Mobile sensing target in an integrated sensing and communication environment
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/085782
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images

Figure CN2025085782_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MOBILE SENSING TARGET IN AN INTEGRATED SENSING AND COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates generally to wireless communication and some aspects relate to sensing a mobile sensing target (ST) in an integrated sensing and communication environment.BACKGROUND
[0002] In a wireless communication system, a network entity (such as a base station) and a user equipment (UE) communicate wirelessly with one another. Advances in networking technology have increased available bandwidth and processing power. UEs, network entities, and other network connected devices can perform other functions in addition to traditional voice and data communication. Recent improvements in wireless communication technologies include radar-type sensing techniques for detection and identification of objects in an environment. For example, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has proposed features for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) (sometimes also referred to as joint communication and sensing (JCAS) ) . A wireless communication system can implement ISAC operations in which communication and sensing are intertwined. Communication elements of a wireless communication system can accomplish sensing tasks to perceive and understand the environment. BRIEF SUMMARY
[0003] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0004] One innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented as a method for integrated sensing and communication by a sensing controller. The method includes the sensing controller coordinating a sensing task using a first sensing entity in a radio access network (RAN) and a second sensing entity in the RAN. The method includes the sensing controller obtaining an indication of a sensing exception at the first or second sensing entity. The method includes the sensing controller communicating with a third sensing entity in the RAN a sensing activation to participate in the sensing task based on the sensing exception.
[0005] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented as a method for integrated sensing and communication by a first sensing entity. The method includes the first sensing entity communicating with a second sensing entity, using resources in a RAN, to perform a sensing task. The method includes the first sensing entity detecting a sensing exception associated with the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity. The method includes the first sensing entity performing at least one of reporting the sensing exception to a sensing controller or a third sensing entity in the RAN, communicating, with a third sensing entity in the RAN, a sensing activation to participate in the sensing task based on the sensing exception, or transmitting, to the third sensing entity, sensing assistance information associated with at least one of a sensing target, the first sensing entity, or the second sensing entity.
[0006] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented as an apparatus or system. In some implementations, an apparatus includes a communication unit and a processing system. The processing system is configured to control the communication unit to implement any one of the methods described in this document.
[0007] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. Note that the relative dimensions of the figures may not be drawn to scale. To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced.
[0009] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system with integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) operations.
[0010] FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating example elements in the wireless communication system of FIG. 1A.
[0011] FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating transmission / reception point (TRP) to user equipment (UE) bi-static sensing.
[0012] FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating UE to TRP bi-static sensing.
[0013] FIG. 2C is a block diagram illustrating TRP to TRP bi-static sensing.
[0014] FIG. 2D is a block diagram illustrating UE to UE bi-static sensing.
[0015] FIG. 2E is a block diagram illustrating TRP mono-static sensing.
[0016] FIG. 2F is a block diagram illustrating UE mono-static sensing.
[0017] FIG. 2G is a block diagram illustrating inter-TRP UE to UE bi-static sensing.
[0018] FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example of a sensing target (ST) moving from one cell to a different cell.
[0019] FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating an example of transferring a sensing task from a first sensing entity to a third sensing entity when an ST moves out of the range of the first sensing entity.
[0020] FIG. 3C is a block diagram illustrating an example of transferring a sensing task from a first user equipment (UE) to a second UE when an ST moves out of the range of the first UE.
[0021] FIG. 3D is a block diagram illustrating an example of transferring a sensing task from a first network entity to a second network entity when an ST moves out of the range of the first network entity.
[0022] FIG. 4 is a communication flow diagram illustrating example operations of transferring a sensing task based on a sensing exception.
[0023] FIG. 5A is a communication flow diagram illustrating example operations of a sensing controller transferring a sensing task from a first sensing entity to a third sensing entity based on a sensing exception at the first sensing entity.
[0024] FIG. 5B is a communication flow diagram illustrating example operations of a sensing controller transferring a sensing task from a second sensing entity to a third sensing entity based on a sensing exception at the second sensing entity.
[0025] FIG. 5C is another communication flow diagram illustrating example operations of a sensing controller transferring a sensing task based on a sensing exception
[0026] FIG. 6A is a communication flow diagram illustrating example operations of a first sensing entity transferring a sensing task to a third sensing entity when a sensing exception is detected at the first sensing entity.
[0027] FIG. 6B is a communication flow diagram illustrating example operations of a second sensing entity transferring a sensing task to a third sensing entity when a sensing exception is detected at the second sensing entity.
[0028] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating example sensing exceptions.
[0029] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating example sensing assistance information.
[0030] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example sensing configuration.
[0031] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an example sensing report configuration.
[0032] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations of a first sensing entity.
[0033] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations of a sensing controller.
[0034] FIG. 13 is another flow diagram illustrating example operations of a sensing controller.
[0035] FIG. 14 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations of a third sensing entity taking over the operations of a sensing task.
