Devices and methods for communication
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/084815
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-25
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images

Figure CN2025084815_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS FOR COMMUNICATIONFIELDS
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices and methods for determining a resource for signal transmission for Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) .BACKGROUND
[0002] In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) and A-IoT have attracted widespread attention in the field of wireless communication. More “things” are expected to be interconnected for improving productivity efficiency and increasing comforts of life. A-IoT aims to inventory use case, where one or more reader performs inventory procedure among nearby device (s) .SUMMARY
[0003] In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices and methods for determining a resource for signal transmission for A-IoT.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor; obtain the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency; and transmit a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value; determine a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values; and transmit a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises: a processor configured to cause the second device to: select a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device; determine an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value; transmit, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value; and receive a signal from the first device using the repetition factor.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device; determine a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources; determine a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number; and transmit a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first device. The method comprises: receiving, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor; obtaining the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency; and transmitting a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor.
[0009] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first device. The method comprises: receiving, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value; determining a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values; and transmitting a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor.
[0010] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a second device. The method comprises: selecting a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device; determining an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value; transmitting, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value; and receiving a signal from the first device using the repetition factor.
[0011] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first device. The method comprises: receiving, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device; determining a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources; determining a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number; and transmitting a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource.
[0012] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to the fifth, sixth, seventh, or eighth aspect.
[0013] Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Through the more detailed description of some embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0016] FIG. 2A illustrates an example frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) between multiple A-IoT devices using small frequency offsets, SFSs;
[0017] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of avoiding high frequency interference from carrier wave with SFS;
[0018] FIG. 3A illustrates a relation between bit duration, Manchester encoding and repetition factor;
[0019] FIG. 3B illustrates an example of SFS errors for different SFSs;
[0020] FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate comparison examples between an expected waveform and a realistic waveform in frequency domain for two SFSs;
[0021] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow for indicating a repetition factor for A-IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a carrier wave and the waveform corresponding to the first SFS according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 7A illustrates an example of a carrier wave, the waveform corresponding to the first SFS, and an expected second SFS according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 7B illustrates another example of a carrier wave, the waveform corresponding to the first SFS, and an expected second SFS according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 8A illustrates an example of a carrier wave, the waveforms corresponding to a list of SFSs according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 8B illustrates another example of a carrier wave, the waveforms corresponding to a list of SFSs according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 9 illustrates a signaling flow for indicating a repetition factor for A-IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 10 illustrates a signaling flow for determining a time-frequency resource for A-IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a first device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 12A illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a first device according to some further example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 12B illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a second device according to some yet further example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method implemented at a first device according to some yet further example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0033] FIG. 14 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0034] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0036] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0037] As used herein, the term ‘terminal device’ refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, devices on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0038] The term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0039] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or Machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function and can be used to predict some information.
[0040] The terminal or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g., FR1 (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz) , FR2 (e.g., 24.25GHz to 52.6GHz) , frequency band larger than 100 GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum.
[0041] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator. In some embodiments, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node.
[0042] As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term ‘includes’ and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean ‘includes, but is not limited to. ’ The term ‘based on’ is to be read as ‘at least in part based on. ’ The term ‘one embodiment’ and ‘an embodiment’ are to be read as ‘at least one embodiment. ’ The term ‘another embodiment’ is to be read as ‘at least one other embodiment. ’ The terms ‘first, ’ ‘second, ’ and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0043] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as ‘best, ’ ‘lowest, ’ ‘highest, ’ ‘minimum, ’ ‘maximum, ’ or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among the many functional alternatives used can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0044] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0045] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting example embodiments. Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0046] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication environment 100 involves one or more A-IoT devices 110 and a plurality of communication devices 120 (such as a communication device 120-1, a communication device 120-2…acommunication device 120-N) . Each communication device 120 may serve as a reader of the A-IoT devices 110. The plurality of communication devices 120 may communicate with the A-IoT devices 110, respectively. The communication device 120 may communicate with a radio access network and a CN and thus may communicate with a CN network device 630. In some embodiments, the reader for A-IoT may be a terminal device (e.g., interrogator) or may be a network device (e.g., a base station) , and the A-IoT device 110 may be a tag.
[0047] The A-IoT device refers to a new class of IoT devices primarily powered by harvesting ambient energy from radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other viable ambient energy source. The A-IoT device may or may not need to actively generate a signal but communicates by reflecting electromagnetic waves generated by other devices. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 1, an A-IoT device 110 generally includes an energy harvesting module 112 and a backscattering module 114.
[0048] The A-IoT is an extension of the existing IoT. A-IoT devices carry out many of the same functions as IoT devices and target many of the same use cases but require additional design choices to meet solution demands. By relying on energy harvested from ambient sources, the A-IoT makes it possible to develop lower-cost, smaller, and maintenance-free devices, allowing the IoT to become more scalable in existing use cases and in use cases still to be developed. Harvesting energy from ambient sources generates only minimal amounts of power. This creates the inherent requirement for A-IoT devices to be less complex and more power efficient.
[0049] In the A-IoT scenario, small frequency shift (SFS) is proposed for frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) between multiple devices and to avoid high interference from carrier wave.
[0050] FIG. 2A illustrates an example FDM 200A between multiple A-IoT devices using SFS. As shown in FIG. 2A, the topology 200A involves a reader 120 (e.g., a base station) and A-IoT devices 110-1, 110-2. The reader 120 may transmit to the A-IoT device 110-1 R2D signaling with an indication of SFS1, and then the A-IoT device 110-1 may communicate D2R transmission with the reader 120 using SFS1 in the frequency domain. The reader 120 may also transmit to the A-IoT device 110-2 R2D signaling with an indication of SFS2, and then the A-IoT device 110-2 may communicate D2R transmission with the reader 120 using SFS2 in the frequency domain. SFS1 and SFS2 for the two A-IoT devices are different, so that they may operate in the FDM manner.
[0051] FIG. 2B illustrates an example 200B of avoiding high frequency interference from carrier wave with SFS. As shown, the reader 120 may transmit to the A-IoT device 110 R2D signaling with an indication of SFS1 and then propagate a carrier wave towards the A-IoT device 110. Then the A-IoT device 110 may backscatter the carrier wave with SFS1 in a D2R transmission.
[0052] In some embodiments, for D2R transmission with small frequency shift of + / -R / Tb Hz, where the time duration Tb corresponds to a bit (that is after forward error correction if applied) and the repetition factor R = Tb / (2 × D2R chip length) , then the transmitted 2R chips for bit 1 and bit 0 are [0 1 0 1 …] and [1 0 1 0 …] , respectively, for OOK modulation, and the transmitted 2R chips for bit 1 and bit 0 are [-1 +1 -1 +1 …] and [+1 -1 +1 -1 …] , respectively, for BPSK modulation.
[0053] In some embodiments, it may support frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with one or more D2R transmissions for Msg. 1 in a random access procedure from multiple A-IoT devices in response to a R2D transmission triggering the random access. It may also support FDMA of D2R transmissions for Msg3 from multiple devices in response to a physical reader to device channel (PRDCH) for Msg2 transmission corresponding to multiple Msg1 during access procedure. The frequency domain resource for Msg3 may be determined based on explicit indication in the PRDCH for Msg2 transmission for one or multiples devices.
[0054] As the SFS is determined as SFS Hz= (+ / -) R / TbHz=1 / (2×chip length) , for a 1 / 15kHz bit duration, the Manchester code is equivalent to 15 kHz=1 / Tb. FIG. 3A illustrates a relation 300A between bit duration, Manchester encoding and repetition factor R.
[0055] Due to the sampling frequency offset (SFO) being at most 105ppm (parts per million) , the actual SFS may be determined in range of [0.9 SFS, 1.1 SFS] , which means the SFS error could be [-0.1, 0.1] ×R / Tb. FIG. 3B illustrates an example 300B of SFS errors for different SFSs. For example, for SFS corresponding to (+ / -) 180 kHz, the actual SFS may be in ranges of [-198 kHz, -162 kHz] (for SFS of -180 kHz) and [162 kHz, 198 kHz] (for SFS of +180 kHz) .
