Beam management performance evaluation
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/085282
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images

Figure CN2025085282_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BEAM MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONINTRODUCTIONField of the Disclosure
[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for beam management. Description of Related Art
[0002] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0003] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0004] Certain aspects provide a method for wireless communications by an apparatus. The method includes outputting a signal directed at a user equipment (UE) ; and obtaining, from the UE, a reference signal receive power (RSRP) report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.
[0005] Certain aspects provide a method for wireless communications by a UE. The method includes obtaining a signal from an additional apparatus; and sending a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.
[0006] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks. An apparatus may comprise one or more memories; and one or more processors configured to cause the apparatus to perform any portion of any method described herein. In some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software.
[0007] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0008] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0009] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0010] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0011] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities and a user equipment (UE) .
[0012] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0013] FIG. 5 depicts example beam management procedures.
[0014] FIG. 6 depicts an example artificial intelligence (AI) architecture that may be used for AI-enhanced wireless communications.
[0015] FIG. 7 illustrates example beam prediction by a UE.
[0016] FIG. 8 depicts an example clustered delay line (CDL) channel model.
[0017] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C depict example aspects of beam management performance evaluation.
[0018] FIG. 10 depicts an example aspect of a beam management performance evaluation.
[0019] FIG. 11 depicts a process flow for communications in a network between a test equipment apparatus and a UE.
[0020] FIG. 12 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0021] FIG. 13 depicts another method for wireless communications.
[0022] FIG. 14 depicts aspects of an example communications device.
[0023] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for a procedure for evaluation of the performance of artificial-intelligence (AI) -based beam management.
[0025] A wireless communication system may include a number of devices and network entities employing techniques for exchanging information wirelessly. For example, a wireless communication system may include devices (e.g., user equipments (UEs) ) and network entities (e.g., base stations (BS) ) that wirelessly communicate data, control information, reference signals, etc. (e.g., according to various wireless communication system implementations) . The wireless communication system may employ various technologies to improve throughput, achieve a high data rate, and / or improve the energy efficiency of the wireless communication system. These technologies may allow a wireless communication system to support communication between an increasing number of devices and network entities, support advanced functionalities at various devices, and improve the quality of communication between devices and network entities.
[0026] Certain wireless communication systems (e.g., a 5th generation (5G) New Radio (NR) system and / or any future system) may use beamforming for directional signal transmission and / or reception to facilitate efficient and reliable wireless communications. As an example, beamforming may apply various amplitude weighting and / or phase shift patterns across multiple antennas to focus transmission or reception of wireless signals in a particular spatial direction (e.g., azimuth and / or elevation) and / or beamwidth generally defining a beam. The term “beam” may be used in the present disclosure in various contexts. Beam may be used to mean a set of gains and / or phases (e.g., precoding weights or co-phasing weights) applied to antenna elements in (or associated with) a wireless communication device for transmission or reception. The term “beam” may also refer to an antenna or radiation pattern of a signal transmitted while applying the gains and / or phases to the antenna elements. Other references to beam may include one or more properties or parameters associated with the antenna (or radiation) pattern, such as an angle of arrival (AoA) , an angle of departure (AoD) , a gain, a phase, a directivity, a beam width, a beam direction (with respect to a plane of reference) in terms of azimuth and / or elevation, a peak-to-side-lobe ratio, and / or an antenna (or precoding) port associated with the antenna (radiation) pattern. The term “beam” may also refer to an associated number and / or configuration of antenna elements (e.g., a uniform linear array, a uniform rectangular array, or other uniform array) .
[0027] In some aspects, efficient and reliable communications may be achieved through various beam management techniques such as beamforming, beam selection (e.g., the process of selecting a beam to use for wireless communications) , beam failure detection procedure (s) (e.g., the process of detecting when communications via a beam do not meet a quality or reliability specification, such as a particular data error rate) , beam failure recovery procedure (s) (e.g., the process of selecting an alternative beam when beam failure is detected for a particular beam used for communications) , or the like. Such beam management techniques may be critical to achieving the high data rates, low latency, and / or high reliability that various generations of wireless technologies promise to deliver.
[0028] In certain cases, beam management may be enabled through certain artificial intelligence (AI) -based beam predictions, such as spectral beam predictions, temporal beam predictions, and / or spatial beam predictions, for example, as further described herein with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7. As used herein, AI-based beam prediction may refer to beam prediction (s) derived from one or more AI models, such as one or more machine learning (ML) models. As an example, a UE may use an AI model to form certain beam predictions for a set of A-beams (such as temporal and / or spatial beam predictions) based on measurement results of a set of B-beams. The set of A-beams may be referred to as “Set-A beams, ” and the set of B-beams may be referred to as “Set-B beams. ” For example, the UE may monitor reference signals associated with the Set-B beams, such as synchronization signaling (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB) transmissions) , channel state information (CSI) -reference signals (RSs) , demodulation reference signals (DMRSs) , or the like. Then, the UE may provide measurements of the reference signals associated with the Set-B beams and / or other parameters (e.g., beam identifiers (IDs) of the Set-B beams) to the AI model, and the UE may obtain predictions associated with the Set-A beams from the AI model based on the measurements of the reference signals associated with the Set-B beams and / or the other parameters.
[0029] In some aspects, a performance of beam management techniques may be tested for UEs. For example, current standards for wireless communication devices may indicate that UEs (e.g., or other types of wireless devices) be tested in over-the-air (OTA) test chambers prior to being deployed for real-world operation. As part of the testing, a UE may be placed in a test chamber with multiple probes arrayed around the test chamber, and the UE and the multiple probes may exchange OTA signaling, such as via beamforming and / or other beam management techniques described previously. Subsequently, the signaling between the UE and the multiple probes may be monitored and / or measured to ensure the beam management techniques of the UE satisfy the current standards for wireless communication devices.
[0030] As described herein, a performance of AI beam management (e.g., the AI-based beam predictions described previously) may be tested using the OTA test chamber. For example, signaling from one or more of the probes to the UE may be used to emulate a Set-B beam, where the UE then inputs measurements and / or other parameters of this emulated Set-B beam into an AI model to predict a Set-A beam associated with the emulated Set-B beam. Test equipment coupled to the test chambers (e.g., computing device (s) , processor (s) , memory (ies) , etc. ) may determine which Set-A beam should be associated with the emulated Set-B beam based on control variables (e.g., known and / or controlled variables for the performance testing) , such as a distance between the UE and the probes, a gain for the emulated Set-B beam, a pathloss for the emulated Set-B beam, etc. Subsequently, the predicted Set-A beam from the AI model may be verified against which Set-A beam should be associated with the emulated Set-B beam as determined by the test equipment. If the predicted Set-A beam from the AI model is the same as the Set-A beam determined by the test equipment, the AI model may be deployed for use in the UE for real-world communications. If the predicted Set-A beam from the AI model is different than the Set-A beam determined by the test equipment, the AI model may be further trained at the UE and / or a different AI model may be tested for the UE.
[0031] Technical problems for beam management techniques may include, for example, a single probe test setup for testing the performance of the beam management techniques via the OTA test chamber. In some aspects, a test setup may include multiple probes arrayed around the test chamber to emulate different types of channels, such as a clustered delay line (CDL) channel model for modeling signals being transmitted to the UE from different directions and / or clusters (e.g., via the multiple probes placed at different locations around the test chamber) . As such, if the test setup includes a single probe, the different types of channels that can be emulated and / or modeled may be limited (e.g., a single probe may be unable to emulate signals being transmitted from different directions and / or clusters) . Additionally, the limited types of channels that can be emulated and / or modeled via a single probe may impact performance testing of the AI-based beam predictions if the different channel models are needed to test the AI-based beam predictions based on a realistic and proper channel model (e.g., a channel model that represents real-world factors) .
[0032] Aspects described herein may overcome the aforementioned technical problem (s) , for example, by providing a beam management performance testing procedure using a single probe, where the signal probe outputs a signal to emulate different transmit beams of a network entity (e.g., as if a network entity was transmitting Set-B beams to the UE) for a UE to perform measurements. The UE may perform the measurements of each of the different emulated transmit beams at a plurality of orientations of the UE with respect to the signal probe, and using one or more receive beams of the UE. Accordingly, the UE may be able to measure a given transmit beam at several different orientations, which may give additional information as to how the UE may receive the transmit beam under different conditions. For example, the measurements may include reference signal receive power (RSRP) measurements.
[0033] In some aspects, the UE may also measure a given transmit beam of the network entity using a given receive beam of the UE, at each of a plurality of orientations of the UE, which may give information as to channel conditions using different beam pairs (e.g., network entity transmit beam and UE receive beam) . For example, the UE may be placed in a plurality of (e.g., pre-defined) positions each associated with a respective receive beam of the UE (e.g., the UE locks a receive beam for each position) , and for each of the positions, the UE may measure each of one or more signals (e.g., each corresponding to a respective transmit beam of the network entity) from the signal probe at the plurality of orientations, to obtain a plurality of RSRP measurements (e.g., corresponding to a set of RSRP measurements) for the respective emulated transmit beam and UE receive beam pairs. The UE may obtain a respective set of RSRP measurements for a respective emulated transmit beam from the probe measured using a respective receive beam of the one or more receive beams of the UE, each of the RSRP measurements being for a respective orientation of the UE of the plurality of orientations. In some aspects, the plurality of orientations and the plurality of positions may correspond to different channel models (e.g., emulating different directions of transmit beams arriving at the UE) .
[0034] The UE may then record and / or report the RSRP measurements along with an indication of a corresponding transmit beam ID (e.g., associated with the emulated transmit beam used to transmit a signal measured for the set of RSRP measurements) for each set of RSRP measurements. In some aspects, the UE may also record and / or indicate receive beam ID (s) with the measurements (e.g., receive beam ID of a receive beam used for measuring a set of RSRP measurements) and corresponding transmit beam ID (s) , where the receive beam ID (s) correspond to receive beam (s) of the UE used to obtain the respective emulated transmit beams. Subsequently, the single probe may output an additional signal, for an emulated transmit beam corresponding to a given transmit beam ID, at a determined transmit power that is based on a set of RSRP measurements associated with the transmit beam (e.g., as set of RSRP measurements associated with a particular receive beam ID, such as a receive beam ID of a receive beam in a peak direction, and the transmit beam ID of the transmit beam) . For example, the transmit power may be based on a highest measurement of the set of RSRP measurements (e.g., an RSRP measurement that satisfies a threshold value) , based on all of the measurements (e.g., an average measurement across the plurality of orientations) of the set of RSRP measurements, and / or based on a subset of the set of RSRP measurements associated with a subset of the plurality of orientations (e.g., top 50%spherical coverage) . The transmit power may also be generated by the single probe based on a fading channel model (e.g., CDL channel model or tapped delay line (TDL) channel model or another channel model derived from field testing) .
[0035] The UE may then measure the additional signal and input the measurement into an AI model along with a transmit beam ID that corresponds to a transmit beam (e.g., Set-B beam) of the probe used to send the additional signal. Subsequently, the AI model may output a prediction of a second transmit beam (e.g., Set-A beam) of the single probe associated with the transmit beam of the single probe. Testing equipment may then verify the prediction of the second transmit beam of the single probe as described previously (e.g., also based on the determined transmit power) . In some aspects, the single probe may indicate a receive beam ID for the UE to obtain the additional signal via a corresponding receive beam of the UE. Accordingly, the UE may input the receive beam ID into the AI model for the prediction of the second transmit beam of the single probe. For example, in certain aspects, the AI model is configured to take as input a receive beam ID. In certain aspects, the AI model is not configured to take as input a receive beam ID.