[0036] FIG. 15 is another flow diagram illustrating example operations of a sensing entity.
[0037] FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating example configurations of a network entity and a UE.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0038] The following description is directed to certain implementations for the purpose of describing innovative aspects of this disclosure. However, a person having ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the teachings herein can be applied in a multitude of different ways. Some of the examples in this disclosure are based on wireless communication according to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) wireless standards, such as ambient internet-of-things (A-IoT) , the 4th generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) , 5th generation (5G) New Radio (NR) , and 6th generation (6G) standards. However, the described techniques can be implemented in any device, system, or network that is capable of transmitting and receiving radio frequency signals according to any of the wireless communication standards, including any of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 or 802.16 wireless standards, or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless, cellular, or IoT network, such as a system utilizing LTE, LTE-advanced (LTE-A) , 5G, 5G-Advanced, 6G, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi, or future radio technology.
[0039] Wireless communication technologies continue to evolve beyond traditional voice communication as people envision new services and applications. There is a recent effort to expand the capability of a wireless communication system to include sensing of objects in an environment leveraging integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) . For example, ISAC can enable a wireless communication system to use radio frequency signals to detect and track objects. By sensing changes in radio signals, the wireless communication system may estimate distance, shape, and / or location of a sensing target (ST) . Examples of an ST may include a human, an animal, a drone, a robot, a vehicle, or a building, among other examples. Sensing operations may also detect and track movements of objects in the environment. An ST can also be referred to as a sensed object, sensing subject, subject object, or other terms.
[0040] An example ISAC technology is referred to as bi-static sensing, in which a first sensing entity (e.g., a sensing transmitter) transmits sensing signals and a second sensing entity (e.g., a sensing receiver) performs measurements of the sensing signals. A sensing entity (e.g., the first sensing entity, the second sensing entity, or another network element) can analyze the measurements of the sensing signals to sense the locations and / or movement of an ST. While examples of this disclosure refer to bi-static sensing, the techniques are also applicable to mono-static sensing (where the ST is also a sensing entity performing sensing operations) or multi-static sensing (e.g., using multiple sensing transmitters, multiple sensing receivers, or both) . For brevity, this disclosure refers to sensing entities for any element that participates in the ISAC operation. Examples of a sensing entity include a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, a sensing function, a user equipment (UE) , a transmission / reception point (TRP) , a base station, a central unit (CU) , or a distributed unit (DU) .
[0041] In some implementations, a sensing controller coordinates a sensing task that includes sensing operations at one or more sensing entities. Example sensing operations can include various combinations of transmitting sensing signals, measuring received sensing signals, analyzing results of the measurements, and / or generating a report for a sensing task. Example sensing tasks can include identifying an ST, tracking an ST, detecting properties of the ST, or adjusting a network parameter based on one or more STs, among other examples. In some implementations, the sensing controller is also a network entity (such as a base station, TRP, DU, etc. ) and may perform some sensing operations of a sensing task. In some implementations, a sensing controller operates in a radio access network (RAN) to coordinate sensing operations of various sensing entities in the RAN. In some implementations, the sensing controller may receive sensing tasks from a sensing function (SF) in a core network, an application server, or a network controller, among other examples. Alternatively, the sensing controller may refer to (or be collocated with) an SF, an application server, or a network controller.
[0042] This disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for coordinating sensing tasks. Various aspects of this disclosure relate to sensing tasks when an ST is moving in the environment. The techniques enable sensing of a mobile ST by transferring one or more sensing operations from one sensing entity to another sensing entity when a sensing exception occurs or is predicted to occur. When a sensing exception occurs (or is predicted to occur) at a sensing entity, the sensing controller (or the sensing entity) can activate another sensing entity to continue or resume the sensing task. Examples of sensing exceptions include the ST being out of range of a sensing entity, a prediction that the ST will go out of range, the ST leaving a cell associated with a sensing entity, a sensing entity lacking at least one resource for performing one or more sensing operations of the sensing task, or an operating parameter of a sensing entity exceeding a threshold value.
[0043] A sensing controller obtains an indication of a sensing exception at a sensing entity. In some implementations, the sensing controller receives a message from the sensing entity. Alternatively, or additionally, the sensing controller can detect or predict the sensing exception based on analysis of the sensing measurements, network resources, signaling congestion, or other factors. Because the sensing exception can occur due to ST mobility, the sensing controller (or the sensing entity) can detect / predict the sensing exception based on ST location, direction or speed or movement, trajectory, object type, or other information detected about the ST. In some implementations, a sensing entity can report a sensing exception or indicate a prediction of a sensing exception that may occur due to ST mobility. Additionally, or alternatively, the sensing controller (or the sensing entity) can detect / predict the sensing exception based on a coverage area of a sensing entity, network cell boundaries, signal strength thresholds, or network considerations, among other examples.