[0056] It was proposed that for D2R transmission with small frequency shift of + / -R / Tb Hz, the value R may be determined as 1, 2, or the like, e.g., determined based on R=2n, where n=0, 1, 2, and so on. However, 2n would lead to gap too large at the end, effect of interference among devices should be considered, and SFO would affect the inter SFS transmission, at least SFSs at 15kHz and 30kHz would have interference. For example, FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate comparison examples between an expected waveform and a realistic waveform in frequency domain for two SFSs. For R=1 and R=2 (the corresponding SFSs would be at 15kHz and 30kHz for1 / Tb=15 kHz) , the expected waveform 400A shown in FIG. 4A may not result in interface. However, due to the SFS error introduced by SFO, the realistic waveform 400B shown in FIG. 4B may result in high interference, because the actual SFS for R=1 may be at 16.5 kHz while the actual SFS for R=2 may be at 27 kHz, which may lead to high overlapping and thus high interference.
[0057] Therefore, it is expected to determine the value of SFSs to avoid or reduce interference among nearby A-IoT devices, to solve the gap increase between nearby SFSs as the SFS increases. It is also expected to indicate SFS with / without Manchester coding enabled.
[0058] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, solutions are proposed for determining a resource for signal transmission in A-IoT. In a solution, a first device receives, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor, and then obtain the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors. The list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency. The first device transmits a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor. In this solution, by determining the list of repetition factors based at least on the above-mentioned factors, SFS (s) corresponding to the repetition factor may be determined at “zero” power of carrier wave, and it can reduce interference by nearby devices and / or carrier wave.
[0059] In a further solution, a second device selects a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device, and determines an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value. After receiving the indicated value, the first device determines the repetition factor based on the indicated value and the predefined association. In this way, using the predefined association, it is possible to indicate more possible repetition factors by the second device. In addition, the first device may not need to store a list of repetition factors locally, and can use the predefined association to directly determine the corresponding repetition factor based on the indicated value received from the second device, which is especially beneficial for a small device with limited storage.
[0060] In a yet further solution, a first device receives, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device, and then determine a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources. The first device determines a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number and transmits a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource. In this solution, considering that FDM and / or TDM may happen in each round for random access, and the time-frequency resource used for random process may be determined based on a combined result of the number of frequency positions and the number of rounds for time resources.
[0061] The following will describe the details with reference to the accompanying figures.
[0062] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which illustrates a signaling flow 500 for indicating a repetition factor for A-IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 500 involves one or more first devices 510 and a second device 520. In some embodiments, each first device 510 may include or be implemented as an A-IoT device, for example, the A-IoT device 110. The second device 520 may include or be implemented as a reader, for example, the reader 120. In some embodiments, the second device 520 may have one or more reader functions for the first device (s) 510. A reader function may be considered as a reader. For the purposes of discussion, some embodiments related to the signaling flow 500 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1.
[0063] The second device 520 transmits (501) and the first device 510 receives (503) , from the second device 520, control information indicating a repetition factor. The repetition factor is also referred to as a repetition number, represented as R herein. SFS corresponding to a repetition factor may be determined based on SFS Hz= (+ / -) R / TbHz, where Tb represents the time duration corresponding to a bit. Examples of Tb may include, but are not limited to 1 / (15kHz) , 1 / (7.5kHz) , 1 / (30kHz) . In the following, for the purposes of illustration only, many examples are discussed with the assumption that Tb =1 / (15kHz) .
[0064] The first device 510 obtains (505) the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors. In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, the list of repetition factors is determined based on various factors to allow the repetition factors to reduce interference between the first devices (e.g., A-IoT devices) . The first device 510 transmits (507) and the second device 520 receives (509) a signal based on the indicated repetition factor. Optionally, the first device 510 may determine the SFS corresponding to the indicated repetition factor and then transmit the signal based on the SFS and the frequency domain resource. The signal may be the backscattered signal of the carrier wave, or may be a D2R signaling. The scope of the present disclosure has no limitation on the signal.
[0065] In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, the list of repetition factors is determined based on a minimum gap between two repetition factors. In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, alternatively or in addition, the list of repetition factors is determined based on a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, for example R=1 or 2n, n=1, 2, 3. In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, alternatively or in addition, the list of repetition factors is determined based on an SFO. For example, SFO may be at most 105ppm, or at most 104ppm. In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, alternatively or in addition, the list of repetition factors is determined based on a sampling frequency. For example, the sampling frequency may be limited to 0.96MHz, 1.12MHz, 1.92MHz, 3.36MHz, 7.68MHz, 15.36MHz, or any other suitable frequency.
[0066] In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, alternatively or in addition, the list of repetition factors is determined in such a way that none of the repetition factors in the list is three times or five times another repetition factor in the list. For example, it is needed to avoid Rj = 3Ri, as the third harmonic components of the repetition factor Ri would be a potential interference to the repetition factor Rj.
[0067] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors may be determined further based on at least one of the following a smallest SFS (also referred to as the first SFS) corresponding to a smallest repetition factor (also referred to as the first R) in the list being at zero point of a carrier wave. For example, the smallest SFS may be at 15kHz, but 30kHz or 45kHz also possible.
[0068] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors may be determined further based on a largest SFS corresponding to a largest repetition factor in the list being limited to a bandwidth, e.g., the bandwidth of 4 physical resource blocks (PRB) for 2 sideband, and each sideband for 2 resource blocks (RBs) (e.g., 360 kHz) .
[0069] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors may be determined further based on a smallest SFS corresponding to a smallest repetition factor in the list being a multiple of a subcarrier spacing, e.g., 15 kHz.
[0070] In some embodiments, the control information comprises an index for the indicated repetition factor, and the index is represented with a number of bits. The number of bits is determined based on the number of repetition factors in the list, e.g., the number of possible value of the list of R, i.e. log2|R|, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R.
[0071] In some examples, the second device 520 (e.g., the reader) may schedule at least one first device (e.g., A-IoT device) with an indication of R to backscatter a carrier wave signal. The carrier wave may be sent by the second device 520 on f0. The first SFS, i.e. SFS1 corresponding to the first R in the list may be at one or multiples of 1 / Tb= (15kHz) , assuming the carrier wave is sent with 15kHz subcarrier spacing or main lobe with 30kHz. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, it is expected that the first SFS1 corresponding to the first R in the list may be at 15kHz.
[0072] As such, the reader in the OFDM system can avoid carrier wave interference at one or multiples of 15kHz, i.e. “zero” power in spectrum can be achieved by detecting signals at multiples of subcarrier spacing. Then the first device 510 may backscatter the carrier wave based on the repetition factor and the frequency domain resource. More specifically, the first device 510 may determine the SFS based on the repetition factor and then backscatter the carrier wave.
[0073] In some embodiments, a minimum gap between two repetition factors ΔR in the list may be constrained, which may thus constraint the minimum gap between two SFSs corresponding to the two repetition factors. As shown in an example 700A of FIG. 7A, it is assumed that that SFS1 corresponding to a first petition factor R1=1 is SFS1=15kHz, and Tb=1 / (15kHz) . Setting SFS2 corresponding to a first petition factor R2 is SFS2=a kHz, the actual SFS2 when considering SFO may be in a range of [0.9a, 1.1a] , it is expected that there is at least 45 kHz between SFS1 and SFS2 even considering SFO. As such, the two SFSs may be determined to satisfy a relation of 1.1x (SFS1+45) < 0.9x SFS2, and SFS2 should a multiple of 15 kHz, where 1.1 and 0.9 are from SFO with - / +10%. To satisfy the requirement, then the SFS=75kHz, corresponding to R2=5.
[0074] As shown in another example 700B of FIG. 7B, it is expected that there is at least 15 kHz between SFS1 and SFS2 even considering SFO. . As such, the two SFSs may be determined to satisfy a relation of 1.1xSFS1+15< 0.9xSFS2. To satisfy the requirement, then the SFS=120kHz, corresponding to R2=4.
[0075] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz, R constrained to 1 or 2n, the bandwidth 4RB, a sampling frequency limit to 1.92MHz, and SFO at most 105ppm, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R = {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS = {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330} . In this example, each repetition in the list of R may be represented with log2|R|=3 bits, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R. The first device 510 may maintain the list and use the index received in the control information from the second device 520 to decide the repetition factor for use.
[0076] FIG. 8A illustrates an example 800A of a carrier wave, the waveforms corresponding to the list of SFSs, {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330} . In this example, the list of repetition factors R is extracted from a larger list of {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 30, 38, 48, 60, 76, 96, 120, 148, 184, 228, 280, 344, 422, 518} which are also determined based on one or more of the above mentioned factors, and optionally, the list of SFSs is extracted from a corresponding larger list of {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330, 450, 570, 720, 900, 1140, 1440, 1800, 2220, 3420, 4200, 5160, 6330, 7770} in kHz. Such extraction is performed due to the bandwidth limit or the sampling frequency limit.
