Power-efficient encoding
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/085658
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images

Figure CN2025085658_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
POWER-EFFICIENT ENCODINGINTRODUCTIONField of the Disclosure
[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for power-efficient encoding. Description of Related Art
[0002] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0003] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0004] Certain aspects provide a method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device. The method includes identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition; encoding a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits; and transmitting a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits.
[0005] Certain aspects provide a method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device. The method includes identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is encoded using no signal level transition; receiving a signal including a set of encoded payload bits, wherein the set of encoded payload bits is in accordance with the payload encoding configuration; and decoding the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits.
[0006] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks. An apparatus may comprise one or more memories; and one or more processors configured to cause the apparatus to perform any portion of any method described herein. In some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software.
[0007] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0008] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0009] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0010] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0011] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities and a user equipment (UE) .
[0012] FIGS. 4A-4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0013] FIG. 5 depicts example components of an energy harvesting-capable Internet-of-Things (IoT) device.
[0014] FIG. 6 depicts aspects relating to different radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting and RF communication architectures for an energy harvesting-capable device, such as an ambient IoT device.
[0015] FIGS. 7A-7C depict example topologies to communicate with ambient IoT devices.
[0016] FIG. 8 depicts an example of a Manchester encoding scheme.
[0017] FIG. 9 depicts a process flow for communications in a network between a first wireless communications device and a second wireless communications device.
[0018] FIGS. 10-12 depict various examples associated with power-efficient coding as described herein.
[0019] FIG. 13 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0020] FIG. 14 depicts aspects of an example communications device.
[0021] FIG. 15 depicts another method for wireless communications.
[0022] FIG. 16 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for power-efficient encoding.
[0024] Some wireless communication systems support ambient Internet-of-Things (A-IoT) operation. “A-IoT” refers to a class of connected IoT devices that may be capable of harvesting energy sources (e.g., magnetic electric fields, light, thermal differential, kinetic energy, vibration, or the like) in order to provide power. A-IoT devices therefore have a reduced dependency on batteries, which can enable flexible form-factors and lower cost devices.
[0025] In general, operations associated with bit processing by an A-IoT device, such as encoding and modulation, may be designed so as to reduce power consumption while providing acceptable reliability with respect to reception and transmission of communications. In some examples, a line code, such as a Manchester code, may be used for encoding communications transmitted by an A-IoT device (D) to a reader device (R) (referred to as D2R communications) or for encoding communications transmitted by the reader device to the A-IoT device (referred to as R2D communications) . A Manchester encoding scheme is a digital encoding scheme in which a value of a bit (e.g., 0 or 1) is represented by a transition of a signal level (e.g., a transition from a low signal level to a high signal level, or a transition from a high signal level to a low signal level) . Manchester encoding may provide self-clocking and may facilitate timing and synchronization between the A-IoT device and the reader without a need for a dedicated or additional synchronization signal. In some example, A-IoT communications (e.g., a D2R communication) may implement a bit repetition technique (e.g., block level, bit level type 1, or bit level type 2) to increase reliability.
[0026] However, according to a Manchester encoding scheme, half of a given bit period corresponding to a bit with a given bit value use a high signal level. For example, if a bit value of 0 is to be encoded using a low-to-high signal level transition, then a second half of the bit period uses the high signal level. This high signal level (e.g., high voltage) consumes a significant amount of power. As noted above, reducing power consumption is a significant issue with respect to A-IoT devices. For example, with respect to D2R communications, reducing power consumption for a small form-factor A-IoT device that does not rely on backscatter (e.g., backscatter-type radio that uses an existing radio frequency (RF) signal to transmit data by modulating and reflecting received signals with encoded data) may be beneficial. As another example, with respect to R2D communications, power consumption required for the high signal level may conflict with a network energy saving (NES) scheme. Therefore, technical problems associated with encoding bits with respect to A-IoT communications using Manchester encoding may include, for example, reduced power savings due to the use of a signal level in association with applying Manchester encoding.
[0027] Aspects described herein may overcome the aforementioned technical problems, for example, by providing power-efficient encoding. In some aspects, a wireless communications device (e.g., an A-IoT device) may identify a payload encoding configuration indicating that payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value (e.g., 1) are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, and that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value (e.g., 0) is to be encoded using no signal level transition. The wireless communications device may encode a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits, and may transmit a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits. In some aspects, a wireless communications device (e.g., a reader device) may identify the payload encoding configuration, may receive the signal including the set of encoded payload bits, and may decode the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits.
[0028] Certain techniques for power-efficient encoding described herein may provide various beneficial technical effects and / or advantages. The techniques for power-efficient encoding may enable improved wireless communications performance, such as increased power savings. The improved wireless communication performance may be attributable to the techniques and apparatuses for power-efficient encoding described herein, for example, due to the use of an encoding configuration according to which at least one bit period corresponding to a bit with a particular bit value (e.g., 0) is encoded using no signal level transition (e.g., rather than a signal level transition) . Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0029] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, and / or other generations of wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0030] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0031] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 may include terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects (also referred to herein as non-terrestrial network entities) . A non-terrestrial network entity may include satellite 140, which may be an example of an aerial or space-borne platform. In some examples, satellite 140 may include one or more network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs. For example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a regenerative architecture (also referred to as a non-transparent architecture) , and a gNB implemented at satellite 140 may implement higher-layer network functions. As another example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a transparent architecture, and may perform a physical or other lower-layer repeater function for UEs and a network entity (such as a gateway associated with the satellite 140) .
[0032] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 or a 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links. In some aspects, a core network, such as a 6G core, may implement a converged service-based architecture. In a converged service-based architecture, functions traditionally split between a core network (such as 5GC network 190) and a radio access network (RAN) (such as BS 102) may be implemented at a single network entity. For example, a mobility network entity may perform both core network functions and RAN functions related to mobility of UEs 104 attached to the wireless communications network 100. “Network entity” can refer to a BS 102, a network entity of EPC 160 or 5GC network 190, or a network entity of a converged service-based architecture.
[0033] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104. UE 104 may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a Global Positioning System device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player, a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an always on (AON) device, an edge processing device, a data center, or another similar device. A UE 104 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0034] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. A communications link 120 between a BS 102 and a UE 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. A communications link 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0035] A BS 102 may include a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB) , a next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmission reception point (TRP) , a radio unit (RU) , a distributed unit (DU) , or the like. A given BS 102 may provide communications coverage for a coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap another coverage area 110 (e.g., a small cell provided by a BS 102′) may have a coverage area 110′that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS 102 may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering a relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a home) , or another type of cell.
[0036] The term “cell” may refer to a portion, partition, or segment of wireless communication coverage served by a network entity within a wireless communications network 100. A cell may have geographic characteristics, such as a geographic coverage area, as well as radio frequency characteristics, such as time and / or frequency resources dedicated to the cell. For example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by multiple cells employing different frequency resources (e.g., bandwidth parts) and / or different time resources. As another example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by a single cell. In some contexts (e.g., a carrier aggregation scenario and / or multi-connectivity scenario) , the terms “cell” or “serving cell” may refer to or correspond to a specific carrier frequency (e.g., a component carrier) used for wireless communications, and a “cell group” may refer to or correspond to multiple carriers used for wireless communications. As examples, in a carrier aggregation scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple (serving) cells in the same cell group, and in a multi-connectivity (e.g., dual connectivity) scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple cell groups.
[0037] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more DUs, one or more RUs, a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. A base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. Implementing a base station in this fashion may provide efficiency gains by enabling cloud-based implementation of certain (e.g., non-time-sensitive) higher-layer functions while physical-layer or other lower-layer functions can be implemented at or in proximity to a geographic coverage area of a corresponding cell. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as having a disaggregated RAN architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated RAN architecture.
[0038] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or 6G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or the 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., an X2 or XN interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0039] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24,250 MHz –71,000 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . In some cases, FR2 may be further defined in terms of sub-ranges, such as a first sub-range FR2-1 including 24,250 MHz –52, 600 MHz and a second sub-range FR2-2 including 52,600 MHz –71,000 MHz. A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0040] A communications links 120 may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and / or other bandwidths) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0041] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., base station 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming (indicated by reference number 182) with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182′. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182″. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182″. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182′. BS 180 and UE 104 may perform beam training to determine suitable receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0042] Wireless communications network 100 may include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0043] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. In some examples, D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) . D2D communications link 158 may be implemented using a variety of technologies, such as a radio access technology (e.g., 5G, ProSe sidelink) , a WiFi technology, a Bluetooth technology, or the like.