[0044] In some aspects, a sensing controller can communicate a sensing activation to a sensing entity to activate sensing operations for a particular sensing task that was started at a different sensing entity. A sensing activation (sometimes referred to as sensor triggering or initiating sensing) can cause a sensing entity to start sensing operations, such as transmitting sensing signals or measuring received sensing signals. The sensing activation can include sensing information, such as a sensing configuration, parameters, and / or sensing assistance information. In some implementations, the sensing controller communicates the sensing information via a network interface (such as an Xn interface or F1 interface) , via a radio interface, or a combination of interfaces. The sensing controller may communicate a sensing deactivation to a previous sensing entity when the sensing operations for the sensing task have been reassigned to a new sensing entity.
[0045] In some aspects, the sensing controller and / or sensing entity can provide sensing assistance information. Examples of sensing assistance information include information about location / mobility of an ST, radar cross section of an ST, or information about a non-target object in the environment (sometimes referred to as an environment object (EO) ) , among other examples. This disclosure provides several examples of sensing assistance information that can be shared to assist a sensing entity to continue or resume operations for a sensing task. In some implementations, the sensing assistance information can also include information about a previous sensing entity, such as doppler / speed, frequency parameters, previous measurements, or sensing configurations. For example, if a previous sensing entity is also mobile, the sensing assistance information can indicate motion, direction, doppler, or other factors to enable a new sensing entity to adjust sensing operations accordingly.
[0046] This disclosure includes several examples of a sensing task. Sensing tasks can include object detection, object tracking, object characterization (e.g., size, shape, features) , object localization (e.g., location in relation to other objects) , or mapping, among other examples. Each sensing task may include one or more sensing operations. Sensing operations can include transmission of sensing signals, measurements of sensing signals, analyzing measurements, tracking changes over historical sensing operations, etc. In the bi-static sensing examples, two sensing entities may perform various sensing operations for a sensing task. As an ST moves, one or both of the sensing entities (or a sensing controller) may be unable to continue performing sensing operations. This disclosure provides several examples and techniques for maintaining a sensing task by transferring (e.g., reassigning, handing over, reallocating, etc. ) the sensing operations so that another sensing entity can continue / resume the sensing task.
[0047] Particular implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some implementations, a wireless communication system leverages sensing information about the environment to optimize communication aspects. Alternatively, or additionally, the sensing information can enable additional services and innovative applications such as autonomous driving and industrial automation. Many use cases for ISAC involve mobile STs. Some techniques of this disclosure can enable seamless continuation of a sensing task when mobility of an ST would otherwise impair continuous sensing. Enabling the transfer of sensing operations from one sensing entity to another sensing entity enables more complete and accurate sensing of mobile objects in the environment.
[0048] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system 100 with ISAC operations. The wireless communication system 100 includes a core network (CN) 110, a radio access network (RAN) 120, and one or more user equipment (such as UE 122) . The RAN 120 includes one or more network entities, such as base stations, transmission / reception points (TRPs) , central units (CUs) , distributed units (DUs) , or other nodes that can enable the UE 122 to access the CN 110. Although illustrated as a smartphone in FIG. 1A, the UE 122 may be implemented as any suitable computing or electronic device, such as a mobile communication device, a modem, cellular phone, gaming device, navigation device, media device, laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet computer, smart appliance, vehicle-based communication system, an IoT device (e.g., sensor node, controller / actuator node, or combination thereof) , and the like.
[0049] The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a 5G New Radio (NR) RAN, a satellite RAN, or a 6G RAN, among other examples. The network entities (shown as first sensing entity 125A and second sensing entity 125B in the example of FIG. 1A) may be connected to a CN 110. The CN 110 may enable access to one or more Internet services (such as an application server 190) via a wide area network 113. For illustrative purposes, FIG. 1A shows an example in which the network entities of the RAN 120 can also perform ISAC operations, such as communication with the UE 122 as well as sensing operations. The network entities may be referred to as sensing entities. As further described in this disclosure, other types of devices (such as the UE 122 or other nodes, not shown) , can also serve as sensing entities. Furthermore, the RAN 120 may have other network entities (not shown) that enable radio communication without performing sensing operations. FIG. 1A illustrates just one possible implementation of the disclosed techniques for illustrative purposes.
[0050] In some examples, the CN 110 or the application server 190 may include a sensing function 115. The sensing function 115 may signal to a sensing network entity or a sensing entity (e.g., UE, network entity TRP, or sensing device) information about sensing capabilities and / or sensing configuration. In some implementations, the sensing function 115 may coordinate subscriptions, enablement, and / or messaging related to a sensing task. As shown in FIG. 1A, the wireless communication system 100 may include a sensing controller 135. The sensing controller 135 may manage sensing task (e.g., from the sensing function 115, the application server 190, or other network components) . In some implementations, the sensing controller 135 may be in the RAN 120, such as collocated or implemented in a network element. Although illustrated as a separate component, the sensing controller 135 may be implemented in a same component with a sensing entity. In some implementations, the sensing controller 135 may be a RAN component that coordinates with the sensing function 115 in the CN 110. The sensing controller 135 may be located within the wireless communication system 100 based on resources consumed by the sensing controller 135 and the available resources of entities in the wireless communication system 100. In some examples the functionality of the sensing controller 135 may be distributed across multiple entities in the wireless communication system 100.
