Communication method and communication device

Abstract

Provided are a communication method and a communication device. The method comprises: a first device determining a first bit sequence on the basis of first information; the first device performing rate matching on the first bit sequence to determine a second bit sequence; and the first device generating an OOK signal on the basis of the second bit sequence. In the embodiments of the present application, a first device may perform rate matching on a first bit sequence, and then generate an OOK signal on the basis of a bit sequence having undergone rate matching (i.e., a second bit sequence), which helps improve the degree of matching between the number of bits of the OOK signal and the number of resources used for transmitting the OOK signal.

Description

Communication methods and communication equipment Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of communication technology, and more specifically, to a communication method and communication device. Background Technology

[0002] On-off keying (OOK) modulation is a relatively simple modulation method suitable for scenarios with high power consumption requirements, such as transmitting low-power wake-up signals (LP-WUS) or communication scenarios based on ambient internet of things (A-IoT) devices. However, the number of bits in the OOK signal after OOK modulation may not match the amount of resources available for its transmission; for example, the number of bits in the OOK signal may exceed the available resources, leading to transmission failure. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides a communication method and a communication device. The various aspects covered by this application are described below.

[0004] In a first aspect, a communication method is provided, comprising: a first device determining a first bit sequence based on first information; the first device performing rate matching on the first bit sequence to determine a second bit sequence; and the first device generating an OOK signal based on the second bit sequence.

[0005] In a second aspect, a communication method is provided, comprising: a second device receiving an OOK signal; the second device determining a second bit sequence based on the OOK signal; and the second device performing rate matching on the second bit sequence to determine a first bit sequence.

[0006] Thirdly, a communication device is provided, the communication device being a first device, comprising: a processing unit configured to determine a first bit sequence based on first information; the processing unit configured to perform rate matching on the first bit sequence to determine a second bit sequence; and the processing unit configured to generate an OOK signal based on the second bit sequence.

[0007] Fourthly, a communication device is provided, the communication device being a second device, comprising: a receiving unit for receiving an OOK signal; a processing unit for determining a second bit sequence based on the OOK signal; the processing unit is further configured to perform rate matching on the second bit sequence to determine a first bit sequence.

[0008] Fifthly, a communication device is provided, including a processor, a memory, and a communication interface, wherein the memory is used to store one or more computer programs, and the processor is used to invoke the computer programs in the memory, causing the communication device to perform some or all of the steps in the methods of the above aspects.

[0009] Sixthly, embodiments of this application provide a communication system including the aforementioned terminal device and / or network device. In another possible design, the system may further include other devices that interact with the communication device as described in the embodiments of this application.

[0010] In a seventh aspect, embodiments of this application provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that causes a communication device to perform some or all of the steps in the methods described above.

[0011] Eighthly, embodiments of this application provide a computer program product, wherein the computer program product includes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program operable to cause a communication device to perform some or all of the steps of the methods described in the foregoing aspects. In some implementations, the computer program product may be a software installation package.

[0012] Ninthly, embodiments of this application provide a chip including a memory and a processor, the processor being able to call and run a computer program from the memory to implement some or all of the steps described in the methods of the foregoing aspects.

[0013] In this embodiment of the application, the first device can perform rate matching on the first bit sequence, and then generate an OOK signal based on the rate-matched bit sequence (i.e., the second bit sequence), which helps to improve the matching degree between the number of bits of the OOK signal and the amount of resources used to transmit the OOK signal. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1 shows a wireless communication system 100 used in an embodiment of this application.

[0015] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the Internet of Things (IoT) environment to which the embodiments of this application are applicable.

[0016] Figures 3A and 3B are architecture diagrams of low-power Internet of Things based on cellular networks applicable to the embodiments of this application.

[0017] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a wake-up receiver (WUR) applicable to the embodiments of this application.

[0018] Figure 5 is a schematic flowchart of the communication method according to an embodiment of this application.

[0019] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the combination of the above signal processing procedures in the OOK signal generation process according to an embodiment of this application.

[0020] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the process of generating the OOK signal in an embodiment of this application.

[0021] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a communication device according to an embodiment of this application.

[0022] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a communication device according to another embodiment of this application.

[0023] Figure 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a communication device according to an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The technical solutions in this application will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0025] Figure 1 illustrates a wireless communication system 100 according to an embodiment of this application. The wireless communication system 100 may include a network device 110 and a terminal device 120. The network device 110 may be a device that communicates with the terminal device 120. The network device 110 may provide communication coverage for a specific geographical area and may communicate with the terminal device 120 located within that coverage area.

[0026] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary network device and two terminals. Optionally, the wireless communication system 100 may include multiple network devices, and each network device may include other terminal devices within its coverage area. This application embodiment does not limit this.

[0027] Optionally, the wireless communication system 100 may also include other network entities such as a network controller and a mobility management entity, which is not limited in this embodiment.

[0028] It should be understood that the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application can be applied to various communication systems, such as: 5th generation (5G) systems or new radio (NR), long term evolution (LTE) systems, LTE frequency division duplex (FDD) systems, LTE time division duplex (TDD) systems, etc. The technical solutions provided in this application can also be applied to future communication systems, such as 6th generation mobile communication systems, satellite communication systems, and so on.

[0029] The terminal device in this application embodiment can also be referred to as user equipment (UE), access terminal, user unit, user station, mobile station, mobile station (MS), mobile terminal (MT), remote station, remote terminal, mobile device, user terminal, terminal, wireless communication device, user agent, or user device. The terminal device in this application embodiment can be a device that provides voice and / or data connectivity to a user, and can be used to connect people, objects, and machines, such as a handheld device with wireless connectivity, vehicle-mounted device, etc. The terminal devices in the embodiments of this application can be mobile phones, tablets, laptops, PDAs, mobile internet devices (MIDs), wearable devices, virtual reality (VR) devices, augmented reality (AR) devices, wireless terminals in industrial control, self-driving, remote medical surgery, smart grids, transportation safety, smart cities, and smart homes, etc. Optionally, the UE can act as a base station. For example, the UE can act as a scheduling entity, providing sidelink signals between UEs in V2X or D2D, etc. For example, cellular phones and cars communicate with each other using sidelink signals. Cellular phones and smart home devices communicate without relaying communication signals through a base station.

[0030] The network device in this application embodiment can be a device for communicating with a terminal device. This network device can also be called an access network device or a wireless access network device, such as a base station. In this application embodiment, the network device can refer to a radio access network (RAN) node (or device) that connects the terminal device to the wireless network. A base station can broadly encompass, or be replaced by, various names including: NodeB, evolved NodeB (eNB), next-generation NodeB (gNB), relay station, transmitting and receiving point (TRP), transmitting point (TP), master MeNB, auxiliary SeNB, multi-mode radio (MSR) node, home base station, network controller, access node, wireless node, access point (AP), transmission node, transceiver node, baseband unit (BBU), remote radio unit (RRU), active antenna unit (AAU), remote radio head (RRH), central unit (CU), distributed unit (DU), positioning node, etc. A base station can be a macro base station, micro base station, relay node, donor node, or similar, or a combination thereof. A base station can also refer to a communication module, modem, or chip installed within the aforementioned equipment or apparatus. Base stations can also be mobile switching centers, devices that perform base station functions in device-to-device (D2D), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, network-side devices in 6G networks, and devices that perform base station functions in future communication systems. Base stations can support networks using the same or different access technologies. The embodiments of this application do not limit the specific technologies or device forms used in the network equipment.

[0031] Base stations can be fixed or mobile. For example, a helicopter or drone can be configured to act as a mobile base station, and one or more cells can move depending on the location of the mobile base station. In other examples, a helicopter or drone can be configured as a device to communicate with another base station.

[0032] In some deployments, the network device in this application embodiment may refer to a CU or a DU, or the network device may include both a CU and a DU. The gNB may also include an AAU.

[0033] Network devices and terminal devices can be deployed on land, including indoors or outdoors, handheld or vehicle-mounted; they can also be deployed on water; and they can also be deployed in the air on airplanes, balloons, and satellites. This application does not limit the scenario in which the network devices and terminal devices are located.

[0034] It should be understood that all or part of the functions of the communication device in this application can also be implemented by software functions running on hardware, or by virtualization functions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud platform).

[0035] Zero-power communication

[0036] Zero-power communication employs energy harvesting and backscatter communication technologies. Zero-power devices refer to IoT devices that use various environmental energy sources, such as radio frequency energy, light energy, solar energy, thermal energy, and mechanical energy, to power themselves. These devices may have no energy storage capacity or very limited energy storage capacity (e.g., using capacitors with a capacitance of tens of microfarads (µF)). Compared to traditional Internet of Things (IoT) devices, zero-power devices offer numerous advantages, including no need for conventional batteries, no maintenance, small size, low complexity and low cost, and long lifespan.

[0037] In some scenarios, zero-power devices can also be called zero-power devices or ambient power (AMP) devices.

[0038] The environmental Internet of Things (IoT) can include network devices (e.g., network device 110 shown in Figure 1) 110 and zero-power devices (e.g., terminal device 120 shown in Figure 1), as shown in Figure 2. The network device is used to send wireless power signals, downlink communication signals, and receive backscattered signals from the zero-power device. A basic zero-power device includes an energy harvesting module, a backscattered communication module, and a low-power computing module. Furthermore, the zero-power device may also have a memory or sensor for storing basic information (such as object identification) or acquiring sensor data such as ambient temperature and humidity.

[0039] It should be noted that Figure 1 exemplarily illustrates a network device and a zero-power device. Optionally, the communication system 100 may include multiple network devices, and each network device may include other zero-power devices within its coverage area. This application embodiment does not limit this.

[0040] In addition, in some implementations, the communication system 100 may also include other network entities such as a network controller and a mobility management entity, which is not limited in this application embodiment.

[0041] In some implementations, the terminal device may include an energy harvesting module and a backscatter communication module. In some cases, the terminal device may also include a low-power computing module. This low-power computing module provides computing functions for the terminal, such as data processing. In other cases, the terminal device may also include sensors for collecting external information (e.g., ambient temperature, ambient humidity). In still other cases, the terminal device may also include a memory for storing information (e.g., external information collected by the aforementioned sensors, or object identification).

[0042] The energy harvesting module described above is used to harvest energy. In some implementations, energy can be harvested via wireless power signals sent by network devices. These wireless power signals can be radio frequency (RF) signals sent by the network devices; therefore, the energy harvesting module described above is also called an "RF energy harvesting module."

[0043] In some implementations, the energy harvesting module can collect the energy of spatial electromagnetic waves from radio frequency signals based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, and store the collected energy in capacitor C, which is the charging process of capacitor C. After the charging process of capacitor C is complete, capacitor C can begin to discharge to power the terminal. For example, the discharge of capacitor C can be used to drive the terminal to perform low-power demodulation of data sent by network devices. Another example is that the discharge of capacitor C can be used to drive the modulation of data to be transmitted by the terminal. Yet another example is that the discharge of capacitor C can be used to drive the terminal's sensors to collect data. And yet another example is that the discharge of capacitor C can be used to drive the terminal to read data from memory, etc.

[0044] In some implementations, the aforementioned backscatter communication module is used for backscattering communication between the terminal and network devices. For example, the terminal device receives a wireless signal sent by the network device and modulates it to load the information to be transmitted. Finally, the modulated signal is radiated from the antenna; this information transmission process is called backscattering communication. Backscattering communication and load modulation are inextricably linked. Load modulation adjusts and controls the circuit parameters of the terminal's oscillation circuit according to the data stream's rhythm, causing parameters such as the terminal's impedance to change accordingly, thus completing the modulation process. Load modulation techniques mainly include resistive load modulation and capacitive load modulation. In resistive load modulation, a resistor is connected in parallel with the load, and this resistor is switched on or off based on the control of the binary data stream. The switching of the resistor causes a change in the circuit voltage, thus implementing amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation, that is, signal modulation and transmission are achieved by adjusting the amplitude of the terminal's backscattered signal. Similarly, in capacitive load modulation, the resonant frequency of the circuit can be changed by switching the capacitor on and off, thus realizing frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation. That is, the modulation and transmission of the signal are achieved by adjusting the operating frequency of the backscattered signal of the terminal.