[0044] EPC 160 may include various functional components, such as a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is a control node that processes signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0045] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166. Serving gateway 166 is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0046] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0047] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, such as an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0048] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and the 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0049] IP packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197. UPF 195 may provide UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0050] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a core network entity, or a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0051] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more CUs 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 or other CUs 210 via a backhaul link (such as backhaul link 134) , or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links (such as communication link 120) . In some implementations, a UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0052] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or a processor or controller providing instructions to the interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as a RF transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium.
[0053] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230 for network control and signaling.
[0054] The DU 230 may be or correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0055] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0056] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more DUs 230 and / or one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0057] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0058] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0059] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities 300 and 302 and a UE 304.
[0060] FIG. 3 includes a first network entity 300 and a second network entity 302. In some examples, first network entity 300 may be an example of a CU 210 or a DU 230. In some examples, second network entity 302 may be an example of a DU 230 or an RU 240. First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may communicate with one another via a communications link, such as a midhaul link. In some examples, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be implemented at a same BS (e.g., BS 102) . For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be co-located. In some other examples, first network entity 300 may be implemented separately from second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a function (e.g., one or more processes) running on a server, such as in a cloud (e.g., a public or private cloud) . As another example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a virtual computing instance (e.g., virtual machine, container, etc. ) or as a physical server.
[0061] First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 each include a processing system 306, illustrated as “processing system 306a” at first network entity 300 and “processing system 306b” at second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , system-in-packages (SiPs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 306. A processing system 306 includes one or more processors 308 (illustrated as “processor (s) 308a” and “processor (s) 308b” ) and one or more memories 310 (illustrated as “memory (ies) 310a” and “memory (ies) 310b” ) coupled to the one or more processors 308. The one or more processors 308 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0062] In some aspects, the processing system 306 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 306 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0063] The one or more memories 310 may include one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . The one or more memories 310 may store data and program code for first network entity 300 and / or second network entity 302.
[0064] As further shown, second network entity 302 includes one or more transceivers 312 (illustrated as “transceiver (s) 312” ) . The one or more transceivers 312 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as UE 304. The one or more transceivers 312 may include one or more radio frequency (RF) components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RF front-end (RFFE) ) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 312 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 314.
[0065] The one or more antennas 314 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 314 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0066] UE 304 may be an example of UE 104. As shown, UE 304 includes a processing system 316. For example, UE 304 may include one or more chips, SoCs, SiPs, chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 316. A processing system 316 includes one or more processors 318, and one or more memories 320 coupled to the one or more processors 318. Further, UE 304 includes one or more antennas 322, one or more transceivers 324, and / or other components that enable wireless transmission and reception of data.
[0067] The one or more processors 318 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as CPUs, GPUs, NPUs (also referred to as neural network processors or DLPs) and / or DSPs) , processing blocks, ASICs, PLDs (such as FPGAs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. In some aspects, the processing system 316 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 316 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0068] As shown, in some examples, the one or more processors 318 may include one or more modems 326, one or more application processors (APs) 328, one or more AI processors 330, a combination thereof, and / or another form of processor.
[0069] The one or more modems 326 may include a digital signal processor that converts information into a waveform for analog signal transmission (e.g., via modulation) and / or converts the waveform of a received signal into information (e.g., via demodulation) . The one or more modems 326 may process information or waveforms in connection with signal transmission or reception. For example, the one or more modems 326 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0070] The one or more APs 328 may perform processing relating to an operating system and / or a higher layer application of the UE 304. For example, the one or more APs 328 may provide a higher-level operating system (HLOS) , software, audio or video processing, graphics processing, or the like. In some examples, the one or more APs 328 may be a data source (e.g., for transmissions) or a data sink (e.g., for receptions) .
[0071] The one or more transceivers 324 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as other UEs 304 or second network entity 302. The one or more transceivers 324 may include one or more RF components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RFFE) , or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 324 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 322.
[0072] The one or more antennas 322 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 322 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0073] For an example downlink transmission by second network entity 302, the processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may receive data and / or control information. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0074] The processing system 306 (e.g., a transmit processor) may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The processing system 306 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0075] The processing system 306 (e.g., a TX MIMO processor) may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to one or more modulators of the processing system 306. The one or more modulators may process one or more respective output symbol streams to obtain an output sample stream. The one or more transceivers 312 may process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Second network entity 302 may transmit the downlink signal via the one or more antennas 314.
[0076] In order to receive the downlink transmission at UE 304 (or a sidelink transmission from another UE) , the one or more antennas 322 may receive the downlink signal and may provide received signals to the one or more transceivers 324. The one or more transceivers 324 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signals to obtain input samples. The one or more transceivers 324 and / or the processing system 316 may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0077] The processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, an RX MIMO detector) may obtain the received symbols, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, a receive processor) may process (e.g., de-interleave and decode) the detected symbols. The processing system 316 may provide decoded data for the UE 304 (e.g., to an AP 328) and / or decoded control information (e.g., to a controller / processor of the processing system 316) .
[0078] For an example uplink transmission or a sidelink transmission from UE 304, the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a transmit processor) may receive and process data and / or control information to obtain a set of symbols for transmission. The data may be for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , and may be received from a data source such as the AP 328. The control information may be for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , and may be received, for example, from a controller / processor of the processing system 316. The processing system 316 (e.g., a modem 326, the transmit processor) may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a demodulation reference signal, a phase tracking reference signal, or the like) . In some examples, the symbols and / or reference signals may be precoded by the processing system 316 (e.g., modem 326, a TX MIMO processor) , further processed by the one or more transceivers 324 (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to second network entity 302.
[0079] At second network entity 302, the uplink signals from UE 304 may be received by the one or more antennas 314, conditioned by the one or more transceivers 312 (e.g., filtered, amplified, downconverted, and digitized) , detected (e.g., by the processing system 306b such as a modem and / or an RX MIMO detector) , and further processed by the processing system 306b (e.g., a modem and / or a receive processor) to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 304. The processing system 306b may provide the decoded data and the decoded control information (such as to a controller / processor of the processing system 306b, an AP, first network entity 300, or another entity) .
[0080] In various aspects, a wireless communications device, such as first network entity 300, second network entity 302, BS 102, UE 104, or UE 304 may be described as sending, transmitting, obtaining, or receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” or “sending” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from a processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “sending” or “transmitting” by a device may include sending (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) to a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “sending” or “transmitting” may include sending internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process to memory. “Receiving” or “obtaining” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from the processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “receiving” or “obtaining” by a device may include obtaining (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) from a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “receiving” or “obtaining” may include obtaining internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process from memory. As used herein, “communicating” by a device may include sending, obtaining, receiving, and / or transmitting a communication. “Communicating” can refer to communication with another device or internal communication of the device.
[0081] In various aspects, the processing system 306 or the processing system 316 may include one or more AI processors (such as AI processor 330 of the processing system 316) . An AI processor may perform AI processing. The AI processor may include AI accelerator hardware or circuitry such as one or more neural processing units (NPUs) , one or more neural network processors, one or more tensor processors, one or more deep learning processors, etc. As an example, the AI processor may perform AI-based beam management, AI-based channel state feedback (CSF) , AI-based antenna tuning, and / or AI-based positioning (e.g., non-line of sight positioning prediction) . In some cases, at the UE 104, the AI processor may process feedback generated by the UE 304 (e.g., CSF) using hardware accelerated AI inferences and / or AI training. In some cases, at the second network entity 302, the AI processor may decode compressed CSF from the UE 304, for example, using a hardware accelerated AI inference associated with the CSF. In certain cases, the AI processor may perform certain RAN-based functions including, for example, network planning, network performance management, energy-efficient network operations, etc.
[0082] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0083] FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0084] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. One or more subcarriers may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0085] In some examples, a wireless communications frame structure may be implemented using frequency division duplexing (FDD) . In FDD, some subcarriers may be configured for DL communication, and other subcarriers (which may overlap in time with the DL subcarriers) may be configured for UL communication. In some other examples, wireless communications frame structures may be implemented using time division duplexing (TDD) . In TDD, for a particular set of subcarriers, some subframes are configured for DL communication and other subframes are configured for UL communication.