[0051] In some aspects, the first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B may exchange sensing configuration information with one another. The exchange of sensing configurations between the first sensing entity 125A and the second network entity 125B informs the first network entity 125A about the sensing configuration and capabilities of the second sensing entity 125B and vice versa. The sensing entities may coordinate sensing configurations between themselves directly or via the sensing controller 135.
[0052] Sensing can be categorized into multiple types based on the collected and sensed information. Environment sensing allows to collect measurements on some physical properties like temperature, humidity, light, etc. On the other hand, radio sensing is leveraging the radar way of operation utilizing radio frequency signals to detect and track objects. For future wireless communication systems, measurement on the sensing signals is expected to achieve this latter objective by estimating distances, shapes of environment objects, humans, animals, vehicles and identifying their movement. ISAC aims to converge the sensing and communication for both functionalities. This is expected to reduce cost and complexity while opening the door for new functionalities of the wireless communication system and synergies and mutual benefits between communication and sensing.
[0053] Different use cases may impose specific requirements on sensing systems. Some considerations for ISAC include the maximum sensing latency, refreshing rate, missed detection, false alarm, range resolution, velocity resolution, accuracy of 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) position estimates, and accuracy of velocity estimate, among other examples. Different sensing scenarios include object detection and tracking (e.g., humans, animals, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) , automated guided vehicles (AGVs) , vehicles, etc. ) , environment monitoring (e.g., rainfall, flooding, etc. ) and motion monitoring (e.g., hand gestures, human motions, etc. ) . To realize the full potential of ISAC, the wireless communication system 100 should implement effective sensing and communication procedures and mechanisms, efficient sensing mechanisms, balancing resource allocation and co-existence between communication and sensing.
[0054] To obtain sensing information, the sensing entities may evaluate changes in the sensing signals based on a radar cross section. Radar cross section (RCS) may be a combination of a deterministic component and a random component. The deterministic component is related to the fixed object properties (e.g., size, material, shape, etc. ) and the random component is related to its variable object properties (e.g., direction, orientation, angles, etc. ) . For example, RCS may be equal to A*B, where A is fixed and depends on characteristics of the ST 127 (e.g., size, material, shape, etc. ) , and where B depends on angles, position, location, or other factors of the ST 127 relative to the environment. An environment object (EO) is a non-target object with known physical characteristics, e.g., location. For example, an EO may be a deterministic non-target object. One type of EO (e.g., an EO type-1) , may have comparable shape / size as an ST 127. Another type of EO (e.g., an EO type-2) may have extremely large size, e.g., a wall, building, ground, etc.
[0055] While the number of use cases for ISAC may be very large, the underlying sensing tasks can be described with some common concepts. Some example fundamental sensing tasks can include: · Object detection (e.g., presence or absence of an object) . · Object tracking (e.g., detection of a movement, velocity, etc. ) . · Object characterization (e.g., object size, object shape, classification, extracting object features, etc. ) · Object localization (e.g., 2D / 3D position of the non-connected objects, etc. ) · Mapping (e.g., creating an environment map, etc. )
[0056] Each sensing task can be associated with one or multiple sensing key performance indicators: · Object detection: detection probability, false alarm probability, etc. · Object tracking: velocity estimation accuracy · Object localization: coordinates estimation accuracy · Mapping: accuracy of the mapping (e.g., root mean square error (RMSE) of the mapped points relative to the real points) .
[0057] The example fundamental sensing tasks and associated performance indicators can be applied to a variety of use cases. For example, object detection can be used for detecting a UAV, an AGV, an animal within the sensing environment (e.g., on the roadway) , a vehicle, or an intruder, among other examples. Object tracking can be used for tracking the movements of a flying drone, an AGV, a pedestrian near or in a roadway, a hand motion, or an animal, among other examples. Object characterization can produce information about a robot, drone, vehicle, human, or animal. Each of these use cases can be implemented using ISAC.
[0058] Having described the sensing tasks and example use cases, FIG. 1A illustrates an example scenario that may occur. The mobility of the ST (e.g., from one cell to another cell or out of range of the sensing entity) can lead to a sensing gap and can compromise the sensing task. It is desirable to ensure uninterrupted and accurate sensing even when the ST (or a sensing entity) is moving in the environment. The example sensing task in FIG. 1A is to track the location or movement of an ST 127. While the ST 127 may or may not have radio communication equipment, the RAN 120 can perform ISAC to perform sensing operations in addition to communication features of the wireless communication system 100. The example sensing task is based on TRP-to-TRP bi-static sensing. Bi-static sensing, as well as other possible alternatives, is further described with reference to FIG. 2A to FIG. 2G.