[0045] In some implementations, the network device's transmit (TX) path can also include other devices for processing the transmitted signal, such as amplifiers. Similarly, the network device's receive (RX) path can include other devices for processing the received signal, such as low-noise amplifiers (LNAs).

[0046] In other implementations, the terminal device may include an energy harvesting unit to harvest energy from the wireless power signals transmitted by the network device. Alternatively, the terminal device may also include a logic processing unit to perform corresponding calculations.

[0047] In some implementations, the terminal device can use load modulation to modulate the incoming signal (i.e., the signal sent by the network device), thereby achieving backscatter communication. Therefore, terminal devices in backscatter communication typically have the following advantages.

[0048] One advantage is that since the terminal does not need to actively transmit signals, there is no need to construct a complex radio frequency (RF) path. For example, the RF path does not need to include power amplifiers (PAs) or RF filters, thus reducing the cost and size of the terminal.

[0049] The second advantage is that since the terminal does not need to actively generate high-frequency signals, it does not need a high-frequency crystal oscillator, thus reducing the cost and size of the terminal.

[0050] Thirdly, because the terminal can use backscatter technology to communicate with network devices, the terminal consumes less energy during communication, or even does not need to consume its own energy.

[0051] In some implementations, data transmitted by zero-power devices can be represented by different forms of code to indicate binary "1" and "0". Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems typically use one of the following encoding methods: non-return-to-zero (NRZ) code, Manchester encoding, unipolar RZ encoding, differential binary phase (DBP) encoding, Miller encoding, or differential encoding. In simpler terms, it uses different pulse signals to represent 0 and 1.

[0052] Classification of zero-power devices

[0053] In some scenarios, based on the energy source and energy usage of zero-power devices, zero-power devices can be divided into three categories: passive zero-power devices, semi-passive zero-power devices, and active zero-power devices.

[0054] I. Passive zero-power devices.

[0055] Passive zero-power devices typically do not require an internal battery. When a zero-power device approaches a network device, it falls within the near-field range of the network device's antenna radiation. At this point, the zero-power device's antenna can generate an induced current through electromagnetic induction. This induced current powers the zero-power device, enabling demodulation of the received signal and / or modulation and encoding of the signal to be transmitted. In some implementations, the passive zero-power device can be an electronic tag, and correspondingly, the network device can be a reader / writer for a radio frequency identification (RFID) system, used to read and / or modify the contents of the electronic tag.

[0056] II. Semi-passive zero-power devices.

[0057] The semi-passive zero-power device itself does not have a conventional battery installed, but it can use the energy harvesting module 121 to harvest radio wave energy and store the harvested energy in an energy storage unit (such as a capacitor). After the energy storage unit obtains energy, it can power the zero-power device to demodulate the received signal and / or modulate and encode the signal to be transmitted.

[0058] III. Active Zero-Power Devices

[0059] Active zero-power devices can have a built-in battery. The battery powers the zero-power device to demodulate the received signal and / or modulate and encode the signal to be transmitted. However, when the zero-power device uses backscatter communication technology, it does not consume battery power. Therefore, for this type of zero-power device, "zero power consumption" is mainly reflected in scenarios where the terminal uses backscatter communication technology.

[0060] In some implementations, the aforementioned active zero-power device can be an electronic tag, and the network device can be an RFID reader. In this case, the built-in battery can power the RFID chip within the zero-power device, thereby increasing the read / write distance between the RFID reader and the electronic tag. On the other hand, the built-in battery can also power the RFID chip within the zero-power device, reducing the read / write latency of the RFID reader on the electronic tag and improving communication reliability.

[0061] For the aforementioned passive and semi-passive zero-power devices, since they do not have built-in batteries, they need to harvest energy from the environment. On one hand, the zero-power device can only drive the circuit to receive or transmit data when it has harvested a certain amount of energy. Before it has harvested enough energy, it cannot receive or transmit data. On the other hand, when the zero-power device receives or transmits data, it consumes stored energy. When the stored energy falls below a certain level, the zero-power device can no longer receive or transmit data, and at this point, it needs to harvest energy from the environment again to continue receiving or transmitting data.

[0062] In other scenarios, zero-power devices can be categorized into three types based on transmitter type: backscatter-based zero-power devices, active transmitter-based zero-power devices, and zero-power devices that combine backscatter and active transmitter capabilities.

[0063] 1) Zero-power devices based on backscattering.

[0064] These zero-power devices transmit uplink data using the backscattering method described above. These devices do not have an active transmitter for active transmission, but only a backscattering transmitter. Therefore, when this type of terminal transmits data, a network device needs to provide a carrier wave, and the terminal device uses this carrier wave for backscattering to achieve data transmission.

[0065] 2) Zero-power devices based on active transmitters.

[0066] These zero-power devices use active transmitters with active transmission capabilities for uplink data transmission. Therefore, when sending data, these devices can transmit data using their own active transmitters without requiring a carrier wave from network equipment. Suitable active transmitters for zero-power devices include, for example, ultra-low-power ASK or ultra-low-power FSK transmitters. Based on current implementations, these transmitters can reduce overall power consumption to 400–600 µW when transmitting a 100 µW signal.

[0067] 3) A zero-power device that simultaneously features backscattering and an active transmitter.

[0068] These terminals can support both backscatter and active transmitters. The terminal can determine which uplink signal transmission method to use based on different conditions (such as battery level and available ambient energy) or the scheduling of network devices: whether to use backscatter or active transmitter for active transmission.

[0069] Cellular Passive Internet of Things

[0070] Cellular IoT is booming. For example, 3GPP has standardized IoT technologies such as narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), machine-type communication (MTC), and reduced capability (RedCap). However, there are still many IoT communication needs in various scenarios that cannot be met by existing technologies, such as: harsh communication environments, extremely small terminal form factors, and extremely low-cost IoT communication needs.

[0071] Among these, harsh communication environments refer to certain IoT scenarios that may face extreme conditions such as high temperatures, extremely low temperatures, high humidity, high pressure, high radiation, or high-speed movement. Examples include ultra-high-voltage substations, high-speed train track monitoring, environmental monitoring in frigid regions, and industrial production lines. In these scenarios, existing IoT terminals will be unable to function due to the limitations of conventional power supplies. Furthermore, extreme working environments are also detrimental to IoT maintenance, such as battery replacement.

[0072] The aforementioned requirement for extremely small terminal form factors refers to certain IoT communication scenarios, such as food traceability, commodity distribution, and smart wearables, which require terminals to have extremely small sizes for convenient use in these scenarios. For example, IoT terminals used for commodity management in the distribution process typically use electronic tags, embedded in product packaging in a very compact form. As another example, lightweight wearable devices can improve the user experience while meeting user needs.

[0073] The aforementioned extremely low-cost IoT communication requirements refer to numerous IoT communication scenarios that demand sufficiently low costs for IoT terminals to enhance their competitiveness compared to other alternative technologies. For example, in logistics or warehousing scenarios, to facilitate the management of large quantities of goods in circulation, IoT terminals can be attached to each item, enabling precise management of the entire logistics process and lifecycle through communication between the terminal and the logistics network. These scenarios require IoT terminals to be sufficiently competitively priced.

[0074] In addition, with the increasing applications in the communications industry, the types and application scenarios of connected devices are becoming more and more diverse, which will place higher demands on the price and power consumption of communication terminals. The application of battery-free, low-cost passive IoT devices has become a key technology for cellular IoT, enriching the types and quantities of terminals connected to the communication network and truly realizing the Internet of Everything.

[0075] In standardization discussions, zero-power IoT can also be referred to as A-IoT. Some technical literature also refers to it as passive IoT. A-IoT devices refer to IoT devices that use various environmental energy sources, such as radio frequency energy, light energy, solar energy, thermal energy, and mechanical energy, to power themselves. These devices may have no energy storage capacity or very limited energy storage capacity (e.g., using capacitors with a capacitance of tens of microseconds). Compared to traditional IoT devices, A-IoT devices have many advantages, including no need for conventional batteries, no maintenance, small size, low complexity and low cost, and long lifespan. They can be widely used in various industries, such as logistics, smart warehousing, smart agriculture, energy and power, and the industrial internet; they can also be used in personal applications such as smart wearables and smart homes.

[0076] Based on the discussion of A-IoT application scenarios according to the 3GPP system architecture (SA)1, A-IoT can be used in at least the following four types of scenarios:

[0077] • Object recognition, such as logistics, production line product management, and supply chain management.

[0078] • Environmental monitoring, such as monitoring the temperature, humidity, and harmful gases in the work environment and natural environment.

[0079] • Positioning, such as indoor positioning, intelligent item finding, and production line item positioning.

[0080] • Intelligent control, such as the intelligent control of various electrical appliances in smart homes (turning on and off air conditioners, adjusting temperature), and the intelligent control of various facilities in agricultural greenhouses (automatic irrigation, fertilization).

[0081] Typically, the battery-free and low-cost nature of devices enables low-cost, mass deployment and maintenance-free operation of devices such as IoT devices. Current standards are researching how to support A-IoT devices in NR and Wi-Fi systems. For A-IoT devices, the energy required for operation comes from environmental energy harvesting, which can be from wireless signals, solar energy, thermal energy, etc. These devices are similar to passive or semi-passive devices in zero-power communication.

[0082] In some scenarios, research projects have been carried out on A-IoT devices. Currently, A-IoT devices can be roughly divided into three types, which have different levels of complexity and communication capabilities.

[0083] Device A: It does not have energy storage capacity and cannot transmit independent signals; that is, it uses a backscatter transmission method.

[0084] Device B: It has energy storage capabilities but cannot transmit independent signals. It uses a backscatter transmission method and can amplify the backscattered signal using the stored energy.

[0085] Device C: It has energy storage capacity and can send independent signals, that is, it has active transmission capability.

[0086] Device A has the lowest complexity and power consumption, as low as 1μW, but its communication distance is limited, typically only a few meters. Device A requires a carrier signal from a network device for backscattering transmission. Device C generally has a large-capacity capacitor to store energy from the environment, supports power consumption of several hundred μW, supports active signal transmission, and has a longer communication distance. Because Device C can transmit actively, it does not require a carrier signal from a network device. Device B's complexity and power consumption fall between those of Device A and Device C.

[0087] In addition, zero-power terminals can support various types of environmental energy harvesting, such as radio frequency (RF), solar, thermal, and mechanical energy. Among these, zero-power terminals based on RF energy harvesting may require a network to provide RF power signals.

[0088] Current research projects for A-IoT devices aim to provide a unified air interface design, minimizing differences from traditional air interface designs, in order to support the following device performance:

[0089] Device Performance 1: Peak power consumption of approximately 1uW, with energy storage capacity, up to 10x The initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) in ppm is not amplified for either DL or UL transmissions. The device's UL transmission is backscattered on an externally provided carrier.

[0090] Device performance 2: Peak power consumption is less than several hundred uW, with energy storage capacity, up to 10 x The initial sampling frequency offset of ppm can be achieved using an amplifier for DL ​​and / or UL transmissions. The UL transmission of the device can be generated internally (actively transmitted) or backscattered on an externally provided carrier.

[0091] Among them, the peak power consumption of device performance 1 is lower than that of device performance 2. Devices with performance 1 can use backscatter communication in UL transmission, a compromise between the performance of devices A and B described above (possessing energy storage capability but unable to amplify the signal). Devices with performance 2 have higher peak power consumption and can use either active transmission or directional scattering in UL transmission. When this device uses active transmission for UL transmission, it is similar to device C described above; when it uses backscatter communication, it is similar to device B described above.

[0092] In some discussions, the business characteristics of A-IoT services such as device-terminated (DT), device-originated (DO), device-originated-autonomous (DO-A), and trigger-based device-initiated-device-terminated-triggered (DO-DTT) were discussed, and the business characteristics of different services are defined as follows:

[0093] For DO (Domain-Oriented) services, this refers to communication initiated by the terminal. For A-IoT devices, it involves the A-IoT device sending signaling / data to network devices and / or intermediate node devices (which can be initiated proactively or triggered). For example, DO services can include A-IoT data reporting and / or A-IoT data transmission.