[0086] In FIGs. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is implemented using TDD. “D” indicates DL time resources, “U” indicates UL time resources, and “X” indicates flexible time resources for use or later reconfiguration for either DL or UL communication. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 12 or 14 symbols, depending on the cyclic prefix (CP) type (e.g., 12 symbols per slot for an extended CP or 14 symbols per slot for a normal CP) . Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0087] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe (e.g., a slot duration in a subframe) is based on a numerology. A numerology may define a frequency domain subcarrier spacing and symbol duration, and may be configured for a given bandwidth part, carrier, cell, or network entity. In certain aspects, given a numerology μ, there are 2μ slots per subframe. Thus, numerologies (μ) 0 to 6 may allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 slots, respectively, per subframe. In some cases, an extended CP (e.g., 12 symbols per slot) may be used with a specific numerology, such as numerology μ = 2 allowing for 4 slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz. As an example, the numerology μ=0 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the numerology μ=6 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 960 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of a slot format having 14 symbols per slot (e.g., a normal CP) and a numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. In such a case, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0088] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB) ) that extends across, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . An RE may include a single subcarrier in the frequency domain and a single symbol in the time domain. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme including, for example, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
[0089] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (shown as “RS” ) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include a demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or a channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may additionally or alternatively include a beam measurement RS (BRS) , a beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or a phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0090] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0091] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0092] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0093] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (SSB) , and in some cases, referred to as a synchronization signal block (SSB) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0094] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as “R” for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0095] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI. Example Ambient IoT Devices
[0096] Ambient IoT devices may include several device subclasses, including active IoT devices, semi-passive IoT devices, and passive IoT devices. Ambient IoT devices are generally capable of operating based on energy harvested from the ambient environment, such as from received RF energy, solar energy, vibrational energy, and / or the like.
[0097] An active IoT device is generally capable of harvesting ambient energy as well as using energy stored onboard the device, such as through a battery or capacitor. An active IoT device generally includes both active radio equipment (e.g., an active radio) and passive radio equipment (e.g., a backscatter-type radio) . A backscatter-type radio uses existing radio frequency signals to transmit data by modifying (e.g., modulating) and reflecting received signals with encoded data. Capabilities of an active IoT device may thus be similar to other types of UEs with the addition of energy harvesting capabilities.
[0098] A semi-passive (or semi-active) IoT device is generally capable of harvesting ambient energy as well as using energy stored onboard the device, and likewise generally includes both active radio equipment and passive radio equipment, like a backscatter-type radio. In some cases, semi-passive IoT devices may be capable of synchronous (e.g., course synchronous) and asynchronous communication. In some cases, semi-passive IoT devices may omit a power amplifier and / or a low-noise amplifier. Further, semi-passive IoT devices may generally use a reduced protocol stack (e.g., compared to an active IoT device) . These aspects of semi-passive IoT device generally help to balance power consumption, functionality, and cost. So-called “ultra-light IoT” devices are one type of semi-passive IoT device.
[0099] A passive IoT device is generally capable of operating based on energy harvested from the environment using passive radio equipment (e.g., a backscatter-type radio) . Passive IoT devices are generally capable of asynchronous communication and may not have a power amplifier or a low-noise amplifier. Passive IoT devices may generally use a reduced protocol stack (e.g., compared to an active IoT device) .
[0100] FIG. 5 depicts example components 500 of an energy harvesting-capable IoT device (e.g., a UE) . Various example components 500 may be incorporated into ambient IoT devices.
[0101] In this example, components 512-518 are aspects of a data transmission pipeline. In particular, antenna 512 and RF transceiver 514 (e.g., a low power RF transceiver) may transmit and / or receive data. Microcontroller 516 (e.g., a low power microcontroller) may process data received from an application 518.
[0102] Further in this example, components 522-528 are aspects of an RF-energy-harvesting pipeline. In particular, antenna 522 and an RF energy harvester 524 are configured to harvest RF energy. In certain aspects, RF energy harvester 524 includes an impedance matching circuit 532, a voltage multiplier 534, and a capacitor 536 to collect RF signals and convert them into electricity. In certain aspects, a power management module 526 determines whether to store the electricity obtained from the RF energy harvester 524 or to use the electricity for information transmission immediately. In this example, energy storage 528 (e.g., a battery or a capacitor) is configured to store energy converted by the RF energy harvester 524.
[0103] As above, in various aspects, an ambient IoT device may include the components depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5. In certain aspects, a passive IoT device may omit certain aspects depicted and described with respect to FIG. 5, such as energy storage 528. Further, while multiple antennas (512 and 522) are depicted in this example, in others, a single antenna and antenna switching component may be used to share the antenna between transceiver 514 and RF energy harvester 524, such as described further with respect to FIG. 6.
[0104] FIG. 6 depicts aspects 610, 620, and 630 relating to different RF energy harvesting and RF communication architectures for an energy harvesting-capable device, such as an ambient IoT device.
[0105] In particular, aspect 610 depicts antenna 612 connected to time switcher 614. In certain aspects, time switcher 614 is configured to allow an energy harvesting-capable UE to switch between (1) being connected to information receiver 616 and (2) being connected to RF energy harvester 618. For example, the device may exchange wireless communication and RF energy at different, e.g., non-overlapping, times.
[0106] Aspect 620 depicts antenna 622 connected to power splitter 624. In certain aspects, power splitter 624 is configured to allow an energy harvesting-capable device to distribute power between (1) information receiver 626 and (2) RF energy harvester 628. Thus, in this example, the device may exchange wireless communication and RF energy at overlapping times. For example, a received RF signal may be split into two streams, with one stream for the information receiver 626 and the other stream for the RF energy harvester 628.
[0107] Aspect 630 depicts an example separated receiver architecture. In particular, a first set of antennas 632 is connected with an RF energy harvester 638 and a second set of antennas 1034 is connected with information receiver 636. FIG. 5, described above, depicts a separated receiver architecture.
[0108] RF energy may be harvested from various signal types. For example, RF energy may be harvested via one or more of a deterministic signal (e.g., a pilot signal) , a random signal (e.g., a circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random signal) , and / or an improper complex Gaussian random signal (e.g., a signal in which real and imaginary components have different variances) . Example Ambient IoT Network Topologies
[0109] Wireless communications systems may employ various topologies to communicate with ambient IoT devices, such as backscatter devices. The topologies may include, for example, monostatic and / or multi-static (such as bi-static) .
[0110] FIG. 7A depicts an example monostatic system 700A. In this example, a reader (R) 702 may perform reader functionalities and energy excitation functionalities. The reader 702 may send an energy excitation signal to an IoT device (D) 704 (e.g., an energy harvesting-capable IoT device shown in FIG. 5 or an ambient IoT device shown in FIG. 6) , for example, via a continuous wave transmitter to device (CW2D) link. The reader 702 may send, to the IoT device 704, a first signal that carries information or data via a forward link (e.g., a reader to device (R2D) link) . The reader 702 may obtain, from the IoT device 704, a second signal that carries information or data via a reverse or backward link (e.g., a device to reader (D2R) link) . In certain cases, the IoT device 704 may send the second signal by modulating and backscattering the energy excitation signal.
[0111] FIG. 7B depicts an example multi-static system 700B. In this example, the multi-static system 700B may include a reader (R) 702 and an energy exciter 706 (e.g., a carrier wave transmitter (CW) ) . The reader 702 and energy exciter 706 may be separate devices. The multi-static system 700B may be an example of a bi-static system. In certain cases, the energy exciter 706 may not be collocated with the reader 702. For example, the energy exciter 706 may be physically separated from the reader 702. In certain cases, the energy exciter 706 may be or may include a transmitter outside of the topology of the reader 702. As an example, the energy exciter 706 may be or may include an ambient energy source, such as a television tower, radio tower, WiFi access point, or the like. The energy exciter 706 may send an energy excitation to the IoT device (D) 704 via the CW2D link. The reader 702 may communicate with the IoT device 704 via the R2D link and the D2R link as discussed herein with respect to FIG. 7A.