[0077] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 30kHz, SFS1=15kHz, R constrained to 1 or 2n, the bandwidth 4RB, a sampling frequency limit to 1.92MHzm and SFO at most 105ppm, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R = {1, 4, 8, 14, 20} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS= {15, 60, 120, 210, 300} . In this example, each repetition in the list of R may also be represented with log2|R|=3 bits, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R.
[0078] FIG. 8B illustrates an example 800B of a carrier wave, the waveforms corresponding to the list of SFSs, {15, 60, 120, 210, 300} . In this example, the list of repetition factors R is extracted from a larger list of {1, 4, 8, 14, 20, 28, 38, 50, 64, 82, 104, 130, 162, 202, 250, 308, 380, 468} , and optionally, the list of SFSs is extracted from a corresponding larger list of SFS is extracted from set {15, 60, 120, 210, 300, 420, 570, 750, 960, 1230, 1560, 1950, 2430, 3030, 3750, 4620, 5700, 7020} in kHz. Such extraction is performed due to the bandwidth limit or the sampling frequency limit.
[0079] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz, the bandwidth 4RB, a sampling frequency limit to 1.92MHz sampling frequency; SFO at most 105ppm, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R = {1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS = {15, 45, 75, 120, 165, 225, 300} , with log2|R|=3 bits for the indication of the repetition factor, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R. In this example, R is not constrained to 1 or 2n.
[0080] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=30kHz, R constrained to 1 or 2n, the bandwidth 4RB, a sampling frequency limit to 1.92MHz, SFO at most 105ppm, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R = {2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS = {30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330} , with log2|R|=3 bits for the indication of the repetition factor, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R.
[0081] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (30kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz, R constrained to 1 or 2n, the bandwidth 4RB, a sampling frequency limit to 1.92MHz, SFO at most 105ppm, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS = {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360} , with log2|R|=3 bits for the indication of the repetition factor, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R.
[0082] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz, the bandwidth 4RB, a sampling frequency limit to 1.92MHz, SFO at most 104ppm, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS = {15, 45, 75, 105, 135, 165, 195, 225, 255, 285, 315, 345} , with log2|R|=4 bits for the indication of the repetition factor, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R, i.e., R=2n+1, n=0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. In this example, R is not constrained to 1 or 2n.
[0083] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz, R constrained to 1 or 2n, the bandwidth 4RB, a sampling frequency limit to 1.92MHz, and SFO being or approximating zero (e.g., a very small value) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS = {15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360} , with log2|R|=4 bits for the indication of the repetition factor, where |R| means the number of elements in the list of R.
[0084] In some embodiments, based the above candidate lists of R, possible specification impacts may be provided as following, to specify the list of R to be configured for the devices: Table 1. AIoT configuration or pre-configuration element
[0085] It would be appreciated that the list of SFSs may or may not be specified in the specifications. However, the list of SFSs may still be derived from the list of repetitions based on the association SFS Hz= (+ / -) R / TbHz.
[0086] In a first example, {SFS1, SFS2, …, SFSn} is replaced by {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330} in kHz or by R values {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} .
[0087] In a second example, {SFS1, SFS2, …, SFSn} is replaced by {15, 60, 120, 210, 300} in kHz or by R values {1, 4, 8, 14, 20} .
[0088] In a third example, {SFS1, SFS2, …, SFSn} is replaced by {15, 45, 75, 120, 165, 225, 300} in kHz or by R values {1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20} .
[0089] In a fourth example, {SFS1, SFS2, …, SFSn} is replaced by {30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330} in kHz or by R values {2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} .
[0090] In a fifth example, {SFS1, SFS2, …, SFSn} is replaced by {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360} in kHz or by R values {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12} .
[0091] In a sixth example, {SFS1, SFS2, …, SFSn} is replaced by {15, 45, 75, 105, 135, 165, 195, 225, 255, 285, 315, 345} in kHz or by R values {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23} .
[0092] In a seventh example, {SFS1, SFS2, …, SFSn} is replaced by {15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360} in kHz or by R values {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26} .
[0093] In some embodiments, as the indication of repetition is provided in the control information from the second device 520 to the first device 510, possible specification impacts may be provided as following: Table 2. A-IoT Format
[0094] In some embodiments, the lists of R or SFS may be extracted from the front X elements for the whole list of R or the whole list of SFS list, where X could be an integer or 2n, n=1, 2, 3, and so on. In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors may be determined based on an equation of k*n+1, wherein k is an integer larger than or equal to 2 (i.e., k=2, 3, 4, …) , and n is or an integer larger than or equal to zero (i.e., n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4…) .
[0095] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List1= {1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20, 26, 33, 42, 53, 66, 82, 102, 126, 156} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List1 = {15, 45, 75, 120, 165, 225, 300, 390, 495, 630, 795, 990, 1230, 1530, 1890, 2340} in kHz.
[0096] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=30kHz (i.e., R1=2) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List2= {2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 19, 25, 32, 41, 52, 65, 81, 101, 125, 154} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List2 = {30, 60, 105, 150, 210, 285, 375, 480, 615, 780, 975, 1215, 1515, 1875, 2310} in kHz.
[0097] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 30kHz, SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List3= {1, 4, 8, 13, 19, 26, 35, 46, 59, 75, 95, 119, 148} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List3 = {15, 60, 120, 195, 285, 390, 525, 690, 885, 1125, 1425, 1785, 2220} in kHz.
[0098] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 30kHz, SFS1=30kHz (i.e., R1=2) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List4= {2, 5, 9, 14, 20, 27, 36, 47, 60, 76, 96, 120, 150} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List4 = {15, 75, 135, 210, 300, 405, 540, 705, 900, 1140, 1440, 1800, 2250} in kHz.
[0099] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 45kHz, SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List5= {1, 5, 10, 16, 24, 33, 44, 58, 75, 96, 121, 152} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List5 = {15, 75, 150, 240, 360, 495, 660, 870, 1125, 1440, 1815, 2280} in kHz.
[0100] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 45kHz, SFS1=30kHz (i.e., R1=2) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List6= {2, 5, 9, 14, 20, 27, 36, 47, 60, 76, 96, 120, 150, 186, 230, 284} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List6 = {15, 37.5, 67.5, 105, 150, 202.5, 270, 352.5, 450, 570, 720, 900, 1125, 1395, 1725, 2130} in kHz.
[0101] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (30kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List7= {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 30, 38, 48, 60, 74, 92, 114} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List7 = {30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330, 450, 570, 720, 900, 1140, 1440, 1800, 2220, 2760, 3420} in kHz.
[0102] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (30kHz) , the minimum gap 45kHz, SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List8= {1, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 38, 49, 62, 78} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List8 = {30, 120, 210, 330, 480, 660, 870, 1140, 1470, 1860, 2340} in kHz.
[0103] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and R constrained to an even value, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List9= {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 30, 38, 48, 60, 76, 96, 120, 148, 184, 228} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List9 = {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330, 450, 570, 720, 900, 1140, 1440, 1800, 2220, 2760, 3420} in kHz.
[0104] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 30kHz, SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and R constrained to an even value, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List10= {1, 4, 8, 14, 20, 28, 38, 50, 64, 82, 104, 130, 162, 202, 250, 308} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List10 = {15, 60, 120, 210, 300, 420, 570, 750, 960, 1230, 1560, 1950, 2430, 3030, 3750, 4620} in kHz.
[0105] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, and SFS1=30kHz (i.e., R1=2) , and R constrained to an even value, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List11= {2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 30, 38, 48, 60, 76, 96, 120, 148, 184, 228} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List11 = {30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330, 450, 570, 720, 900, 1140, 1440, 1800, 2220, 2760, 3420} in kHz.
[0106] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 45kHz, and SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and R constrained to an even value, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List12= {1, 6, 12, 20, 30, 43, 56, 74, 96, 122, 154, 192} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List12 = {15, 90, 180, 300, 450, 630, 840, 1110, 1440, 1830, 2310, 2880} in kHz.
[0107] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (30kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, and SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and R constrained to an even value, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List13= {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 22, 28, 36, 46, 58, 72, 90, 112, 138} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List13 = {30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, 660, 840, 1080, 1380, 1740, 2160, 2700, 3360, 4140} in kHz.
[0108] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 15kHz, and SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and SFO being 1%, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List14= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31} , i.e. 2n+1, to give at least 30kHz gap, and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List14 = {15, 45, 75, 105, 135, 165, 195, 225, 255, 285, 315, 345, 375, 405, 435, 465} in kHz.
[0109] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 30kHz, and SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and SFO being 1%, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List15= {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46} , i.e. 3n+1, to give at least 45kHz gap, and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List15 = {15, 60, 105, 150, 195, 240, 285, 330, 375, 420, 465, 510, 555, 600, 645, 690} in kHz.