[0059] In the example bi-static sensing shown in FIG. 1A, the first sensing entity 125A (or a TRP of the first sensing entity 125A) transmits sensing signals 145. The second sensing entity 125B receives and measures the sensing signals 145 to obtain sensing information about the ST 127. The transmission of sensing signals 145, measurement of the sensing signals 145, analysis / reporting of the sensing results, among other operations, can be referred to as sensing operations. A sensing task may include multiple sensing operations performed by various sensing entities at various times. In FIG. 1A, sensing operations 140A of the first sensing entity 125A include transmission of the sensing signals 145. Sensing operations 140B of the second sensing entity 125B include measuring the sensing signals 145. However, the sensing operations 140A and 140B may be interrupted when the ST 127 moves out of range of the first sensing entity 125A or the second sensing entity 125B. A sensing exception 150 can refer to any of a variety of scenarios in which sensing operations for a sensing task might be interrupted. FIG. 7 includes several examples of sensing exceptions. In some instances, the sensing exception 150 is based on mobility of the ST 127 or either of the sensing entities 125A, 125B. In some instances, the sensing exception 150 may be based on lack of resources (such as processing or radio frequency resources) , changes in coverage, capacity / utilization based on changes in UE communication, or other factors.
[0060] Absent the techniques of this disclosure, a sensing exception 150 might interrupt the sensing task. This disclosure provides several examples and techniques in which a sensing task can be maintained or resumed when a sensing exception 150 occurs (or is predicted to occur) . Referring to FIG. 1A, a sensing exception 150 may be predicted when the location of the ST 127 approaches an edge of a coverage area of the first sensing entity 125A (such as the boundary of a cell 121A provided by a network entity (NE) operating the first sensing entity 125A) . Based on the direction and movement of the ST 127, the network may determine that a third sensing entity 125C would be better located to transmit (or receive) the sensing signals for the sensing task. For example, the ST 127 may be moving towards a cell 121B of the second sensing entity 125B. A third sensing entity 125C may operate a cell 121C in the direction of travel.
[0061] In the example of FIG. 1A, the sensing operations 140A that were being performed (or expected to be performed) by the first sensing entity 125A can be transferred (block 160) to the third sensing entity 125C. Here, the term “transfer” can be replaced by a variety of synonyms, such as delegation, switch, handoff, reassignment, reallocation, redistribution, or any phrase that refers to the 125C performing all or some of the sensing operations 140A that were previously associated with the role of the first sensing entity 125A in the sensing task. For example, the third sensing entity 125C may perform sensing operations 180A to replace or augment the sensing operations 140A of the first sensing entity 125A. In some implementations, the second sensing entity 125B may maintain or adjust its sensing operations when the third sensing entity 125C inherits a role in the sensing task. For example, the second sensing entity 125B may perform sensing operations 180B to measure sensing signals 185 from the third sensing entity 125C instead of (or in addition to) the sensing signals 145 from the first sensing entity 125A.
[0062] In accordance with aspects of this disclosure, the transfer (block 160) of sensing operations can include messaging to or from the first sensing entity 125A, the second sensing entity 125B, or the third sensing entity 125C to coordinate the transfer of sensing operations. In some implementations, the sensing controller 135 or the sensing function 115 can manage the sensing task by communicating sensing activation or sensing deactivation messages to the various sensing entities so that the sensing task can be maintained as the ST 127 moves through the RAN 120. In some implementations, the sensing entities or sensing controller can communicate sensing assistance information. Examples of sensing assistance information are provided with reference to FIG. 8. For example, the first sensing entity 125A, the second sensing entity 125B, and / or the sensing controller 135 can use sensing assistance information to relay information about the ST 127 to enable the third sensing entity 125C to effectively perform the sensing operations 180A for the sensing task.
[0063] FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating example elements in the wireless communication system 100 of FIG. 1A. The elements illustrated in FIG. 1B are intended to provide one example of how ISAC can be implemented in the wireless communication system 100. The UE 122 may communicate with the CN 110 via a network entity. In the example of FIG. 1A, the first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B are illustrated as network entities that operate a cell 121A and a cell 121B, respectively. A network entity may be an E-UTRAN Node B, an evolved Node B (eNodeB or eNB) , a Next Generation Node B (gNodeB or gNB) , a Next Generation E-UTRAN Node B (ng-eNB) , an access point, or a radio head, among other examples. The network entity may be implemented in a macrocell, microcell, small cell, picocell, or the like, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, a network entity may be a monolithic base station in which the functionality of the base station is implemented as a single unit. In some other aspects, a network entity may be a distributed base station in which the functionality of the base station may be distributed among two or more units such as a CU and one or more DUs.
[0064] The network entities may connect to the CN 110 through an S1 interface or NG interface. For example, an NG interface can include an NG2 interface for control-plane signaling and an NG3 interface for user-plane data communications. The network entities may communicate with each other using an Xn Application Protocol (XnAP) through an Xn interface or using an X2 Application Protocol (X2AP) through an X2 interface to exchange user-plane and control-plane data.