[0112] FIG. 7C depicts another example multi-static system 700C. In this example, a reader may be disaggregated into a transmitter and a receiver. The multi-static system 700C may be another example of a bi-static system. The multi-static system 700C may include a first reader (R1) 702a and a second reader (R2) 702b. The first reader 702a (e.g., a transmitter) may send, to the IoT device (D) 704, a first signal that carries information or data via the R2D link, and the second reader 702b (e.g., a receiver) may obtain, from the IoT device 704, a second signal that carries information or data via the D2R link. In certain cases, the first reader 702a may serve as an energy source for the IoT device 704. As an example, the first reader 702a may transmit the energy excitation signal to the IoT device 704 via the CW2D link. In certain cases, a separate energy source may be included in the multi-static system 700C, for example, as described herein with respect to FIG. 7B. Aspects Related to Power-Efficient Encoding
[0113] FIG. 8 depicts an example 800 of a Manchester encoding scheme. According to a Manchester encoding scheme is a digital encoding scheme in which value of a bit (e.g., 0 or 1) is represented by a transition of a signal level (e.g., a transition from a low signal level to a high signal level, or a transition from a high signal level to a low signal level) . Manchester encoding differs from numerous other encoding methods in which a value of a bit is represented by signal level itself (rather than a transition) . In general, according to a Manchester encoding scheme, a bit period for a given bit is fixed, and each bit period has the same duration. Such functionality can be achieved by performing self-clocking (e.g., by encoding a clock signal along with a data signal into a single bitstream) . In some examples, a Manchester encoding scheme facilitates timing and synchronization at a receiver without a need for a dedicated or additional synchronization signal. In some examples, in association with decoding a Manchester encoded bit, a receiver can compare signal levels in each half of a given bit period in order to detect the value of the given Manchester encoded bit.
[0114] In the example 800, a set of four bits –a first bit 802, a second bit 804, a third bit 806, and a fourth bit 808 –is encoded according to a Manchester encoding scheme. As shown in the left portion of example 800, the first bit 802 has a value of 1, the second bit 804 has a value of 0, the third bit 806 has a value of 0, and the fourth bit 808 has a value of 0. The right portion of the example 800 illustrates the set of bits after encoding according to an example Manchester encoding scheme. As shown, a signal level 810 varies across bit periods corresponding to the set of bits. For example, as indicated in the example 800, the first bit period 812 corresponds to the first bit 802, the second bit period 814 corresponds to the second bit 804, the third bit period 816 corresponds to the third bit 806, and the fourth bit period 818 corresponds to the fourth bit 808. In this example, the value of the first bit 802 (1) is encoded as a high-to-low transition 820 (e.g., from signal level 1 to signal level 0) of the signal level 810 near a middle of the first bit period 812. As further shown, the value of the second bit 804 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high transition 822 (e.g., from signal level 0 to signal level 1) of the signal level 810 near a middle of the second bit period 814. Similarly, the value of the third bit 806 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high transition 824 of the signal level 810 near a middle of the third bit period 816. Finally, the value of the fourth bit 808 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high transition 826 (e.g., from signal level 0 to signal level 1) of the signal level 810 near a middle of the fourth bit period 818. In this way, a Manchester encoding scheme can be used to encode and decode bit values based on signal level transitions.
[0115] In some aspects, the techniques and apparatuses depicted and described herein for power-efficient encoding may use a variation of the Manchester encoding depicted and described with respect to FIG. 8 that improves power efficiency with respect to wireless communications. Example Signaling of Power-Efficient Encoding
[0116] FIG. 9 depicts a process flow 900 for communications in a network between a wireless communications device 902 and a wireless communications device 904. In some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may be an example of the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the first network entity 300 or the second network entity 302 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2, or the reader device (R) 702 depicted and described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7C. Similarly, the wireless communications device 904 may be an example of UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1, the UE 304 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 3, the energy harvesting-capable IoT device 500 of FIG. 5, or the IoT device (D) 704 of FIGS. 7A-7C. However, in other aspects, the wireless communications device 904 may be another type of wireless communications device and the wireless communications device 902 may be another type of network entity or network node, such as those described herein. Note that any operations or signaling illustrated with dashed lines may indicate that that operation or signaling is an optional or alternative example.
[0117] At 906, the wireless communications device 902 selects a payload encoding configuration. A payload encoding configuration is a configuration according to which payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits are to be encoded using signal level transitions. In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration may indicate that payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, and that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition. For example, the payload encoding configuration may indicate that bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a value of 1 are to be encoded using a high-to-low signal level transition, and that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a value of 0 is to be encoded using no signal level transition (e.g., such that the signal is low-low or lower than a threshold transmit power across the bit period) . In some examples, a payload bit period may be referred to herein as a bit period.
[0118] In some examples, the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are to be encoded with no signal level transition. For example, the payload encoding configuration may indicate that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a value of 0 are to be encoded with no signal level transition. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example 1000 associated with such a payload encoding configuration. In the example 1000, a set of bits –including a first bit 1002, a second bit 1004, a third bit 1006, and a fourth bit 1008 –is encoded according to a payload encoding configuration indicating that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a value of 0 are to be encoded with no signal level transition. As shown in the left portion of example 1000, the first bit 1002 has a value of 1, the second bit 1004 has a value of 0, the third bit 1006 has a value of 0, and the fourth bit 1008 has a value of 0. The right portion of the example 1000 illustrates the set of bits encoded according to the payload encoding configuration. As shown, the first bit period 1012 corresponds to the first bit 1002, the second bit period 1014 corresponds to the second bit 1004, the third bit period 1016 corresponds to the third bit 1006, and the fourth bit period 1018 corresponds to the fourth bit 1008. In this example, the value of the first bit 1002 (1) is encoded as a high-to-low transition 1020 (e.g., from signal level 1 to signal level 0) of the signal 1010 near a middle of the first bit period 1012. As further shown, the value of the second bit 1004 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1022 (e.g., no signal level transition) across the second bit period 1014. Similarly, the value of the third bit 1006 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1024 across the third bit period 1016. Finally, the value of the fourth bit 1008 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1026 across the fourth bit period 1018.
[0119] In some aspects in which the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a particular bit value are to be encoded with no signal level transition, power consumption by the wireless communications device 904 is reduced due to eliminating a need for a high signal level (e.g., a high voltage) with respect to encoding payload bits with a value of 0. In some such aspect, clocking or synchronization between the wireless communications device 902 and the wireless communications device 904 may be acquired based on one or more other portions of a communication (e.g., a D2R communication or an R2D communication) , such as a midamble or a postamble associated with the communication (e.g., the midamble and / or the postamble may carry clocking or timing information) . Further, in some such aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may be configured to identify a value of 1 for a payload bit based on monitoring a signal level transition (e.g., a high-to-low signal level transition or low-to-high signal level transition) during a given bit period. Further the wireless communications device 902 may be configured to identify a value of 0 for a payload bit if the wireless communications device 902 does not monitor or detect any energy (or lower than a threshold energy level) during a given bit period. In some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 and the wireless communications device 904 may be configured with a duration of a bit period used for encoding each bit.
[0120] In some examples, the payload encoding configuration may indicate that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with the second bit value is to be encoded using a second signal level transition. For example, the payload encoding configuration may indicate that a first subset of payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a value of 0 are to be encoded with no signal level transition, and that a second subset of payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the value of 0 are to be encoded using a low-to-high signal level transition. That is, in some aspects, the payload encoding configuration may indicate a configured subset of payload bits for which payload bit values of 0 are to be encoded using a low-to-high signal level transition (e.g., similar to the Manchester encoding scheme described with respect to FIG. 8) . In some aspects, such a payload encoding configuration may reduce a likelihood of losing synchronization. For example, if all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the value of 0 are to be encoded with no signal level transition, and a midamble and postamble are sparsely distributed (e.g., not frequently transmitted) , then clocking accuracy may be degraded. In some aspects, encoding some payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the value of 0 with a signal level transition may improve clocking accuracy and synchronization between the wireless communications device 902 and the wireless communications device 904.
[0121] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration may indicate a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value. In some aspects, the pattern uses the second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value. For example, the pattern may use the low-to-high signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the value of 0. According to such a pattern-based encoding, some bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are encoded using a signal level transition, while others are encoded without using a signal level transition. Here, the payload encoding configuration provides signal level transitions associated with the second bit value (e.g., low-to-high transitions associated with the value of 0) that can be used for clocking, synchronization, or automatic gain control (AGC) , or the like, thereby providing reliability, and also reduces power consumption (e.g., as compared to conventional Manchester encoding) through the encoding of some bit periods associated with the second bit value without using a signal level transition.
