use

[0100] • Distinctive surface geometries, color-coded markings, reflective coatings, or fiducial patterns to facilitate detection by the LiDAR scanner or other optical tracking systems

[0101] The tactile probes are calibrated with respect to the external reference landmark system, ensuring that their positional data is accurately integrated with the LiDAR scan and the overall electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance process.

[0102] 3. External Reference Landmark System

[0103] As depicted in Figure 1, the system includes three or more fixed external reference landmarks (5) that establish a stable coordinate reference frame relative to the scanning environment. These fiducial markers are positioned on a stationary structure, such as a subject’s chair, bed, adjacent frame, or a dedicated three-point fiducial frame located near the subject.

[0104] Unlike fiducial markers that are attached directly to the subject’s body or head and move with the subject, these external reference landmarks remain fixed relative to the scanning environment. The system continuously monitors the spatial relationship between the subject’s body surface and the external reference landmarks, enabling real-time motion compensation during both scanning and electrode or sensor site placement guidance.

[0105] The external reference landmark system ensures accurate tracking and compensation for subject movement, maintaining alignment of the calculated electrode or sensor site positions with the subject’s anatomy. This capability supports accurate and reproducible site measurement and placement guidance, even in settings where the subject may move or be positioned in challenging postures, suchConfidential

[0106] as in outpatient clinics, inpatient wards, intensive care units (ICUs), or field environments.

[0107] 4. Processing Software

[0108] The system includes a processing unit (6) operatively connected to the LiDAR scanning device, calibrated tactile probes, and external reference landmark system. As shown schematically in Figure 1, the processing unit receives data from these components and executes software that performs the following functions:

[0109] • Integrates LiDAR and tactile probe data to generate a complete and accurate three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface.

[0110] • Continuously monitors the spatial relationship between the subject and the external fiducial markers to detect and compensate for subject movement in real time.

[0111] • Algorithmically calculates electrode or sensor site locations based on predefined placement systems, such as the international 10–20 or 10–10 systems for electroencephalography (EEG), as well as user-defined custom montages applicable to a variety of clinical and research scenarios.

[0112] • Provides real-time guidance for electrode or sensor placement through visual user interfaces (GUI), augmented reality (AR) overlays, auditory prompts, or haptic feedback mechanisms. These guidance outputs may be displayed or delivered via a monitor, AR headset, wearable device, or other interface.

[0113] The software ensures that electrode or sensor site measurement and placement guidance is accurate, consistent, and reproducible. This reduces reliance on operator expertise and enhances workflow efficiency in diverse environments, including outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital wards, intensive care units (ICUs), and field applications.

[0114] Method Workflow

[0115] The method workflow of the present invention involves a series of steps that enable accurate and reproducible electrode or sensor site measurement and placementConfidential

[0116] guidance. The workflow integrates LiDAR-based scanning, tactile probing, real-time motion compensation, and automated site mapping and placement guidance.

[0117] The process is illustrated in Figure 3, which provides an overview of the system workflow and demonstrates the sequence of operations required to perform comprehensive surface mapping, site calculation, and guided placement.

[0118] Step 1: Subject Preparation

[0119] The subject is positioned in a stable posture appropriate to the clinical or research setting, typically seated in a chair or lying in a bed. The system’s external reference landmarks (fiducial markers), as shown in Figure 1, are positioned on a stationary structure, such as a chair, bed, adjacent frame, or dedicated fiducial frame, fixed relative to the scanning environment. In inpatient or intensive care unit (ICU) settings, a three-point fiducial frame may be positioned adjacent to the subject’s body to accommodate supine or reclined positions. Hair or fur may be manually parted, if necessary, to facilitate tactile probe contact, but shaving, hair gels, or additional preparatory steps are generally not required.

[0120] Step 2: Initial LiDAR Scan

[0121] The operator performs an initial LiDAR scan of the subject’s body surface using the LiDAR scanning device (Figure 1, component 1). In cranial applications, this may include unobstructed areas of the head, such as the face, forehead, and lateral scalp regions. The LiDAR scanner captures a three-dimensional point cloud to generate a rapid base model of the subject’s body surface.