[0065] In various configurations of the wireless communication system 100, the first sensing entity 125A) may be implemented as a master eNB (MeNB) or a master gNB (MgNB) , and the second sensing entity 125B may be implemented as a secondary gNB (SgNB) . In some aspects, the UE 122 may communicate with the first sensing entity 125A and / or the second sensing entity 125B via the same radio access technology (RAT) such as evolved universal terrestrial radio access (EUTRA) or NR. In some aspects, the UE 130 may communicate with the first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B via different RATs. When the first sensing entity 125A is a MeNB and the second sensing entity 125B is a SgNB, the UE 130 may be in EUTRA-NR dual connectivity (EN-DC) with the MeNB and the SgNB.
[0066] The CN 150 may be a fifth-generation core (5GC) 111A or a sixth-generation core (6GC) 111B, both of which are depicted in the example of FIG. 1B. The 5GC 111A includes a user plane function (UPF) 116, an access and mobility management function (AMF) 114, and / or a session management function (SMF) 112. The UPF 116 is generally configured to transfer user-plane packets related to audio calls, video calls, Internet traffic, and the like. The AMF 114 is configured to manage authentication, registration, paging, and other related functions. The SMF 112 is configured to manage protocol data unit (PDU) sessions. While examples are described in relation to the 5GC 111A, the techniques also apply to the 6GC 111B. Reference to 5GC network functions can also refer to any component or components of the 6GC 111B that perform similar network functions.
[0067] FIG. 1B illustrates example processing hardware 195 for a network entity. For brevity, the processing hardware 195 is illustrated for the second sensing entity 125B but the first sensing entity 125A may have similar components. The processing hardware 195 can include one or more general-purpose processors (e.g., CPUs) and a non-transitory computer-readable memory storing instructions that the one or more general-purpose processors execute. Additionally, or alternatively, the processing hardware 195 can include special-purpose processing units. The processing hardware 195 can include a physical (PHY) controller 196A configured to transmit data and control signal on physical downlink (DL) channels and DL reference signals with one or more user devices (e.g., UE 122) via one or more cells (e.g., the cells 121A, 121B) and / or one or more TRPs. The PHY controller 196A is also configured to receive data and control signal on physical uplink (UL) channels and / or UL reference signals with the one or more user devices via one or more cells (e.g., the cells 121A and / or 121B) and / or one or more TRPs. The processing hardware 195, in an example implementation, includes a medium access control (MAC) controller 196B configured to perform MAC functions with one or more user devices. The MAC functions include a random access (RA) procedure, managing UL timing advance (TA) for the one or more user devices, and / or communicating UL / DL MAC PDUs with the one or more user devices. The processing hardware 195 can further include a radio resource control (RRC) controller 196C to implement procedures and messaging at the RRC sublayer of the protocol communication stack.
[0068] The UE 122 is equipped with processing hardware 192 that can include one or more general-purpose processors such as CPUs and non-transitory computer-readable memory storing machine-readable instructions executable on the one or more general-purpose processors and / or special-purpose processing units. The PHY controller 193A is configured to receive data and control signals on physical DL channels and / or DL reference signals with a network entity via one or more cells and / or one or more TRPs. The PHY controller 193A is also configured to transmit data and control signals on physical UL channels and / or UL reference signals with the network entity via one or more cells and / or one or more TRPs. The processing hardware 192 in an example implementation includes a MAC controller 193B configured to perform MAC functions with network entity. For example, the MAC functions may include a random access procedure, managing UL timing advance for the one or more user devices, and communicating UL / DL MAC PDUs with the network entity. The processing hardware 192 may further include an RRC controller 193C to implement procedures and messaging at the RRC sublayer of the protocol communication stack.
[0069] Although described as being included with processing hardware 195 and processing hardware 192, some of the functionality described above may be implemented as firmware or in software modules (e.g., software modules stored in the computer-readable memory.
[0070] The first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B may be configured to perform or support sensing operations within the wireless communication system 100. In some aspects, the sensing operations may include communication of sensing information to and from a UE (e.g., UE 122) , a third network entity, or other sensing device. In some examples, the CN 110 or an application server 190 communicatively coupled to the CN 110 via the WAN 113 may include a sensing function 115. The sensing function 115 may signal to a sensing network entity or a sensing entity (e.g., UE, network entity TRP, or sensing device 115) information about sensing functions and / or sensing configuration (e.g., through the Xn interface) . The sensing function 115 may share configuration information such as that described above with respect to FIG. 9 below with a network entity, UE, TRP, or other sensing device.
[0071] A sensing configuration can be defined in terms of sensing measurement time / frequency resources, sensing reference signals, sensing patterns, sensing reporting mechanisms, sensing measurements and reporting periodicity, sensing power control mechanisms and configurations. Multiple sensing modes / tasks / configurations can be specified. The selection and activation of the appropriate sensing mode / task / configuration to be enabled and the mechanisms to switch from one sensing mode / task / configuration to another sensing mode / task / configuration can be specified / defined. In some implementations, one or more sensing configurations can be associated to a specific sensing mode or a specific sensing task. In some implementations, one or more sensing modes or sensing tasks can be associated to a specific sensing configuration.