[0094] For DT (Digital Transmission) services, this refers to communication terminated at the terminal. For A-IoT devices, it refers to the transmission of signaling / data from network devices and / or intermediate nodes to the terminal. For example, in the control process of A-IoT devices, DT services can involve network devices sending control signaling to A-IoT devices, and the A-IoT devices correspondingly performing operations. An example application scenario for DT services could be a network device controlling the on / off state of smart devices.

[0095] Regarding DO-A services, this service is a communication initiated autonomously by the terminal device. DO-A services can be a type of DO service, such as alarms.

[0096] For DO-DTT services, this is a network-triggered communication service initiated and terminated by the terminal. For example, DO-DTT services may include asset inventory-related services.

[0097] [Corrected according to Rule 91, April 17, 2025] In low-power IoT based on cellular networks, A-IoT devices can directly transmit and receive carrier waves, data, or signals from network devices (e.g., base stations), and send or backscatter data or channels to network devices. That is, network devices can communicate directly with A-IoT devices, as shown in Figure 3A (denoted as the first topology). Alternatively, communication between A-IoT devices and network devices can be achieved through an intermediate node. In this case, the intermediate node can send carrier waves, data, or signals to the A-IoT device under the control of the network device (e.g., base station), and the A-IoT device can send or backscatter data or signals to the intermediate node, as shown in Figure 3B (denoted as the second topology).

[0098] In some implementations, intermediate nodes can be nodes with weaker capabilities compared to network devices. For example, an intermediate node could be a smart terminal device.

[0099] Wake-up receiver (WUR)

[0100] To meet the energy-saving requirements of terminal devices, the Release 18 standard plans to introduce a Wireless Receiver (WUR) to receive energy-saving signals. The WUR features extremely low cost, low complexity, and extremely low power consumption, primarily relying on envelope detection to receive energy-saving signals. Therefore, the energy-saving signal received by the WUR differs from the modulation scheme and waveform of signals carried by the PDCCH as defined in the existing Release 16 and Release 17 standards. The energy-saving signal is mainly an envelope signal obtained by ASK modulation of the carrier signal. In some implementations, the demodulation of the envelope signal can be accomplished by driving low-power circuitry with energy provided by the radio frequency signal, eliminating the need for power supply to the terminal device; thus, the WUR can be passive. In other implementations, the WUR can also be powered by the terminal device. Regardless of the power supply method, the WUR significantly reduces power consumption compared to traditional receivers in terminal devices. For example, the WUR can achieve power consumption of less than 1 milliwatt (mW), far lower than the tens to hundreds of mW power consumption of traditional receivers.

[0101] Currently, the WUR can be integrated with terminal devices as an add-on module to the receiver of the terminal device. Of course, the WUR can also be used as a standalone module of a terminal device, for example, to implement a wake-up function.

[0102] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a terminal device carrying a WUR. Referring to Figure 4, the terminal device 400 may include a main receiver 410 and a WUR 420. To conserve power, the terminal device 400 can be configured to be in a sleep state (e.g., when the terminal device is in DRX sleep mode), or in other words, the main receiver 410 of the terminal device can be in a sleep state. In this case, the terminal device 400 can use the WUR 420 to receive power-saving signals. In some cases, if the terminal device 400 needs to wake up the main receiver 410, the network device can send a wake-up signal (WUS) (also known as low-power WUS (LP-WUS)). Correspondingly, the terminal device can listen for the WUS through the WUR 420. When the WUR 420 detects the WUS, it can wake up the main receiver 410. Otherwise, the main receiver 410 of the terminal device can remain in a sleep state.

[0103] In some implementations, the WUR listening to the WUS can include: the WUR listening to one WUS, or the WUR listening to multiple WUS.

[0104] In some other implementations, the above-mentioned WUR wake-up of the master receiver may include: the WUR sending a WUS to the master receiver, the WUS being used to wake up the master receiver; or the WUR sending a wake-up indication message to the master receiver, the wake-up indication message being used to wake up the master receiver.

[0105] To facilitate differentiation, the following text describes the differences between the WUR and the main receiver in terms of modulation method, modulation waveform, transmission rate, supported bandwidth range, and code rate.

[0106] In terms of the modulation schemes supported by both, the WUR supports modulation schemes with lower complexity than those supported by the main receiver. In some implementations, the WUR supports one or more of the following modulation schemes: amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), frequency shift keying (FSK), etc. Correspondingly, the main receiver supports one or more of the following modulation schemes: quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), etc. Of course, in other implementations, the main receiver may also support at least one of ASK, PSK, and FSK modulation schemes. This application does not specifically limit this.

[0107] In terms of the modulation waveforms supported by both, the modulation waveforms supported by the WUR are less complex than those supported by the main receiver; in other words, the modulation waveforms supported by the WUR are simpler than those supported by the main receiver. For example, the modulation waveforms supported by the WUR may include one or more of the following: waveforms corresponding to ASK signals, PSK signals, and FSK signals. Correspondingly, the modulation waveforms supported by the main receiver may include one or more of the following: waveforms corresponding to QPSK signals, QAM signals, and OFDM signals. Of course, in some embodiments, the modulation waveforms supported by the main receiver may also include waveforms corresponding to one or more of ASK, PSK, and FSK signals.

[0108] In terms of supported transmission rates, the WUR supports a lower transmission rate than the main receiver. For example, the WUR supports a transmission rate lower than a first rate threshold, which can range from 1Kbps to 1Mbps, and can be 1Kbps, 128Kbps, 515Kbps, or 1Mbps, etc. Conversely, the main receiver supports a transmission rate higher than the first rate threshold. For example, the main receiver supports transmission rates greater than 10Kbps, 100Kbps, 1000Kbps, 1Gbps, etc.

[0109] In terms of the bandwidth range supported by both, the bandwidth supported by the WUR is smaller than that supported by the main receiver; in other words, the bandwidth supported by the WUR is narrower than that supported by the main receiver. For example, the bandwidth supported by the WUR can be less than or equal to a first bandwidth threshold, which can range from 1KB to 1MB, such as 1KB, 128KB, 515KB, or 1MB. Correspondingly, the bandwidth supported by the main receiver can be greater than the first bandwidth threshold; for example, the bandwidth supported by the main receiver can be greater than 10KB, 100KB, 1000KB, or 1GB.

[0110] In terms of supported code rates, the WUR supports code rates lower than those supported by the main receiver. For example, the code rate supported by the WUR is less than or equal to a first code rate threshold, which can be between 0.3 and 0.6, such as 0.3, 0.5, or 0.6. Correspondingly, the code rate supported by the main receiver can be greater than the first code rate threshold. For example, the code rate supported by the main receiver can be greater than 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or close to 1.

[0111] The following describes the LP-WUS / WUR standardization work applicable to the embodiments of this application. In the 3GPP R18 research project, further energy-saving processing for terminal devices was considered. LP-WUR was introduced, allowing the terminal device to listen to LP-WUS signals. When a wake-up signal is received from a network device, LP-WUR wakes up the master receiver. For example, when using LP-WUR to listen for wake-up signals, the MR can be in an extremely low-power state (i.e., ultra-deep sleep state), thereby achieving overall energy saving for the terminal device.

[0112] In Release 18 (R18), 3GPP studied LP-WUS / WUR and produced research report TR 38.869. In 3GPP Release 19 (R19), LP-WUS / WUR was standardized, and the overall standardization content is as follows.

[0113] I. Standardize a general LP-WUS design (RAN1, RAN4) that can be applied to both the idle / inactive and connected states.

[0114] 1. Standardize LP-WUS signals based on OOK (OOK-1 and / or OOK-4), with OFDM sequences superimposed on the OOK symbols. For example, LP-WUS designs should ensure that, in the IDLE / INACTIVE state, regardless of the receiver design used, LP-WUS transmits the same information. Simultaneously, OFDM sequences can also carry information.

[0115] 2. LP-WUS at least supports the duty-cycled monitoring mode.

[0116] II. The following design is proposed for the IDLE / INACTIVE state:

[0117] 1. Standardize the process and configuration for triggering LP-WUS paging message listening, including at least: "Configuration", "Subgroup" and "Conditions for entering / exiting LP-WUS listening" (RAN2, RAN1, RAN3, RAN4).

[0118] 2. LP-SS with a standardization period of Yms for LP-WUR can be used for synchronization and / or radio resource management (RAN1, RAN4) of the serving cell.

[0119] -LP-SS is based on OOK-1 and / or OOK-4 waveforms, and OFDM sequences can be superimposed on OOK symbols with or without superimposing. In WI, the option to superimpose OFDM sequences on LP-SS is selected.

[0120] It should be noted that for LP-WURs that can receive existing PSS / SSS signals, the existing PSS / SSS signals can be used to replace LP-SS for synchronization and RRM.

[0121] The value of -Y needs to be determined in the WI stage. For example, 320m can be used as an initial value.

[0122] 3. Further standardize the RRM relaxation for UE MR measurements in serving cell and neighboring cells. RRM measurements of UE serving cell can be devolved from MR to LP-WUR, including the necessary condition design (RAN4, RAN2).

[0123] III. For the CONNECTED state, the process of the standardized LP-WUS triggering the UE MR to perform PDCCH listening includes the activation and deactivation process of LP-WUS (RAN2, RAN1).

[0124] 1. RAN2 TU adjustments will be considered at the RAN#105 meeting. It's important to note that in CONNECTED state, the UE MR will not enter a deep sleep state; UE RR / RLM / BFD / CSI measurements will be performed through the MR. Additionally, it's worth noting that the coverage performance of LP-WUS and LP-SS is close to that of PUSCH msg3.

[0125] 2. The priority of LP-WUS signal optimization design in IDLE / INACTIVE state is higher than that in CONNECTED state.

[0126] Based on the above introduction to the standardization work of LP-WUS / WUR, the following conclusions were drawn from the LP-WUS / WUR meeting.

[0127] Conclusion 1 [RAN1#118]: LP-WUS with Manchester coding is supported. Further research is needed on other coding schemes.

[0128] Conclusion 2 [RAN1#118bis]: Select the LP-WUS information for OOK from the following alternatives to meet the target requirements:

[0129] • Add cyclic redundancy check (CRC);

[0130] • If necessary, consider channel coding other than Manchester coding, including rate matching;

[0131] • If necessary, it can be mapped to binary sequences / codewords, including truncation;

[0132] • If necessary, repetition can be performed, including rate matching;

[0133] • If necessary, combinations of the above options may be considered;

[0134] • If necessary, Manchester encoding can be assumed to be combined with the above.

[0135] Further discussion will focus on how to transmit LP-WUS within one or more measurement opportunities (MOs).

[0136] Conclusion 3 [RAN1#120]: For the LP-WUS information carried by OOK, option 1 is selected to meet the performance requirements of false alarm rate (FAR) and miss-detection rate (MDR).

[0137] Option 1: If necessary, a rate-matching coding scheme can be considered.

[0138] - For information of two or more digits: RM encoding can be performed according to section 5.3.3.3 of 38.212 (FFS: whether to scramble within the same segment).

[0139] - If 2 information bits are supported: encoding can be performed according to Section 5.3.3.2 of 38.212 (FFS: whether to scramble in the same section).

[0140] - If 1 information bit is supported: repetition is allowed, as described in Section 38.212, 5.3.3.1 (FFS: whether to scramble within the same segment).

[0141] - Further discussion on code block length.

[0142] - Further discussion will be repeated before or after Manchester encoding.

[0143] Conclusion 4 [RAN1#120]: For WUS information carried by superimposed OFDM sequences, at least the following options should be considered:

[0144] Option 1: Raw information bits are mapped to sequences.

[0145] Option 2: The original information bits are mapped to a sequence after channel coding, for example, using the same channel coding scheme as OOK.

[0146] • Further discussion on rate matching and / or repetition coefficients that are the same as or different from OOK.

[0147] • Option 3: Map code points / subgroups to sequences.