[0122] Step 3: Registration of Anatomical Landmarks

[0123] Using the pedestal-type calibrated tactile probe (as shown in Figure 2, component 2a), the operator registers key anatomical landmarks, including the nasion, inion, and left and right preauricular points. The probe ensures perpendicular alignment with theConfidential

[0124] scalp and may include an integrated marking mechanism to indicate landmark locations.

[0125] Step 4: Scalp Contour Mapping

[0126] The operator then maps key contour lines of the subject’s body surface. For cranial applications, these may include the mid-sagittal nasion-inion line and the coronal preauricular-preauricular line. Mapping can be performed using:

[0127] • Continuous tracing, typically with the hollow tube tactile probe (Figure 2, component 2b), which incorporates a three-arm roller mechanism to maintain perpendicular alignment.

[0128] • Discrete point measurement, using the pedestal-type probe (Figure 2, component 2a), positioned at regular intervals (e.g., every 2 cm) along predefined contour lines. The system software interpolates between points to reconstruct the full contour.

[0129] Step 5: Data Integration and Surface Reconstruction

[0130] The system’s processing unit (Figure 1, component 6) integrates the LiDAR scan data with tactile probe measurements to create a comprehensive and accurate three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface. This includes regions that may be obscured by hair, fur, or other occlusions, which are not accessible by optical scanning alone.

[0131] Step 6: Electrode Site Calculation

[0132] The system software algorithmically calculates electrode or sensor site locations based on the reconstructed three-dimensional model and registered anatomical landmarks. Standard placement systems, such as the international 10–20 or 10–10 systems for EEG, as well as customized montages or sensor arrays, may be applied. The algorithm adjusts placement coordinates according to the individual’s body geometry.Confidential

[0133] Step 7: Motion Compensation

[0134] Throughout the scanning and placement guidance process, the system continuously monitors the spatial relationship between the subject and the external reference landmarks (Figure 1, component 5). If any movement is detected, the system applies real-time positional corrections to maintain alignment between the calculated site locations and the subject’s anatomy.

[0135] Step 8: Electrode Site Placement Guidance

[0136] Once the electrode or sensor site locations are finalized, the system provides the operator with real-time placement guidance. Guidance may be delivered through a graphical user interface (GUI), augmented reality (AR) overlays, auditory prompts, or haptic feedback mechanisms. The operator is directed to each calculated site and may:

[0137] • Mark the site using the hollow tube tactile probe’s spring-loaded actuator (Figure 2, component 2b).

[0138] • Directly place electrodes or sensors using the electrode- or sensor-integrated pointer system (Figure 2, component 2c) with LiDAR-guided confirmation.

[0139] Step 9: Optional Post-Placement Verification

[0140] After all electrodes or sensors are placed, an optional verification scan may be performed. The LiDAR scanner and / or calibrated tactile probe may be used to confirm that the electrodes or sensors are accurately positioned relative to the calculated site locations, ensuring accuracy prior to commencing data recording or stimulation procedures.Confidential

[0141] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0142] Figure 1 illustrates an overview of the system for automated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance on a subject’s body surface. The figure shows the subject (1) positioned within the system, including the operator (2) holding a calibrated tactile probe (3), a LiDAR scanning device (4), a processing unit (5), a display interface (6), and external reference markers (7). It also shows a surface region not visible to LiDAR (8) due to occlusion from hair, fur, or other obstructions (9).

[0143] Figure 2 shows various embodiments of the calibrated tactile probe, including:

[0144] • Subfigure 2a illustrates a pedestal-type probe (10) configured for registering anatomical landmarks on the body surface, incorporating LiDAR-detectable markings (16).

[0145] • Subfigure 2b illustrates a hollow tube probe (11) incorporating three or more roller or rounded-tip arms configured to maintain perpendicular alignment relative to the body surface during tracing, with LiDAR-detectable markings (16).