[0072] The selection and the contents of a sensing configuration indicated to a sensing device or a sensing TRP may be specified. The appropriate sensing mode, sensing task and / or sensing configuration can be selected based on: · a specific use case (e.g., autonomous vehicle requires high-resolution, low-latency mapping of the environment, etc. ) ; · a specific scenario (e.g., dense urban scenarios might necessitate higher sensing frequencies for accurate pedestrian detection, whereas rural environments could utilize less frequent and wider-range sensing, etc. ) ; · a specific sensing device (e.g., VR device might need sensing for hand gestures using UE mono-static sensing, also the capabilities of the sensing device such as range accuracy and power consumption will influence the choice of sensing mode. A device with limited battery life might favor a low-power and / or intermittent sensing mode, etc. ) ; · specific requirements (e.g., specific position / velocity / mapping accuracy, latency, detection probability, and reliability targets for the sensing task will drive the selection of the most suitable mode) ; · network conditions (e.g., channel quality can affect the feasibility of certain sensing modes, bandwidth (e.g., modes requiring high bandwidth might be restricted during periods of network congestion) ) ; and / or · a specific sensing task (object detection, object tracking, object characterization, etc. ) . Some sensing modes or sensing configuration can be more suitable for specific sensing tasks.
[0073] Since sensing can be integrated with communication, communication requirements may also be taken into consideration. When communication is taking most of the bandwidth, smaller bandwidth can be allocated for sensing and when communication is not consuming a lot the bandwidth, larger bandwidth can be allocated for sensing.
[0074] In some aspects, the wireless communication system 100 may optionally include a sensing controller 135. The sensing controller 135 may coordinate sensing activities (e.g., sensing tasks and sensing configuration) within the wireless communication system 100. In some examples, the sensing controller 135 may be hosted by a network entity (e.g., first sensing entity 125A or second sensing entity 125B) , a TRP associated with a network entity, the CN 110, or the application server 190. In some examples the functionality of the sensing controller 135 may be distributed across multiple entities in the wireless communication system 100.
[0075] In some aspects, the first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B may exchange sensing configuration information with one another. The exchange of sensing configurations between the first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B informs the first sensing entity 125A about the sensing configuration and capabilities of the second sensing entity 125B and vice versa. In some implementations, the first sensing entity 125A may trigger the second sensing entity 125B or other sensing entity to perform sensing operations. As noted above, examples of sensing operations include operations that use network entity or other sensing entity resources to transmit and receive sensing signals that can be used, for example, to determine the location, size, shape, and / or velocity of one or more target objects without the need to be connected in some way to the target object.
[0076] In some aspects, the first sensing entity 125A, the second sensing entity 125B, or other sensing entity can be configured to periodically report sensing measurements. In some aspects, the first sensing entity 125A can trigger the second sensing entity 125B to report sensing measurements. In some implementations, a network entity can reject a request to perform sensing operations. For example, a network entity can reject a request to perform sensing operations based on current conditions at the network entity. A network entity may refrain from performing the sensing operations when the sensing operations would cause the network entity to fail to meet quality of service (QoS) commitments, the network entity lacks the resources to perform the sensing operations, or the priority of the sensing operations is lower than a predefined or configurable priority, among other examples.
[0077] In some implementations, the functionality, and thus the hardware components, of a network entity (e.g., first sensing entity 125A and / or the second sensing entity 125B) may be distributed across multiple network nodes or devices and may be distributed in a manner to perform the functions described herein. As one example, the functionality of a network entity may be distributed across a radio unit (RU) , DU, or CU. Any of the RU, DU, or CU may be implemented as virtual units such as a virtual radio unit (VRU) , virtual distributed unit (VDU) or virtual central unit (VCU) . In the examples of this disclosure, each “network entity” can refer to a CU or a DU. For example, the CU can exchange sensing assistance information and sensing data with the one or more DUs. The CU can configure the DU to perform sensing operations, trigger the DU to perform sensing operations, and provide sensing measurement reports to the CU.
[0078] Different sensing modes may be specified and supported in a wireless communications system. The sensing modes include mono-static UE, mono-static TRP, Bi-static UE-to-TRP, Bi-Static TRP-to-UE, Bi-Static UE-to-UE, or bi-Static TRP-to-TRP, among other examples. A sensing mode is mono-static when the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver are co-located within the same UE device or within the same network device. A sensing mode is bi-static when the receiver of the sensing signal is located remotely from the transmitter of the sensing signal. The sensing can also be multi-static when multiple sensing receivers are used and they are located on multiple devices and located remotely from the transmitter of the sensing signal.