[0148] Based on the current 3GPP meeting conclusions, Manchester coding can be supported for LP-WUS. Meanwhile, to meet coverage requirements, i.e., FAR and MDR requirements, wake-up information carried by the OOK symbol can be processed using encoding. This may involve further repetition before or after Manchester coding. Considering the limited allocated time-frequency resources, rate matching processing of the wake-up information may be required.

[0149] For LP-WUS, when OOK modulation is supported, M takes values ​​of 1, 2, and 4. The following conclusions have been reached regarding the maximum number of candidate OFDM sequences corresponding to different M values.

[0150] Conclusion 5 [RAN1#120]: For schemes that carry WUS information via OFDM sequences, the following options can be considered:

[0151] Option 1: The original information bits are mapped to a sequence;

[0152] Option 2: The original information bits are mapped to a sequence after channel coding, where the same channel coding scheme as OOK can be used;

[0153] • Further discussion of rate matching and / or repetition coefficients that are the same as or different from OOK;

[0154] Option 3: Code point / subgroup mapping to sequence.

[0155] Conclusion 6 [RAN1#119]: For each OOK on chip in a cell, the maximum number of candidate overlay sequences (also known as OFDM candidate sequences) used to carry LP-WUS information is as follows: If M=4, a maximum of 4 candidate overlay sequences are supported.

[0156] Conclusion 7 [RAN1#120]: For idle mode, the maximum number of candidate overlay sequences used to carry LP-WUS information for each OOK on chip in a cell is as follows:

[0157] • If M=1, a maximum of 16 candidate stacking sequences are supported.

[0158] • If M=2, a maximum of 8 candidate stacking sequences are supported.

[0159] • In idle mode, for all candidate overlay sequences carrying LP-WUS information in OOK on chips within a cell, the maximum number of root sequences (in the specification) is [FFS:X]. Further discussion is needed regarding whether different M values ​​can correspond to different numbers of root sequences.

[0160] Further discussion is needed regarding the fact that, in idle mode, the number of overlay sequences applicable to each OOK on chip does not exceed 2.

[0161] Furthermore, during discussions at a 3GPP standardization organization meeting, preliminary conclusions were reached regarding the coding method for A-IoT. The main conclusions are as follows:

[0162] Conclusion 8 [RAN1#120]: For R2D Manchester encoding, the relevant provisions are defined according to TR 38.769 as follows:

[0163] One chip corresponds to one modulation symbol.

[0164] For Manchester encoding, the bit-to-chip mapping is: bit 0 → chips{10}, bit 1 → chips{01}.

[0165] Conclusion 9 [RAN1#120]: RAN1 concludes that the generator polynomial of the LTE convolutional code with a constraint length of 7 and a coding rate of 1 / 3 from the 3GPP TS 36.212 standard is reused as the mother code for the Internet of Things in the environment.

[0166] Conclusion 10 [RAN1#120]: For D2R repetition, block-level repetition from TR38.769 is supported.

[0167] Conclusion 11 [RAN1#120]: For small frequency shift + / -R / Tb Hz D2R transmission, where the time duration Tb corresponds to one bit (or after FEC if FEC is applied), and R = Tb / (2 × D2R chip length).

[0168] For OOK modulation, the 2R chips transmitted for bit 1 and bit 0 are [0 1 0 1…] and [1 0 0 0…], respectively.

[0169] For binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, the 2R chips transmitted for bit 1 and bit 0 are [-1 +1 -1 +1…] and [+1 -1 +1 -1…], respectively.

[0170] It is important to note that the case of R=1 is equivalent to using Manchester encoding without repeating each Manchester codeword.

[0171] Rate matching

[0172] The code corresponding to the rate matching scheme used for channel coding with small data block lengths can be represented as: for k = 0 to E1-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0173] The rate-matched input bit sequence is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The output bit sequence after rate matching is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E1―1 Here, E1 represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching. Furthermore, the output bit sequence after rate matching is obtained using the code described above.

[0174] As mentioned earlier, OOK modulation is a relatively simple modulation method suitable for scenarios with high power consumption requirements, such as in LP-WUS transmission or A-IoT-based communication. However, the number of bits in the OOK modulated signal may not match the available resources for transmission; for example, the number of bits in the OOK signal may exceed the available resources, leading to transmission failure.

[0175] Therefore, to address the aforementioned problems, this application provides a communication method. In this method, a first device can perform rate matching on a bit sequence, and then generate an OOK signal based on the rate-matched bit sequence (i.e., a second bit sequence), which helps to improve the matching degree between the number of bits in the OOK signal and the amount of resources used to transmit the OOK signal.

[0176] In this application embodiment, the first device is not limited. In some implementations, the first device can be understood as the transmitter of the OOK signal. For example, the first device can be a network device. Another example is that the first device can be the intermediate node described above. Yet another example is that the first device can be a terminal device. Still another example is that the first device can be an A-IoT device and / or a zero-power device.

[0177] The communication method of this application embodiment is described below with reference to FIG5. The method shown in FIG5 includes steps S510 to S530.

[0178] In step S510, the first device determines the first bit sequence based on the first information.

[0179] In some implementations, the first information includes one or more of the following: wake-up indication information (e.g., LP-WUS as described above), code points, subgroups of terminal devices, and A-IoT related information.

[0180] In some implementations, the aforementioned code point can correspond to a subgroup (i.e., a subgroup of terminal devices) within a paging occasion (PO). In this case, the code point can be understood as being used to wake up the terminal devices within the subgroup. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, a code point can also correspond to all subgroups within a PO. In this case, the code point can be understood as being used to wake up the terminal devices within all subgroups.

[0181] In some implementations, the aforementioned subgroup of terminal devices can be understood as the group of terminal devices paging by the network device during the paging process, wherein a terminal device group may include one or more terminal devices.

[0182] In some implementations, the aforementioned A-IoT-related information can be understood as information transmitted within the A-IoT scenario. For example, it could be information transmitted from an intermediate device to an A-IoT device. Alternatively, it could be information transmitted from a network device to an A-IoT device. Or, it could be information transmitted from an A-IoT device to an intermediate device. Or, it could be information transmitted from an A-IoT device to a network device.

[0183] In step S520, the first device performs rate matching on the first bit sequence to determine the second bit sequence.

[0184] In some implementations, the first bit sequence can be understood as the rate-matched input sequence. In other implementations, the second bit sequence can be understood as the rate-matched output sequence, or the second bit sequence can be obtained by further processing the rate-matched output bit sequence. For example, see the relevant description in Example 5 below.

[0185] In step S530, the first device generates an OOK signal based on the second bit sequence.

[0186] In some implementations, the first device generates an OOK signal based on the second bit sequence. This can be understood as the first device performing OOK modulation on the second bit sequence to obtain the OOK signal, as described below with reference to Embodiment 1. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the first device can also process the second bit sequence to obtain other bit sequences (for example, the third bit sequence described below with reference to Embodiment 3), and then perform OOK modulation on the other bit sequences to obtain the OOK signal.

[0187] In some implementations, the first device generates an OOK signal based on a second bit sequence, including superimposing an OFDM sequence on the OOK symbol to obtain the OOK signal. For example, this may include mapping the second bit sequence to an OFDM sequence and superimposing the OFDM sequence on the OOK symbol to obtain the OOK signal. Another example is mapping other bit sequences (which may be obtained by processing the second bit sequence) to an OFDM sequence to obtain the OOK signal. The following will describe these implementations in conjunction with Embodiments 2, 4, and 5.

[0188] In some implementations, it is assumed that the length of the first bit sequence is N and the length of the second bit sequence is E, where N and E are both positive integers. Accordingly, after rate matching, the length N of the first bit sequence and the length E of the second bit sequence can satisfy one of the following: if N is greater than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first E bits of the first bit sequence; or, if N is equal to E, then the first bit sequence and the second bit sequence are the same; or, if N is less than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first bit sequence and a repeating sequence of some or all of the first bit sequence.

[0189] In some scenarios, the generation of the OOK signal by the first device may include other signal processing procedures besides rate matching, such as adding CRC, block coding, repetition, and Manchester encoding, or one or more of these. Introducing CRC during OOK signal generation helps improve transmission security. Introducing block coding helps improve information coverage. Introducing repetition helps improve the reliability of information transmission. Introducing Manchester encoding helps improve the reliability of information transmission.

[0190] In some implementations, the generation process of the OOK signal may include Manchester encoding. In the embodiments of this application, the order of Manchester encoding and rate matching in the generation process of the OOK signal is not limited. For example, Manchester encoding may be performed before rate matching in the generation process of the OOK signal. Alternatively, Manchester encoding may be performed after rate matching in the generation process of the OOK signal.

[0191] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the Manchester encoding is performed before rate matching, which can be understood as meaning that no other data processing procedures are included between Manchester encoding and rate matching. Of course, in this embodiment, the fact that Manchester encoding is performed before rate matching can also be understood as including one or more other data processing procedures between Manchester encoding and rate matching. These other data processing procedures may include, for example, adding CRC, block encoding, and repetition, or one or more of these.

[0192] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the Manchester encoding is performed after rate matching, which can be understood as meaning that no other data processing procedures are included between Manchester encoding and rate matching. Of course, in this embodiment, the fact that Manchester encoding is performed after rate matching can also be understood as including one or more other data processing procedures between Manchester encoding and rate matching. These other data processing procedures include, for example, adding CRC, block encoding, and repetition, or one or more of these.

[0193] To facilitate understanding, the following section, in conjunction with Figure 6, describes the combination of the above signal processing steps during OOK signal generation. Referring to Figure 6, assuming the first device acquires the original information, it can first perform CRC processing on the original information, and then perform block encoding on the processed information to obtain encoded information. Next, the encoded information is processed repeatedly to obtain processed information. Then, rate matching is performed on the processed information to obtain rate-matched information. Next, Manchester encoding is performed on the rate-matched information to obtain encoded information. The encoded information is then processed repeatedly to obtain processed information. Finally, OOK modulation is performed on the processed information to obtain the OOK signal.

[0194] In some implementations, the original information may be, for example, the first information described above.

[0195] In some implementations, block coding can be introduced if it is necessary to improve the coverage of the original information to meet MDR and FAR requirements. Conversely, if the performance of the original information itself is sufficient to meet MDR and FAR requirements, block coding can be omitted.

[0196] It should be noted that in the generation process of the OOK signal shown in Figure 6, the processing steps corresponding to the dashed boxes (e.g., adding CRC, block coding, repetition) represent optional processing steps, and this application embodiment does not limit them. In addition, for the dashed boxes corresponding to rate matching, it indicates that rate matching can be performed before Manchester encoding or after Manchester encoding.

[0197] As described above, there are various combinations of signal processing steps involved in the OOK signal generation process. Different combinations of these signal processing steps result in different rate matching parameters, and consequently, different lengths of the second bit sequence determined based on rate matching. The following describes the parameters used to determine the length of the second bit sequence in the embodiments of this application.

[0198] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: a first number, a second number, a third number, and a fourth number.

[0199] Taking the length of the second bit sequence as related to the first quantity as an example, in some implementations, the first quantity represents the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information. For ease of description, the first quantity can be represented as "L", that is, the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information is L, where L is a positive integer greater than or equal to 0.

[0200] In this embodiment, the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting the first information is not limited. In some implementations, the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting the first information can be understood as the total number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting the first information. For example, if the first information needs to be transmitted repeatedly, the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting the first information can be understood as the total number of OFDM symbols used for multiple repeated transmissions of the first information. Alternatively, if the first information does not need to be transmitted repeatedly, the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting the first information can be understood as the total number of OFDM symbols used for a single transmission of the first information. Or, if the first information needs to be transmitted repeatedly, the first number can represent the number of OFDM symbols used for a single transmission of the first information.

[0201] In some implementations, the first quantity can be configured by the network device. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the first quantity can be determined based on a predefined or preconfigured value.

[0202] Taking the length of the second bit sequence as an example related to the second quantity, in some implementations, the second quantity represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol. For ease of description, the second quantity can be represented as "M", that is, the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol is M, where M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 0.

[0203] In some implementations, the second quantity can be configured by the network device. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the second quantity can also be predefined or preconfigured.