[0146] • Subfigure 2c illustrates a hollow tube probe (12) similar to that of 2b, further incorporating an integrated actuator mechanism (15) for site marking and LiDAR-detectable markings (16).

[0147] • Subfigure 2d illustrates a curved tactile probe (13) configured for constrained access or use on irregular anatomical surfaces, also including LiDAR- detectable markings (16).

[0148] • Subfigure 2e illustrates an electrode or sensor-integrated pointer probe (14) configured to allow direct placement guided by the LiDAR scanning device, incorporating a LiDAR-visible fiducial pointer (17), an electrode or sensor pad (18), and / or LiDAR-detectable markings (16).

[0149] Figure 3 is a process workflow diagram illustrating the system’s method for semiautomated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement. Step 1 shows subject preparation with external reference markers (5). Step 2 involves an initial LiDAR scanConfidential

[0150] using the scanning device (4) and processing unit (5). Step 3 shows anatomical landmark registration using the pedestal-type tactile probe (10) to register landmarks (20), such as the nasion (21) and inion (22). In Step 4, surface contour lines (19) are traced with the hollow probe (11) or curved probe (13) over regions not visible to LiDAR (8). Step 5 involves integrating LiDAR and tactile data to generate a three-dimensional model (24). Step 6 shows site calculation for electrodes or sensors (18) at locations (25) based on standard or custom montages. Step 7 shows motion compensation via the fiducial markers (5). Step 8 shows the operator (2) guided by the display interface (6) to place electrodes or sensors (18) at the calculated locations (25). Step 9 shows optional verification using LiDAR or tactile probes to confirm placement.

[0151] Figure 4 shows a reconstructed three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface, including anatomical landmarks (20), such as the nasion (21), inion (22), and preauricular point (23); surface contour lines (19) traced using calibrated tactile probes (10, 13); and calculated electrode or sensor site locations (25) according to a standard or custom placement system. Subfigures 4a.1-4a.3 illustrate tactile probe use on visible and occluded landmarks, including supine positioning and curved probe (13) application. Subfigures 4b.1 and 4b.2 show contour reconstruction and algorithmic site calculation on a three-dimensional surface model (24). Subfigure 4c illustrates the final output view, displaying automatically calculated electrode or sensor positions (25) overlaid on the subject’s reconstructed surface.

[0152] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0153] Preferred Emfeo / ment Overview’Confidential

[0154] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the system is used for automated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance on a subject’s body surface (1). The system is particularly suited for applications such as electroencephalography (EEG) electrode placement according to the international 10–20 or 10–10 systems. It combines LiDAR-based three-dimensional scanning using a LiDAR scanning device (4), calibrated tactile probes (10, 11, 13), and an external reference landmark system (5) to ensure accurate and reproducible site measurement and placement guidance, particularly in regions where hair, fur, or other occlusions (9) render the surface (8) not visible to LiDAR.

[0155] System Configuration

[0156] The preferred embodiment includes the following components:

[0157] • A LiDAR scanning device (4) configured to rapidly capture the three- dimensional contours of the subject’s body surface (1). In some embodiments, the LiDAR scanner (4) may be integrated into commercially available handheld or mountable devices equipped with high-resolution LiDAR sensors capable of generating accurate depth maps and point cloud data. The device generates a point cloud of regions visible to LiDAR, such as the forehead, face, and lateral aspects of the head in cranial applications.

[0158] • A calibrated tactile probe system, including:

[0159] o A pedestal-type probe (10) for registering anatomical landmarks, such as the nasion (21), inion (22), and preauricular points (23). This probe ensures perpendicular alignment to the body surface and may include an integrated marking mechanism (15), which may be spring-loaded or manually operated.

[0160] o A hollow tube probe (11) incorporating a three-arm roller mechanism to maintain perpendicular alignment relative to the body surface during tracing. This probe may include a marking mechanism (15), which may be spring-loaded or manually operated. In the manual version, a marking device is inserted into the hollow tube and actuated by the operator (2) to mark the desired site.