[0122] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example 1100 associated with a payload encoding configuration that indicates pattern-based encoding. In the example 1100, a set of bits –including a first bit 1102, a second bit 1104, a third bit 1106, a fourth bit 1108, a fifth bit 1110, and a sixth bit 1112 –is encoded according to a payload encoding configuration indicating pattern-based encoding for payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a value of 0. As shown in the left portion of example 1100, the first bit 1102 has a value of 1, the second bit 1104 has a value of 0, the third bit 1106 has a value of 0, the fourth bit 1108 has a value of 0, the fifth bit 1110 has a value of 0, and the sixth bit 1112 has a value of 0. The right portion of the example 1100 illustrates the set of bits encoded according to the payload encoding configuration indicating pattern-based encoding. In this example, the payload encoding configuration indicates an alternating pattern associated with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the value of 0 (e.g., such that every other 0-bit is encoded using no signal level transition, while remaining 0-bits are encoded using a low-to-high signal level transition) . As shown, the first bit period 1114 corresponds to the first bit 1102, the second bit period 1116 corresponds to the second bit 1104, the third bit period 1118 corresponds to the third bit 1106, the fourth bit period 1120 corresponds to the fourth bit 1108, the fifth bit period 1122 corresponds to the fifth bit 1110, and the sixth bit period 1124 corresponds to the sixth bit 1112. In this example, the value of the first bit 1102 (1) is encoded as a high-to-low transition 1126 (e.g., from signal level 1 to signal level 0) of the signal 1138 near a middle of the first bit period 1114. As further shown, the value of the second bit 1104 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high signal level transition 1128 near a middle of the second bit period 1116. As further shown, the value of the third bit 1106 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1130 (e.g., no signal level transition) across the third bit period 1118. As further shown, the value of the fourth bit 1108 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high signal level transition 1132 near a middle of the fourth bit period 1120. As further shown, the value of the fifth bit 1110 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1134 across the fifth bit period 1122. As further shown, the value of the sixth bit 1112 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high signal level transition 1136 near a middle of the sixth bit period 1124.
[0123] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example 1200 associated with a payload encoding configuration that indicates pattern-based encoding. In the example 1200, a set of bits –including a first bit 1202, a second bit 1204, a third bit 1206, a fourth bit 1208, a fifth bit 1210, a sixth bit 1212, and a seventh bit 1214 –is encoded according to a payload encoding configuration indicating pattern-based encoding for payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a value of 0. As shown in the left portion of example 1200, the first bit 1202 has a value of 1, the second bit 1204 has a value of 0, the third bit 1206 has a value of 0, the fourth bit 1208 has a value of 0, the fifth bit 1210 has a value of 0, the sixth bit 1212 has a value of 0, and the seventh bit 1214 has a value of 0. The right portion of the example 1200 illustrates the set of bits encoded according to the payload encoding configuration indicating pattern-based encoding. In this example, the payload encoding configuration indicates a pattern indicating that that every third 0-bit is encoded using a low-to-high signal level transition, while remaining 0-bits are encoded using no signal level transition. As shown, the first bit period 1216 corresponds to the first bit 1202, the second bit period 1218 corresponds to the second bit 1204, the third bit period 1220 corresponds to the third bit 1206, the fourth bit period 1222 corresponds to the fourth bit 1208, the fifth bit period 1224 corresponds to the fifth bit 1210, the sixth bit period 1226 corresponds to the sixth bit 1212, and the seventh bit period 1228 corresponds to the seventh bit 1214. In this example, the value of the first bit 1202 (1) is encoded as a high-to-low transition 1230 (e.g., from signal level 1 to signal level 0) of the signal 1244 near a middle of the first bit period 1216. As further shown, the value of the second bit 1204 (0) is encoded as a low-low signal level 1232 (e.g., no signal level transition) across the second bit period 1218. As further shown, the value of the third bit 1206 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1234 across the third bit period 1220. As further shown, the value of the fourth bit 1208 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high signal level transition 1236 near a middle of the fourth bit period 1222. As further shown, the value of the fifth bit 1210 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1238 across the fifth bit period 1224. As further shown, the value of the sixth bit 1212 (0) is encoded as a low-to-low signal level 1240 across the sixth bit period 1226. As further shown, the value of the seventh bit 1214 (0) is encoded as a low-to-high signal level transition 1242 near a middle of the seventh bit period 1228.
[0124] Of note, the pattern-based encoding scheme illustrated in FIG. 12 is comparatively more sparse than the pattern-based encoding scheme illustrated in FIG. 11 (e.g., every third 0-bit is encoded with a signal level transition, rather than every other 0-bit being encoded with a signal level transition) . Put another way, the pattern-based encoding scheme illustrated in FIG. 11 is comparatively more dense than the pattern-based encoding scheme illustrated in FIG. 12.
[0125] Returning to FIG. 9, in some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may select the payload encoding configuration from a set of payload encoding configurations. The set of payload encoding configurations may include, for example, a first payload encoding configuration that indicates a first (e.g., dense, as described for example with respect to FIG. 11) pattern-based encoding scheme and a second (e.g., sparse, as described for example with respect to FIG. 12) payload encoding configuration. In some aspects, the set of payload encoding configurations may include two or more payload encoding configurations, where sparsity / density of indicated pattern-based encoding schemes varies among the payload encoding configurations in the set of payload encoding configurations.
[0126] In some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may select the payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations based on one or more characteristics. The one or more characteristics may include, for example, a device capacity of the wireless communications device 902 (e.g., whether the wireless communications device 902 is a type 2a device that is capable of transmission based on a carrier wave using backscattering or is a type 2b device that has active RF components for signal generation) . As another example, the one or more characteristics may include a radio state between the wireless communications device 904 and the wireless communications device 902 (e.g., a sampling frequency offset (SFO) , a timing shift, or the like) . As another example, the one or more characteristics may include a mobility metric associated with the wireless communications device 904 (e.g., a metric indicating a speed or direction of movement of the wireless communications device 904) . In some examples, the wireless communications device 902 may select a payload encoding configuration having a comparatively denser encoding pattern if the wireless communications device 904 is a type 2b device (e.g., to provide improved performance at a cost of power consumption) . In some other examples, the wireless communications device 902 may select a payload encoding configuration with a comparatively denser encoding pattern if a radio state between the wireless communications device 902 and the wireless communications device 904 has a larger SFO or timing shift. Otherwise, a payload encoding configuration with a comparatively sparser encoding pattern may be selected (e.g., to provide power savings and maintain clocking) . In this way, the wireless communications device 902 may identify (e.g., select) a payload encoding configuration to be used by the wireless communications device 904.
[0127] In some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may transmit (e.g., via layer 1 (L1) , layer 2 (L2) , or layer 3 (L3) signaling such as DCI, MAC, or RRC signaling) , to the wireless communications device 904, the set of payload encoding configurations, where a given payload encoding configuration in the set of payload encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value. In some such aspects, the wireless communications device 904 may select the payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations (e.g., based at least in part on one or more characteristics) .
[0128] In some aspects, as shown at 908, the wireless communications device 902 may transmit (e.g., via L1 or L2 signaling such as DCI or MAC signaling) , and the wireless communications device 904 may receive, an indication of the selected payload encoding configuration. In this way, the wireless communications device 904 may identify the payload encoding configuration to be used by the wireless communications device 904.
[0129] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration may be identified based at least in part on a payload encoding configuration request. For example, the wireless communications device 904 may in some aspects transmit, to the wireless communications device 902, a payload encoding configuration request. In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration request may be a request to update the payload encoding configuration used by the wireless communications device 904 (e.g., to improve timing or synchronization) . In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration request may indicate one or more desired payload encoding configurations or, alternatively, may request a payload encoding configuration update without indicating a specific payload encoding configuration. In some such aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may select the payload encoding configuration based at least in part on the request (e.g., the wireless communications device 902 may select the payload encoding configuration from the one or more payload encoding configurations requested by the wireless communications device 904, or may select a different payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations) . The wireless communications device 902 may then transmit, to the wireless communications device 904, a response including an indication of the selected payload encoding configuration.