[0036] Certain techniques for testing beam management performance (e.g., AI-based beam predictions) using a single probe described herein may provide various beneficial technical effects and / or advantages. The techniques for obtaining measurements of emulated transmit beams may enable improved wireless communications performance, such as modeling different types of channels with a single probe for testing AI-based beam predictions based on the plurality of orientations (e.g., and the plurality of positions) , such as to emulate performance of different beam pairs at different UE orientations. Accordingly, the AI-based beam predictions may be based on realistic and proper channel models to improve performance and testing of the AI-based beam predictions. Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0037] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, and / or other generations of wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0038] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0039] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 may include terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects (also referred to herein as non-terrestrial network entities) . A non-terrestrial network entity may include satellite 140, which may be an example of an aerial or space-borne platform. In some examples, satellite 140 may include one or more network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs. For example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a regenerative architecture (also referred to as a non-transparent architecture) , and a gNB implemented at satellite 140 may implement higher-layer network functions. As another example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a transparent architecture, and may perform a physical or other lower-layer repeater function for UEs and a network entity (such as a gateway associated with the satellite 140) .
[0040] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 or a 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links. In some aspects, a core network, such as a 6G core, may implement a converged service-based architecture. In a converged service-based architecture, functions traditionally split between a core network (such as 5GC network 190) and a radio access network (RAN) (such as BS 102) may be implemented at a single network entity. For example, a mobility network entity may perform both core network functions and RAN functions related to mobility of UEs 104 attached to the wireless communications network 100. “Network entity” can refer to a BS 102, a network entity of EPC 160 or 5GC network 190, or a network entity of a converged service-based architecture.
[0041] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104. UE 104 may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a Global Positioning System device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player, a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an always on (AON) device, an edge processing device, a data center, or another similar device. A UE 104 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0042] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. A communications link 120 between a BS 102 and a UE 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. A communications link 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0043] A BS 102 may include a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB) , a next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmission reception point (TRP) , a radio unit (RU) , a distributed unit (DU) , or the like. A given BS 102 may provide communications coverage for a coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap another coverage area 110 (e.g., a small cell provided by a BS 102′) may have a coverage area 110′that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS 102 may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering a relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a home) , or another type of cell.
[0044] The term “cell” may refer to a portion, partition, or segment of wireless communication coverage served by a network entity within a wireless communications network 100. A cell may have geographic characteristics, such as a geographic coverage area, as well as radio frequency characteristics, such as time and / or frequency resources dedicated to the cell. For example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by multiple cells employing different frequency resources (e.g., bandwidth parts) and / or different time resources. As another example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by a single cell. In some contexts (e.g., a carrier aggregation scenario and / or multi-connectivity scenario) , the terms “cell” or “serving cell” may refer to or correspond to a specific carrier frequency (e.g., a component carrier) used for wireless communications, and a “cell group” may refer to or correspond to multiple carriers used for wireless communications. As examples, in a carrier aggregation scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple (serving) cells in the same cell group, and in a multi-connectivity (e.g., dual connectivity) scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple cell groups.
[0045] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more DUs, one or more RUs, a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. A base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. Implementing a base station in this fashion may provide efficiency gains by enabling cloud-based implementation of certain (e.g., non-time-sensitive) higher-layer functions while physical-layer or other lower-layer functions can be implemented at or in proximity to a geographic coverage area of a corresponding cell. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as having a disaggregated RAN architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated RAN architecture.
[0046] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or 6G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or the 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., an X2 or XN interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0047] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 megahertz (MHz) –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 gigahertz (GHz) ” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24, 250 MHz –71, 000 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . In some cases, FR2 may be further defined in terms of sub-ranges, such as a first sub-range FR2-1 including 24, 250 MHz –52, 600 MHz and a second sub-range FR2-2 including 52, 600 MHz –71, 000 MHz. A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0048] A communications links 120 may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and / or other bandwidths) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0049] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., BS 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming (indicated by reference number 182) with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182′. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182″. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182″. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182′. BS 180 and UE 104 may perform beam training to determine suitable receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0050] Wireless communications network 100 may include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0051] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. In some examples, D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) . D2D communications link 158 may be implemented using a variety of technologies, such as a radio access technology (e.g., 5G, ProSe sidelink) , a WiFi technology, a Bluetooth technology, or the like.
[0052] EPC 160 may include various functional components, such as a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is a control node that processes signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0053] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166. Serving gateway 166 is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0054] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0055] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, such as an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0056] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and the 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0057] IP packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197. UPF 195 may provide UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0058] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a core network entity, or a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0059] UE 104 includes a beam management (BM) verification component 198, which may be used to perform a test method with a single probe setup to verify and / or evaluate beam management performance of the UE 104 as further described herein. Further, a BS 102 includes a BM verification component 199, which may be used to perform a test method with a single probe setup to verify and / or evaluate beam management performance of the UE 104 as further described herein.
[0060] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more CUs 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 or other CUs 210 via a backhaul link (such as backhaul link 134) , or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links (such as communication link 120) . In some implementations, a UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0061] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or a processor or controller providing instructions to the interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as a RF transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium.
[0062] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230 for network control and signaling.
[0063] The DU 230 may be or correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0064] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0065] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more DUs 230 and / or one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0066] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0067] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0068] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities 300 and 302 and a UE 304.
[0069] FIG. 3 includes a first network entity 300 and a second network entity 302. In some examples, first network entity 300 may be an example of a CU 210 or a DU 230. In some examples, second network entity 302 may be an example of a DU 230 or an RU 240. First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may communicate with one another via a communications link, such as a midhaul link. In some examples, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be implemented at a same BS (e.g., BS 102) . For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be co-located. In some other examples, first network entity 300 may be implemented separately from second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a function (e.g., one or more processes) running on a server, such as in a cloud (e.g., a public or private cloud) . As another example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a virtual computing instance (e.g., virtual machine, container, etc. ) or as a physical server.
[0070] First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 each include a processing system 306, illustrated as “processing system 306A” at first network entity 300 and “processing system 306B” at second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , system-in-packages (SiPs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 306. A processing system 306 includes one or more processors 308 (illustrated as “processor (s) 308A” and “processor (s) 308B” ) and one or more memories 310 (illustrated as “memory (ies) 310A” and “memory (ies) 310B” ) coupled to the one or more processors 308. The one or more processors 308 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0071] In some aspects, the processing system 306 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 306 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0072] The one or more memories 310 may include one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . The one or more memories 310 may store data and program code for first network entity 300 and / or second network entity 302.
[0073] As further shown, second network entity 302 includes one or more transceivers 312 (illustrated as “transceiver (s) 312” ) . The one or more transceivers 312 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as UE 304. The one or more transceivers 312 may include one or more radio frequency (RF) components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RF front-end (RFFE) ) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 312 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 314.
[0074] The one or more antennas 314 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 314 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0075] UE 304 may be an example of UE 104. As shown, UE 304 includes a processing system 316. For example, UE 304 may include one or more chips, SoCs, SiPs, chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 316. A processing system 316 includes one or more processors 318, and one or more memories 320 coupled to the one or more processors 318. Further, UE 304 includes one or more antennas 322, one or more transceivers 324, and / or other components that enable wireless transmission and reception of data.
[0076] The one or more processors 318 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as CPUs, GPUs, NPUs (also referred to as neural network processors or DLPs) and / or DSPs) , processing blocks, ASICs, PLDs (such as FPGAs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. In some aspects, the processing system 316 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 316 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0077] As shown, in some examples, the one or more processors 318 may include one or more modems 326, one or more application processors (APs) 328, one or more AI processors 330, a combination thereof, and / or another form of processor.
[0078] The one or more modems 326 may include a digital signal processor that converts information into a waveform for analog signal transmission (e.g., via modulation) and / or converts the waveform of a received signal into information (e.g., via demodulation) . The one or more modems 326 may process information or waveforms in connection with signal transmission or reception. For example, the one or more modems 326 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0079] The one or more APs 328 may perform processing relating to an operating system and / or a higher layer application of the UE 304. For example, the one or more APs 328 may provide a higher-level operating system (HLOS) , software, audio or video processing, graphics processing, or the like. In some examples, the one or more APs 328 may be a data source (e.g., for transmissions) or a data sink (e.g., for receptions) .
[0080] The one or more transceivers 324 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as other UEs 304 or second network entity 302. The one or more transceivers 324 may include one or more RF components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RFFE) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 324 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 322.
[0081] The one or more antennas 322 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 322 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0082] For an example downlink transmission by second network entity 302, the processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may receive data and / or control information. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0083] The processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The processing system 306 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0084] The processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit (TX) MIMO processor) may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to one or more modulators of the processing system 306. The one or more modulators may process one or more respective output symbol streams to obtain an output sample stream. The one or more transceivers 312 may process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Second network entity 302 may transmit the downlink signal via the one or more antennas 314.
[0085] In order to receive the downlink transmission at UE 304 (or a sidelink transmission from another UE) , the one or more antennas 322 may receive the downlink signal and may provide received signals to the one or more transceivers 324. The one or more transceivers 324 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signals to obtain input samples. The one or more transceivers 324 and / or the processing system 316 may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0086] The processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a receive (RX) MIMO detector) may obtain the received symbols, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, a receive processor) may process (e.g., de-interleave and decode) the detected symbols. The processing system 316 may provide decoded data for the UE 304 (e.g., to an AP 328) and / or decoded control information (e.g., to a controller / processor of the processing system 316) .
[0087] For an example uplink transmission or a sidelink transmission from UE 304, the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a transmit processor) may receive and process data and / or control information to obtain a set of symbols for transmission. The data may be for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , and may be received from a data source such as the AP 328. The control information may be for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , and may be received, for example, from a controller / processor of the processing system 316. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, the transmit processor) may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a demodulation reference signal, a phase tracking reference signal, or the like) . In some examples, the symbols and / or reference signals may be precoded by the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a TX MIMO processor) , further processed by the one or more transceivers 324 (e.g., for single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) ) , and transmitted to second network entity 302.
[0088] At second network entity 302, the uplink signals from UE 304 may be received by the one or more antennas 314, conditioned by the one or more transceivers 312 (e.g., filtered, amplified, downconverted, and digitized) , detected (e.g., by the processing system 306B such as a modem and / or an RX MIMO detector) , and further processed by the processing system 306B (e.g., a modem and / or a receive processor) to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 304. The processing system 306B may provide the decoded data and the decoded control information (such as to a controller / processor of the processing system 306B, an AP, first network entity 300, or another entity) .
[0089] In various aspects, a wireless communication device, such as first network entity 300, second network entity 302, BS 102, UE 104, or UE 304 may be described as sending, transmitting, obtaining, or receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” or “sending” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from a processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “sending” or “transmitting” by a device may include sending (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) to a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “sending” or “transmitting” may include sending internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process to memory. “Receiving” or “obtaining” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from the processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “receiving” or “obtaining” by a device may include obtaining (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) from a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “receiving” or “obtaining” may include obtaining internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process from memory. As used herein, “communicating” by a device may include sending, obtaining, receiving, and / or transmitting a communication. “Communicating” can refer to communication with another device or internal communication of the device.