[0110] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 30kHz, and SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and R constrained to an even value, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List16= {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List16 = {15, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 450, 480} in kHz.
[0111] In some examples, for Tb=1 / (15kHz) , the minimum gap 45kHz, and SFS1=15kHz (i.e., R1=1) , and SFO being 1%, to satisfy one or more of the above mentioned factors, the list of repetition factors may be R List17= {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60} , and optionally, the list of corresponding SFSs may be accordingly determined as SFS List17 = {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 540, 600, 660, 720, 780, 840, 900} in kHz.
[0112] In some embodiments, for any SFS List (e.g., SFS Listx above or below) , due to frequency domain constraint, sampling limit and SFO situation, the front part of these lists may be extracted as the set for indication. Similarly, for any R List (e.g., R Listx above or below) , due to frequency domain constraint, sampling limit and SFO situation, the front part, or middle parts, or any other suitable parts of these lists may be extracted as the set for indication of the repetition factor.
[0113] For example, based on the frequency domain within 180kHz, for SFS List9 = {15, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330, …} , only the first 4 values are used as {15, 60, 120, 180} , and thus the corresponding R list may include the first 4 values, i.e., {1, 4, 8, 12} .
[0114] For example, if the sampling limit is 1.92MHz, SFS should not exceed a1*1.92MHz, a1=1, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, etc. When a1=0.2, a1*1.92MHz = 384kHz, SFS List1 = {15, 45, 75, 120, 165, 225, 300, 390, 495, 630, …} , only the first seven values are used as {15, 45, 75, 120, 165, 225, 300} . Thus the corresponding R list may include the first 7 values, i.e., {1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20, 26} .
[0115] In some embodiments, to avoid the 3rd or 5th sidelobe of device signal, and / or 3rd or 5th harmonic components of a potential signal from a device, i.e., to satisfy the factor that none of the repetition factors in the list is three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, some possible lists of repetition factors may be provided as the followings. In some embodiments, each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors is determined based on multiplying of 2a, 3b, 5c, or 7d, where a, b, c, and / or d are integers larger than or equal to 0, with no repetition factor in the list being determined as another repetition factor in the list multiplying 3 or 5. In addition, the minimum gap between two repetition factors in the list of repetition factors is two.
[0116] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List18 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 25, 27, 32, 36, 48, 54, 64, 72, 80, 90, 100, 120, 128} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3 or 5.
[0117] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List19 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 27, 32, 36, 40, 48, 50, 54, 64, 72, 80, 90, 100, 125, 128} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3.
[0118] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List20 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, 25, 27, 32, 35, 45, 49, 54, 56, 60, 64, 72, 84, 90, 98, 100, 108, 112, 120, 126, 128} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5, 7 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3 or 5.
[0119] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List21a = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 20, 25, 27, 32, 35, 40, 45, 49, 54, 56, 63, 70, 72, 80, 84, 90, 98, 100, 108, 112} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5, 7 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3.
[0120] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List21b = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 32, 36, 54, 64, 72, 90, 100, 120, 128} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3 or 5, R is an even number.
[0121] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List22 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 50, 54, 64, 72, 80, 90, 100, 128} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3, R is an even number.
[0122] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List23 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 28, 32, 36, 54, 56, 64, 72, 90, 98, 100, 112, 120, 126, 128} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5, 7 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3 or 5, R is an even number.
[0123] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List24 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 20, 28, 32, 36, 40, 50, 54, 56, 64, 70, 72, 80, 90, 98, 100, 112, 126, 128} , with the R element determined from multiplying results of 2, 3, 5, 7 and the minimum gap between two repetition factors being 2, without any element being another elements multiplying 3, R is an even number.
[0124] In some embodiments, the sampling frequency may be a multiple of each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors. For example, to use the sampling frequency limit 960kHz or 1920kHz to obtain the repetition R, where 960 or 1920 should be multiples of R, so that each chip can have constant sampling points. Some possible lists of repetition factors may be provided as the followings.
[0125] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List25 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 32, 40, 48, 64, 80, 160, 320} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3 and with the minimum gap being 2.
[0126] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List26 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3, and with R being an even number and the minimum gap being 2.
[0127] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List27 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 24, 32, 48, 60, 64, 80, 480} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3 or 5 and with the minimum gap being 2.
[0128] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List28 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 24, 32, 60, 64, 240, 480} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3 or 5, and with R being an even number and the minimum gap being 2.
[0129] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List29 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 32, 40, 48, 64, 80, 128, 160, 320, 640} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3 and with minimum gap being 2.
[0130] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List30 = {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 128, 160, 320, 640} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3, and with R being an even number and the minimum gap being 2.
[0131] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List31= {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 24, 32, 48, 60, 64, 80, 128, 480, 960} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3 or 5 and with the minimum gap being 2.
[0132] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be R List32= {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 24, 32, 60, 64, 128, 240, 480, 960} , without any R element as another elements multiplying 3 or 5, and with R being an even number and the minimum gap being 2.
[0133] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors may be determined in such a way to exclude of 2 from the list of repetition factors, and / or to avoid a repetition factor being equal to another repetition factor multiplying 3.
[0134] In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be {1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128} , i.e., to exclude R=2 in the list. In some examples, the list of repetition factors may be {1, 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 50, 64, 72, 80, 90, 100, 128} , i.e., to exclude R=2 in the list, and add at least one of {20, 36, 40, 50, 72, 80, 90, 100} into the list, where no element equals to another element multiplying 3.
[0135] In some embodiments, when considering the gap of repetition factors ΔR, the gap may fulfill a relation of 0.9xRi+1 -1.1xRi>ΔR, i.e., Ri+1> (1.1xRi+ ΔR) / 0.9, where Ri and Ri+1 may be any two repetitions factors in the list of repetition factors, and Ri is smaller than Ri+1.
[0136] In some examples, if R1=1, ΔR=2, then R2=4. Similarly, the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 12, 17, 23, 41, 51, 53, 67, 85, 107, 133, 165, 204, 252} . Furthermore, if Ri is required to be an even number, the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 12, 18, 26, 34, 44, 56, 72, 92, 116, 144, 180, 224, 276} .
[0137] In some examples, if R1=1, ΔR=3, then R2=5. Similarly, the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 5, 10, 16, 23, 32, 43, 56, 72, 92, 116, 146, 182, 226, 280, 346} . Furthermore, if Ri is required to be an even number, the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 6, 12, 18, 26, 36, 48, 62, 80, 102, 128, 160, 200, 248, 308, 380} .
[0138] In some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …, b=0, 1, 2, …, c=0, 1, 2, …, and Ri is even number, ΔR=2, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 12, 18, 30, 40, 54, 72, 96, 120, 150, 192, 240, 300} . Furthermore, if any element in the list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 16, 30, 40, 54, 72, 96, 128, 160, 200, 250} . Further, if any element in R list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3 or 5, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 64, 96, 120, 160, 200} .
[0139] In some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1; c=0, 1, 2; ΔR=2 and Ri is even number, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 12, 20, 30, 40, 60, 72, 96, 120, 150, 192, 240, 300} . Furthermore, if any element in R list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 16, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 128, 160, 200, 250} . Further, if any element in R list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3 or 5, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, 64, 96, 120, 160, 200, 256} .
[0140] In some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1, 2, …; c=0, 1, 2, …; ΔR=2, and without constraining Ri to be an even number, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1,4, 8, 12, 18, 25, 36, 48, 64, 81, 108, 135, 180, 225, 288} . Furthermore, if any element in R list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 15, 25, 36, 48, 64, 81, 120, 150, 200, 250} . Further, if any element in R list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3 or 5, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 15, 25, 36, 48, 64, 81, 120, 150, 200, 250} .
[0141] In some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1; c=0, 1, 2, ΔR=2 and without constraining Ri to be an even number, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 12, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 128, 160, 200, 250} . Furthermore, if any element in R list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 15, 25, 40, 60, 80, 100, 128, 160, 200, 250} . Further, if any element in R list should be not equal to another element multiplying 3 or 5, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 15, 25, 48, 64, 96, 120, 150, 200, 250} .
[0142] In some embodiments, when considering the SFO of each Ri, and its 3rd or 5th portion, some possible lists of repetition factors may be obtained.
[0143] In some examples, if the first repetition factor R1 =1, and the SFO of (+ / -10%) leads to R1 in a range of [0.9, 1.1] , and its 3rd portion as [3x0.9, 3x1.1] = [2.7, 3.3] , the value of the next repetition factor R2 should avoid this range. Furthermore, considering SFO for R2, [0.9R2, 1.1R2] should have no overlap with [0.9, 1.1] and [2.7, 3.3] , it can derive R2 =4.