[0130] At 910, the wireless communications device 904 encodes a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits. That is, the wireless communications device may encode a set of payload bits based on the payload encoding configuration (e.g., such that payload bit periods are encoded in accordance with an encoding pattern indicated by the payload encoding configuration) .
[0131] At 912, the wireless communications device 904 transmits, to the wireless communications device 902, a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits. In some aspects, the signal has the first signal level transition for a first payload bit with the first bit value and no signal level transition for a second payload bit with the second bit value. That is, in some aspects, the signal transmitted by the wireless communications device 904 has a structure according to the payload encoding configuration used to encode the set of payload bits.
[0132] At 914, the wireless communications device 902 decodes the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits. That is, the wireless communications device 902 may receive the signal including the set of encoded payload bits, and may decode the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to obtain a set of decoded payload bits.
[0133] In some aspects, amble bits (e.g., bits of a midamble used for clocking or synchronization, bits of a postamble that indicates an end of a communication, or the like) may be encoded and decoded using an amble encoding configuration. In some aspects, an amble encoding configuration may indicate a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value (e.g., 0) , where the pattern uses both the second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value (e.g., in a manner similar to those described above with respect to the payload encoding configuration) .
[0134] A preamble may include an introductory section that precedes the main body of a message or transmission. A midamble may include a section of a message positioned between other defined parts of a message structure. In some communication systems (particularly in wireless transmissions) , a midamble serves as a reference point or synchronization marker in the middle of a data frame. The midamble helps maintain timing alignment or provides channel estimation in the middle of longer transmissions. A postamble may include a concluding section that follows the main body of a message.
[0135] In some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may identify an amble encoding configuration (e.g., in a manner similar to that in which the wireless communications device 902 identifies the payload encoding configuration) . For example, in some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may select the amble encoding configuration from a set of amble encoding configurations. In some aspects, the set of amble encoding configurations may include two or more amble encoding configurations, where sparsity / density of indicated pattern-based encoding schemes varies among the amble encoding configurations in the set of amble encoding configurations.
[0136] In some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may select the amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations based on one or more characteristics (e.g., a device capacity of the wireless communications device 902, the radio state between the wireless communications device 904 and the wireless communications device 902, the mobility metric associated with the wireless communications device 904, a decoding performance associated with the wireless communications device 902, or the like) .
[0137] In some aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may transmit (e.g., via L1, L2, or L3 signaling) , to the wireless communications device 904, the set of amble encoding configurations, where a given amble encoding configuration in the set of amble encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value. In some such aspects, the wireless communications device 904 may select the amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations (e.g., based at least in part on one or more characteristics) .
[0138] In some aspects, as shown at 908, the wireless communications device 902 may transmit (e.g., via L1 or L2 signaling) , and the wireless communications device 904 may receive, an indication of the selected amble encoding configuration. In this way, the wireless communications device 904 may identify the amble encoding configuration to be used by the wireless communications device 904.
[0139] In some aspects, the amble encoding configuration may be identified based at least in part on an amble encoding recommendation. For example, the wireless communications device 904 may in some aspects transmit (e.g., via L1, L2, or L3 signaling) , to the wireless communications device 902, an amble encoding recommendation. In some aspects, the amble encoding recommendation may indicate one or more desired or suggested amble encoding configurations or, alternatively, may request an amble encoding configuration update without indicating a specific amble encoding configuration. In some such aspects, the wireless communications device 902 may select the amble encoding configuration based at least in part on the recommendation (e.g., the wireless communications device 902 may select the amble encoding configuration from the one or more amble encoding configurations recommended by the wireless communications device 904, or may select a different amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations) . The wireless communications device 902 may then transmit, to the wireless communications device 904, a response including an indication of the selected amble encoding configuration.
[0140] Therefore, in some aspects, the wireless communications device 904 may identify an amble encoding configuration indicating a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, where the pattern uses both a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value. The wireless communications device 904 may then encode a set of amble bits in accordance with the amble encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded amble bits. Here, the signal transmitted by the wireless communications device is further based at least in part on the set of encoded amble bits (e.g., such that the signal carries the set of encoded payload bits and the set of encoded amble bits) . The wireless communications device 902 may then decode the set of encoded amble bits based at least in part on the amble encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded amble bits.
[0141] Note that the process flow illustrated in FIG. 9 is an example of power-efficient encoding, and aspects of the present disclosure may be applied to power-efficient encoding. Note that the process flow illustrated in FIG. 9 is described herein to facilitate an understanding of power-efficient encoding, and aspects of the present disclosure may be performed in various manners via alternative or additional signaling and / or operations. In certain aspects, the operations and / or signaling of FIG. 9 may occur in an order different from that described or depicted, and various actions, operations, and / or signaling may be added, omitted, or combined. Furthermore, FIGs. 10-12 are provided as examples, and other examples may differ from those provided in FIGs. 10-12. Example Operations
[0142] FIG. 13 shows a method 1300 for wireless communications by a wireless communications device, such as UE 104 of FIG. 1, UE 304 of FIG. 3, BS 102 of FIG. 1, a first network entity 300 or second network entity 302 of FIG. 3, a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2, an A-IoT device 704 as discussed with respect to FIG. 7, and / or a reader 702 as discussed with respect to FIG. 7.
[0143] Method 1300 begins at block 1305 with identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition. For example, a wireless communications device 904 may identify a payload encoding configuration, as depicted and described above with respect to reference 908 of FIG. 9.
[0144] Method 1300 then proceeds to block 1310 with encoding a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits. For example, the wireless communications device 904 may encode a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits, as depicted and described above with respect to reference 910 of FIG. 9.
[0145] Method 1300 then proceeds to block 1315 with transmitting a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits. For example, the wireless communications device 904 may transmit a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits, as depicted and described above with respect to reference 912 of FIG. 9.
[0146] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are to be encoded with no signal level transition.
[0147] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration indicates that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with the second bit value is to be encoded using a second signal level transition.
[0148] In some aspects, the signal has the first signal level transition for a first payload bit with the first bit value and no signal level transition for a second payload bit with the second bit value.
[0149] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value.
[0150] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving a set of payload encoding configurations, wherein a given payload encoding configuration in the set of payload encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein block 1305 includes identifying the payload encoding configuration as a payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations.
[0151] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving an indication of the payload encoding configuration, wherein block 1305 includes identifying the payload encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0152] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes transmitting a payload encoding configuration request.
[0153] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving a response including an indication of the payload encoding configuration, wherein block 1305 includes identifying the payload encoding configuration as the payload encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0154] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration is based at least in part on a device capacity of the wireless communications device.
[0155] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration is based at least in part on a radio state between the wireless communications device and a reader device.
[0156] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes identifying an amble encoding configuration indicating a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses both a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value.
[0157] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes encoding a set of amble bits in accordance with the amble encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded amble bits, wherein block 1315 includes transmitting the signal further based at least in part on the set of encoded amble bits.
[0158] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving a set of amble encoding configurations, wherein a given amble encoding configuration in the set of amble encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration as an amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations.
[0159] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving an indication of the amble encoding configuration, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0160] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes transmitting an amble encoding configuration recommendation.
[0161] In some aspects, method 1300 further includes receiving a response including an indication of the amble encoding configuration, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration as the amble encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0162] In some aspects, method 1300, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1400 of FIG. 14, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1300. Communications device 1400 is described below in further detail.
[0163] The techniques for power-efficient encoding depicted and described with respect to the method 1300 may enable improved wireless communications performance, such as increased power savings. The increased power savings may be attributable to the techniques and apparatuses for power-efficient encoding depicted and described with respect to the method 1300, for example, due to the use of an encoding configuration according to which at least one bit period corresponding to a bit with a particular bit value (e.g., 0) is encoded using no signal level transition (e.g., rather than using a signal level transition) .
[0164] Note that FIG. 13 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure. Example Communications Device
[0165] FIG. 14 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1400 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1400 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1 or UE 304 described with respect to FIG. 3. In some aspects, communications device 1400 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1, first network entity 300 or second network entity of FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0166] The communications device 1400 includes a processing system 1405 coupled to a transceiver 1465 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1475. The transceiver 1465 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1400 via an antenna 1470, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1475 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1400 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1405 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1400, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1400.