[0090] In various aspects, the processing system 306 or the processing system 316 may include one or more AI processors (such as AI processor 330 of the processing system 316) . An AI processor may perform AI processing. The AI processor may include AI accelerator hardware or circuitry such as one or more neural processing units (NPUs) , one or more neural network processors, one or more tensor processors, one or more deep learning processors, etc. As an example, the AI processor may perform AI-based beam management, AI-based channel state feedback (CSF) , AI-based antenna tuning, and / or AI-based positioning (e.g., non-line of sight positioning prediction) . In some cases, at the UE 104, the AI processor may process feedback generated by the UE 304 (e.g., CSF) using hardware accelerated AI inferences and / or AI training. In some cases, at the second network entity 302, the AI processor may decode compressed CSF from the UE 304, for example, using a hardware accelerated AI inference associated with the CSF. In certain cases, the AI processor may perform certain RAN-based functions including, for example, network planning, network performance management, energy-efficient network operations, etc.
[0091] In the depicted example, the processor (s) 308B includes a BM verification component 341, which may be representative of the BM verification component 199 of FIG. 1. Notably, while depicted as an aspect of processor (s) 308B, the BM verification component 341 may be implemented additionally or alternatively in various other aspects of a network entity or a BS 102 in other implementations. Further, the processor (s) 318 includes a BM verification component 381, which may be representative of the BM verification component 198 of FIG. 1. Notably, while depicted as an aspect of the processor (s) 318, the BM verification component 381 may be implemented additionally or alternatively in various other aspects of a UE 104 in other implementations.
[0092] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0093] FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0094] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. One or more subcarriers may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0095] In some examples, a wireless communications frame structure may be implemented using frequency division duplexing (FDD) . In FDD, some subcarriers may be configured for DL communication, and other subcarriers (which may overlap in time with the DL subcarriers) may be configured for UL communication. In some other examples, wireless communications frame structures may be implemented using time division duplexing (TDD) . In TDD, for a particular set of subcarriers, some subframes are configured for DL communication and other subframes are configured for UL communication.
[0096] In FIGs. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is implemented using TDD. “D” indicates DL time resources, “U” indicates UL time resources, and “X” indicates flexible time resources for use or later reconfiguration for either DL or UL communication. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 12 or 14 symbols, depending on the cyclic prefix (CP) type (e.g., 12 symbols per slot for an extended CP or 14 symbols per slot for a normal CP) . Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0097] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe (e.g., a slot duration in a subframe) is based on a numerology. A numerology may define a frequency domain subcarrier spacing and symbol duration, and may be configured for a given bandwidth part, carrier, cell, or network entity. In certain aspects, given a numerology μ, there are 2μ slots per subframe. Thus, numerologies (μ) 0 to 6 may allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 slots, respectively, per subframe. In some cases, an extended CP (e.g., 12 symbols per slot) may be used with a specific numerology, such as numerology μ = 2 allowing for 4 slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz. As an example, the numerology μ=0 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the numerology μ=6 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 960 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of a slot format having 14 symbols per slot (e.g., a normal CP) and a numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. In such a case, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0098] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB) ) that extends across, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . An RE may include a single subcarrier in the frequency domain and a single symbol in the time domain. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme including, for example, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
[0099] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (shown as “RS” ) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include a demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or a channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may additionally or alternatively include a beam measurement RS (BRS) , a beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or a phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0100] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0101] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0102] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0103] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (SSB) , and in some cases, referred to as a synchronization signal block (SSB) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0104] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as “R” for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0105] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ acknowledgment (ACK) / negative acknowledgment (NACK) feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI. Example Beam Management Procedures
[0106] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating examples 500, 510, and 520 of beam management procedures. As shown in FIG. 5, examples 500, 510, and 520 include a UE 504 in communication with a BS 502 in a wireless network (e.g., wireless communications network 100 in FIG. 1) . In some aspects, the BS 502 may be an example of the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2. Similarly, the UE 504 may be an example of the UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 or the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3. However, the devices shown in FIG. 5 are provided as examples, and the wireless network may support communication and beam management between other devices (e.g., between a UE 504 and a network entity, a UE 504 and a transmission reception point (TRP) , between a mobile termination node and a control node, between an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) child node and an IAB parent node, between a scheduled node and a scheduling node, and / or the like) . In some aspects, the UE 504 and the BS 502 are in a connected state (e.g., RRC connected state and / or the like) .
[0107] BS 502 and UE 504 may communicate to perform beam management using reference signals (RSs) (e.g., synchronization (SSBs) , demodulation reference signals (DM-RSs) , channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) , etc. ) .
[0108] Example 500 depicts a first beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P1 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The first beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam selection procedure, an initial beam acquisition procedure, a beam sweeping procedure, a cell search procedure, a beam search procedure, and / or the like. In example 500, reference signals are configured to be transmitted from the BS 502 to UE 504. The reference signals may be configured to be periodic (e.g., using RRC signaling) , semi-persistent (e.g., using media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE) signaling) , and / or aperiodic (e.g., using downlink control information (DCI) ) .
[0109] As illustrated, the first beam management procedure may include BS 502 performing beam sweeping over multiple transmit beams 506. A transmit beam is a beam that is used by a wireless communication device (e.g., a BS 502 and / or UE 504) for transmitting signals. For example, BS 502 may transmit a reference signal using each of the transmit beams 506 associated with BS 502 for beam management. To enable UE 504 to perform RX beam sweeping, BS 502 uses a transmit beam to transmit (e.g., with repetitions) each reference signal at multiple times within a same resource set to enable UE 504 to sweep through receive beams 508 in multiple transmission instances. A receive beam is a beam that is used by a wireless communication device for receiving signals. For example, if BS 502 has a set of N transmit beams 506 and UE 504 has a set of M receive beams 508, then the reference signal may be transmitted on each of the N transmit beams 506 M times such that UE 504 receives M instances of the reference signals per transmit beam. As a result, the first beam management procedure helps to enable UE 504 to measure a reference signal on different transmit beams, using different receive beams, to support the selection of a receive beam for a transmit beam. UE 504 may report the measurements to BS 502 to enable BS 502 to select one or more beam pair (s) for communication between BS 502 and UE 504, as further described herein with respect to channel state feedback corresponding to receive beam hypotheses.
[0110] Example 510, illustrated in FIG. 5, depicts a second beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P2 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The second beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam refinement procedure, a BS beam refinement procedure, a TRP beam refinement procedure, a transmit beam refinement procedure, and / or the like.
[0111] As illustrated, the second beam management procedure includes BS 502 performing beam sweeping over one or more transmit beams 512. The transmit beam (s) 512 may be a subset of all transmit beams associated with BS 502 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements reported by UE 504 in connection with the first beam management procedure) . BS 502 transmits a reference signal using each of the transmit beam (s) 512. UE 504 measures each reference signal using a single (e.g., a same) receive beam 514 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements performed in connection with the first beam management procedure) . As such, the second beam management procedure may enable BS 502 to select a best transmit beam based on measurements of the reference signals (e.g., measured by UE 504 using the single receive beam 514) reported by UE 504.
[0112] Example 520, illustrated in FIG. 5, depicts a third beam management procedure (e.g., such as a P3 CSI-RS beam management procedure) . The third beam management procedure may be referred to as a beam refinement procedure, a UE beam refinement procedure, a receive beam refinement procedure, and / or the like.
[0113] As illustrated, the third beam management procedure includes BS 502 transmitting one or more reference signals using a single transmit beam 522 (e.g., determined based, at least in part, on measurements reported by UE 504 in connection with the first beam management procedure and / or the second beam management procedure) . To enable UE 504 to perform receive beam sweeping, BS 502 may use a transmit beam to transmit (e.g., with repetitions) reference signals at multiple times within a same resource set such that UE 504 can sweep through one or more receive beams 524 in multiple transmission instances. The receive beam (s) 524 may be a subset of all receive beams associated with UE 504 (e.g., determined based on measurements performed in connection with the first beam management procedure and / or the second beam management procedure) . The third beam management procedure helps to enable BS 502 and / or UE 504 to select a best receive beam based on reported measurements received from UE 504 (e.g., of the reference signal of the transmit beam using the one or more receive beams) .
[0114] FIG. 5 is provided as an example of beam management procedures for determining transmit beam (s) and / or receive beam (s) for wireless communications between a UE and a network entity. Other examples of beam management procedures that differ from what is described with respect to FIG. 5, however, may be considered when determining transmit beam (s) and / or receive beam (s) for wireless communications. Example Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications
[0115] Certain aspects described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using some form of AI, e.g., the process of using a machine learning (ML) model to infer or predict output data based on input data. An example AI model may include a mathematical representation of one or more relationships among various objects to provide an output representing one or more predictions or inferences. Once an AI model has been trained, the AI model may be deployed to process data that may be similar to, or associated with, all or part of the training data and provide an output representing one or more predictions or inferences based on the input data.
[0116] ML is often characterized in terms of types of learning that generate specific types of learned models that perform specific types of tasks. For example, different types of machine learning include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning.
[0117] Supervised learning algorithms generally model relationships and dependencies between input features (e.g., a feature vector) and one or more target outputs. Supervised learning uses labeled training data, which are data including one or more inputs and a desired output. Supervised learning may be used to train models to perform tasks like classification, where the goal is to predict discrete values, or regression, where the goal is to predict continuous values. Some example supervised learning algorithms include nearest neighbor, naive Bayes, decision trees, linear regression, support vector machines (SVMs) , and artificial neural networks (ANNs) .
[0118] Unsupervised learning algorithms work on unlabeled input data and train models that take an input and transform it into an output to solve a practical problem. Examples of unsupervised learning tasks are clustering, where the output of the model may be a cluster identification, dimensionality reduction, where the output of the model is an output feature vector that has fewer features than the input feature vector, and outlier detection, where the output of the model is a value indicating how the input is different from a typical example in the dataset. An example unsupervised learning algorithm is k-Means.
[0119] Semi-supervised learning algorithms work on datasets containing both labeled and unlabeled examples, where often the quantity of unlabeled examples is much higher than the number of labeled examples. However, the goal of a semi-supervised learning is that of supervised learning. Often, a semi-supervised model includes a model trained to produce pseudo-labels for unlabeled data that is then combined with the labeled data to train a second classifier that leverages the higher quantity of overall training data to improve task performance.
[0120] Reinforcement learning algorithms use observations gathered by an agent from an interaction with an environment to take actions that may maximize a reward or minimize a risk. Reinforcement learning is a continuous and iterative process in which the agent learns from its experiences with the environment until it explores, for example, a full range of possible states. An example type of reinforcement learning algorithm is an adversarial network. Reinforcement learning may be particularly beneficial when used to improve or attempt to optimize a behavior of a model deployed in a dynamically changing environment, such as a wireless communication network.
[0121] AI models may be deployed in one or more devices (e.g., network entities such as base station (s) and / or user equipment (s) ) to support various wired and / or wireless communication aspects of a communication system. For example, an AI model may be trained to identify patterns and relationships in data corresponding to a network, a device, an air interface, or the like. An AI model may improve operations relating to one or more aspects, such as transceiver circuitry controls, frequency synchronization, timing synchronization, channel state estimation, channel equalization, channel state feedback, modulation, demodulation, device positioning, transceiver tuning, beamforming, signal coding / decoding, network routing, load balancing, and energy conservation (to name just a few) associated with communications devices, services, and / or networks. AI-enhanced transceiver circuitry controls may include, for example, filter tuning, transmit power controls, gain controls (including automatic gain controls) , phase controls, power management, and the like.