[0144] Based on the above, in some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1, 2, …; c=0, 1, 2, …; ΔR=2, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 225} . Further, to rule out the 5th portion, the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 225} .
[0145] Based on the above, in some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1; c=0, 1, 2; ΔR=2, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240} . Further, to rule out the 5th portion, it may still have the list of repetition factors as {1, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240} .
[0146] Based on the above, in some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1, 2, …; c=0, 1, 2, …; ΔR=2; Ri is even number, then the list of repetition factors as {1, 4, 8, 16, 30, 60, 120, 240} . Further, to rule out the 5th portion, the list of repetition factors may be determined as the same as {1, 4, 8, 16, 30, 60, 120, 240} . Another alternative list of repetition factors may be determined as {1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256} .
[0147] In some embodiments, when considering the SFO of each Ri to be + / -1%, and its 3rd or 5th portion, some possible lists of repetition factors may be obtained.
[0148] In some examples, if the first repetition factor R1 =1, and the SFO (+ / -1%) leads to R1 in a range of [0.99, 1.01] , and its 3rd portion as [3x0.99, 3x1.01] = [2.97, 3.03] , the value of the next repetition factor R2 should avoid this range. Furthermore, considering SFO for R2, [0.99R2, 1.01R2] should have no overlap with [0.99, 1.01] and [2.97, 3.03] , it can derive R2 = 4.
[0149] Based on the above, in some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1, 2, …; c=0, 1, 2, …; ΔR=2, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25} . Further, to rule out 5th portion, the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 25, 27} .
[0150] Based on the above, in some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1; c=0, 1, 2; ΔR=2, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25} . Further, to rule out 5th portion, the list of repetition factors may still be derived as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 25, 32} .
[0151] Based on the above, in some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1, 2, …; c=0, 1, 2, …; ΔR=2; Ri is even number, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32} . Further, to rule out 5th portion, the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 32, 36} .
[0152] Based on the above, in some examples, if Ri is required to fulfil 2ax3bx5c, where a=0, 1, 2, …; b=0, 1, …; c=0, 1, 2, …; ΔR=2; Ri is even number, then the list of repetition factors may be derived as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32} . Further, to rule out 5th portion, the list of repetition factors may be derived as the same as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 32, 60} .
[0153] It would be appreciated that all lists of repetition factors (and the corresponding lists of SFSs) in the previous embodiments or examples can be modified to output one or more new list, which is still within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the front X number may be extracted from one of the above mentioned list of repetitions. The parts of Ri values extracted from the list may be used to form a new R list. Those modified R lists are still within the scope of the present disclosure.
[0154] In some embodiments, the first device 510 may be configured with and maintain one list of repetition factors. In some other embodiments, when the D2R chip duration is small, the maximum value of R should be reduced due to the sampling limit. It is supported that the D2R chip duration is indicated in R2D control information from predefined a set of D2R chip duration values.
[0155] Therefore, in some embodiments, a plurality of lists of repetition factors (represented as R lists) may be defined, with each list of repetition factors corresponding to one chip duration or one time duration of a bit. In some examples, a R list may be predefined for each D2R chip duration or each time duration of a bit. That is, for different chip durations or for different time durations of a bit, the R lists are different.
[0156] For example, for a chip duration as 1 / 15kHz, the R list may be {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320} . For a chip duration as 1 / 30kHz, since the chip duration is reduced by 1 / 2, the R list is reformed as {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160} or use another R list. The procedure may also be reduced to the methods to extract how many elements from an original R list.
[0157] During the communication between the first device 510 and the second device 520, the first device 510 may further receive an indication of a chip duration or a time duration of a bit from the second device, in addition to the indication of the repetition factor (e.g., an index of the repetition factor) . Then the first device 510 may determine the list of repetition factors corresponding to the indicated chip duration or the indicated time duration of a bit from a plurality of lists of repetition factors.
[0158] Based on the indicated chip duration or the indicated time duration of a bit, the first device 510 may obtain the corresponding R list, and then use the R indication (e.g., the index of the repetition factor) to obtain an element from the corresponding R list. For example, if the chip duration is indicated as 1 / 30kHz, and the R indication indicates the second element in the list, the first device 510 may obtain the R list {1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160} , and use the second element in the list, i.e., R=4 for transmission.
[0159] In some embodiments, as the indication of repetition is provided in the control information from the second device 520 to the first device 510, possible specification impacts may be provided as following: Table 3. A-IoT Format Table 4. Possible specification on the device behavior
[0160] In the above embodiments, it is proposed that an indication of the repetition factor is provided from the second device to the first device, and the first device may thus be configured with and then maintain the list of repetition factors. The first device may use the indication to obtain the indicated repetition factor from the list of repetition factors. In some other embodiments of the present disclosure, the second device may provide a specific value and the first device may use the value and a predefined association to directly calculate the repetition factor for use, as will be described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0161] FIG. 9 illustrates a signaling flow 900 for indicating a repetition factor for A-IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 900 involves one or more first devices 910 and a second device 920. In some embodiments, each first device 910 may include or be implemented as an A-IoT device, for example, the A-IoT device 110. The second device 920 may include or be implemented as a reader, for example, the reader 120. In some embodiments, the second device 920 may have one or more reader functions for the first device (s) 910. A reader function may be considered as a reader. For the purposes of discussion, some embodiments related to the signaling flow 900 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1.
[0162] The second device 920 selects (901) a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for the first device 910 910. For different first devices 910 near each other, the second device 920 may select different repetition factors. The list of repetition factors may include the list of repetition factors but is not limited to that. For example, the list of repetition factors may include more repetition factors that are determined based on the above mentioned factors.
[0163] The second device 920 determines (902) an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value. The second device 920 transmits (903) , to the first device 910, control information comprising the indicated value. For different first devices 910, the second device 920 may indicate their repetition factors by the specific indicated values, respectively, without configuring or indicating the list of repetition factors.
[0164] In some examples, the D2R transmission (e.g., from the first device 910, which is an A-IoT device, to the second device 920, which is a reader) may always use the Manchester code. Thus, the second device 920 may send the control information to schedule the D2R transmission. The control information may include the indicated value as the SFS indication.
[0165] The first device 910 receives (905) , from the second device, control information comprising an indicated value. The first device 910 determines (907) a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values.
[0166] In some embodiments, the predefined association is represented as R=2n+1, where R represents the repetition factor, and n represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to zero. For “2n+1” , “1” is from applying Manchester code, and 2n is obtained from indicated value n. Then if needed, the SFS may be determined as + / - (2n+1) / Tb Hz.
[0167] In some embodiments, the predefined association defines that the repetition factor is determined as one or is determined as R=2m, where R represents the repetition factor, and m represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to one. Then SFS is determined as + / -1 / Tb Hz, or + / -2m / Tb Hz. For another example, when m=0, it means R=1 or only apply Manchester code without additional repetition factor.
[0168] In some examples, in the predefined association of R=2n+1 or R=2m, the value “2” may be replaced by k, with k=2, 3, 4, …., i.e. R=k*n+1 or k*m.
[0169] For example, the repetition factor may be determined as R= 1, 3, 5, 2n+1, n=0, 1, 2, 3, …. When the SFS indication is indicated with 3 or 4 bits of value, e.g., “000” or “0000” , the first device 910 may know only Manchester coding is used. When the SFS indication is “010” or “0010” , the first device 910 may determine R=2* (10) 2+1=5. By doing so, the first device 910 may do not need to record the potential values of the R list, and save its memory.
[0170] For another example, the repetition factor may be determined as R=1, 2, 4, …, 2m, m=1, 2, 3, …. When the SFS indication is indicated with 3 or 4 bits of value, e.g., “000” or “0000” , the first device 910 may know only Manchester coding is used. When the SFS indication is “011” or “0011” , the first device 910 may determine R=2* (11) 2=6. Similarly, by doing so, device do not need to record the potential values of the R list, and save its memory.
[0171] In some embodiments, as the indication of repetition factor is provided in the control information from the second device 920 to the first device 910, possible specification impacts may be provided as following: Table 5. A-IoT Format Table 6-1. Possible specification on the device behavior Table 6-2. Possible specification on the device behavior
[0172] With the repetition factor determined, in the signaling flow 900, the first device 910 transmits (909) and the second device 920 receives (911) a signal based on the repetition factor.