[0167] The processing system 1405 includes one or more processors 1410 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1435. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1410 may be representative of the one or more processors 318 described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1410 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1435 via a bus 1460. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1435 may be representative of the one or more memories 320 described with respect to FIG. 3. The computer-readable medium / memory 1435 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1435 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , that when executed by the one or more processors 1410, cause the one or more processors 1410 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 13. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1400 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1400, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0168] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1435 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for identifying 1440, code for encoding 1445, code for transmitting 1450, and code for receiving 1455. Processing of the code 1440-1455 may enable and cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, code for identifying 1440 includes code for identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition. In some aspects, code for encoding 1445 includes code for encoding a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits. In some aspects, code for transmitting 1450 includes code for transmitting a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits.
[0169] The one or more processors 1410 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1435, including circuitry for identifying 1415, circuitry for encoding 1420, circuitry for transmitting 1425, and circuitry for receiving 1430. Processing with circuitry 1415-1430 may enable and cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, circuitry for identifying 1415 includes circuitry for identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition. In some aspects, circuitry for encoding 1420 includes circuitry for encoding a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits. In some aspects, circuitry for transmitting 1425 includes circuitry for transmitting a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits.
[0170] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1465, and / or antenna 1470, of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14; and / or one or more processors 1410 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1465, and / or antenna 1470, of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14; one or more processors 1410 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14; one or more components of the reader 702 in FIG 7; and / or one or more components of the A-IoT device 704 in FIG. 7. Example Operations
[0171] FIG. 15 shows a method 1500 for wireless communications by a wireless communications device, such as UE 104 of FIG. 1, UE 304 of FIG. 3, BS 102 of FIG. 1, a first network entity 300 or second network entity 302 of FIG. 3, a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2, a reader 702 as discussed with respect to FIG. 7, and / or an A-IoT device 704 as discussed with respect to FIG. 7.
[0172] Method 1500 begins at block 1505 with identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is encoded using no signal level transition. For example, a wireless communications device 902 may identify a payload encoding configuration, as depicted and described with respect to reference 906 of FIG. 9.
[0173] Method 1500 then proceeds to block 1510 with receiving a signal including a set of encoded payload bits, wherein the set of encoded payload bits is in accordance with the payload encoding configuration. For example, the wireless communications device 902 may receive a signal including a set of encoded payload bits, wherein the set of encoded payload bits is in accordance with the payload encoding configuration, as depicted and described with respect to reference 910 of FIG. 9.
[0174] Method 1500 then proceeds to block 1515 with decoding the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits. For example, the wireless communications device 902 may decode the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits, as depicted and described with respect to reference 914 of FIG. 9.
[0175] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are encoded with no signal level transition.
[0176] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration indicates that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with the second bit value is encoded using a second signal level transition.
[0177] In some aspects, the signal has the first signal level transition for a first payload bit with the first bit value and no signal level transition for a second payload bit with the second bit value.
[0178] In some aspects, the payload encoding configuration indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value.
[0179] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes transmitting a set of payload encoding configurations, wherein a given payload encoding configuration in the set of payload encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein the payload encoding configuration is included in the set of payload encoding configurations.
[0180] In some aspects, block 1505 includes selecting the payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations.
[0181] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes transmitting an indication of the selected payload encoding configuration.
[0182] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes receiving a payload encoding configuration request, wherein selecting the payload encoding configuration comprises selecting the payload encoding configuration based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration request.
[0183] In some aspects, selecting the payload encoding configuration comprises selecting the payload encoding configuration based at least in part on a device capacity of another wireless communications device.
[0184] In some aspects, selecting the payload encoding configuration comprises selecting the payload encoding configuration based at least in part on a radio state between the wireless communications device and another wireless communications device.
[0185] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes identifying an amble encoding configuration indicating a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses both a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, and wherein the signal includes a set of encoded amble bits in accordance with the amble encoding configuration.
[0186] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes decoding the set of encoded amble bits based at least in part on the amble encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded amble bits.
[0187] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes transmitting a set of amble encoding configurations, wherein a given amble encoding configuration in the set of amble encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration as an amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations.
[0188] In some aspects, identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations.
[0189] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes transmitting an indication of the selected amble encoding configuration.
[0190] In some aspects, method 1500 further includes receiving an amble encoding recommendation, wherein selecting the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration based at least in part on the amble encoding recommendation.
[0191] In some aspects, selecting the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration based at least in part on a device capacity of another wireless communications device.
[0192] In some aspects, selecting the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration based at least in part on a radio state between the wireless communications device and another wireless communications device.
[0193] In some aspects, method 1500, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1600 of FIG. 16, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1500. Communications device 1600 is described below in further detail.
[0194] The techniques for power-efficient encoding depicted and described with respect to the method 1500 may enable improved wireless communications performance, such as increased power savings. The increased power savings may be attributable to the techniques and apparatuses for power-efficient encoding depicted and described with respect to the method 1500, for example, due to the use of an encoding configuration according to which at least one bit period corresponding to a bit with a particular bit value (e.g., 0) is encoded using no signal level transition (e.g., rather than using a signal level transition) .
[0195] Note that FIG. 15 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure. Example Communications Device
[0196] FIG. 16 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1600 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1600 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1 or UE 304 described with respect to FIG. 3. In some aspects, communications device 1600 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1, first network entity 300 or second network entity of FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0197] The communications device 1600 includes a processing system 1605 coupled to a transceiver 1675 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1685. The transceiver 1675 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1600 via an antenna 1680, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1685 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1600 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1605 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1600, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1600.
[0198] The processing system 1605 includes one or more processors 1610 and a computer-readable medium / memory 1640. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1610 may be representative of the one or more processors 318 described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1610 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1640 via a bus 1670. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1640 may be representative of the one or more memories 320 described with respect to FIG. 3. The computer-readable medium / memory 1640 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium / memory. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1640 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , that when executed by the one or more processors 1610, cause the one or more processors 1610 to perform the method 1500 described with respect to FIG. 15, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 15. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1600 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1600, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0199] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1640 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , including code for identifying 1645, code for receiving 1650, code for decoding 1655, code for transmitting 1660, and code for selecting 1665. Processing of the code 1645-1665 may enable and cause the communications device 1600 to perform the method 1500 described with respect to FIG. 15, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, code for identifying 1645 includes code for identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is encoded using no signal level transition. In some aspects, code for receiving 1650 includes code for receiving a signal including a set of encoded payload bits, wherein the set of encoded payload bits is in accordance with the payload encoding configuration. In some aspects, code for decoding 1655 includes code for decoding the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits.
[0200] The one or more processors 1610 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1640, including circuitry for identifying 1615, circuitry for receiving 1620, circuitry for decoding 1625, circuitry for transmitting 1630, and circuitry for selecting 1635. Processing with circuitry 1615-1635 may enable and cause the communications device 1600 to perform the method 1500 described with respect to FIG. 15, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, circuitry for identifying 1615 includes circuitry for identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is encoded using no signal level transition. In some aspects, circuitry for receiving 1620 includes circuitry for receiving a signal including a set of encoded payload bits, wherein the set of encoded payload bits is in accordance with the payload encoding configuration. In some aspects, circuitry for decoding 1625 includes circuitry for decoding the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits.
[0201] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1675, and / or antenna 1680, of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16; and / or one or more processors 1610 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1675, and / or antenna 1680, of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16; and / or one or more processors 1610 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16; one or more components of the reader 702 in FIG 7; and / or one or more components of the A-IoT device 704 in FIG. 7. Example Clauses
[0202] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0203] Clause 1: A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device, comprising: identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition; encoding a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits; and transmitting a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits.
[0204] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are to be encoded with no signal level transition.
[0205] Clause 3: The method of any one of Clauses 1-2, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with the second bit value is to be encoded using a second signal level transition.
[0206] Clause 4: The method of any one of Clauses 1-3, wherein the signal has the first signal level transition for a first payload bit with the first bit value and no signal level transition for a second payload bit with the second bit value.
[0207] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 1-4, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value.
[0208] Clause 6: The method of any one of Clauses 1-5, further comprising: receiving a set of payload encoding configurations, wherein a given payload encoding configuration in the set of payload encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein identifying the payload encoding configuration comprises identifying the payload encoding configuration as a payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations.