[0122] Aspects described herein may describe the performance of certain tasks and the technical solution of various technical problems by application of a specific type of AI model, such as an ANN. It should be understood, however, that other type (s) of AI models may be used in addition to or instead of an ANN. An AI model may be an example of an AI model, and any suitable AI model may be used in addition to or instead of any of the AI models described herein. Hence, unless expressly recited, subject matter regarding an AI model is not necessarily intended to be limited to just an ANN solution or machine learning. Further, it should be understood that, unless otherwise specifically stated, terms such “AI model, ” “ML model, ” “AI / ML model, ” “trained ML model, ” and the like are intended to be interchangeable.
[0123] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example AI architecture 600 that may be used for AI-enhanced wireless communications. As illustrated, the architecture 600 includes multiple logical entities, such as a model training host 602, a model inference host 604, data source (s) 606, and an agent 608. The AI architecture may be used in any of various use cases for wireless communications, such as those listed above.
[0124] The model inference host 604, in the architecture 600, is configured to run an AI model based on inference data 612 provided by data source (s) 606. The model inference host 604 may produce an output 614 (e.g., a prediction or inference, such as a discrete or continuous value) based on the inference data 612, that is then provided as input to the agent 608. In certain aspects, the model inference host 604 may be an example of a model inference agent.
[0125] The agent 608 may be an element or an entity of a wireless communication system including, for example, a radio access network (RAN) , a wireless local area network, a device-to-device (D2D) communications system, etc. In certain examples, the agent 608 may be an example of a decision agent. In some examples, the agent 608 may be a UE, a base station, or any disaggregated network entity thereof including a CU, a DU, and / or an RU, an access point, a wireless station, a RIC in a cloud-based RAN, among some examples. Additionally, the type of agent 608 may also depend on the type of tasks performed by the model inference host 604, the type of inference data 612 provided to model inference host 604, and / or the type of output 614 produced by model inference host 604.
[0126] For example, if output 614 from the model inference host 604 is associated with beam management, the agent 608 may be or include a UE, a DU, or an RU. As another example, if output 614 from model inference host 604 is associated with transmission and / or reception scheduling, the agent 608 may be a CU or a DU.
[0127] After the agent 608 receives output 614 from the model inference host 604, agent 608 may determine whether to act based on the output. For example, if agent 608 is a DU or an RU and the output from model inference host 604 is associated with beam management, the agent 608 may determine whether to change or modify a transmit and / or receive beam based on the output 614. If the agent 608 determines to act based on the output 614, agent 608 may indicate the action to at least one subject of the action 610. For example, if the agent 608 determines to change or modify a transmit beam and / or receive beam for a communication between the agent 608 and the subject of action 610 (e.g., a UE) , the agent 608 may send a beam switching indication to the subject of action 610 (e.g., a UE) . As another example, the agent 608 may be a UE, the output 614 from model inference host 604 may be one or more predicted channel characteristics for one or more beams. For example, the model inference host 604 may predict channel characteristics for a set of beams based on the measurements of another set of beams. Based on the predicted channel characteristics, the agent 608, such as the UE, may send, to the subject of action 610, such as a BS, a request to switch to a different beam for communications. In some cases, the agent 608 and the subject of action 610 are the same entity.
[0128] The data sources 606 may be configured for collecting data that is used as training data 616 for training an AI model, or as inference data 612 for feeding an AI model inference operation. In particular, the data sources 606 may collect data from any of various entities (e.g., the UE and / or the BS) , which may include the subject of action 610, and provide the collected data to a model training host 602 for AI model training. For example, after a subject of action 610 (e.g., a UE) receives a beam configuration from agent 608, the subject of action 610 may provide performance feedback associated with the beam configuration to the data sources 606, where the performance feedback may be used by the model training host 602 for monitoring and / or evaluating the AI model performance, such as whether the output 614, provided to agent 608, is accurate. In some examples, if the output 614 provided to agent 608 is inaccurate (or the accuracy is below an accuracy threshold) , the model training host 602 may determine to modify or retrain the AI model used by model inference host 604, such as via an AI model deployment / update.
[0129] In certain aspects, the model training host 602 may be deployed at or with the same or a different entity than that in which the model inference host 604 is deployed. For example, in order to offload model training processing, which can impact the performance of the model inference host 604, the model training host 602 may be deployed at a model server as further described herein. Further, in some cases, training and / or inference may be distributed amongst devices in a decentralized or federated fashion.
[0130] AI / ML techniques have been introduced to help reduce the complexity involved in beam selection and the overhead associated with beam management without sacrificing system performance. For example, with the help of ML techniques, beam selection may be performed in a fraction of the time taken by conventional exhaustive search methods and with performance comparable to that of such methods.
[0131] In certain aspects, an AI model is deployed at or on a UE (e.g., such as UE 104 in FIG. 1) , for example, for purposes of spatial domain (SD) , temporal domain (TD) , and / or frequency domain (FD) beam prediction. The TD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of time. The FD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of frequency. A scenario where the AI model, at or on the UE, is used to predict SD downlink beams for a set of A-beams (referred to as “Set-A beams” ) based on measurement results of a set of B-beams (referred to as “Set-B beams” ) may be referred to as a beam management case 1, or simply “BM-Case1. ” Additionally, a scenario where the AI model, at or on the UE, is used to predict TD downlink beams for Set-A beams based on the historic measurement results of a set of B-beams may be referred to as a beam management case 2, or simply “BM-Case2. ” In general, ML may be used to predict characteristics associated with the Set-A beams, and the set of B-beams may be used for DL beam measurements as input data for the ML. For BM-Case1 and BM-Case2, the beams in the Set-A beams and the set of B-beams may be in the same Frequency Range (e.g., FR1 and / or FR2) . In some cases, the set of B-beams may be a subset of the Set-A beams. There may be any number of beams in each of the Set-A beams and the set of B-beams. There may be quasi-colocation (QCL) relationships between the Set-A beams and the set of B-beams.
[0132] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating example beam prediction 700 by a UE. In this example, one or more AI models (hereinafter “the AI model 706” ) are deployed at or on the UE 704 to enable the UE 704 to make one or more beam predictions based on data input to AI model 706. The UE 704 may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, or the UE 504 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5.
[0133] A network node 702 (e.g., a base station or any disaggregated entity thereof) may transmit one or more signals (e.g., SSB (s) , DM-RS (s) , CSI-RS (s) ) , via a first set of transmit beams 708, in a first set of communication resources (e.g., an SSB resource, a DM-RS resource, and / or a CSI-RS resource) . The network node 702 may be an example of the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2, or the BS 502 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5.
[0134] The UE 704 may perform measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP measurements and / or other measurements) of the one or more signals transmitted in the first set of communication resources, or a subset thereof, to obtain input data, which may include a first set of measurements 710 (sometimes referred to as parameters, channel characteristics, or channel properties) . For example, each transmit beam (or a subset thereof) , from the first set of transmit beams 708 carrying the signal (s) , may be associated with one or more measurements 710 performed by UE 704. The UE 704 may feed the first set of measurements 710 (e.g., L1 RSRP measurement values) into the AI model 706. The UE 704 may further feed information associated with the first set of beams and / or first set of communication resources (or a subset thereof) . The information associated with the first set of beams may include a beam direction (e.g., a spatial direction) , beam width, beam shape, and / or other characteristics of the respective beam. In one example, a first set of measurements 710 may be associated with a given transmit beam of network node 702 and a given receive beam of UE 704. UE 704 may feed the first set of measurements 710 and information associated with the first set of measurements 710 into AI model 706. The information associated with the first set of measurements 710 may include a transmit beam identifier of a transmit beam of the network node 702 used to transmit one or more signals measured by UE 704 to generate the first set of measurements 710. In certain aspects, the information associated with the first set of measurements 710 may include a receive beam identifier of a receive beam of the UE 704 used by UE 704 to measure the first set of measurements 710, such as where AI model 706 further is configured to take the receive beam identifier as input.
[0135] The AI model 706 may provide output data, for example, including an indication of a second set of measurements 712. As part of AI-based beam prediction, the second set of measurements 712 may include one or more predicted measurement values for a second set of communication resources associated with a second set of transmit beams 714. As an example, the second set of measurements 712 may include one or more predicted channel characteristics (e.g., predicted L1-RSRP measurement values) associated with the second set of communication resources, where the second set of communication resources are associated with the second set of transmit beams 714. In certain cases, the UE 704 may perform measurements of one or more signals transmitted in the second set of communication resources, or a subset thereof, to obtain the second set of measurements 712, for example, as a part of training data collection and / or performance monitoring for the AI model 706. In another example, AI model 706 may provide output data, for example, including a transmit beam identifier of a transmit beam (e.g., second set of transmit beams 714) of network node 702, such as that UE 704 predicts should be used for communication between UE 704 and network node 702.
[0136] In some examples, the first set of transmit beams 708 (e.g., that are measured) may be referred to as “Set-B beams” and the second set of transmit beams 714 (e.g., that are associated with predicted measurements for the second set of communication resources) may be referred to as “Set-A beams. ” Put another way, the “Set-B beams” are a set of beams for which measurements are taken and used to determine input data based on such measurements for the AI model 706, whereas the “Set-A beams” are a set of beams for which AI model 710 performs predictions.
[0137] In some examples, the first set of transmit beams 708 are a subset of the second set of transmit beams 714. In some other examples, the first set of transmit beams 708 and the second set of transmit beams 714 are different beams and / or may be mutually exclusive sets. For example, the first set of transmit beams 708 may include wide beams (e.g., unrefined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a first threshold) , and the second set of transmit beams 714 may include narrow beams (e.g., refined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a second threshold) .
[0138] Use of the AI model 706 for beam prediction may reduce a quantity of beam measurements that are performed by the UE 704 (e.g., compared to exhaustive search methods described above with respect to FIG. 6) , thereby conserving power at the UE 704 and / or network resources that would have otherwise been used to measure all beams included in at least the first set of beams.
[0139] In some aspects, this type of prediction may be referred to as a codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The codebook-based SD prediction / selection may be associated with an initial access, a secondary cell group (SCG) setup, a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., channel quality indicator (CQI) or precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ) and interference adaptation.
[0140] As another example, an output of the AI model 706 may include a point-direction, an angle of departure (AoD) , and / or an angle of arrival (AoA) of a beam included in the second set of transmit beams 714 (e.g., the “Set-A beams” ) . This type of prediction may be referred to as a non-codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The non-codebook-based prediction / selection may be associated with a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation. As another example, multiple measurement reports and / or values, collected at different points in time, may be input to the AI model 706. This may enable the AI model 706 to output codebook-based and / or non-codebook-based predictions for a measurement value, an AoD, and / or an AoA, among other examples, of a beam at a future time. The output (s) of the AI model 706, may facilitate initial access procedures, carrier aggregation (e.g., secondary cell setup) , dual connectivity (e.g., secondary cell group (SCG) setup) , beam refinement procedures (e.g., a P2 beam management procedure and / or a P3 beam management procedure as described above with respect to FIG. 5) , link quality or interference adaptation procedures, beam failure and / or beam blockage predictions, and / or radio link failure predictions, among other examples.
[0141] In certain aspects, an output of the AI model 706 may include a temporal beam prediction, such as a TD beam prediction. The TD beam prediction may be associated with a serving beam refinement, a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation, a beam failure / blockage prediction, and / or a radio link failure (RLF) prediction.