[0173] In some embodiments, the radio frequency identification (RFID) may use multi-round with each round of only one device, with the Q value decreasing with each query repetition. Specifically, upon receiving a Query message, tags (an example of the A-IoT device) with matching Sel and the target tag shall pick a random value in the range (0, 2Q–1) inclusively, and shall load this value into their slot counter. If a tag, in response to the Query message, loads its slot counter with zero, then it may reply to the Query message; otherwise the tag shall remain silent.
[0174] Some example embodiments provide a solution for how the A-IoT device determines the time-frequency resource for such iterative querying procedure for random access.
[0175] FIG. 10 illustrates a signaling flow 1000 for determining a time-frequency resource for A-IoT according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 1000 involves one or more first devices 1010 and a second device 1020. In some embodiments, each first device 1010 may include or be implemented as an A-IoT device, for example, the A-IoT device 110. The second device 1020 may include or be implemented as a reader, for example, the reader 120. In some embodiments, the second device 1020 may have one or more reader functions for the first device (s) 1010. A reader function may be considered as a reader. For the purposes of discussion, some embodiments related to the signaling flow 1000 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1.
[0176] The second device 1020 transmits (1001) and the first device 1010 receives (1003) control information for triggering random access towards the second device 1020.
[0177] The first device 1010 determines (1005) a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources. The first device 1010 determines (1007) a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number.
[0178] With the time-frequency resource determined, the first device 1010 transmits (1009) a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource. The second device receives (1011) the signal transmitted from the first device 1010 on the time-frequency resource.
[0179] In some embodiments, the first number of frequency positions, represented as |R|, may be determined based on an indicated repetition factor, which is determined according to some embodiments discussed above. In some embodiments, the first number of frequency positions |R| may be configured or provided by the second device 1020 or a further device. In some embodiments, the first number of frequency positions |R| may be specified for the first device 1010, as a default value.
[0180] In some embodiments, the first device 1010 may obtain the times of rounds N based on the information related to round times. Here, a round refers to a round for random access by the first device 1010, e.g., when the second device 1020 transmits a trigger for random access. In some embodiments, based on the number of time resources within each round, the first device 1010 may obtain T time resources of one round. In some embodiments, the number of time resources T within each round may be obtained from the control information. Based on the information related to round times, the first device 1010 may obtain the times of rounds N. In some embodiments, the information related to round times may be obtained from the control information received from the second device 1020. For the random access procedure, the information related to round times may indicate a value from a range comprising a plurality of values, to indicate the times of rounds N. For example, the value N may be indicated via a plurality of bits (represented as b bits) , which may have a range of values from “000000” to “111111” and thus may include 2b (i.e., 32) possible values to indicate N. For another example, in data transmission scheduling, the information related to round times is interpreted as one round (e.g., 000001) , and it means that the data transmission is scheduled for one round of time.
[0181] In some embodiments, the first device 1010 may determine an overall number of time-frequency resources based on multiplying of the first number and the second number, e.g., |R| × N. In some embodiments, the first device 1010 may determine an overall number of time-frequency resources based on multiplying of the first number, the second number, and a third number of time resources in one round, e.g., |R| × N × T. Then the first device 1010 may determine the time-frequency resource for random access based on the overall number of time-frequency resources.
[0182] In some embodiments, the first device 1010 may select a first random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources, e.g., may select a random number M from a range of [0, |R|×N-1] or a range of [1, |R| × N ] or [0, |R|×N×T-1] or [1, |R|×N×T ] .
[0183] In some embodiments, if the first random number M is larger than k multiple of the first number and smaller than (k+1) multiple of the first number, or is larger than k multiple of the first number |R| multiplying the third number T and also smaller than (k+1 multiple of the first number r |R| multiplying the third number T, the first device 1010 may determine a round index of the time-frequency resource based on (k+1) , e.g., the round index may be (k+1) , where k is an integer larger than or equal to one. The round index to transmit may be determined as or or or
[0184] Further, if k is larger than zero, the first device 1010 may determine a frequency position and / or a time position of the selected time-frequency resource based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number, or based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number multiplying the third number. The frequency position or the time-frequency resource may be determined based on or or or
[0185] In some embodiments, the first device 1010 may select a second random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources, e.g., may select a random number M from a range of [0, |R|×N-1] or a range of [1, |R| × N ] or [0, |R|×N×T-1] or [1, |R|×N×T ] .
[0186] If the second random number M is larger than the first number |R| or larger than a result of the first number multiplying the third number in a round, e.g., |R|×T, the first device 1010 may decrease the second random number M by |R| or |R|×T. If the second random number M is lower than |R| or |R|×T in the round, the first device 1010 may determine a time-frequency resource based on the second random number, and then transmit the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in this round.
[0187] In some embodiments, the first device 1010 may determine a third random number M1 based on the second number N; and determine a fourth random number M2 based on the first number |R| or the first number multiplying a third number of time resources in one round, |R|×T. For example, M1 may be selected from a range of [0, N) or [1, N] . M2 may be selected from a range of [0, |R|) or [1, |R|] or [0, |R|) or [1, |R|×T] or [0 , |R|×T) .
[0188] If the third random number M1 is larger than one, the first device 1010 may decrease the third random number M1 by one in a round. The device may not transmit the signal for random access in this round.
[0189] If the third random number M1 is equal to zero in the round, the first device 1010 may determine a time-frequency resource in the round based on the fourth random number M2. The first device 1010 may transmit the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in the round.
[0190] It would be appreciated that when determining the time-frequency resource based on the fourth random number M2 or other number or value in a round, the index mapping for the time-frequency resource may be performed in a frequency-first-time-second manner (e.g. first mapping to the frequency position of the first time resource in an ascending order or a descending order, and then mapping to the frequency position of the second time resource in an ascending order or a descending order) , or in a time-first-frequency-second manner.
[0191] In some embodiments, to scheduling the resource for D2R transmission, possible specification impacts may be provided as following: Table 7. A-IoT Format Table 8-1. Possible specification on the device behavior Table 8-2. Possible specification on the device behavior Table 8-3. Possible specification on the device behavior Table 8-4. Possible specification on the device behavior Table 8-5. Possible specification on the device behavior
[0192] In some embodiments, the D2R transmission may use small frequency shift, but the R2D transmission may not have to use small frequency shift. Hence, the transmission of D2R and R2D may not be implemented in the same way. For example, the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for D2R or R2D may not be the same.
[0193] Length 6 and length 16 CRC, i.e., CRC-6, CRC-16, are supported for AIoT transmission, but the bit threshold for CRC-6 and CRC-16 is undetermined. In other words, when the number of information bits is small than or equal to a threshold TH and CRC is used, CRC-6 should be applied. When the number of information bits is bigger than the threshold TH, CRC-16 should be applied.
[0194] Considering the difference between the transmission of R2D and D2R, the following examples are possible. For example, TH for the D2R transmission may be 23 or 24 bits, and TH for R2D transmission could be 56 or 57 bits. For another example, TH for the D2R transmission could be 56 or 57 bits, and TH for R2D transmission may be 23 or 24 bits.
[0195] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1100 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1100 will be described from the perspective of the first device 510 in FIG. 5.
[0196] At block 1110, the first device 510 receives, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor.
[0197] At block 1120, the first device 510 obtains the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency.
[0198] At block 1130, the first device 510 transmits a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor.
[0199] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors is determined further based on at least one of the following: a smallest small frequency shift, SFS, corresponding to a smallest repetition factor in the list being at zero point of a carrier wave, a largest SFS corresponding to a largest repetition factor in the list being limited to a bandwidth, or a smallest SFS corresponding to a smallest repetition factor in the list being a multiple of a subcarrier spacing.
[0200] In some embodiments, the control information comprises an index for the indicated repetition factor, and wherein the index is represented with a number of bits.
[0201] In some embodiments, the number of bits is determined based on the number of repetition factors in the list.
[0202] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors comprises one of or a part of the following lists: {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} ; {1, 4, 8, 14, 20} ; {1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20} ; {2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} ; {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12} ; {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23} ; {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26} ; {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 30, 38, 48, 60, 76, 96, 120, 148, 184, 228} ; {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31} .
[0203] In some embodiments, each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors is determined based on multiplying of 2a, 3b, 5c, or 7d, where a, b, c, and d are integers larger than or equal to 0, with no repetition factor in the list being determined as another repetition factor in the list multiplying 3 or 5, and wherein the minimum gap between two repetition factors in the list of repetition factors is two.
[0204] In some embodiments, the sampling frequency is a multiple of each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors.
[0205] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors comprises one of or a part of the following lists: {1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128} ; or {1, 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 50, 64, 72, 80, 90, 100, 128} .