[0161] o An electrode- or sensor-integrated pointer system (14), in which electrodes or sensors (18) are fitted with calibrated pointers or fiducialConfidential

[0162] markers (17) detectable by the LIDAR scanner (4), enabling direct placement of electrodes or sensors (18) without requiring prior marking.

[0163] • An external reference landmark system (5), comprising three or more fiducial markers fixed to a stable structure, such as a subject’s chair, bed, adjacent frame, or a dedicated fiducial frame. The system creates a static coordinate reference for real-time or periodic motion compensation.

[0164] • A processing unit (5), such as a tablet, laptop, or other computing device, connected to the LiDAR scanner (4), tactile probe system (10, 11, 13), and external reference landmarks (5). The processing unit runs software configured to integrate LiDAR and tactile data, compensate for subject movement, calculate electrode or sensor site locations (25), and provide guidance for placement via a display interface (6).

[0165] Preferred Workflow

[0166] 1. Subject Preparation

[0167] The subject (1) is positioned in a stable posture, with three or more external reference markers (5) affixed to a headrest, adjacent frame, or dedicated fiducial rig. In intensive care unit (ICU) settings, a three-point fiducial frame may be positioned adjacent to the subject’s body to accommodate supine positioning.

[0168] 2. LiDAR Scan

[0169] An operator (2) performs an initial LiDAR scan using the scanning device (4) to generate a three-dimensional model of regions of the body surface that are visible to LiDAR.

[0170] 3. Anatomical Landmark Registration

[0171] The operator (2) uses a calibrated tactile probe (10), such as the pedestal-type probe, to register key anatomical landmarks (20), ensuring perpendicular alignmentConfidential

[0172] during measurement. Landmarks may include the nasion (21), inion (22), or preauricular points (23).

[0173] 4. Surface Contour Mapping

[0174] The operator (2) maps contour lines (19) on the body surface. In cranial applications, this may include the mid-sagittal nasion-inion line and the coronal preauricular-preauricular line. Mapping can be performed by:

[0175] • Continuous tracing using the hollow tube probe (11) with a multi-point roller alignment system; or

[0176] • Discrete point sampling using the pedestal-type probe (10), with the system interpolating between points to reconstruct the contour.

[0177] 5. Data Integration

[0178] The processing unit (5) integrates LiDAR scan data and tactile probe measurements to reconstruct a comprehensive three-dimensional model (24) of the subject’s body surface, including areas that are not visible to LiDAR (8) due to occlusions such as hair or fur (9).

[0179] 6. Site Calculation

[0180] The system software calculates electrode or sensor site locations (25) based on the reconstructed surface model (24) and a selected placement system (e.g., the international 10-20 system, 10-10 system, or a user-defined montage).

[0181] 7. Motion Compensation

[0182] The system compensates for subject movement by referencing the external fiducial markers (5). Compensation may occur in real time, periodically, or at defined stages of the workflow, depending on the system configuration. This ensures that site placement guidance remains accurate even if the subject shifts after scanning.

[0183] 8. Placement Guidance

[0184] The operator (2) is guided to each electrode or sensor site using the display interface (6), which may provide visual cues, augmented reality overlays, auditory signals, or haptic feedback.Confidential

[0185] • In one workflow, the operator marks each site using a tactile probe (e.g., hollow tube probe 11) with an integrated marking mechanism (15).

[0186] • In another workflow, electrodes or sensors (18) with integrated pointers (14) are guided directly to the calculated site locations (25) without requiring prior marking.

[0187] 9. Optional Verification

[0188] A verification scan may be performed using the LiDAR scanning device (4) or a tactile probe (10, 11, 13) to confirm that electrodes or sensors (18) are positioned correctly prior to initiating data acquisition or stimulation.

[0189] Advantages Demonstrated in the Preferred Embodiment

[0190] • Accurate electrode or sensor site measurement and placement guidance is maintained despite subject movement, through motion compensation enabled by the external reference landmark system.