[0142] In certain aspects, the AI model 706 performs SD downlink beam predictions for beams included in the “Set-A beams” based on measurement results of beams included in the “Set-B beams. ” In some aspects, the AI model 706 performs TD downlink beam prediction for beams included in the “Set-A beams” based on historic measurement results of beams included in the “Set-B beams. ”
[0143] In certain aspects, a model server 716 (in communication with the UE 704 and / or the network node 702) may perform any of various AI model lifecycle management (LCM) tasks for the UE 704 and / or the network node 702. The model server 716 may operate as the model training host 602 (e.g., depicted and described with respect to FIG. 6) and update the AI model 706 using training data. In some cases, the model server 716 may operate as the data source 606 (e.g., depicted and described with respect to FIG. 6) to collect and host training data, inference data, and / or performance feedback associated with an AI model 706. In certain aspects, the model server 716 may host various types and / or versions of the AI model 706 for the UE 704 and / or the network node 702 to download.
[0144] In some cases, the model server 716 may monitor and evaluate the performance of the AI model 706 to trigger one or more LCM tasks. For example, the model server 716 may determine whether to activate or deactivate the use of a particular AI model at the UE 704 and / or the network node 702, and the model server 716 may provide such an instruction to the respective UE 704 and / or the network node 702. In some cases, the model server 716 may determine whether to switch to a different AI model 706 being used at the UE 704 and / or the network node 702, and the model server 716 may provide such an instruction to the respective UE 704 and / or the network node 702. In yet further examples, the model server 716 may also act or operate as a central server for decentralized machine learning tasks, such as federated learning. Aspects Related to CDL Channel Modeling
[0145] FIG. 8 depicts an example CDL channel model 800. In some examples, the CDL channel model 800 may implement aspects of FIGS. 1-7. For example, the CDL channel model 800 may include a network entity 802 and a UE 804. In some aspects, the network entity 802 may be an example of a BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2, the BS 502 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5, or the network node 702 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 7. Similarly, the UE 804 may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, the UE 504 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5, or the UE 704 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 7. However, in other aspects, UE 804 may be another type of wireless communications device, and network entity 802 may be another type of network entity or network node, such as those described herein.
[0146] The CDL channel model 800 may be used to model and / or emulate (e.g., simulate) a transmit beam 806 from the network entity 802 as part of a testing and evaluation of performance of communications for the UE 804 (e.g., in a test chamber) , such as communications obtained via a receive beam 808 of UE 804 from the transmit beam 806 of network entity 802 emulated by the CDL channel model 800. For example, the transmit beam 806 may be emulated by one or more clusters 810 to represent different directions that the UE 804 receives communications via the receive beam 808 (e.g., from the transmit beam 806) . In the example of FIG. 8, the transmit beam 806 may be emulated by a first cluster 810A sending beamformed communications in a first direction towards the UE 804, a second cluster 810B sending beamformed communications in a second direction towards the UE 804, and a third cluster 810C sending beamformed communications in a third direction towards the UE 804.
[0147] By emulating beamformed communications corresponding to the transmit beam 806 using the clusters 810, a realistic and proper channel model may be achieved for testing and evaluating performance of communications for the UE 804 compared to testing and evaluating performance of communications for the UE 804 using a single direction. That is, the clusters 810 may better represent real-world scenarios of communications for the UE 804, where communications may arrive at the UE 804 from various directions rather than a single direction and / or may experience different physical propagation phenomena from the various directions. As such, the testing and evaluation of performance of communications for the UE 804 may be improved using the CDL channel model 800, thereby ensuring that the UE 804 meets performance requirements (e.g., specified by wireless standards) .
[0148] In some aspects, the beamformed communications from each of the clusters 810 may be achieved in a test chamber (e.g., OTA test chamber, OTA chamber, chamber, etc. ) based on respective probes distributed around the test chamber. That is, multiple probes may be placed at different areas around the test chamber to send respective beamformed communications in different directions towards the UE 804. However, as described herein, a single probe test setup may be used for the test chamber, such that the beamformed communications are sent in a single direction towards the UE 804, but the testing and evaluation of performance of communications for the UE 804 may still need to account for real-world scenarios where the communications may arrive at the UE 804 from various directions rather than a single direction and / or may experience different physical propagation phenomena from the various directions.
[0149] As such, the single probe test setup may use Equation (1) as provided below for the testing and evaluation of performance of communications for the UE 804: where Pr, UE (Rx Bi) represents a power received (e.g., RSRP measurement) by the UE 804 using a receive beam of the UE 804 (e.g., the receive beam 808, Rx B, with a receive beam ID i) , GRx represents a gain for the receive beam from a respective cluster Ci (e.g., according to an AoA for the receive beam from the cluster Ci) , Pt, BS represents a transmit power of the beamformed signal from the single probe (e.g., emulating the network entity 802 and / or a BS) , GTx represents a gain of the beamformed signal from the single probe (e.g., the transmit beam 806, Tx B, with a transmit beam ID i) in the direction of the respective cluster Ci (e.g., according to an AoD for the transmit beam to the cluster Ci) , and Gpath, i may represent a gain of the path or pathloss between the single probe, the cluster Ci, and the UE 804 (e.g., based on the AoA for the receive beam from the cluster Ci and the AoD for the transmit beam to the cluster Ci) .
[0150] Accordingly, the UE 804 may determine power measurements of an emulated transmit beam from the single probe using Equation (1) based on the clusters 810, even though the single probe sends beamformed signals towards the UE 804 in a single direction. In some aspects, the determined power measurements may be used to evaluate the performance of communications for the UE 804 (e.g., based on if the determined power measurements satisfy certain performance criteria specified in wireless standards) .
[0151] In some aspects, although not shown in the example of FIG. 8, a TDL channel model may also or alternatively be used for the testing and evaluation of performance of communications for the UE 804. The TDL channel model may represent multipath propagation of the transmit beam 808 through a series of "taps, " each with specific delay and power characteristics. For example, the TDL channel model may include multiple taps (e.g., signal paths) with defined delays and average powers for the transmit beam 808. That is, the TDL channel model may emulate beamformed signals that arrive at the UE 804 at different times and / or with different transmit powers to support the testing and evaluation of performance of communications for the UE 804.
[0152] In some aspects, the CDL channel model 800 and the TDL channel model may be examples of fading channel models. A fading channel model may be used to model the effects of fading on a wireless communications channel for the testing and evaluation of performance of communications of a device, such as the UE 804. Fading in wireless communications may refer to variations in strength and / or quality of a signal (e.g., over time and distance) obtained via a wireless communications channel. Fading may be caused by a variety of factors, such as multipath propagation, atmospheric conditions, and the movement of objects in a transmission path. In some aspects, fading may occur when a signal is transmitted from a transmitter (e.g., the network entity 802) to a receiver (e.g., the UE 804) , where the signal experiences multiple signal paths due to reflection, diffraction, and scattering from objects in the environment. These multiple signal paths may cause interference and distortion to the signal, resulting in fluctuations of the signal strength at the receiver. Additionally, different components of the signal can arrive at the receiver at different times based on the multiple signal paths, causing interference and variations in signal amplitude and phase at the receiver.
[0153] As such, fading may be modeled for a channel (e.g., via emulated transmit beam (s) from the one or more probes of a test chamber) using the CDL channel model 800 (e.g., modeling multiple signal paths) and / or the TDL model (e.g., modeling different delays for multiple signal paths) . Other types of fading channel models than CDL and TDL channel models may be used to model the effects of fading, such as a Rayleigh fading channel model, a Rician fading channel model, flat fading channel models, selective fading channel models, or other fading channel models not expressly listed herein. In some aspects, a channel model for the testing and evaluation of performance of communications of a device may be derived from field testing. For example, field testing may include determining factors that are affecting a wireless communications channel from real-world scenarios and communications. Aspects Related to Beam Management Performance Evaluation
[0154] FIG. 9A depicts a wireless communications system 900 for a beam management performance evaluation in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the wireless communications system 900 may implement aspects of or may implemented by aspects of FIGS. 1-8. For example, the wireless communications system 900 may include a network entity 902 and a UE 904. In some aspects, the network entity 902 may be an example of a BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2, the BS 502 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5, the network node 702 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 7, or the network entity 802 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 8. Similarly, the UE 904 may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, the UE 504 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5, the UE 704 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 7, or the UE 804 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 8. However, in other aspects, UE 904 may be another type of wireless communications device, and network entity 902 may be another type of network entity or network node, such as those described herein.
[0155] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 900 may represent a test method with single probe setup to verify and / or evaluate beam management performance of the UE 904 (e.g., AI-based beam prediction) , such as under a fading channel model (e.g., CDL channel modeling, TDL channel modeling, and / or other types of fading channel modeling as described with respect to FIG. 8) . In some aspects, before applying the fading channel modeling, the wireless communications system 900 may include first testing and / or evaluating communications of the UE 904 based on emulating a transmit beam 906 of the network entity 902 using an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel model 908. For example, the AWGN channel model 908 may include a noise model that represents noise that is added to a signal and has a uniform power across all frequencies (e.g., white noise) and follows a Gaussian distribution.
[0156] Accordingly, a single probe 912 may emulate the transmit beam 906 (e.g., with the AWGN channel model 908 applied) by sending a corresponding beamformed signal towards the UE 904, where the UE 904 is located within a test chamber 910. While the test chamber 910 is represented as a spherical testing environment in the example of FIG. 9, the test chamber 910 may be a different shape (e.g., a box) that confines the UE 904 within it. In some aspects, the single probe 912 may include an antenna.
[0157] As a first step of the test method with the single probe setup (e.g., using the single probe 912) to verify and / or evaluate beam management performance of the UE 904, one or more sets of measurements (e.g., RSRP measurements) may be performed by UE 904, where each set of measurements is made for a respective transmit beam 906 and a respective receive beam of UE 904. Each of the one or more sets of measurements may be referred to as a UE antenna pattern or a UE receive beam pattern. Each set of measurements may include a plurality of measurements at a plurality of orientations of UE 904. In particular, each measurement of the plurality of measurements may correspond to UE 904 in a respective orientation measuring a signal transmitted using the transmit beam 906 associated with the set and received using the receive beam of UE 904 associated with the set.
[0158] For example, the single probe 912 may emulate different transmit beams sent by the network entity 902 in different directions (e.g., Set-B beams depicted and described with respect to FIGS. 5 and 7) by varying a transmit power of a beamformed signal that is output (e.g., sent) towards the UE 904. That is, because the single probe 912 can send the beamformed signal in a single direction towards the UE 904 within the test chamber 910, varying the transmit power may represent different transmit beams that are not sent directly at the UE 904 (e.g., communications of transmit beams that are not sent directly at the UE 904 will have lower receive powers at the UE 904 compared to communications of transmit beams that are sent directly at the UE 904) . As such, a first transmit power may represent a first transmit beam of the network entity 902 (e.g., a first beam of the Set-B beams) , a second transmit power may represent a second transmit beam of the network entity 902 (e.g., a second beam of the Set-B beams) , etc.
[0159] As described herein, the UE antenna pattern of the UE 904 may include and / or be represented by RSRP measurements (e.g., CSI-RSRP measurements and / or SS-RSRP measurements) that the UE 904 measures for each of the emulated transmit beams of the network entity 902. That is, the RSRP measurements may correspond to and / or indicate different UE antenna patterns of respective receive beams of the UE 904 that the UE 904 uses to receive each of the emulated transmit beams. However, with the single direction of beamformed signals from the single probe 912, different directions from which the UE 904 can receive the emulated transmit beams may be limited, which may not represent real-world scenarios where the UE 904 can receive transmit beams from the network entity 902 via various directions.