[0204] Taking the length of the second bit sequence as an example related to the third quantity, in some implementations, the third quantity represents the number of repetitions required after rate matching. For ease of description, the third quantity can be represented as "P", that is, the number of repetitions required after rate matching is P times, where P is a positive integer greater than or equal to 0.

[0205] In some implementations, the third quantity can be configured by the network device. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the third quantity can also be predefined or preconfigured.

[0206] Taking the length of the second bit sequence as an example related to the fourth quantity, in some implementations, the fourth quantity represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences (also known as "candidate sequences or candidate superposition sequences") corresponding to an OOK on symbol. For ease of description, the fourth quantity can be represented as "S", that is, the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol is S, where S is a positive integer greater than or equal to 0.

[0207] In some scenarios, during the transmission of the first information, it can be mapped to an OFDM sequence and transmitted using OOK symbols. Thus, the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to one OOK symbol affects the length of the second bit sequence. For example, for LP-WUS information, it can be mapped to an OFDM sequence and transmitted using OOK symbols. Therefore, the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to one OOK symbol affects the length of the second bit sequence. Of course, in this embodiment, if the first information is transmitted directly based on OOK without OFDM sequence mapping, the length of the second bit sequence is independent of the fourth parameter.

[0208] In some implementations, the value of the fourth quantity is related to the second quantity. For example, when the second quantity M is 4, the maximum value of the fourth quantity S can be 4. Or, when the second quantity M is 1, the maximum value of the fourth quantity S can be 16. Or, when the second quantity M is 2, the maximum value of the fourth quantity S can be 8. For related information, please refer to conclusions 6 and 7 above. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the relationship between the second and fourth quantities is not limited.

[0209] In some implementations, the fourth quantity can be configured by the network device. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the fourth quantity can also be predefined or preconfigured.

[0210] The parameters used to determine the length of the second bit sequence in the embodiments of this application have been introduced above. The following sections, in conjunction with Embodiments 1 to 5, describe the schemes for determining the length of the second bit sequence in different scenarios. For ease of description, the length of the second bit sequence can be represented as "E", where E is a positive integer greater than or equal to 0.

[0211] Example 1: Assume that during the generation of the OOK signal, Manchester encoding is performed before rate matching, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK.

[0212] In other words, if the first bit sequence is a Manchester-encoded bit sequence and the first information is transmitted based on OOK, then the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the third quantity.

[0213] In some implementations, the aforementioned OOK-based transmission can be understood as the first information being transmitted directly based on OOK without OFDM sequence mapping. Therefore, in this embodiment, the length of the second bit sequence is independent of the fourth quantity.

[0214] It should be noted that the embodiments of this application do not limit the method of obtaining the first bit sequence. For example, it can be repeated before Manchester encoding, that is, the first bit sequence is obtained by repeating first and then Manchester encoding. As another example, it can be repeated after Manchester encoding and before performing rate matching, that is, the first bit sequence is obtained by repeating first and then Manchester encoding.

[0215] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first and second quantities.

[0216] In some implementations, the fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first and second quantities. That is, the fifth quantity represents the total number of OOK symbols transmitted within the OFDM symbol used to transmit the first information. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the fifth quantity may be less than the product of the first and second quantities.

[0217] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth number.

[0218] For example, after rate matching, the first information does not need to be transmitted repeatedly, or in other words, the number of bits after rate matching is the same as the number of bits in the OOK signal, and the first number represents the total number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information. At this time, the length E of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth number, where the fifth number is equal to the product of the first number and the second number, i.e., E = L * M.

[0219] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the product of the fifth and third quantities.

[0220] For example, before rate matching, the first information needs to be transmitted repeatedly. The number of bits after rate matching is the number of bits in the OOK signal, and the first number represents the number of OFDM symbols for transmitting the first information in a single transmission. At this time, the length E of the second bit sequence is equal to the product of the fifth number and the third number, where the fifth number is equal to the product of the first number and the second number, i.e., E = (L*M)*P.

[0221] In some other implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and the third quantity.

[0222] For example, after rate matching, the first information needs to be transmitted repeatedly. The number of bits after rate matching is the number of bits of the first information transmitted in a single transmission, and the first number represents the total number of OFDM symbols for repeated transmission of the first information. At this time, the length E of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth number and the third number, where the fifth number is equal to the product of the first number and the second number, i.e., E = (L*M) / P.

[0223] For ease of understanding, the following uses LP-WUS information as an example to illustrate how the length of the second bit sequence is determined in this embodiment. Assuming the LP-WUS information is transmitted based on OOK, and that Manchester encoding is performed before rate matching during the OOK signal generation process, the length of the bit sequence output by Manchester encoding (as an example of the first bit sequence) is N. Furthermore, based on the network device's configuration for OOK transmission of LP-WUS information, the number of bits that can be carried as the OOK signal (or OOK chip, OOK bit count) can be determined to be E, which is the length of the second bit sequence described above.

[0224] Accordingly, the input sequence for rate matching is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The input sequence is a bit sequence encoded using Manchester encoding. The rate-matched output bit sequence is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 , where E represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching.

[0225] In some implementations, E is determined based on the network device’s configuration of LP-WUS, i.e., E = L * M, where L represents the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting LP-WUS as indicated by the LP-WUS configuration, and M represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted in one OFDM symbol when performing OOK modulation.

[0226] In some implementations, the output bit sequence is f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 This can be obtained using the following code: for k = 0 to E-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0227] It should be noted that, in the embodiments of the present application, no limitation is imposed on the signal processing process performed before Manchester encoding. For example, a CRC may be added to LP-WUS information before Manchester encoding. For another example, after adding the CRC, block encoding may be further performed on the information before Manchester encoding. For another example, the LP-WUS information may be repeated before Manchester encoding. In addition, it should also be noted that if a repetition operation is included after Manchester encoding and before rate matching, the foregoing input bit sequence is a bit sequence obtained after Manchester encoding and the repetition operation.

[0228] For example, it is assumed that block encoding is performed before Manchester encoding, and no repetition is performed. When N=E, all bit sequence results after block encoding can be transmitted; when N>E, a part of bit sequence results after block encoding can be transmitted, and in this case, a receiving end can obtain correct original information by means of decoding; when N<E, all bit sequence results after block encoding can be transmitted, and in this case, part or all of bits after block encoding are repeatedly transmitted (which equivalently supports repetition).

[0229] For another example, it is assumed that block encoding and repetition are performed before Manchester encoding, where block encoding is performed before repetition. When N=E, the entire repeated bit sequence can be transmitted; when N>E, a part of the repeated bit sequence can be transmitted; when N<E, the entire repeated bit sequence can be transmitted, and additional repetition is performed.

[0230] It can be seen from the foregoing introduction that performing rate matching after Manchester encoding can well support repetition by means of time-frequency resource configuration, and in this case, the number of repetitions does not need to be specifically defined. Certainly, in the embodiments of the present application, the number of repetitions occurring after rate matching may also be defined, and for related introduction, reference may be made to the foregoing introduction about the repetition solution.

[0231] For example, it is assumed that repeated transmission needs to be performed after rate matching, the number of bits after rate matching is the number of bits for single transmission of an OOK signal, and a first quantity represents the number of OFDM symbols for single transmission of first information. In this case, a length E of a second bit sequence is equal to a fifth quantity, where the fifth quantity is equal to a product of the first quantity and a second quantity, that is, E=(L*M). Then, for the bit sequence output after rate matching, P times of repetition may be performed.

[0232] For example, suppose that repeated transmissions are required after rate matching. The number of bits after rate matching is the total number of bits in the OOK signal for P repeated transmissions, and the first number represents the number of OFDM symbols for a single transmission of the first information. In this case, the length E of the second bit sequence is equal to the product of the fifth number and the third number, where the fifth number is equal to the product of the first number and the second number, i.e., E = (L*M)*P.

[0233] Example 2: It is assumed that during the generation of the OOK signal, Manchester coding is performed before rate matching, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence.

[0234] That is to say, the first bit sequence is a Manchester-coded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. In this case, the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0235] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal to carry the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0236] In some implementations, the sixth quantity is related to the first and second quantities, and may include the sixth quantity being equal to the product of the first and second quantities divided by 2. That is, assuming the total number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol used to transmit the first information is L*M, based on the principle of OOK modulation, the number of OOK on symbols among L*M OOK symbols is L*M / 2. Since OFDM sequences can typically only be transmitted using OOK on symbols, the number of OFDM sequences that can be transmitted by L*M OOK symbols is equal to the number of OOK on symbols, which is L*M / 2.

[0237] In some implementations, if the bit sequence before Manchester encoding is transmitted via OFDM sequence, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2S bits in the second bit sequence (or, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal can be represented by log2S bits in the second bit sequence). In this case, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M / 2*log2S.

[0238] It should be noted that the embodiments of this application do not limit the signal processing performed on the information before Manchester encoding. For example, the information before Manchester encoding can be information that has been first encoded by the RM channel. That is to say, the information after RM channel encoding is mapped to an OFDM sequence and then Manchester encoding is performed.

[0239] In some implementations, if the Manchester-encoded bit sequence is transmitted via an OFDM sequence, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log₂S bits in the second bit sequence (or, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal can be represented by 2*log₂S bits in the second bit sequence). In this case, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M / 2*2*log₂S, or L*M*log₂S. This is because the number of bits after Manchester encoding is usually twice the number of bits before Manchester encoding. Therefore, if the Manchester-encoded bit sequence is transmitted via an OFDM sequence, one OFDM sequence corresponds to 2*log₂S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0240] Of course, in the embodiments of this application, if the Manchester encoded bit sequence is transmitted through an OFDM sequence, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2S bits in the second bit sequence, and the length of the second bit sequence can also be equal to L*M / 2*log2S.

[0241] For ease of understanding, the following uses LP-WUS information as an example to illustrate how the length of the second bit sequence is determined in the embodiments of this application. Assume that the LP-WUS information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence, and that Manchester encoding is performed before rate matching during the production of the OOK signal. In this case, the length of the bit sequence output by Manchester encoding (as an example of the first bit sequence) is N.

[0242] Accordingly, the input sequence for rate matching is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The input sequence is a bit sequence encoded using Manchester encoding. The rate-matched output bit sequence is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 , where E represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching.

[0243] In some implementations, E is determined based on the network device's configuration of LP-WUS, i.e., E = L * M * log2S, where L represents the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting LP-WUS as indicated by the LP-WUS configuration, M represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted in an OFDM symbol during OOK modulation, and S represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

[0244] In some implementations, for the bit sequence of the rate-matched output, every 2*log2S bits is mapped to one OFDM sequence from the S OFDM candidate sequences.

[0245] In some implementations, the output bit sequence is f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 This can be obtained using the following code: for k = 0 to E-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0246] It should be noted that the signal processing procedures performed before Manchester encoding are not limited in the embodiments of this application. For example, a CRC can be added to the LP-WUS information before Manchester encoding. Another example is that block encoding can be performed on the information after adding the CRC before Manchester encoding. Yet another example is that the LP-WUS information can be repeated before Manchester encoding. Furthermore, it should be noted that if a repetition operation is included after Manchester encoding and before rate matching, then the above-mentioned input bit sequence is the bit sequence after Manchester encoding and the repetition operation.

[0247] For ease of understanding, the length of the second bit sequence under different transmission methods in the embodiments of this application is described below with reference to Table 1. Referring to Table 1, Implementation Method 1 corresponds to the length of the second bit sequence when transmitting the first information based on OOK; Implementation Method 2 corresponds to the scheme of transmitting the bit sequence before Manchester encoding using an OFDM sequence in the scenario of transmitting the first information based on an OFDM sequence; and Implementation Method 3 corresponds to the scheme of transmitting the bit sequence after Manchester encoding using an OFDM sequence in the scenario of transmitting the first information based on an OFDM sequence.

[0248] Table 1

[0249] It should be noted that Table 1 is applicable to scenarios where the values ​​of M and S are indicated separately. For example, M and S can be indicated separately by the network device. In other scenarios, the values ​​of M and S may no longer be indicated separately. In this case, the values ​​of M and S in Table 1 can be replaced by a combined value Q representing M and S, as shown in Table 2. Among them, the combined value Q1 corresponds to the case where M=1 and S=16, the combined value Q2 corresponds to the case where M=2 and S=8, and the combined value Q3 corresponds to the case where M=4 and S=4.