[0191] • Hair or fur occlusion is effectively managed through the use of tactile probe surface mapping, eliminating the need for shaving, tight-fitting caps, or gels. • Operator dependency is reduced through automated guidance and feedback, facilitating consistent results from both expert and non-expert users.

[0192] • The system is portable and adaptable for use in outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital wards, intensive care units, and field environments.

[0193] Alternative Embodiments

[0194] The present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. Various modifications and alternative configurations may be implemented within the scope of the invention. These include, but are not limited to:

[0195] • Adapting the system for automated site mapping and placement guidance of other types of electrodes or sensors on the subject’s body surface. Examples include electromyography (EMG), electrocardiography (ECG), neuromodulation electrodes, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) optodes, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils.Confidential

[0196] • Utilizing more than three external reference markers to improve redundancy, spatial resolution, and motion compensation accuracy, particularly in dynamic environments subject to vibration, movement, or variable subject positioning. • Incorporating additional features into the calibrated tactile probe system, such as force sensors to provide feedback on contact pressure, and haptic feedback mechanisms to enhance user interaction and ensure consistent probe alignment.

[0197] • Configuring the system for portable use in field or emergency response settings.

[0198] In such embodiments, the LiDAR scanning device, tactile probes, and processing unit may be integrated into a compact handheld device, or used with wearable computing platforms, such as augmented reality headsets.

[0199] • Customizing the electrode or sensor placement guidance according to user preference or clinical protocols, through visual prompts, auditory signals, haptic feedback, or augmented reality overlays.

[0200] • Implementing automated verification of electrode or sensor placement following initial application. This may include secondary LiDAR scans or tactile probe confirmation to ensure accurate site placement prior to data acquisition or stimulation.

[0201] DIFFERENTIATION FROM EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES

[0202] The present invention differs from existing electrode and sensor placement technologies in several key aspects.

[0203] Unlike conventional three-dimensional optical scanning systems, which rely solely on line-of-sight visibility and are limited by occlusions from hair, fur, or other obstructions, the present invention combines LiDAR scanning with calibrated tactile probes to acquire accurate positional data, even in regions not visible to optical systems. The calibrated tactile probes enable ground-truth point acquisition by physically contacting the subject’s body surface, overcoming the limitations of optical-only systems.

[0204] Existing systems often require the subject to remain immobile during scanning and placement to maintain positional accuracy. Many prior technologies depend on a fast, single-shot capture process or necessitate repeated re-scanning if the subject moves. In contrast, the present invention employs a fixed external referenceConfidential

[0205] landmark system, establishing a static coordinate reference frame that remains stable relative to the scanning environment. The system continuously monitors the spatial relationship between the subject and these fixed reference landmarks, enabling real-time motion compensation and maintaining alignment accuracy throughout scanning and site placement guidance, even in the presence of subject movement.

[0206] Furthermore, unlike multi-camera marker-based systems that require reflective markers to be attached to each electrode, sensor, or directly to the subject, the present invention utilizes three or more external fiducial markers fixed relative to the scanning environment. This approach simplifies the setup process, reducing preparation time and eliminating the need for numerous markers or extensive subject preparation.

[0207] The combination of LiDAR scanning and tactile probing, as implemented in the present system, is novel within this domain. It leverages the rapid data acquisition capability of LiDAR scanning for unobstructed regions while utilizing calibrated tactile probes to obtain precise positional data in regions inaccessible to optical scanning. By integrating data from both modalities, the system generates a comprehensive and accurate three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface, ensuring consistent and reproducible electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance across diverse clinical and research applications.