[0160] As such, for each pair of the emulated transmit beams from the single probe 912 and the receive beams of the UE 904, the UE 904 may perform a rotation 914 according to a plurality of orientations that includes ‘X’ directions to vary the directions at which each emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912 is received for a given receive beam. In some aspects, the UE 904 may also lock a receive beam of the UE 904 (e.g., via beam locking) to perform a set of RSRP measurements for the corresponding emulated transmit beam (e.g., a same receive beam of the UE 904 is locked and / or used to receive a respective emulated transmit beam for the plurality of orientations) . Subsequently, the UE 904 may perform an RSRP measurement of each emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912 at each of the ‘X’ directions of the plurality of orientations using the locked receive beam of the UE 904 for each emulated transmit beam.
[0161] Such measurements of each emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912 at each of the ‘X’ directions of the plurality of orientations may be performed for each of multiple receive beams of the UE 904. As an example, the UE 904 may be placed in ‘Y’ different (e.g., pre-defined) positions, each position corresponding to a receive beam of UE 904, such that UE 904 utilizes that receive beam for reception of an emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912. That is, the UE 904 may utilize beam locking to lock a respective receive beam of UE 904 at each of the different positions for reception of the emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912. For example, in the example of FIG. 9A, the UE 904 may be placed in a first position 916, such that UE 904 utilizes a first receive beam, and the rotation 914 is performed while UE 904 measures an emulated transmit beam along positions of rotation 914. FIG. 9B may illustrate additional positions for the UE 904, such as a second position 918 associated with a second receive beam of UE 904, and a third position 920 associated with a third receive beam of UE 904, where the rotation 914 is also performed at the second position 918 such that UE 904 utilizes the second receive beam and at the third position 920 such that UE 904 utilizes the third receive beam. In some aspects, the first receive beam, the second receive beam, and / or the third receive beam may include a same receive beam of the UE 904, or the three receive beams may include different receive beams of the UE 904. The different positions for the UE 904 may be achieved by a rotatable positioning system in the test chamber 910 (e.g., not depicted in the example of FIG. 9A) configured to hold and orient the UE 904 in the different positions. It is to be understood that the first position 916, the second position 918, and the third position 920 are example positions for the UE 904, and the UE 904 may be placed in a greater number and / or different pre-defined positions than those shown in the examples of FIGS. 9A and 9B.
[0162] Subsequently, for each receive beam of one or more receive beams of the UE, such as corresponding to the different positions, the UE 904 may perform an RSRP measurement (e.g., based on Equation (1) provided previously) of each emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912 at each of the ‘X’ directions of the plurality of orientations.
[0163] Accordingly, the UE 904 may obtain a plurality of RSRP measurements for each emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912 based on the ‘X’ directions of the plurality of orientations and the ‘Y’ receive beams / positions. In some aspects, values for ‘X’ and ‘Y’ may depend on (e.g., pre-defined) measurement grid (s) that are defined in wireless standards. For example, FIG. 9C depicts a measurement grid 922 that includes multiple measurement grid points 924 that represent the plurality of RSRP measurements (e.g., for respective receive beams of the UE 904) . In some aspects, ‘X’ and ‘Y’ may be from different measurement grids.
[0164] In certain aspects, a complex UE receive beam pattern of the UE 904 (e.g., UE antenna pattern for respective receive beams of the UE 904) for each emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912 may be collected with X*Y test points based on CSI-RSRP and / or SS-RSRP reporting (e.g., X*Y RSRP measurements) . For example, the UE 904 may send an RSRP report that includes X*Y RSRP measurements for each of the emulated transmit beams from the single probe 912, where the RSRP report may indicate and / or represent a receive beam pattern and / or antenna pattern for respective receive beams of the UE 904 used to receive each emulated transmit beam from the single probe 912. That is, the single probe 912 and / or other test equipment may derive a UE antenna gain and / or pattern based on the RSRP report. In some aspects, the RSRP measurements of the RSRP report may correspond to a measurement grid (e.g., the measurement grid 922) . In some aspects, UE 904 may send to network entity 902 one or more sets of RSRP measurements, each set corresponding to measurements of a transmit beam and receive beam pair.
[0165] In some aspects, a receive beam ID may be used as an input for an AI model (e.g., for a beam prediction of a Set-A beam based on measurements of Set-B beams as depicted and described with respect to FIGS. 5-7, where the Set-B beams may be represented by the emulated transmit beams from the single probe 912) . As such, the UE 904 may signal receive beam ID (s) with the RSRP report to ensure the receive beam ID (s) are recorded with corresponding transmit beam ID (s) and RSRP measurements (e.g., the RSRP report includes RSRP_tx1_rx1, RSRP_tx2_rx1, etc., to indicate the transmit beam ID (s) and receive beam ID (s) associated with each RSRP measurement) . The transmit beam ID (s) may be signaled to the UE 904 prior to or when the single probe 912 sends each emulated transmit beam (e.g., via a PBCH) , such that the UE 904 indicates which RSRP measurements correspond to which emulated transmit beam. In some aspects, a capability of the UE 904 may enable the UE 904 to indicate whether the receive beam ID (s) are used as an input to the AI model. Additionally or alternatively, the receive beam ID (s) may not be used as an input to the AI model, such that the RSRP report includes the RSRP measurements and the transmit beam ID (s) but not the receive beam ID (s) (e.g., the RSRP report includes RSRP_tx1, RSRP_tx2, etc., to indicate the transmit beam ID (s) associated with each RSRP measurement) .
[0166] FIG. 10 depicts a wireless communications system 1000 for a beam management performance evaluation in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 1000 may represent a second step of the test method with the single probe setup to verify and / or evaluate beam management performance of a UE as depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9A. For example, the wireless communications system 1000 may include a network entity 1002, a UE 1004, a test chamber 1010, and a single probe 1012, which may represent examples of the corresponding elements as depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9.
[0167] As part of the second step of the test method, the single probe 1012 and / or other test equipment may determine a transmit power for an emulated transmit beam (e.g., an additional signal and / or additional beamformed signal) corresponding to a transmit beam 1006 of the network entity 1002, where the transmit beam 1006 of the network entity 1002 is modeled according to a fading channel model. For example, the fading channel model may include a CDL and / or TDL channel model 1008 (e.g., described with respect to FIG. 8) for the emulated transmit beam sent by the single probe 1012. Additionally or alternatively, the fading channel model may be a different type of fading channel model and / or a channel model derived from field testing (e.g., described with respect to FIG. 8) .
[0168] In some aspects, the single probe 1012 and / or other test equipment may determine the transmit power for the emulated transmit beam based on the RSRP report described with respect to FIGS. 9A-9C. That is, the single probe 1012 and / or other test equipment may determine (e.g., generate) the transmit power based on an antenna gain and / or pattern derived from the RSRP report (e.g., based on Equation (1) provided previously) . The second step may be performed for one or more receive beams of UE 1004. For example, the second step may be performed for one or more sets of RSRP measurements, where each set is associated with a respective receive beam of UE 1004 and a respective transmit beam of network entity 1002. In certain aspects, the second transmit beam for a given receive beam may be selected based on the transmit beam for which a highest RSRP reported for measurements via the receive beam.
[0169] In some aspects, the transmit power of the emulated transmit beam may be based on an antenna gain derived from a highest (e.g., best) RSRP measurement from the RSRP report (e.g., an RSRP measurement that satisfies a threshold value) (e.g., set of RSRP measurements associated with the receive beam and emulated transmit beam) . Additionally or alternatively, the transmit power of the emulated transmit beam may be based on an antenna gain derived from all ‘X’ directions of the plurality of orientations (e.g., from the plurality of RSRP measurements of the RSRP report, such as an average RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements (e.g., set of RSRP measurements associated with the receive beam and emulated transmit beam) ) . Additionally or alternatively, the transmit power of the emulated transmit beam may be based on an antenna gain derived from specific directions (e.g., top 50%spherical coverage of a measurement grid, such as the measurement grid 922 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9C) (e.g., for a set of RSRP measurements associated with the receive beam and emulated transmit beam) .
[0170] Subsequently, the single probe 1012 may output the emulated transmit beam corresponding to the transmit beam 1006 of the network entity 1002 towards the UE 1004 in the test chamber 1010 at the determined transmit power. Accordingly, the UE 1004 may then obtain the emulated transmit beam and perform an RSRP measurement of the emulated transmit beam. For example, the UE 1004 may lock a receive beam of the UE 1004 in a specific direction to obtain the emulated transmit beam from the single probe 1012 (e.g., the UE 1004 does not perform a beam sweep to obtain the emulated transmit beam) . In some aspects, the UE 1004 may lock the receive beam in a peak receive beam direction (e.g., a direction that had a highest RSRP measurement from the RSRP report) .
[0171] In some aspects, the UE 1004 may use the RSRP measurement and a transmit beam ID corresponding to the emulated transmit beam (e.g., previously indicated to the UE 1004 and / or indicated with the emulated transmit beam, such as via a PBCH) as inputs for the AI model, and the AI model may output a second transmit beam that is associated with the emulated transmit beam. For example, the emulated transmit beam may represent a Set-B beam from the network entity 1002, and the second transmit beam may represent a Set-A beam from the network entity 1002 that is associated with the Set-B beam.
[0172] In some aspects, as part of the test method with the single probe setup to verify and / or evaluate beam management performance of the UE 1004, the UE 1004 may indicate the second transmit beam that is output by the AI model to the single probe 1012 and / or the other test equipment. Accordingly, the other test equipment may verify if the second transmit beam is the correct prediction to be made by the AI model. For example, the other test equipment may know which Set-A beam is associated with the emulated transmit beam (e.g., Set-B beam) based on control variables of the test chamber 1010 (e.g., a distance between the single probe 1012 and the UE 1004, path gain and / or pathloss of the emulated transmit beam, etc. ) and the RSRP report, such that the other test equipment can verify the accuracy of the AI model and prediction of the second transmit beam. If the predicted second transmit beam from the AI model is the same as the Set-A beam determined by the other test equipment, the AI model may be deployed for use in the UE 1004 for real-world communications. If the predicted second transmit beam from the AI model is different than the Set-A beam determined by the other test equipment, the AI model may be further trained at the UE 1004 and / or a different AI model may be tested for the UE.
[0173] In some aspects, if receive beam ID (s) are used as an input to an AI model input as described previously, the network entity 1002, the single probe 1012, and / or the other test equipment may inform, to the UE 1004, a receive beam ID corresponding to a receive beam of the UE 1004 that the UE 1004 is to use for obtaining the emulated transmit beam corresponding to the transmit beam 1006 of the network entity 1002. Accordingly, the UE 1004 may also use the receive beam ID as an input into the AI model to obtain the output of the second transmit beam from the AI model. Example Signaling for Beam Management Performance Testing
[0174] FIG. 11 depicts a process flow 1100 for communications in a network between test equipment 1102 and a UE 1104. In some aspects, the test equipment 1102 may be an example of the single probe 912 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9, the single probe 1012 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10, and / or other test equipment (e.g., computing device (s) , processor (s) , memory (ies) , etc. ) coupled to a single probe and / or a test chamber. Similarly, the UE 1104 may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, the UE 504 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5, the UE 704 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 7, the UE 804 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 8, the UE 904 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9, or the UE 1004 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10. However, in other aspects, UE 1104 may be another type of wireless communications device, and the test equipment 1102 may be another type of network entity or network node or testing apparatus, such as those described herein. Note that any operations or signaling illustrated with dashed lines may indicate that that operation or signaling is an optional or alternative example.
[0175] At 1106, the test equipment 1102 outputs and the UE 1104 obtains a signal directed at the UE 1104 from a single probe. For example, the signal may represent an emulated transmit beam corresponding to a first transmit beam from a network entity (e.g., one or more Set-B beams, such as the transmit beam 906 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9A) .