[0250] Table 2

[0251] In some scenarios, Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 can be described using a unified rate matching mechanism. That is, the two methods of transmitting the first information based on OOK and transmitting the first information based on superimposed OFDM sequences can be uniformly described. The following description takes LP-WUS information as the first information as an example.

[0252] In both OOK-based and OFDM-based LP-WUS information transmission scenarios, assuming the rate-matched input sequence is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The input sequence is a bit sequence encoded using Manchester encoding. The rate-matched output bit sequence is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 Where E represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching. Furthermore, E is determined based on the network device's configuration for LP-WUS.

[0253] In scenarios where LP-WUS information is transmitted based on OOK, E = L * M;

[0254] In a scenario based on OFDM sequence LP-WUS information, E = L * M * log2S; where L represents the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting LP-WUS as indicated by the LP-WUS configuration, M represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted in an OFDM symbol during OOK modulation, and S represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

[0255] Correspondingly, the output bit sequence is f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 This can be obtained using the following code: for k = 0 to E-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0256] In the scenario based on OFDM sequence LP-WUS information, for the bit sequence of the rate-matched output, every 2*log2S bits is mapped to one OFDM sequence from the S OFDM candidate sequences. Furthermore, in the scenario based on OFDM sequence LP-WUS information, the number S of OFDM candidate sequences superimposed on each OOK-on symbol is configurable.

[0257] The foregoing, in conjunction with Embodiments 1 and 2, describes the method for calculating the length of the second bit sequence in the case where Manchester encoding is performed before rate matching, as described in this application. The following, in conjunction with Embodiment 3, describes the method for calculating the length of the second bit sequence in the case where Manchester encoding is performed after rate matching, as described in this application.

[0258] Example 3: Assume that during the generation of the OOK signal, Manchester encoding is performed after rate matching, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK.

[0259] In other words, the OOK signal is determined based on the third bit sequence, which is determined based on Manchester encoding of the second bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. In this case, the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: a first quantity and a second quantity.

[0260] In some implementations, the above OOK-based transmission can be understood as the first information being transmitted directly based on OOK without OFDM sequence mapping. Therefore, the length of the second bit sequence is independent of the fourth quantity.

[0261] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first and second quantities.

[0262] In some implementations, the fifth quantity, related to the first and second quantities, may be equal to the product of the first and second quantities. That is, the fifth quantity represents the total number of OOK symbols transmitted within the OFDM symbol used to transmit the first information. Of course, in the embodiments of this application, the fifth quantity may be less than the product of the first and second quantities.

[0263] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2. Typically, after Manchester encoding, the number of bits in the encoded bit sequence is twice the number of bits in the original bit sequence. Therefore, in this embodiment, since the second bit sequence will be Manchester encoded subsequently, its length is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2, i.e., E = (L*M) / 2. This allows the subsequently Manchester-encoded bit sequence to be transmitted using the OOK symbol corresponding to the fifth quantity.

[0264] In some implementations, if repetition is included between rate matching and Manchester encoding, the length of the second bit sequence is also related to the third quantity.

[0265] For example, after rate matching, the second bit sequence needs to be repeatedly transmitted and Manchester encoded, and the first quantity represents the total number of OFDM symbols for repeatedly transmitting the first information. At this time, the length E of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity, 2, and the third quantity, where the fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity, i.e., E = (L*M) / 2P.

[0266] For example, after rate matching, the second bit sequence needs to be repeatedly transmitted and Manchester encoded, and the first quantity represents the number of OFDM symbols for transmitting the first information in a single transmission. At this time, the length E of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2, multiplied by the third quantity, where the fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity, i.e., E = [(L*M) / 2]*P.

[0267] For ease of understanding, the following uses LP-WUS information as an example to illustrate how the length of the second bit sequence is determined in this embodiment. Assume that the LP-WUS information is transmitted based on OOK, and that Manchester encoding is performed after rate matching during the OOK signal generation process. In this case, the length of the rate-matched input bit sequence (or the bit sequence without Manchester encoding) is N. Furthermore, based on the network device's configuration for OOK transmission of LP-WUS information, the number of bits that can be carried (or OOK chips, OOK bits) can be determined to be E, which is the length of the second bit sequence described above.

[0268] Accordingly, the input sequence for rate matching is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The input sequence is a bit sequence encoded using Manchester encoding. The rate-matched output bit sequence is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 , where E represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching.

[0269] In some implementations, E is determined based on the network device’s configuration of LP-WUS, i.e., E = (L*M) / 2, where L represents the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting LP-WUS as indicated by the LP-WUS configuration, and M represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted in one OFDM symbol when performing OOK modulation.

[0270] In some implementations, the output bit sequence is f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 This can be obtained using the following code: for k = 0 to E-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0271] In some implementations, the output bit sequence f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 Manchester encoding is performed to obtain the bit sequence for OOK modulation.

[0272] It should be noted that the signal processing procedures performed before rate matching are not limited in the embodiments of this application. For example, a CRC can be added to the LP-WUS information before rate matching. Another example is that the information after adding the CRC can be block encoded before rate matching. Yet another example is that the LP-WUS information can be repeated before rate matching.

[0273] Example 4: Assume that during the generation of the OOK signal, the first information is transmitted directly based on the OFDM sequence after rate matching.

[0274] In other words, the OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on the second bit sequence, wherein the second bit sequence is not Manchester encoded, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. Then the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0275] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal to carry the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0276] In some implementations, the sixth quantity related to the first and second quantities can include the sixth quantity being equal to the product of the first and second quantities divided by 2. That is, assuming the total number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol used to transmit the first information is L*M, based on the principle of OOK modulation, the number of OOK on symbols among the L*M OOK symbols is (L*M) / 2. Since OFDM sequences can typically only be transmitted using OOK on symbols, the number of OFDM sequences that can be transmitted by L*M OOK symbols is equal to the number of OOK on symbols, which is (L*M) / 2.

[0277] In some implementations, if the bit sequence before Manchester encoding is transmitted via an OFDM sequence, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2S bits in the second bit sequence (or, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal can be represented by log2S bits in the second bit sequence). In this case, the length E of the second bit sequence is equal to...

[0278] It should be noted that the embodiments of this application do not limit the signal processing performed on the information before Manchester encoding. For example, the information before Manchester encoding can be information that has been first encoded by the RM channel. That is to say, the information after RM channel encoding is mapped to an OFDM sequence and then Manchester encoding is performed.

[0279] For ease of understanding, the following uses LP-WUS information as an example to illustrate how the length of the second bit sequence is determined in the embodiments of this application. Assuming that the LP-WUS information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence, and that the first information is transmitted directly based on the OFDM sequence without Manchester encoding after rate matching, the length of the input bit sequence for rate matching is N.

[0280] Accordingly, the input sequence for rate matching is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The input sequence is a bit sequence encoded using Manchester encoding. The rate-matched output bit sequence is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 , where E represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching.

[0281] In some implementations, E is determined based on the network device's configuration of LP-WUS, i.e. Where L represents the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting LP-WUS as indicated by the LP-WUS configuration, M represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted in an OFDM symbol when performing OOK modulation, and S represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

[0282] In some implementations, for the bit sequence of the rate-matched output, every log2 S bits are mapped to one OFDM sequence from the S OFDM candidate sequences.

[0283] In some implementations, the output bit sequence is f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 This can be obtained using the following code: for k = 0 to E-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0284] It should be noted that the signal processing procedures performed before rate matching are not limited in the embodiments of this application. For example, a CRC can be added to the LP-WUS information before rate matching. Another example is that the information after adding the CRC can be block encoded before rate matching. Yet another example is that the LP-WUS information can be repeated before rate matching.

[0285] Example 5: Assume that during the generation of the OOK signal, the first information needs to be Manchester encoded after rate matching, and the first information is transmitted based on OFDM sequence.

[0286] In other words, the OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on the second bit sequence, which is a Manchester-coded sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. At this time, the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: first quantity, second quantity, and fourth quantity.

[0287] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal to carry the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0288] In some implementations, the sixth quantity related to the first and second quantities can include the sixth quantity being equal to the product of the first and second quantities divided by 2. That is, assuming the total number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol used to transmit the first information is L*M, based on the principle of OOK modulation, the number of OOK on symbols among the L*M OOK symbols is (L*M) / 2. Since OFDM sequences can typically only be transmitted using OOK on symbols, the number of OFDM sequences that can be transmitted by L*M OOK symbols is equal to the number of OOK on symbols, which is (L*M) / 2.

[0289] In some implementations, if the Manchester-coded bit sequence (i.e., the second bit sequence is a Manchester-coded sequence) is transmitted via an OFDM sequence, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2S bits in the second bit sequence (or, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal can be represented by 2*log2S bits in the second bit sequence). In this case, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to... That is, L*M*log2S. This is because the number of bits after Manchester encoding is usually twice the number of bits before Manchester encoding. Therefore, if the Manchester encoded bit sequence is transmitted through OFDM sequence, one OFDM sequence corresponds to 2*log2S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0290] Of course, in this embodiment, if the Manchester-encoded bit sequence is transmitted via an OFDM sequence, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2S bits in the second bit sequence, and the length of the second bit sequence can also be equal to...

[0291] For ease of understanding, the following uses LP-WUS information as an example to illustrate how the length of the second bit sequence is determined in the embodiments of this application. Assume that the LP-WUS information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence, and that Manchester encoding is performed after rate matching during the production of the OOK signal. In this case, the length of the bit sequence output by Manchester encoding (as an example of the first bit sequence) is N.

[0292] Accordingly, the input sequence for rate matching is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The input sequence is a bit sequence encoded using Manchester encoding. The rate-matched output bit sequence is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 , where E represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching.

[0293] In some implementations, E is determined based on the network device's configuration of LP-WUS, i.e., E = L * M * log2S, where L represents the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting LP-WUS as indicated by the LP-WUS configuration, M represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted in an OFDM symbol during OOK modulation, and S represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

[0294] In some implementations, for the bit sequence of the rate-matched output, every 2*log2 S bits is mapped to one OFDM sequence from the S OFDM candidate sequences.

[0295] In some implementations, the output bit sequence is f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 This can be obtained using the following code: for k = 0 to E-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0296] It should be noted that the signal processing procedures performed before rate matching are not limited in the embodiments of this application. For example, a CRC can be added to the LP-WUS information before rate matching. Another example is that the information after adding the CRC can be block encoded before rate matching. Yet another example is that the LP-WUS information can be repeated before rate matching.

[0297] For ease of understanding, the length of the second bit sequence under different transmission methods in the embodiments of this application is described below with reference to Table 3. Referring to Table 3, implementation method 3 corresponds to the length of the second bit sequence when transmitting the first information based on OOK (see Embodiment 3 for related details), implementation method 4 corresponds to the scheme where the first information is directly transmitted based on the OFDM sequence after rate matching (see Embodiment 4 for related details), and implementation method 5 corresponds to the scheme where the first information needs to be Manchester encoded after rate matching in the scenario of transmitting the first information based on the OFDM sequence (see Embodiment 5 for related details).

[0298] Table 3

[0299] It should be noted that Table 3 is applicable to scenarios where the values ​​of M and S are indicated separately. For example, M and S can be indicated separately by the network device. In other scenarios, the values ​​of M and S may no longer be indicated separately. In this case, the values ​​of M and S in Table 1 can be replaced by a combined value Q representing M and S, as shown in Table 4. Among them, the combined value Q1 corresponds to the case where M=1 and S=16, the combined value Q2 corresponds to the case where M=2 and S=8, and the combined value Q3 corresponds to the case where M=4 and S=4.

[0300] Table 4

[0301] In some scenarios, Embodiments 3, 4, and 5 can be described using a unified rate matching mechanism. That is, the two methods of transmitting the first information based on OOK and transmitting the first information based on superimposed OFDM sequences can be uniformly described. The following description takes LP-WUS information as the first information as an example.