[0208] Use of Fixed Reference Landmarks in Detail

[0209] In one embodiment, the system continuously monitors the spatial relationship between the subject’s body surface and the external reference landmark system during scanning, site calculation, and placement guidance. If the subject shifts position following the initial scan and electrode or sensor site calculation — such as by leaning back or moving laterally — the fixed external reference landmarks remain stationary relative to the scanning environment. The LiDAR scanning device detects any positional change of the subject’s body relative to these markers. The system software automatically recalculates or updates the spatial coordinates of the calculated electrode or sensor site locations based on the detected movement. This ensures that the guidance for electrode or sensor placement remains accurate despite subject movement during the procedure.Confidential

[0210] For example, if the subject’s body surface shifts by a measurable distance (e.g., a displacement of 5 cm relative to the reference frame), the system detects this deviation and adjusts the placement guidance accordingly. Without such an external reference landmark system, positional movement of this magnitude could result in significant misalignment of the calculated site locations, potentially compromising the accuracy of electrode or sensor placement.

[0211] Empirical testing has demonstrated that three external fiducial markers, arranged in a triangular configuration around the subject’s body or head, are sufficient to capture both translational and rotational movements in three-dimensional space. In alternative embodiments, additional fiducial markers may be deployed to enhance redundancy, spatial resolution, and motion compensation accuracy, particularly in dynamic environments where vibration or frequent repositioning occurs.

[0212] The external reference landmarks may be implemented using cost-effective materials, such as coloured tape spots, reflective elements, or fiducial patterns. These markers are configured to be recognized by the LiDAR scanning device through colour detection, depth cues, or pattern recognition, enabling consistent tracking and reference alignment throughout the procedure.

[0213] Error Handling and Calibration

[0214] In certain embodiments, the system includes a calibration routine that may be performed on a regular basis, such as daily or prior to scanning each subject. During calibration, the tactile probe may be positioned at the location of each external fiducial marker to define coincident points between the probe coordinate system and the LiDAR scanning device. This calibration process ensures accurate alignment and registration between the tactile probe data and the LiDAR-generated three-dimensional surface model. The calibration compensates for any offsets in depth measurements, tracking accuracy, or mechanical tolerances within the system components.

[0215] The system is configured with hardware and software redundancies to improve reliability and data accuracy. In instances where the LiDAR scanner fails to capture complete or accurate data — such as in regions covered by dense, dark, or curly hair, or fur — the calibrated tactile probe is used to obtain direct positional measurements of the body surface. Conversely, if tactile probing is incomplete or inconsistent due toConfidential

[0216] user error or environmental conditions, the LiDAR data may be used to supplement and complete the surface model.

[0217] The system software may further include automated consistency checks to identify potential measurement anomalies. For example, if the system detects spatial data outside of expected anatomical ranges — such as an anomalous nasion-inion distance or an inconsistent preauricular span — the system may prompt the operator to repeat the measurement of specific landmarks or surface contours. These error handling routines ensure data integrity and improve the accuracy and reproducibility of electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance.

[0218] APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

[0219] The primary application of the present invention is in electroencephalography (EEG), where accurate and reproducible electrode placement is critical for clinical diagnostics — such as epilepsy evaluation and sleep studies — and for research applications, including brainwave mapping and brain-computer interface (BCI) experiments. By automating electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance, the system significantly reduces setup time for high-density EEG recordings, which may involve the placement of 64 or more electrodes. This efficiency benefits clinical settings with high patient throughput and research laboratories conducting multi-subject studies, improving consistency across operators and sessions. The system also enables high-density recordings outside of specialized centres, as non-expert personnel can achieve expert-level placement by following the system’s guidance.

[0220] Beyond standard EEG, the system is applicable to any procedure requiring reproducible placement of electrodes or sensors on a subject’s body surface, including regions obscured by hair, fur, or anatomical complexity. Examples include:

[0221] Human Clinical and Research Applications

[0222] • Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Co-registration: MEG procedures require accurate co-registration of EEG electrode positions or head shape relative to MEG sensors. The system can rapidly digitize head shape and electrodeConfidential

[0223] locations, typically performed using a tracking digitizer, with reduced complexity. It may also reliably place electrodes for simultaneous EEG-MEG recordings.

[0224] • Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES): Techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) depend on accurate electrode placement to target specific brain regions. The system ensures stimulator pads are positioned at predefined locations (e.g., 10-20 system sites or custom montages), supporting neuromodulation therapies and research.