[0176] At 1108, the test equipment 1102 may send and the UE 1104 obtains an indication of a transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 associated with output of the signal. For example, the indication of the transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 may include a transmit beam ID. In some aspects, the indication of the transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 may be sent via a PBCH.
[0177] At 1110, the UE 1104 obtains the signal based on a plurality of orientations (e.g., as depicted and described with respect to FIGS. 9A and 9B) . For example, the UE 1104 may obtain the signal based on rotating through the plurality of orientations, such as using a given receive beam of UE 1104. Further, UE 1104 may obtain using multiple different receive beams of UE 1104, such as at the plurality of orientations for each receive beam.
[0178] At 1112, the UE 1104 may send and the test equipment 1102 may obtain an additional indication that an indication of a receive beam (e.g., receive beam ID) is an input into an AI model (e.g., used to predict a Set-A beam from measurements of the signal) .
[0179] At 1114, the UE 1104 sends and the test equipment 1102 obtains an RSRP report that includes a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, where the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with the plurality of orientations of the UE 1104 and a receive beam of the UE 1104. In some aspects, the RSRP report may include a plurality of sets of RSRP measurements, where a first set of the plurality of sets includes the plurality of RSRP measurements (e.g., for a first emulated transmit beam from the test equipment 1102) . For example, each set of the plurality of sets of RSRP measurements may be associated with a respective receive beam of the UE 1104 (e.g., via beam locking, such that the UE 1104 locks a receive beam for obtaining each set of the plurality of sets of RSRP measurements, such as locking a receive beam at each different position of a plurality of positions as described with respect to FIG. 9A) and a respective transmit beam of the test equipment 1102. In some aspects, the plurality of RSRP measurements may correspond to a measurement grid (e.g., the measurement grid 922 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9C) .
[0180] At 1116, the UE 1104 may send and the test equipment 1102 may obtain an indication of a receive beam of the UE 1104 (e.g., receive beam ID) used to obtain the plurality of RSRP measurements. For example, the UE 1104 may send and the test equipment 1102 may obtain the indication of a receive beam of the UE 1104 based on the additional indication that the indication of a receive beam is an input into an AI model communicated at 1112. In some aspects, the indication of the receive beam of the UE 1104 may be sent in the RSRP report.
[0181] At 1118, the test equipment 1102 may determine a transmit power of an additional signal to be output directed at the UE 1104 from the single probe. In some aspects, the transmit power may be based on UE antenna gain derived from the RSRP report. For example, the transmit power may be based on UE antenna gain derived from an RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements that satisfies a threshold value (e.g., a highest RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements) . Additionally or alternatively, the transmit power may be based on UE antenna gain derived from the plurality of RSRP measurements. Additionally or alternatively, the transmit power may be based on UE antenna gain derived from a subset of the plurality of RSRP measurements associated with a subset of the plurality of orientations.
[0182] At 1120, the test equipment 1102 sends and the UE 1104 obtains the additional signal. For example, the additional signal may represent an additional emulated transmit beam corresponding to a second transmit beam from a network entity (e.g., a Set-B beam, such as the transmit beam 1006 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10) . In some aspects, the additional signal may be output based on a fading channel model, such as a CDL channel model or a TDL channel model or another fading channel model that is derived from field testing.
[0183] At 1122, the test equipment 1102 may send and the UE 1104 may obtain an indication of a transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 associated with the additional signal. For example, the indication of the transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 associated with the additional signal may include a transmit beam ID used for output of the additional signal. In some aspects, the indication of the transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 associated with the additional signal may be sent via a PBCH.
[0184] At 1124, the test equipment 1102 may send and the UE 1104 may obtain an indication of the receive beam (e.g., receive beam ID) for the UE 1104 to use to obtain the additional signal. For example, the test equipment 1102 may send and the UE 1104 may obtain the indication of the receive beam of the UE 1104 to use to obtain the additional signal based on the additional indication that the indication of a receive beam is an input into an AI model communicated at 1112
[0185] At 1126, the UE 1104 may use a measurement of the additional signal (e.g., RSRP measurement) , an identifier of the transmit beam associated with the additional signal, and / or an identifier of the receive beam into an AI model of the UE 1104. Accordingly, the AI model may output an indication of a second transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 associated with the transmit beam (e.g., a Set-A beam) based on those inputs.
[0186] At 1128, the UE 1104 may send and the test equipment 1102 may obtain an indication of the second transmit beam of the test equipment 1102 associated with the transmit beam.
[0187] At 1130, the test equipment verifies the AI model of the UE 1104 based on the indication of the second transmit beam (e.g., as described with respect to FIG. 10) .
[0188] Note that the process flow illustrated in FIG. 11 is an example of beam management, and aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to evaluating the beam management. Note that the process flow illustrated in FIG. 11 is described herein to facilitate an understanding of evaluating an AI-based beam prediction, and aspects of the present disclosure may be performed in various manners via alternative or additional signaling and / or operations. In certain aspects, the operations and / or signaling of FIG. 11 may occur in an order different from that described or depicted, and various actions, operations, and / or signaling may be added, omitted, or combined. Example Operations of a Network Entity
[0189] FIG. 12 shows a method 1200 for wireless communications by an apparatus, such as the single probe 912 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9, the single probe 1012 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10, the test equipment 1102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 11, and / or other test equipment (e.g., computing device (s) , processor (s) , memory (ies) , etc. ) coupled to a single probe and / or a test chamber.
[0190] Method 1200 begins at block 1205 with outputting a signal directed at a UE (e.g., emulated transmit beam (s) corresponding to one or more Set-B beams, such as the transmit beam 906 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9A) .
[0191] Method 1200 then proceeds to block 1210 with obtaining, from the UE, a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal (e.g., as described with respect to FIG. 9A) , wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE (e.g., as depicted and described with respect to FIGS. 9A and 9B) and a receive beam of the UE.
[0192] In some aspects, the RSRP report comprises an indication of the receive beam of the UE.
[0193] In certain aspects, method 1200 further includes obtaining, from the UE, an additional indication that the indication of the receive beam is an input into an AI model.
[0194] In some aspects, the RSRP report comprises a plurality of sets of RSRP measurements; a first set of the plurality of sets comprises the plurality of RSRP measurements; and each set of the plurality of sets of RSRP measurements is associated with a respective receive beam of the UE via beam locking and a respective transmit beam of the apparatus.
[0195] In certain aspects, method 1200 further includes outputting an additional signal directed at the UE (e.g., an emulated transmit beam corresponding to a Set-B beam, such as the transmit beam 1006 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10) at a transmit power from the RSRP report.
[0196] In some aspects, the transmit power is based on an RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements that satisfies a threshold value.
[0197] In some aspects, the transmit power is based on the plurality of RSRP measurements.
[0198] In some aspects, the transmit power is based a subset of the plurality of RSRP measurements associated with a subset of the plurality of orientations.
[0199] In certain aspects, method 1200 further includes sending an indication of the receive beam for the UE to use to obtain the additional signal.
[0200] In certain aspects, method 1200 further includes outputting the additional signal based on a channel model.
[0201] In some aspects, the channel model comprises a fading channel model (e.g., the CDL channel model 800 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 8, a TDL channel model, or another channel model derived from field testing) .
[0202] In certain aspects, method 1200 further includes sending an indication of a transmit beam of the apparatus associated with the additional signal.
[0203] In certain aspects, method 1200 further includes obtaining, from the UE, an indication of a second transmit beam of the apparatus associated with the transmit beam.
[0204] In certain aspects, method 1200 further includes verifying an AI model of the UE based on the indication of the second transmit beam.
[0205] In some aspects, the plurality of RSRP measurements correspond to a measurement grid (e.g., the measurement grid 922 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9C) .
[0206] In some aspect, method 1200, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1400 of FIG. 14, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1200. Communications device 1400 is described below in further detail.
[0207] Note that FIG. 12 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0208] In certain aspects, method 1200 may be performed by the apparatus to realize one or more technical effects or solutions to the aforementioned technical problem (s) . For example, based on method 1200, the techniques for testing beam management performance (e.g., AI-based beam predictions) using a single probe described herein may provide various beneficial technical effects and / or advantages. The techniques for obtaining measurements of emulated transmit beams may enable improved wireless communications performance, such as modeling different types of channels with a single probe for testing AI-based beam predictions based on the plurality of orientations (e.g., and the plurality of positions) , such as to emulate performance of different beam pairs at different UE orientations. Accordingly, the AI-based beam predictions may be based on realistic and proper channel models to improve performance and testing of the AI-based beam predictions. Example Operations of a User Equipment
[0209] FIG. 13 shows a method 1300 for wireless communications by a UE, such as UE 104 of FIG. 1, the UE 304 of FIG. 3, the UE 504 of FIG. 5, the UE 704 of FIG. 7, the UE 804 of FIG. 8, the UE 904 of FIG. 9, the UE 1004 of FIG. 10, or the UE 1104 of FIG. 11.
[0210] Method 1300 begins at block 1305 with obtaining a signal from an additional apparatus (e.g., emulated transmit beam (s) corresponding to one or more Set-B beams, such as the transmit beam 906 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9A) .
[0211] Method 1300 then proceeds to block 1310 with sending a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE (e.g., as depicted and described with respect to FIGS. 9A and 9B) and a receive beam of the UE.
[0212] In some aspects, the RSRP report comprises an indication of the receive beam of the UE.
[0213] In some aspects, the processing system is configured causing the UE to send an additional indication that the indication of the receive beam is an input into AI model.
[0214] In some aspects, the RSRP report comprises a plurality of sets of RSRP measurements; a first set of the plurality of sets comprises the plurality of RSRP measurements; and each set of the plurality of sets of RSRP measurements is associated with a respective receive beam of the UE via beam locking and a respective transmit beam of the additional apparatus.
[0215] In some aspects, the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain an additional signal from the additional apparatus (e.g., an emulated transmit beam corresponding to a Set-B beam, such as the transmit beam 1006 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10) at a transmit power based on the RSRP report.
[0216] In some aspects, the transmit power is based on an RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements that satisfies a threshold value.
[0217] In some aspects, the transmit power is based on the plurality of RSRP measurements.
[0218] In some aspects, the transmit power is based on a subset of the plurality of RSRP measurements associated with a subset of the plurality of orientations.
[0219] In some aspects, the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain an indication of the receive beam for the UE to use to obtain the additional signal.
[0220] In some aspects, the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain the additional signal based on a channel model.
[0221] In some aspects, the channel model comprises a fading channel model (e.g., the CDL channel model 800 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 8, a TDL channel model, or another channel model derived from field testing) .
[0222] In some aspects, the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain an indication of a transmit beam of the additional apparatus associated with the additional signal.
[0223] In some aspects, the processing system is configured causing the UE to send an indication of a second transmit beam of the additional apparatus associated with the transmit beam.
[0224] In some aspects, the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain the indication of the second transmit beam via an AI model of the UE based on one or more of: an identifier of the transmit beam of the additional apparatus, an RSRP measurement of the additional signal, or an identifier of the receive beam of the UE.
[0225] In some aspects, the plurality of RSRP measurements correspond to a measurement grid (e.g., the measurement grid 922 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9C) .
[0226] In some aspect, method 1300, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1500 of FIG. 15, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1300. Communications device 1500 is described below in further detail.