[0302] In both OOK-based and OFDM-based LP-WUS information transmission scenarios, assuming the rate-matched input sequence is represented as d0, d1, d2, ..., d N―1 The input sequence is a bit sequence encoded using Manchester encoding. The rate-matched output bit sequence is represented as f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 Where E represents the length of the output bit sequence after rate matching. Furthermore, E is determined based on the network device's configuration for LP-WUS.

[0303] In scenarios where LP-WUS information is transmitted based on OOK, E = (L*M) / 2;

[0304] In scenarios based on OFDM sequence LP-WUS information Wherein, L represents the number of OFDM symbols used for transmitting LP-WUS as indicated by the LP-WUS configuration, M represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted in an OFDM symbol when performing OOK modulation, and S represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

[0305] In some implementations, if the first information is transmitted directly based on the OFDM sequence after rate matching, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S bits in the rate-matched output bit sequence.

[0306] In some implementations, if the rate-matched output bit sequence is further Manchester encoded before being transmitted via an OFDM sequence, then one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2S bits in the Manchester-coded bit sequence. In this case, the length E of the rate-matched output bit sequence is equal to... That is, E = L * M * log2S.

[0307] Correspondingly, the output bit sequence is f0, f1, f2, ..., f E―1 This can be obtained using the following code: for k = 0 to E-1f k =d k mod N ;end for

[0308] In the scenario based on OFDM sequence LP-WUS information, the number S of OFDM candidate sequences superimposed on each OOK-on symbol is configurable.

[0309] As mentioned earlier, the transmission of the OOK signal during its generation can be based on two methods: OOK-based transmission or OFDM sequence-based transmission. For ease of understanding, the following example uses Manchester encoding followed by rate matching to illustrate the process of generating the OOK signal (or generating the OOK waveform) in this embodiment of the application, in conjunction with Figure 7. Referring to Figure 7, the first device can perform Manchester encoding on the bit sequence and then rate matching on the encoded bit sequence. In method 1, the rate-matched bit sequence can be directly mapped onto the OOK symbol to generate the OOK waveform. Alternatively, in method 2, the rate-matched bit sequence can be mapped onto the OFDM sequence, and the OFDM sequence can be superimposed on the OOK symbol to generate the OOK waveform.

[0310] The preceding text described the process of generating the OOK signal, introducing the solution of the embodiments of this application. Accordingly, when the first device sends the OOK signal to the second device, the second device can perform corresponding operations to receive the OOK signal. In the embodiments of this application, the second device is not limited. In some implementations, the second device can be understood as the receiving end of the OOK signal. For example, the second device can be a network device. Another example is that the second device can be the intermediate node described above. Yet another example is that the second device can be a terminal device. Yet another example is that the second device can be an A-IoT device and / or a zero-power device.

[0311] In some implementations, the second device receives an OOK signal; the second device determines a second bit sequence based on the OOK signal; the second device performs rate matching on the second bit sequence to determine a first bit sequence.

[0312] It should be noted that the operations performed by the second device in receiving the OOK signal correspond to the operations performed by the first device in transmitting the OOK signal. For example, if the first device performs rate matching on the bit sequence, the second device performs rate matching on the bit sequence. Or, if the first device encodes the bit sequence, the second device decodes the bit sequence. Or, if the first device modulates the bit sequence, the second device demodulates the bit sequence. Or, if the first device repeats the bit sequence, the second device de-repeates the bit sequence. For simplicity, these details will not be elaborated further below.

[0313] Additionally, it should be noted that the method for determining the length of the second bit sequence during the reception of the OOK signal can be found in the above description, and will not be repeated below for the sake of brevity.

[0314] As mentioned earlier, the transmission of the OOK signal during the generation process can be based on two methods: OOK-based transmission or OFDM sequence transmission. Accordingly, the second device uses different receivers to receive the signal based on different transmission methods.

[0315] In some implementations, if the first information is transmitted based on OOK (Out of Kilometers) encoding, the second device can receive it using an OOK-based receiver. For example, the second device can receive the OOK signal and demodulate it to obtain a Manchester-coded bit sequence. Then, the second device can perform Manchester decoding on this bit sequence. It should be noted that if block coding and / or repetition are introduced during the generation of the OOK signal, block decoding and / or deduplication are required during the reception of the OOK signal to obtain the first information.

[0316] In other implementations, if the first information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence, the second device can receive it using an OFDM-based receiver. For example, the second device can receive OFDM sequences superimposed on OOK-on symbols and demap each OFDM sequence to obtain 2*log2S bits, forming a Manchester-coded bit sequence. The second device can then perform Manchester decoding on this bit sequence. It should be noted that if block coding and / or repetition are introduced during the generation of the OOK signal, block decoding and / or deduplication are required during the reception of the OOK signal to obtain the first information.

[0317] The method embodiments of this application have been described in detail above with reference to Figures 1 to 7. The apparatus embodiments of this application will be described in detail below with reference to Figures 8 to 10. It should be understood that the descriptions of the method embodiments correspond to the descriptions of the apparatus embodiments. Therefore, any parts not described in detail can be referred to the foregoing method embodiments.

[0318] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a communication device according to an embodiment of this application. The communication device 800 shown in Figure 8 is a first device, and the communication device 800 includes a processing unit 810.

[0319] Processing unit 810 is used to determine the first bit sequence based on the first information;

[0320] The processing unit 810 is used to perform rate matching on the first bit sequence to determine the second bit sequence;

[0321] The processing unit 810 is used to generate an OOK signal based on the second bit sequence.

[0322] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: a first quantity representing the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information; a second quantity representing the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol; a third quantity representing the number of repetitions corresponding to the repetition operation to be performed after the rate matching; and a fourth quantity representing the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

[0323] In some implementations, the first bit sequence is a Manchester-encoded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the third quantity.

[0324] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0325] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth quantity; or, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the product of the fifth quantity and the third quantity; or, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and the third quantity.

[0326] In some implementations, the fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0327] In some implementations, the first bit sequence is a Manchester-coded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0328] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0329] In some implementations, the sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

[0330] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to Alternatively, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M*log2 S; where L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

[0331] In some implementations, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S or 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0332] In some implementations, the OOK signal is determined based on a third bit sequence, which is determined based on Manchester encoding of the second bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity.

[0333] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0334] In some implementations, the fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0335] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2.

[0336] In some implementations, the OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence that is not Manchester encoded, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0337] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0338] In some implementations, the sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

[0339] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

[0340] In some implementations, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0341] In some implementations, the OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is a Manchester-coded sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0342] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0343] In some implementations, the sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

[0344] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

[0345] In some implementations, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0346] In some implementations, the first information includes one or more of the following: wake-up indication information, code points, subgroups of terminal devices, and A-IoT related information.

[0347] In some implementations, the length of the first bit sequence is N, and the length of the second bit sequence is E, where N and E are both positive integers; where:

[0348] If N is greater than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first E bits of the first bit sequence; or, if N is equal to E, then the first bit sequence and the second bit sequence are the same; or, if N is less than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first bit sequence and a repeating sequence of some or all of the first bit sequence.

[0349] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a communication device according to another embodiment of this application. The communication device 900 shown in Figure 9 is a second device, and the communication device 900 includes: a receiving unit 910 and a processing unit 920.

[0350] Receiver unit 910 is used to receive OOK signals;

[0351] Processing unit 920 is used to determine the second bit sequence based on the OOK signal;

[0352] The processing unit 920 is further configured to perform rate matching on the second bit sequence to determine the first bit sequence.

[0353] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: a first quantity representing the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information; a second quantity representing the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol; a third quantity representing the number of repetitions corresponding to the repetition operation to be performed after the rate matching; and a fourth quantity representing the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

[0354] In some implementations, the first bit sequence is a Manchester-decoded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the third quantity.

[0355] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0356] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth quantity; or, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and the third quantity.

[0357] In some implementations, the fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0358] In some implementations, the first bit sequence is a Manchester-decoded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0359] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0360] In some implementations, the sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

[0361] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to Alternatively, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M*log2 S; where L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

[0362] In some implementations, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S or 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0363] In some implementations, the OOK signal is determined based on a third bit sequence, the second bit sequence is determined based on Manchester decoding of the third bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity.

[0364] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0365] In some implementations, the fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0366] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2.

[0367] In some implementations, the OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence that is not Manchester encoded, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0368] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0369] In some implementations, the sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

[0370] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

[0371] In some implementations, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0372] In some implementations, the OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is a sequence after Manchester decoding, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence; the length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

[0373] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

[0374] In some implementations, the sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

[0375] In some implementations, the length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

[0376] In some implementations, one OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

[0377] In some implementations, the first information includes one or more of the following: wake-up indication information, code points, subgroups of terminal devices, and A-IoT related information.

[0378] In some implementations, the length of the first bit sequence is N, and the length of the second bit sequence is E, where N and E are both positive integers; wherein: if N is greater than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first E bits of the first bit sequence; or, if N is equal to E, then the first bit sequence and the second bit sequence are the same; or, if N is less than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first bit sequence and a repeating sequence of some or all of the first bit sequence.

[0379] In an optional embodiment, the processing unit 810 may be a processor 1010. The communication device 800 may also include a transceiver 1030 and a memory 1020, as shown in FIG10.

[0380] In an optional embodiment, the receiving unit 910 may be a transceiver 1030, and the processing unit 920 may be a processor 1010. The communication device 900 may also include a transceiver 1030 and a memory 1020, as shown in FIG10.

[0381] Figure 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a communication device according to an embodiment of this application. The dashed lines in Figure 10 indicate that the unit or module is optional. This device 1000 can be used to implement the methods described in the above method embodiments. The device 1000 can be a chip, a terminal device, or a network device.

[0382] Apparatus 1000 may include one or more processors 1010. The processor 1010 may support apparatus 1000 in implementing the methods described in the preceding method embodiments. The processor 1010 may be a general-purpose processor or a special-purpose processor. For example, the processor may be a central processing unit (CPU). Alternatively, the processor may be other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, etc. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor or any conventional processor.

[0383] The apparatus 1000 may further include one or more memories 1020. The memories 1020 store a program that can be executed by the processor 1010, causing the processor 1010 to perform the methods described in the preceding method embodiments. The memories 1020 may be independent of the processor 1010 or integrated within the processor 1010.

[0384] The device 1000 may also include a transceiver 1030. The processor 1010 can communicate with other devices or chips via the transceiver 1030. For example, the processor 1010 can send and receive data with other devices or chips via the transceiver 1030.

[0385] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium for storing a program. This computer-readable storage medium can be applied to a terminal or network device provided in this application, and the program causes a computer to execute the methods performed by the terminal or network device in various embodiments of this application.

[0386] This application also provides a computer program product. The computer program product includes a program. The computer program product can be applied to a terminal or network device provided in this application embodiment, and the program causes a computer to execute the methods performed by the terminal or network device in various embodiments of this application.

[0387] This application also provides a computer program. This computer program can be applied to the terminal or network device provided in this application, and the computer program causes the computer to execute the methods performed by the terminal or network device in various embodiments of this application.

[0388] It should be understood that the terms "system" and "network" in this application can be used interchangeably. Furthermore, the terminology used in this application is only for explaining specific embodiments of the application and is not intended to limit the application. The terms "first," "second," "third," and "fourth," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this application are used to distinguish different objects, not to describe a specific order. In addition, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0389] In the embodiments of this application, the term "instruction" can be a direct instruction, an indirect instruction, or an indication of a relationship. For example, A instructing B can mean that A directly instructs B, such as B being able to obtain information through A; it can also mean that A indirectly instructs B, such as A instructing C, so B can obtain information through C; or it can mean that there is a relationship between A and B.

[0390] In the embodiments of this application, "B corresponding to A" means that B is associated with A, and B can be determined based on A. However, it should also be understood that determining B based on A does not mean that B is determined solely based on A; B can also be determined based on A and / or other information.

[0391] In the embodiments of this application, the term "correspondence" can indicate a direct or indirect correspondence between two things, or an association between two things, or a relationship such as instruction and being instructed, configuration and being configured.