[0206] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors is determined based on an equation of k*n+1, wherein k is an integer larger than or equal to 2, and n is or an integer larger than or equal to zero.
[0207] In some embodiments, the method 1100 further comprises: receiving an indication of a chip duration or a time duration of a bit from the second device; and determining the list of repetition factors corresponding to the indicated chip duration or the indicated time duration of a bit from a plurality of lists of repetition factors, wherein each list of repetition factors is corresponding to one chip duration or one time duration of a bit.
[0208] In some embodiments, the first device comprises an ambient internet of thing (A-IoT) device, and the second device comprises a reader device for A-IoT.
[0209] FIG. 12A illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1200A implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1200A will be described from the perspective of the first device 910 in FIG. 9.
[0210] At block 1210, the first device 910 receives, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value.
[0211] At block 1220, the first device 910 determines a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values.
[0212] At block 1230, the first device 910 transmits a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor.
[0213] In some embodiments, the predefined association is represented as R=2n+1, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and n represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to zero.
[0214] In some embodiments, the predefined association defines that the repetition factor is determined as one or is determined as R=2m, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and m represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to one.
[0215] FIG. 12B illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1200B implemented at a second device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1200B will be described from the perspective of the second device 920 in FIG. 9.
[0216] At block 1240, the second device 920 selects a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device.
[0217] At block 1250, the second device 920determines an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value.
[0218] At block 1260, the second device 920 transmits, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value.
[0219] At block 1270, the second device 920 receives a signal from the first device using the repetition factor.
[0220] In some embodiments, the predefined association is represented as R=2n+1, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and n represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to zero.
[0221] In some embodiments, the predefined association defines that the repetition factor is determined as one or is determined as R=2m, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and m represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to one.
[0222] FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1300 implemented at a first device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1300 will be described from the perspective of the first device 1010 in FIG. 10.
[0223] At block 1310, the first device 1010 receives, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device.
[0224] At block 1320, the first device 1010 determines a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources.
[0225] At block 1330, the first device 1010 determines a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number.
[0226] At block 1340, the first device 1010 transmits a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource.
[0227] In some embodiments, the first number of frequency positions is determined based on an indicated repetition factor, or is configured or provided by the second device or a further device, or is specified for the first device.
[0228] In some embodiments, the method 1300 further comprises: determining an overall number of time-frequency resources based on: multiplying of the first number and the second number, or multiplying of the first number, the second number, and a third number of time resources in one round; and determining the time-frequency resource based on the overall number of time-frequency resources.
[0229] In some embodiments, the method 1300 further comprises: selecting a first random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources; determining a round index of the time-frequency resource based on (k+1) in accordance with a determination that the first random number is larger than k multiple of the first number and smaller than (k+1) multiple of the first number, or is larger than k multiple of the first number multiplying the third number and smaller than (k+1) multiple of the first number multiplying the third number; and in accordance with a determination that k is larger than zero, determining a frequency position and / or a time position of the selected time-frequency resource based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number, or based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number multiplying the third number, wherein k is an integer larger than or equal to one.
[0230] In some embodiments, the method 1300 further comprises: select a second random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources; and in accordance with a determination that the second random number is larger than the first number or larger than a result of the first number multiplying the third number in a round, decrease the second random number by the first number or the result of the first number multiplying the third number; and in accordance with a determination that the second random number is lower than the first number or the result of the first number multiplying the third number in the round, determine a time-frequency resource based on the second random number, and transmit the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in the round.
[0231] In some embodiments, the method 1300 further comprises: determining a third random number based on the second number; determining a fourth random number based on the first number or the first number multiplying a third number of time resources in one round; in accordance with a determination that the third random number is larger than one, decreasing the third random number by one in a round; and in accordance with a determination that the third random number is equal to zero in the round, determining a time-frequency resource in the round based on the fourth random number, and transmitting the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in the round.
[0232] FIG. 14 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1400 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1400 can be considered as a further example implementation of any of the devices as shown in FIG. 1. Accordingly, the device 1400 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the A-IoT device or the reader in FIG. 1, or the first device 510, 910 or 1010, or the second device 520, 920 or 1020 in FIG. 5, 9 or 10.
[0233] As shown, the device 1400 includes a processor 1410, a memory 1420 coupled to the processor 1410, a suitable transceiver 1440 coupled to the processor 1410, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1440. The memory 1420 stores at least a part of a program 1430. The transceiver 1440 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1440 may include at least one of a transmitter 1442 and a receiver 1444. The transmitter 1442 and the receiver 1444 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1440 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0234] The program 1430 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1410, enable the device 1400 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 5 to 13. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1410 of the device 1400, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1410 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1410 and memory 1420 may form processing means 1450 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0235] The memory 1420 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1420 is shown in the device 1400, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1400. The processor 1410 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1400 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0236] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor; obtain the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency; and transmit a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device as discussed above.
[0237] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value; determine a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values; and transmit a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device as discussed above.
[0238] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: select a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device; determine an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value; transmit, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value; and receive a signal from the first device using the repetition factor. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the second device as discussed above.
[0239] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device; determine a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources; determine a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number; and transmit a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device as discussed above.
[0240] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0241] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor; means for obtaining the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency; and means for transmitting a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor. In some embodiments, the first apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1100. In some embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some embodiments of the method 1100. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0242] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value; means for determining a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values; and means for transmitting a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1200A. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some embodiments of the method 1200A. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0243] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus comprises means for selecting a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device; means for determining an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value; means for transmitting, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value; and means for receiving a signal from the first device using the repetition factor. In some embodiments, the third apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1200B. In some embodiments, the third apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some embodiments of the method 1200B. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0244] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device; means for determining a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources; means for determining a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number; and means for transmitting a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource. In some embodiments, the fourth apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1300. In some embodiments, the fourth apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some embodiments of the method 1300. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0245] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure provide the following aspects.
[0246] In an aspect, it is proposed a first device, comprising: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor; obtain the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency; and transmit a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor.
[0247] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors is determined further based on at least one of the following: a smallest small frequency shift, SFS, corresponding to a smallest repetition factor in the list being at zero point of a carrier wave, a largest SFS corresponding to a largest repetition factor in the list being limited to a bandwidth, or a smallest SFS corresponding to a smallest repetition factor in the list being a multiple of a subcarrier spacing.
[0248] In some embodiments, the control information comprises an index for the indicated repetition factor, and wherein the index is represented with a number of bits.
[0249] In some embodiments, the number of bits is determined based on the number of repetition factors in the list.
[0250] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors comprises one of or a part of the following lists: {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} ; {1, 4, 8, 14, 20} ; {1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20} ; {2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} ; {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12} ; {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23} ; {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26} ; {1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 30, 38, 48, 60, 76, 96, 120, 148, 184, 228} ; {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31} .
[0251] In some embodiments, each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors is determined based on multiplying of 2a, 3b, 5c, or 7d, where a, b, c, and d are integers larger than or equal to 0, with no repetition factor in the list being determined as another repetition factor in the list multiplying 3 or 5, and wherein the minimum gap between two repetition factors in the list of repetition factors is two.
[0252] In some embodiments, the sampling frequency is a multiple of each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors.
[0253] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors comprises one of or a part of the following lists: {1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128} ; or {1, 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 50, 64, 72, 80, 90, 100, 128} .
[0254] In some embodiments, the list of repetition factors is determined based on an equation of k*n+1, wherein k is an integer larger than or equal to 2, and n is or an integer larger than or equal to zero.
[0255] In some embodiments, the processor is configured to cause the first device to: receive an indication of a chip duration or a time duration of a bit from the second device; and determine the list of repetition factors corresponding to the indicated chip duration or the indicated time duration of a bit from a plurality of lists of repetition factors, wherein each list of repetition factors is corresponding to one chip duration or one time duration of a bit.
[0256] In some embodiments, the first device comprises an ambient internet of thing (A-IoT) device, and the second device comprises a reader device for A-IoT.
[0257] In an aspect, it is proposed a first device, comprising: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value; determine a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values; and transmit a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor.
[0258] In some embodiments, the predefined association is represented as R=2n+1, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and n represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to zero.
[0259] In some embodiments, the predefined association defines that the repetition factor is determined as one or is determined as R=2m, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and m represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to one.
[0260] In an aspect, it is proposed a second device, comprising: a processor configured to cause the second device to: select a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device; determine an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value; transmit, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value; and receive a signal from the first device using the repetition factor.
[0261] In some embodiments, the predefined association is represented as R=2n+1, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and n represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to zero.
[0262] In some embodiments, the predefined association defines that the repetition factor is determined as one or is determined as R=2m, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and m represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to one.