[0209] Clause 7: The method of Clause 6, further comprising: receiving an indication of the payload encoding configuration, wherein identifying the payload encoding configuration comprises identifying the payload encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0210] Clause 8: The method of any one of Clauses 1-7, further comprising: transmitting a payload encoding configuration request; and receiving a response including an indication of the payload encoding configuration, wherein identifying the payload encoding configuration comprises identifying the payload encoding configuration as the payload encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0211] Clause 9: The method of any one of Clauses 1-8, wherein the payload encoding configuration is based at least in part on a device capacity of the wireless communications device.
[0212] Clause 10: The method of any one of Clauses 1-9, wherein the payload encoding configuration is based at least in part on a radio state between the wireless communications device and a reader device.
[0213] Clause 11: The method of any one of Clauses 1-10, further comprising: identifying an amble encoding configuration indicating a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses both a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value; and encoding a set of amble bits in accordance with the amble encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded amble bits, wherein transmitting the signal comprises transmitting the signal further based at least in part on the set of encoded amble bits.
[0214] Clause 12: The method of Clause 11, further comprising: receiving a set of amble encoding configurations, wherein a given amble encoding configuration in the set of amble encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration as an amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations.
[0215] Clause 13: The method of Clause 12, further comprising: receiving an indication of the amble encoding configuration, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0216] Clause 14: The method of Clause 11, further comprising: transmitting an amble encoding configuration recommendation; and receiving a response including an indication of the amble encoding configuration, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration as the amble encoding configuration according to the indication.
[0217] Clause 15: A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device, comprising: identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that: payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are encoded using a first signal level transition, and at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is encoded using no signal level transition; receiving a signal including a set of encoded payload bits, wherein the set of encoded payload bits is in accordance with the payload encoding configuration; and decoding the set of encoded payload bits based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded payload bits.
[0218] Clause 16: The method of Clause 15, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are encoded with no signal level transition.
[0219] Clause 17: The method of any one of Clauses 15-16, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with the second bit value is encoded using a second signal level transition.
[0220] Clause 18: The method of any one of Clauses 15-17, wherein the signal has the first signal level transition for a first payload bit with the first bit value and no signal level transition for a second payload bit with the second bit value.
[0221] Clause 19: The method of any one of Clauses 15-18, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value.
[0222] Clause 20: The method of any one of Clauses 15-19, further comprising: transmitting a set of payload encoding configurations, wherein a given payload encoding configuration in the set of payload encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value, wherein the payload encoding configuration is included in the set of payload encoding configurations.
[0223] Clause 21: The method of Clause 20, wherein identifying the payload encoding configuration comprises selecting the payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations.
[0224] Clause 22: The method of Clause 21, further comprising transmitting an indication of the selected payload encoding configuration.
[0225] Clause 23: The method of Clause 21, further comprising: receiving a payload encoding configuration request, wherein selecting the payload encoding configuration comprises selecting the payload encoding configuration based at least in part on the payload encoding configuration request.
[0226] Clause 24: The method of Clause 21, wherein selecting the payload encoding configuration comprises selecting the payload encoding configuration based at least in part on a device capacity of another wireless communications device.
[0227] Clause 25: The method of Clause 21, wherein selecting the payload encoding configuration comprises selecting the payload encoding configuration based at least in part on a radio state between the wireless communications device and another wireless communications device.
[0228] Clause 26: The method of any one of Clauses 15-25, further comprising: identifying an amble encoding configuration indicating a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein the pattern uses both a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, and wherein the signal includes a set of encoded amble bits in accordance with the amble encoding configuration; and decoding the set of encoded amble bits based at least in part on the amble encoding configuration to generate a set of decoded amble bits.
[0229] Clause 27: The method of Clause 26, further comprising: transmitting a set of amble encoding configurations, wherein a given amble encoding configuration in the set of amble encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises identifying the amble encoding configuration as an amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations.
[0230] Clause 28: The method of Clause 27, wherein identifying the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations.
[0231] Clause 29: The method of Clause 28, further comprising transmitting an indication of the selected amble encoding configuration.
[0232] Clause 30: The method of Clause 28, further comprising: receiving an amble encoding recommendation, wherein selecting the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration based at least in part on the amble encoding recommendation.
[0233] Clause 31: The method of Clause 28, wherein selecting the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration based at least in part on a device capacity of another wireless communications device.
[0234] Clause 32: The method of Clause 28, wherein selecting the amble encoding configuration comprises selecting the amble encoding configuration based at least in part on a radio state between the wireless communications device and another wireless communications device.
[0235] Clause 33: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-32.
[0236] Clause 34: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-32.
[0237] Clause 35: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-32.
[0238] Clause 36: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-32.
[0239] Clause 37: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-32.
[0240] Clause 38: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-32.
[0241] Clause 39: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-32. Additional Considerations
[0242] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0243] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, an AI processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a SoC, a SiP, or any other such configuration.
[0244] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0245] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0246] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0247] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an ASIC, or processor.
[0248] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The subsequent use of a definite article (e.g., “the” or “said” ) with an element (e.g., “the processor” ) is not intended to invoke a singular meaning (e.g., “only one” ) on the element unless otherwise specifically stated. For example, reference to an element (e.g., “a processor, ” “the processor, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” or the like) . The terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more elements, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus, comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause a wireless communications device to:identify a payload encoding configuration indicating that:payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, andat least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition;encode a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits; andtransmit a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are to be encoded with no signal level transition.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with the second bit value is to be encoded using a second signal level transition.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the signal has the first signal level transition for a first payload bit with the first bit value and no signal level transition for a second payload bit with the second bit value.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value,wherein the pattern uses a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:receive a set of payload encoding configurations, wherein a given payload encoding configuration in the set of payload encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value,wherein to cause the wireless communications device to identify the payload encoding configuration, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to identify the payload encoding configuration as a payload encoding configuration from the set of payload encoding configurations.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:receive an indication of the payload encoding configuration,wherein to cause the wireless communications device to identify the payload encoding configuration, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to identify the payload encoding configuration according to the indication.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:transmit a payload encoding configuration request, andreceive a response including an indication of the payload encoding configuration,wherein to cause the wireless communications device to identify the payload encoding configuration, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to identify the payload encoding configuration as the payload encoding configuration according to the indication.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the payload encoding configuration is based at least in part on a device capacity of the wireless communications device.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the payload encoding configuration is based at least in part on a radio state between the wireless communications device and a reader device.11.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:identify an amble encoding configuration indicating a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value,wherein the pattern uses both a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value; andencode a set of amble bits in accordance with the amble encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded amble bits,wherein to cause the wireless communications device to transmit the signal, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to transmit the signal further based at least in part on the set of encoded amble bits.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:receive a set of amble encoding configurations, wherein a given amble encoding configuration in the set of amble encoding configurations indicates a pattern for encoding amble bit periods corresponding to amble bits with the second bit value,wherein to cause the wireless communications device to identify the amble encoding configuration, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to identify the amble encoding configuration as an amble encoding configuration from the set of amble encoding configurations.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:receive an indication of the amble encoding configuration,wherein to cause the wireless communications device to identify the amble encoding configuration, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to identify the amble encoding configuration according to the indication.14.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:transmit an amble encoding configuration recommendation; andreceive a response including an indication of the amble encoding configuration,wherein to cause the wireless communications device to identify the amble encoding configuration, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to identify the amble encoding configuration as the amble encoding configuration according to the indication.15.A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device, comprising:identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that:payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, andat least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition;encoding a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits; andtransmitting a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that all payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value are to be encoded with no signal level transition.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates that at least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with the second bit value is to be encoded using a second signal level transition.18.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal has the first signal level transition for a first payload bit with the first bit value and no signal level transition for a second payload bit with the second bit value.19.The method of claim 15, wherein the payload encoding configuration indicates a pattern for encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value,wherein the pattern uses a second signal level transition and no signal level transition in association with encoding payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with the second bit value.20.An apparatus for wireless communications by a wireless communications device, comprising:means for identifying a payload encoding configuration indicating that:payload bit periods corresponding to payload bits with a first bit value are to be encoded using a first signal level transition, andat least one payload bit period corresponding to a payload bit with a second bit value is to be encoded using no signal level transition;means for encoding a set of payload bits in accordance with the payload encoding configuration to generate a set of encoded payload bits; andmeans for transmitting a signal based at least in part on the set of encoded payload bits.