[0225] • Neurosurgical Planning and Navigation: In neurosurgical contexts, accurate mapping of scalp or cranial landmarks facilitates placement of EMG electrodes, ultrasound transducers, and neuromodulation coils. The system provides rapid, precise mapping, which can replace manual landmark identification in the operating theatre or pre-surgical planning.

[0226] • Customized Headgear and Device Design: The system’s three-dimensional head model and electrode coordinates can inform fabrication of custom-fitted EEG caps, neurofeedback headsets, or BCI helmets. Personalized head scans can guide 3D-printed device production, streamlining individualized neurotechnology development.

[0227] • Clinical Monitoring Outside Laboratory Environments: Owing to its portability, the system may be deployed in field settings, ambulances, or at the bedside. Rapid and accurate electrode placement is critical for time-sensitive applications, such as emergency EEG in suspected status epilepticus or traumatic brain injury. The system’s motion compensation and automation enable application by nonexperts in challenging environments, including intensive care units (ICUs).

[0228] Preclinical, Veterinary, and Animal Research Applications

[0229] • Rodent and Small Animal Experiments: In preclinical neuroscience research, precise electrode or sensor placement in small animals such as mice or rats is critical for electrophysiology, optogenetics, and neuromodulation studies. Scaled- down, miniaturized versions of the system — including compact LiDAR scanners and fine-tipped tactile probes — may be used to map and guide electrode implantation with sub-millimeter accuracy.

[0230] • Chronic Implantation and Monitoring in Animal Models: The system may facilitate chronic implantation of electrodes or sensors in animal models,Confidential

[0231] improving reproducibility across subjects and reducing variability in preclinical studies.

[0232] • Veterinary Neurology and Cardiology: The system may be applied in veterinary clinical practice for animals requiring EEG, ECG, or EMG diagnostics. Accurate placement on animals with fur (e.g., dogs, cats, horses) is enabled by the system’s tactile probing and motion compensation capabilities, eliminating the need for shaving or additional preparation.

[0233] Summary of Advantages

[0234] • Accurate and reproducible electrode or sensor placement, including on regions obscured by hair, fur, or difficult anatomical positions

[0235] • Real-time motion compensation using a fixed external reference landmark system • Reduced operator dependency with automated guidance, enabling use by nonexperts

[0236] • Portability and adaptability for use in a wide range of clinical and research environments, including field applications and intensive care settings

[0237] • Scalability from high-density human EEG to precision-guided electrode placement in small animal models

[0238] • Support for customized headgear fabrication and personalized neurotechnology development

[0239] • Compatibility with a broad range of electrode and sensor types, including EEG, ECG, EMG, fNIRS, TMS, and neuromodulation systems