[0392] In this application embodiment, "predefined" or "preconfigured" can be implemented by pre-storing corresponding codes, tables, or other means that can be used to indicate relevant information in the device (e.g., including terminal devices and network devices). This application does not limit the specific implementation method. For example, predefined can refer to what is defined in the protocol.

[0393] In this application embodiment, the "protocol" may refer to a standard protocol in the field of communication, such as the LTE protocol, the NR protocol, and related protocols applied to future communication systems. This application does not limit this.

[0394] In the embodiments of this application, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, or B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0395] In the various embodiments of this application, the order of the above-mentioned processes does not imply the order of execution. The execution order of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of this application.

[0396] In the several embodiments provided in this application, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, apparatuses, and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the apparatus embodiments described above are merely illustrative; for instance, the division of units is only a logical functional division, and in actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units or components may be combined or integrated into another system, or some features may be ignored or not executed. Furthermore, the coupling or direct coupling or communication connection shown or discussed may be through some interfaces; the indirect coupling or communication connection between apparatuses or units may be electrical, mechanical, or other forms.

[0397] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0398] In addition, the functional units in the various embodiments of this application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit.

[0399] In the above embodiments, implementation can be achieved entirely or partially through software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented using software, it can be implemented entirely or partially in the form of a computer program product. The computer program product includes one or more computer instructions. When the computer program instructions are loaded and executed on a computer, all or part of the processes or functions described in the embodiments of this application are generated. The computer can be a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a computer network, or other programmable device. The computer instructions can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium or transmitted from one computer-readable storage medium to another. For example, the computer instructions can be transmitted from one website, computer, server, or data center to another website, computer, server, or data center via wired (e.g., coaxial cable, fiber optic, digital subscriber line (DSL)) or wireless (e.g., infrared, wireless, microwave, etc.) means. The computer-readable storage medium can be any available medium that a computer can read or a data storage device such as a server or data center that integrates one or more available media. The available media may be magnetic media (e.g., floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes), optical media (e.g., digital video discs, DVDs) or semiconductor media (e.g., solid-state disks, SSDs), etc.

[0400] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of this application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A communication method, characterized in that, include: The first device determines the first bit sequence based on the first information; The first device performs rate matching on the first bit sequence to determine the second bit sequence; The first device generates an OOK signal based on the second bit sequence.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: The first quantity represents the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information; The second quantity represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol; The third quantity represents the number of repetitions required after the rate matching is performed; The fourth quantity represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a Manchester-encoded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the third quantity.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth quantity; or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the product of the fifth quantity and the third quantity; or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and the third quantity.

6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

7. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a Manchester-coded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

10. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M*log2 S; Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

11. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S or 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

12. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The OOK signal is determined based on a third bit sequence, which is determined based on Manchester encoding of the second bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity.

13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

15. The method according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2.

16. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is not Manchester encoded, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

17. The method according to claim 16, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

19. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 18, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

20. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 19, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

21. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is a sequence after Manchester encoding, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

22. The method according to claim 21, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

23. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

24. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

25. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

26. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that, The first information includes one or more of the following: wake-up indication information, code points, subgroups of terminal devices, and A-IoT related information.

27. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that, The length of the first bit sequence is N, and the length of the second bit sequence is E, where N and E are both positive integers; where: If N is greater than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first E bits of the first bit sequence; or, If N equals E, then the first bit sequence and the second bit sequence are the same; or, If N is less than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first bit sequence and a repeating sequence of some or all of the first bit sequence.

28. A communication method, characterized in that, include: The second device receives the OOK signal; The second device determines the second bit sequence based on the OOK signal; The second device performs rate matching on the second bit sequence to determine the first bit sequence.

29. The method according to claim 28, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: The first quantity represents the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information; The second quantity represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol; The third quantity represents the number of repetitions required after the rate matching is performed; The fourth quantity represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

30. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a bit sequence that has been Manchester decoded, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the third quantity.

31. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

32. The method according to claim 31, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth quantity; or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and the third quantity.

33. The method according to claim 31 or 32, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

34. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a bit sequence that has been Manchester decoded, and the first information is transmitted based on OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

35. The method according to claim 34, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

36. The method according to claim 35, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

37. The method according to any one of claims 34 to 36, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M*log2 S; Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

38. The method according to any one of claims 34 to 37, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S or 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

39. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that: The OOK signal is determined based on a third bit sequence, the second bit sequence is determined based on Manchester decoding of the third bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity.

40. The method according to claim 39, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

41. The method according to claim 40, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

42. The method according to claim 40 or 41, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2.

43. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is not Manchester encoded, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

44. The method according to claim 43, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

45. The method according to claim 44, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

46. ​​The method according to any one of claims 43 to 45, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

47. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 46, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

48. The method according to claim 29, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is a sequence after Manchester decoding, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

49. The method according to claim 48, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

50. The method according to claim 49, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

51. The method according to any one of claims 48 to 50, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

52. The method according to any one of claims 48 to 51, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

53. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 52, characterized in that, The first information includes one or more of the following: wake-up indication information, code points, subgroups of terminal devices, and A-IoT related information.

54. The method according to any one of claims 28 to 53, characterized in that, The length of the first bit sequence is N, and the length of the second bit sequence is E, where N and E are both positive integers; where: If N is greater than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first E bits of the first bit sequence; or, If N equals E, then the first bit sequence and the second bit sequence are the same; or, If N is less than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first bit sequence and a repeating sequence of some or all of the first bit sequence.

55. A communication device, characterized in that, The communication device is a first device, comprising: Processing unit, used to determine the first bit sequence based on the first information; The processing unit is used to perform rate matching on the first bit sequence to determine the second bit sequence; The processing unit is used to generate an OOK signal based on the second bit sequence.

56. The communication device according to claim 55, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: The first quantity represents the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information; The second quantity represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol; The third quantity represents the number of repetitions required after the rate matching is performed; The fourth quantity represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

57. The communication device according to claim 56, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a Manchester-encoded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the third quantity.

58. The communication device according to claim 57, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

59. The communication device according to claim 58, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth quantity; or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the product of the fifth quantity and the third quantity; or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and the third quantity.

60. The communication device according to claim 58 or 59, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

61. The communication device according to claim 56, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a Manchester-coded bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on an OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

62. The communication device according to claim 61, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

63. The communication device according to claim 62, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

64. The communication device according to any one of claims 61 to 63, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M*log2 S; Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

65. The communication device according to any one of claims 61 to 64, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S or 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

66. The communication device according to claim 56, characterized in that: The OOK signal is determined based on a third bit sequence, which is determined based on Manchester encoding of the second bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity.

67. The communication device according to claim 66, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

68. The communication device according to claim 67, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

69. The communication device according to claim 67 or 68, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2.

70. The communication device according to claim 56, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is not Manchester encoded, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

71. The communication device according to claim 70, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

72. The communication device according to claim 71, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

73. The communication device according to any one of claims 70 to 72, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

74. The communication device according to any one of claims 70 to 73, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

75. The communication device according to claim 56, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is a sequence after Manchester encoding, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

76. The communication device according to claim 75, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

77. The communication device according to claim 76, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

78. The communication device according to any one of claims 75 to 77, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

79. The communication device according to any one of claims 75 to 78, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

80. The communication device according to any one of claims 55 to 79, characterized in that, The first information includes one or more of the following: wake-up indication information, code points, subgroups of terminal devices, and A-IoT related information.

81. The communication device according to any one of claims 55 to 80, characterized in that, The length of the first bit sequence is N, and the length of the second bit sequence is E, where N and E are both positive integers; where: If N is greater than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first E bits of the first bit sequence; or, If N equals E, then the first bit sequence and the second bit sequence are the same; or, If N is less than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first bit sequence and a repeating sequence of some or all of the first bit sequence.

82. A communication device, characterized in that, The communication device is a second device, including: The receiving unit is used to receive the OOK signal; Processing unit, configured to determine the second bit sequence based on the OOK signal; The processing unit is further configured to perform rate matching on the second bit sequence to determine the first bit sequence.

83. The communication device according to claim 82, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: The first quantity represents the number of OFDM symbols used to transmit the first information; The second quantity represents the number of OOK symbols transmitted within an OFDM symbol; The third quantity represents the number of repetitions required after the rate matching is performed; The fourth quantity represents the number of OFDM candidate sequences corresponding to an OOK on symbol.

84. The communication device according to claim 83, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a bit sequence that has been Manchester decoded, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the third quantity.

85. The communication device according to claim 84, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

86. The communication device according to claim 85, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the fifth quantity; or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and the third quantity.

87. The communication device according to claim 85 or 86, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

88. The communication device according to claim 83, characterized in that: The first bit sequence is a bit sequence that has been Manchester decoded, and the first information is transmitted based on OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

89. The communication device according to claim 88, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

90. The communication device according to claim 89, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

91. The communication device according to any one of claims 88 to 90, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to or, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to L*M*log2 S; Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

92. The communication device according to any one of claims 88 to 91, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S or 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

93. The communication device according to claim 83, characterized in that: The OOK signal is determined based on a third bit sequence, the second bit sequence is determined based on Manchester decoding of the third bit sequence, and the first information is transmitted based on OOK. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity.

94. The communication device according to claim 93, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a fifth quantity, which represents the number of OOK symbols contained in the OOK signal, and the fifth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

95. The communication device according to claim 94, characterized in that, The fifth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity.

96. The communication device according to claim 94 or 95, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to the quotient of the fifth quantity and 2.

97. The communication device according to claim 83, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is not Manchester encoded, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

98. The communication device according to claim 97, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

99. The communication device according to claim 98, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

100. The communication device according to any one of claims 97 to 99, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

101. The communication device according to any one of claims 97 to 100, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

102. The communication device according to claim 83, characterized in that: The OFDM sequence in the OOK signal is determined based on a second bit sequence, which is a sequence after Manchester decoding, and the first information is transmitted based on the OFDM sequence. The length of the second bit sequence is related to one or more of the following: the first quantity, the second quantity, and the fourth quantity.

103. The communication device according to claim 102, characterized in that, The length of the second bit sequence is related to a sixth quantity, which represents the number of OFDM sequences contained in the OOK signal for carrying the first information, and the sixth quantity is related to the first quantity and the second quantity.

104. The communication device according to claim 103, characterized in that, The sixth quantity is equal to the product of the first quantity and the second quantity divided by 2.

105. The communication device according to any one of claims 102 to 104, characterized in that: The length of the second bit sequence is equal to Wherein, L represents the first quantity, M represents the second quantity, and S represents the fourth quantity.

106. The communication device according to any one of claims 102 to 105, characterized in that, One OFDM sequence in the OOK signal corresponds to 2*log2 S bits in the second bit sequence.

107. The communication device according to any one of claims 82 to 106, characterized in that, The first information includes one or more of the following: wake-up indication information, code points, subgroups of terminal devices, and A-IoT related information.

108. The communication device according to any one of claims 82 to 107, characterized in that, The length of the first bit sequence is N, and the length of the second bit sequence is E, where N and E are both positive integers; where: If N is greater than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first E bits of the first bit sequence; or, If N equals E, then the first bit sequence and the second bit sequence are the same; or, If N is less than E, then the second bit sequence includes the first bit sequence and a repeating sequence of some or all of the first bit sequence.

109. A communication device, characterized in that, The device includes a transceiver, a memory, and a processor. The memory stores a program, and the processor invokes the program in the memory and controls the transceiver to receive or transmit signals so that the communication device performs the method as described in any one of claims 1-54.

110. An apparatus, characterized in that, Includes a processor for calling a program from memory to cause the device to perform the method as described in any one of claims 1-54.

111. A chip, characterized in that, Includes a processor for calling a program from memory, causing a device on which the chip is mounted to perform the method as described in any one of claims 1-54.

112. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, It contains a program that causes a computer to perform the method as described in any one of claims 1-54.

113. A computer program product, characterized in that, Includes a program that causes a computer to perform the method as described in any one of claims 1-54.

114. A computer program, characterized in that, The computer program causes the computer to perform the method as described in any one of claims 1-54.

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