[0227] Note that FIG. 13 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0228] In certain aspects, method 1300 may be performed by the apparatus to realize one or more technical effects or solutions to the aforementioned technical problem (s) . For example, based on method 1300, the techniques for testing beam management performance (e.g., AI-based beam predictions) using a single probe described herein may provide various beneficial technical effects and / or advantages. The techniques for obtaining measurements of emulated transmit beams may enable improved wireless communications performance, such as modeling different types of channels with a single probe for testing AI-based beam predictions based on the plurality of orientations (e.g., and the plurality of positions) , such as to emulate performance of different beam pairs at different UE orientations. Accordingly, the AI-based beam predictions may be based on realistic and proper channel models to improve performance and testing of the AI-based beam predictions. Example Communications Devices
[0229] FIG. 14 depicts aspects of an example communications device configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1400 is a test equipment apparatus, such as the single probe 912 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9, the single probe 1012 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10, the test equipment 1102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 11, and / or other test equipment (e.g., computing device (s) , processor (s) , memory (ies) , etc. ) coupled to a single probe and / or a test chamber.
[0230] The communications device 1400 includes a processing system 1405 coupled to a transceiver 1465 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1475. The transceiver 1465 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1400 via an antenna 1470, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1475 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1400 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1405 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1400, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1400.
[0231] The processing system 1405 includes one or more processors 1410 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1435. In various aspects, one or more processors 1410 may be representative of the one or more processors 308, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1410 are coupled to the computer-readable medium / memory 1435 via a bus 1460. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1435 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , including code 1440-1455, that when executed by the one or more processors 1410, cause the one or more processors 1410 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 12. The computer-readable medium / memory 1435 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. Note that reference to a processor of communications device 1400 performing a function may include one or more processors of communications device 1400 performing that function, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0232] In the depicted example, the computer-readable medium / memory 1435 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for outputting 1440, code for obtaining 1445, code for sending 1450, and code for verifying 1455. Processing of the code 1440-1455 may enable and cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, code for outputting 1440 includes code for outputting a signal directed at a UE. In some aspects, code for obtaining 1445 includes code for obtaining, from the UE, a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE
[0233] The one or more processors 1410 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1435, including circuitry for outputting 1415, circuitry for obtaining 1420, circuitry for sending 1425, and circuitry for verifying 1430. Processing with circuitry 1415-1430 may enable and cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, circuitry for outputting 1415 includes circuitry for outputting a signal directed at a UE from a single probe. In some aspects, circuitry for obtaining 1420 includes circuitry for obtaining, from the UE, a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE
[0234] Various components of the communications device 1400 may provide means for performing the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, or any aspect related to it. Means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 312, one or more antennas 314, and / or processing system 306 of the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1465, antenna 1470, and / or network interface 1475 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14, and / or one or more processors 1410 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 312, one or more antennas 314, and / or processing system 306 of the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1465, antenna 1470, and / or network interface 1475 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14, and / or one or more processors 1410 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14.
[0235] FIG. 15 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1500 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1500 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1, the UE 304 described with respect to FIG. 3, the UE 504 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5, the UE 704 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 7, the UE 804 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 8, the UE 904 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 9, the UE 1004 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 10, or the UE 1104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 11.
[0236] The communications device 1500 includes a processing system 1505 coupled to a transceiver 1545 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1545 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1500 via an antenna 1550, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1505 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1500, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1500.
[0237] The processing system 1505 includes one or more processors 1510 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1525. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1510 may be representative of the one or more processors 318 described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1510 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1525 via a bus 1540. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1525 may be representative of the one or more memories 320 described with respect to FIG. 3. The computer-readable medium / memory 1525 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1525 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , that when executed by the one or more processors 1510, cause the one or more processors 1510 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 13. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1500 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1500, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0238] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1525 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for obtaining 1530 and code for sending 1535. Processing of the code 1530 and 1535 may enable and cause the communications device 1500 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, code for obtaining 1530 includes code for obtaining a signal from an additional apparatus. In some aspects, code for sending 1535 includes code for sending a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.
[0239] The one or more processors 1510 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1525, including circuitry for obtaining 1515 and circuitry for sending 1520. Processing with circuitry 1515 and 1520 may enable and cause the communications device 1500 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, circuitry for obtaining 1515 includes circuitry for obtaining a signal from a single probe of an additional apparatus. In some aspects, circuitry for sending 1520 includes circuitry for sending a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.
[0240] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antenna 322 and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1545 and / or antenna 1550 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15, and / or one or more processors 1510 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1545 and / or antenna 1550 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15, and / or one or more processors 1510 of the communications device 1500 in FIG. 15. Example Clauses
[0241] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0242] Clause 1: A method for wireless communications by an apparatus comprising: outputting a signal directed at a UE; and obtaining, from the UE, a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.
[0243] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein the RSRP report comprises an indication of the receive beam of the UE.
[0244] Clause 3: The method of Clause 2, further comprising obtaining, from the UE, an additional indication that the indication of the receive beam is an input into an AI model.
[0245] Clause 4: The method of any one of Clauses 1-3, wherein: the RSRP report comprises a plurality of sets of RSRP measurements; a first set of the plurality of sets comprises the plurality of RSRP measurements; and each set of the plurality of sets of RSRP measurements is associated with a respective receive beam of the UE via beam locking and a respective transmit beam of the apparatus.
[0246] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 1-4, further comprising outputting an additional signal directed at the UE at a transmit power based on the RSRP report.
[0247] Clause 6: The method of Clause 5, wherein the transmit power is based on an RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements that satisfies a threshold value.
[0248] Clause 7: The method of Clause 5, wherein the transmit power is based on the plurality of RSRP measurements.
[0249] Clause 8: The method of Clause 5, wherein the transmit power is based on a subset of the plurality of RSRP measurements associated with a subset of the plurality of orientations.
[0250] Clause 9: The method of Clause 5, further comprising sending an indication of the receive beam for the UE to use to obtain the additional signal.
[0251] Clause 10: The method of Clause 5, further comprising outputting the additional signal based on a channel model.
[0252] Clause 11: The method of Clause 10, wherein the channel model comprises a fading channel model.
[0253] Clause 12: The method of Clause 5, further comprising sending an indication of a transmit beam of the apparatus associated with the additional signal.
[0254] Clause 13: The method of Clause 12, further comprising obtaining, from the UE, an indication of a second transmit beam of the apparatus associated with the transmit beam.
[0255] Clause 14: The method of Clause 13, further comprising verifying an AI model of the UE based on the indication of the second transmit beam.
[0256] Clause 15: The method of any one of Clauses 1-14, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements correspond to a measurement grid.
[0257] Clause 16: A method for wireless communications by a UE comprising: obtaining a signal from an additional apparatus; and sending a RSRP report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.
[0258] Clause 17: The method of Clause 16, wherein the RSRP report comprises an indication of the receive beam of the UE.
[0259] Clause 18: The method of Clause 17, wherein the processing system is configured causing the UE to send an additional indication that the indication of the receive beam is an input into AI model.
[0260] Clause 19: The method of any one of Clauses 16-18, wherein: the RSRP report comprises a plurality of sets of RSRP measurements; a first set of the plurality of sets comprises the plurality of RSRP measurements; and each set of the plurality of sets of RSRP measurements is associated with a respective receive beam of the UE via beam locking and a respective transmit beam of the additional apparatus.
[0261] Clause 20: The method of any one of Clauses 16-19, wherein the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain an additional signal from the additional apparatus at a transmit power based on the RSRP report.
[0262] Clause 21: The method of Clause 20, wherein the transmit power is based on an RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements that satisfies a threshold value.
[0263] Clause 22: The method of Clause 20, wherein the transmit power is based on the plurality of RSRP measurements.
[0264] Clause 23: The method of Clause 20, wherein the transmit power is based on a subset of the plurality of RSRP measurements associated with a subset of the plurality of orientations.
[0265] Clause 24: The method of Clause 20, wherein the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain an indication of the receive beam for the UE to use to obtain the additional signal.
[0266] Clause 25: The method of Clause 20, wherein the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain the additional signal based on a channel model.
[0267] Clause 26: The method of Clause 25, wherein the channel model comprises a fading channel model.
[0268] Clause 27: The method of Clause 20, wherein the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain an indication of a transmit beam of the additional apparatus associated with the additional signal.
[0269] Clause 28: The method of Clause 27, wherein the processing system is configured causing the UE to send an indication of a second transmit beam of the additional apparatus associated with the transmit beam.
[0270] Clause 29: The method of Clause 28, wherein the processing system is configured causing the UE to obtain the indication of the second transmit beam via an AI model of the UE based on one or more of: an identifier of the transmit beam of the additional apparatus, an RSRP measurement of the additional signal, or an identifier of the receive beam of the UE.
[0271] Clause 30: The method of any one of Clauses 16-29, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements correspond to a measurement grid.
[0272] Clause 31: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-30.
[0273] Clause 32: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-30.
[0274] Clause 33: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-30.
[0275] Clause 34: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-30.
[0276] Clause 35: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-30.
[0277] Clause 36: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-30.
[0278] Clause 37: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-30. Additional Considerations
[0279] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0280] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, an AI processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a SoC, a SiP, or any other such configuration.
[0281] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0282] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0283] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0284] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an ASIC, or processor.
[0285] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The subsequent use of a definite article (e.g., “the” or “said” ) with an element (e.g., “the processor” ) is not intended to invoke a singular meaning (e.g., “only one” ) on the element unless otherwise specifically stated. For example, reference to an element (e.g., “a processor, ” “the processor, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” or the like) . The terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more elements, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the apparatus to:output a signal directed at a user equipment (UE) ; andobtain, from the UE, a reference signal receive power (RSRP) report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the RSRP report comprises an indication of the receive beam of the UE.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to obtain, from the UE, an additional indication that the indication of the receive beam is an input into an artificial intelligence (AI) model.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the RSRP report comprises a plurality of sets of RSRP measurements;a first set of the plurality of sets comprises the plurality of RSRP measurements; andeach set of the plurality of sets of RSRP measurements is associated with a respective receive beam of the UE via beam locking and a respective transmit beam of the apparatus.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to output an additional signal directed at the UE at a transmit power based on the RSRP report.6.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the transmit power is based on an RSRP measurement of the plurality of RSRP measurements that satisfies a threshold value.7.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the transmit power is based on the plurality of RSRP measurements.8.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the transmit power is based on a subset of the plurality of RSRP measurements associated with a subset of the plurality of orientations.9.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to send an indication of the receive beam for the UE to use to obtain the additional signal.10.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to output the additional signal based on a channel model.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the channel model comprises a fading channel model.12.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to send an indication of a transmit beam of the apparatus associated with the additional signal.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to obtain, from the UE, an indication of a second transmit beam of the apparatus associated with the transmit beam.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the apparatus to verify an artificial intelligence (AI) model of the UE based on the indication of the second transmit beam.15.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements correspond to a measurement grid.16.An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause a user equipment (UE) to:obtain a signal from a single probe of an additional apparatus; andsend a reference signal receive power (RSRP) report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the RSRP report comprises an indication of the receive beam of the UE.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the UE to send an additional indication that the indication of the receive beam is an input into an artificial intelligence (AI) model.19.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the UE to obtain an additional signal from the additional apparatus at a transmit power based on the RSRP report.20.A method for wireless communications, comprising:outputting a signal directed at a user equipment (UE) ; andobtaining, from the UE, a reference signal receive power (RSRP) report comprising a plurality of RSRP measurements associated with the signal, wherein the plurality of RSRP measurements are associated with a plurality of orientations of the UE and a receive beam of the UE.