[0263] In an aspect, it is proposed a first device, comprising: a processor configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device; determine a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources; determine a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number; and transmit a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource.
[0264] In some embodiments, the first number of frequency positions is determined based on an indicated repetition factor, or is configured or provided by the second device or a further device, or is specified for the first device.
[0265] In some embodiments, the processor is configured to cause the first device to: determine an overall number of time-frequency resources based on: multiplying of the first number and the second number, or multiplying of the first number, the second number, and a third number of time resources in one round; and determine the time-frequency resource based on the overall number of time-frequency resources.
[0266] In some embodiments, the processor is configured to cause the first device to: select a first random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources; determine a round index of the time-frequency resource based on (k+1) in accordance with a determination that the first random number is larger than k multiple of the first number and smaller than (k+1) multiple of the first number, or is larger than k multiple of the first number multiplying the third number and smaller than (k+1) multiple of the first number multiplying the third number; and in accordance with a determination that k is larger than zero, determine a frequency position and / or a time position of the selected time-frequency resource based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number, or based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number multiplying the third number, wherein k is an integer larger than or equal to one.
[0267] In some embodiments, the processor is further configured to cause the first device to: select a second random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources; and in accordance with a determination that the second random number is larger than the first number or larger than a result of the first number multiplying the third number in a round, decrease the second random number by the first number or the result of the first number multiplying the third number; and in accordance with a determination that the second random number is lower than the first number or the result of the first number multiplying the third number in the round, determine a time-frequency resource based on the second random number, and transmit the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in the round.
[0268] In some embodiments, the processor is configured to cause the first device to: determine a third random number based on the second number; determine a fourth random number based on the first number or the first number multiplying a third number of time resources in one round; in accordance with a determination that the third random number is larger than one, decrease the third random number by one in a round; and in accordance with a determination that the third random number is equal to zero in the round, determine a time-frequency resource in the round based on the fourth random number, and transmit the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in the round.
[0269] In an aspect, a first device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0270] In an aspect, a first device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0271] In an aspect, a second device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0272] In an aspect, a first device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0273] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0274] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0275] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0276] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0277] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0278] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0279] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the second device discussed above.
[0280] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the first device discussed above.
[0281] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0282] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 14. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0283] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0284] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0285] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0286] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
[0287] A list of some abbreviations and their full names or explanations are provided below:
Claims
1.A first device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the first device to:receive, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor;obtain the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following:a minimum gap between two repetition factors,a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value,a sampling frequency offset, SFO,none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, ora sampling frequency;transmit a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor.2.The device of claim 1, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined further based on at least one of the following:a smallest small frequency shift, SFS, corresponding to a smallest repetition factor in the list being at zero point of a carrier wave,a largest SFS corresponding to a largest repetition factor in the list being limited to a bandwidth, ora smallest SFS corresponding to a smallest repetition factor in the list being a multiple of a subcarrier spacing.3.The device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the control information comprises an index for the indicated repetition factor, and wherein the index is represented with a number of bits.4.The device of claim 3, wherein the number of bits is determined based on the number of repetition factors in the list.5.The device of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the list of repetition factors comprises one of or a part of the following lists:{1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} ;{1, 4, 8, 14, 20} ;{1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20} ;{2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22} ;{1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12} ;{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23} ;{1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26} ;{1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 30, 38, 48, 60, 76, 96, 120, 148, 184, 228} ; or{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31} .6.The device of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors is determined based on multiplying of 2a, 3b, 5c, or 7d, where a, b, c, and d are integers larger than or equal to 0, with no repetition factor in the list being determined as another repetition factor in the list multiplying 3 or 5, andwherein the minimum gap between two repetition factors in the list of repetition factors is two.7.The device of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the sampling frequency is a multiple of each repetition factor in the list of repetition factors.8.The device of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the list of repetition factors comprises one of or a part of the following lists:{1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128} ; or{1, 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 50, 64, 72, 80, 90, 100, 128} .9.The device of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on an equation of k*n+1, wherein k is an integer larger than or equal to 2, and n is or an integer larger than or equal to zero.10.The device of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the processor is configured to cause the first device to:receive an indication of a chip duration or a time duration of a bit from the second device; anddetermine the list of repetition factors corresponding to the indicated chip duration or the indicated time duration of a bit from a plurality of lists of repetition factors, wherein each list of repetition factors is corresponding to one chip duration or one time duration of a bit.11.The first device of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the first device comprises an ambient internet of thing (A-IoT) device, and the second device comprises a reader device for A-IoT.12.A first device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the first device to:receive, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value;determine a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values; andtransmit a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor.13.The device of claim 12, wherein the predefined association is represented as R=2n+1, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and n represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to zero.14.The device of claim 12, wherein the predefined association defines that the target repetition factor is determined as one or is determined as R=2m, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and m represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to one.15.A second device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the second device to:select a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device;determine an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value;transmit, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value; andreceive a signal from the first device using the repetition factor.16.The device of claim 15, wherein the predefined association is represented as R=2n+1, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and n represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to zero.17.The device of claim 15, wherein the predefined association defines that the repetition factor is determined as one or is determined as R=2m, wherein R represents the repetition factor, and m represents the indicated value and is an integer larger than or equal to one.18.A first device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the first device to:receive, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device;determine a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources;determine a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number; andtransmit a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource.19.The device of claim 18, wherein the first number of frequency positions is determined based on an indicated repetition factor, or is configured or provided by the second device or a further device, or is specified for the first device.20.The device of claim 18, wherein the processor is configured to cause the first device to:determine an overall number of time-frequency resources based on:multiplying of the first number and the second number, ormultiplying of the first number, the second number, and a third number of time resources in one round; anddetermine the time-frequency resource based on the overall number of time-frequency resources.21.The device of claim 20, wherein the processor is configured to cause the first device to:select a first random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources;in accordance with a determination that the first random number is larger than k multiple of the first number and smaller than (k+1) multiple of the first number, or is larger than k multiple of the first number multiplying the third number and smaller than (k+1) multiple of the first number multiplying the third number, determine a round index of the time-frequency resource based on (k+1) ; andin accordance with a determination that k is larger than zero, determine a frequency position and / or a time position of the selected time-frequency resource based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number, or based on the first random number minus k multiple of the first number multiplying the third number,wherein k is an integer larger than or equal to one.22.The device of claim 20, wherein the processor is further configured to cause the first device to:select a second random number based on the overall number of time-frequency resources; andin accordance with a determination that the second random number is larger than the first number or larger than a result of the first number multiplying the third number in a round,decrease the second random number by the first number or the result of the first number multiplying the third number; andin accordance with a determination that the second random number is lower than the first number or the result of the first number multiplying the third number in the round,determine a time-frequency resource based on the second random number, andtransmit the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in the round.23.The device of claim 18, wherein the processor is configured to cause the first device to:determine a third random number based on the second number;determine a fourth random number based on the first number or the first number multiplying a third number of time resources in one round;in accordance with a determination that the third random number is larger than one, decrease the third random number by one in a round; andin accordance with a determination that the third random number is equal to zero in the round,determine a time-frequency resource in the round based on the fourth random number, andtransmit the signal of random access towards the second device using the time-frequency resource in the round.24.A communication method implemented at a first device, comprising:receiving, from a second device, control information indicating a repetition factor;obtaining the indicated repetition factor from a list of repetition factors, wherein the list of repetition factors is determined based on at least one of the following: a minimum gap between two repetition factors, a constraint that a repetition factor is constrained to one or an even value, a sampling frequency offset, SFO, none of the repetition factors in the list being three times or five times another repetition factor in the list, or a sampling frequency; andtransmitting a signal to the second device based on the indicated repetition factor.25.A communication method implemented at a first device, comprising:receiving, from a second device, control information comprising an indicated value;determining a repetition factor based on the indicated value and a predefined association between repetition factors and the values; andtransmitting a signal to the second device based on the determined repetition factor.26.A communication method implemented at a second device, comprising:selecting a repetition factor from a list of repetition factors for a first device;determining an indicated value to indicate the target repetition factor based on a predefined association between the target repetition factor and the indicated value;transmitting, to the first device, control information comprising the indicated value; andreceiving a signal from the first device using the repetition factor.27.A communication method implemented at a first device, comprising:receiving, from a second device, control information for triggering random access towards the second device;determining a first number of frequency positions, and a second number of rounds for time resources;determining a time-frequency resource at least based on the first number and the second number; andtransmitting a signal of random access towards the second device based on the time-frequency resource.28.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method according to any of claims 24-27.