Claims

ConfidentialCLAIMSIndependent System Claim 1A system for automated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance on a subject’s body surface, comprising:• a LiDAR scanning device configured to capture a three-dimensional surface map of at least part of the subject’s body surface;• a calibrated tactile probe configured to physically contact the body surface and provide three-dimensional positional data of regions not visible to the LiDAR scanner, including regions obscured by hair, fur, or due to subject positioning, wherein the tactile probe comprises one or more embodiments including distinctive geometries, non-linear or articulated configurations, surface textures, color-coded markings, reflective coatings, or fiducial markers configured to enhance detectability by the LiDAR scanning device or other tracking systems; • an external reference landmark system comprising three or more fiducial markers fixed relative to the scanning environment, providing a static reference frame; and • a processing unit configured to:o integrate data from the LiDAR scanning device and the calibrated tactile probe to generate a complete three-dimensional model of the subject’s body surface; o calculate electrode or sensor site locations on the subject’s body surface based on the three-dimensional model and anatomical landmarks;o compensate for subject movement by referencing the external fiducial markers and applying real-time positional corrections; ando guide placement of electrodes or sensors at the calculated site locations through visual, auditory, or haptic feedback mechanisms.Dependent System ClaimsClaim 2The system of claim 1, wherein the calibrated tactile probe comprises a pedestal-type probe with a flattened contact surface configured for registering anatomical landmarks on the body surface.ConfidentialThe system of claim 1, wherein the calibrated tactile probe comprises a hollow tube probe incorporating a three-arm alignment system with rounded tips or rollers configured to maintain perpendicular alignment relative to the body surface.The system of claim 3, wherein the hollow tube probe includes a spring-loaded actuator or manual insertion mechanism configured to deploy a marking device to indicate an electrode or sensor site on the body surface.The system of claim 1, further comprising electrodes or sensors configured with calibrated pointers or fiducial markers detectable by the LiDAR scanning device, enabling direct placement of the electrodes or sensors at the calculated site locations without requiring prior marking.Claim 5The system of claim 1, wherein the calibrated tactile probe is configured for discrete point mapping by positioning the probe at intervals along predefined contour lines, and wherein the processing unit is configured to interpolate between the points to generate a complete contour.The system of claim 1, wherein the processing unit continuously monitors the position of the subject’s body surface relative to the external fiducial markers and applies real-time positional corrections during electrode or sensor site placement guidance to compensate for subject movement.The system of claim 1, wherein the processing unit provides placement guidance via a graphical user interface, augmented reality overlay, auditory cue, or haptic feedback mechanism.ConfidentialThe system of claim 1, wherein the external reference landmark system is configured for use in outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital settings, intensive care units (ICUs), or field environments, including with subjects in a supine position.The system of claim 1, wherein the LiDAR scanning device and the calibrated tactile probe are integrated into a portable, handheld unit for use in bedside or field applications.The system of claim 1, wherein the tactile probe comprises one or more of:• distinctive surface textures or coatings optimized for interaction with LiDAR signals;• color-coded markings, reflective elements, or fiducial patterns to enhance visibility and detection by the LiDAR scanning device or other tracking systems.Claim 12A method for automated electrode or sensor site mapping and placement guidance on a subject’s body surface, comprising:• scanning the subject’s body surface with a LiDAR device to generate a three- dimensional model of regions visible to the scanner;• using a calibrated tactile probe to directly contact the body surface in regions not visible to the LiDAR scanner, including regions obscured by hair, fur, or subject positioning, to identify anatomical landmarks and map surface contours;• identifying anatomical landmarks using a tactile probe, ensuring perpendicular alignment for accuracy;• mapping surface contours by either:o continuously tracing the body surface with a hollow tube tactile probe incorporating a three-arm alignment system; oro sampling discrete points at regular intervals along predefined contour lines using the tactile probe;Confidential• integrating data from both the LiDAR device and the tactile probe to generate a complete three-dimensional model of the body surface;• calculating electrode or sensor site locations based on standard or custom placement systems fitted to the subject’s body surface model;• compensating for subject movement by using three or more external fiducial markers fixed relative to the scanning environment to maintain a static reference frame during scanning and placement guidance; and• providing guidance for placement of electrodes or sensors at the calculated site locations based on the integrated model and motion-compensated data.Claim 13 (Dependent Method – Direct Placement without Marking)The method of claim 12, further comprising placing electrodes or sensors directly on the calculated site locations without prior marking of the body surface, using electrodes or sensors equipped with calibrated pointers or fiducial markers detectable by the LiDAR device.The method of claim 12, wherein site locations are marked on the body surface using a spring-loaded actuator or manual marking mechanism integrated into the tactile probe.Claim 15 (Dependent Method – Real-Time Guidance Modalities)The method of claim 12, wherein the guidance for placement of electrodes or sensors is provided in real-time, compensating for subject movement during placement.Claim 16 (Guidance modalities)The method of claim 12, wherein guidance for placement of electrodes or sensors is provided through a graphical user interface, augmented reality overlay, auditory cues, or haptic feedback.Claim 17 (Clinical Adaptability)ConfidentialThe method of claim 12, wherein the method is performed in outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital settings, intensive care units (ICUs), or field environments, including with subjects in a supine position.

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