[0079] FIGs. 2A-2D show various examples of bi-static sensing operations. The examples refer to one or more TRPs; however, references to TRP can be replaced by any type of network entity (such as the first sensing entity 125A and / or the second sensing entity 125B of FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B
[0080] FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating TRP to UE bi-static sensing. In TRP-to-UE bi-static sensing mode, a TRP (e.g., TRP 225A) transmits the sensing signal, and a UE (e.g., UE 122) receives and processes the signals reflected by an ST 127 (e.g., the car in the examples shown in FIG. 2A-FIG. 2G) . This mode enables the network to provide localized information or services directly to the UE. Some examples of applications of TRP-to-UE bi-static sensing include precise localization services, environmental data specific to the UE, and augmented reality experiences where the UE's perception of its surroundings is enhanced by the UE receiving sensing signals transmitted by the TRP.
[0081] FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating UE to TRP bi-static sensing. In UE-to-TRP bi-static sensing mode, a UE (e.g., UE 122) transmits the sensing signal, and a TRP (e.g., TRP 225A) receives and processes the signals reflected by the ST 127. This configuration may expand the sensing range and potentially improve accuracy compared to mono-static sensing. Bi-static UE-to-TRP sensing may be relevant for applications like vehicular sensing, where the UE may transmit signals that are received and processed by a nearby TRP to detect obstacles, estimate distances, and enhance road safety.
[0082] FIG. 2C is a block diagram illustrating TRP to TRP bi-static sensing. Bi-static TRP-to-TRP sensing utilizes two TRPs. A first TRP (e.g., TRP 225A) transmits a sensing signal, and a second TRP (e.g., TRP 225B) receives and processes the signals reflected by the ST 127. This mode may be effective for large-scale sensing applications, such as wide-area environmental monitoring and enhanced localization services. By combining data from multiple TRPs, the accuracy and coverage of sensing may be significantly improved. This mode also facilitates coordinated sensing across the network, enabling a more comprehensive and dynamic view of the environment.
[0083] FIG. 2D is a block diagram illustrating UE to UE bi-static sensing. Bi-static UE-to-UE sensing mode utilizes two UEs. A first UE (e.g., UE 222B) transmits a sensing signal, and a second UE (e.g., UE 222A) receives and processes the signals reflected by the ST 127. In some implementations, this mode allows for direct device-to-device sensing, enabling collaborative mapping and better environment awareness. By leveraging the distributed nature of UEs, bi-static UE-to-UE sensing may create a broad network of sensors, providing more comprehensive information regarding the environment surrounding the UEs.
[0084] FIG. 2E is a block diagram illustrating TRP mono-static sensing. Mono-static TRP sensing mode utilizes a TRP (e.g., TRP 225A) as both a transmitter and a receiver of a sensing signal. In this mode, the TRP emits a signal and then analyzes the signals reflected by the ST 127 to gain information about its surroundings. In some implementations, this mode is useful for a range of applications, including environmental monitoring, area surveillance, infrastructure maintenance, and detecting and tracking changes in the wireless environment for better scheduling and management of the wireless communication system. By leveraging the TRP's position within the network infrastructure, mono-static TRP sensing may provide continuous monitoring and data collection for large areas and important locations.
[0085] FIG. 2F is a block diagram illustrating UE mono-static sensing. In mono-static UE sensing mode, a UE (e.g., UE 122) functions as both the source and the receiver of the sensing signals. The UE transmits a signal and then receives and processes the signals reflected by the ST 127. This mode may be suitable for short-range sensing services where the UE needs to gather information about its close surroundings. This may include proximity detection, gesture recognition, and indoor localization. Due to its self-contained nature, mono-static UE sensing offers advantages in terms of operation simplicity and low latency. However, mono-static UE sensing may require additional UE complexity and constraint to quickly transmit and receive the sensing signals.
[0086] FIG. 2G is a block diagram illustrating inter-TRP UE to UE bi-static sensing. The example shown in FIG. 2G is similar to the example UE to UE bi-static sensing of FIG. 2D, with the additional aspect that the two UEs are connected to different TRPs. In some aspects, the UE 222A is connected to TRP 225A and the UE 222B is connected to TRP 225B. In the example of FIG. 2G, the UE 222A is a sensing transmitter and the UE 222B is a sensing receiver that processes the signal reflected from ST 127. The UE 222B may send sensing measurement reports via TRP 225B and possibly TRP 225A to an intended receiver of the sensing measurement report. Like the case in FIG. 2D, the UE to UE bi-static sensing shown in FIG. 2G may enable collaborative mapping and better environment awareness. By leveraging the distributed nature of UEs, bi-static UE-to-UE sensing may create a broad network of sensors, providing more comprehensive information regarding the environment surrounding the UEs.
[0087] In some aspects, a network entity (e.g., a sensing entity 125A, 125B, 125C) may be used instead of, or in addition to, the UE 222A and / or the UE 222B.
[0088] FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example of an ST 127 moving from one cell 121A to a different cell 121B. The movement of the ST 127 from one cell to another cell can disrupt the sensing operation. In the example of FIG. 3A, a first NE is acting as a first sensing entity 325A) for bi-static sensing in which the first sensing entity 325A transmits sensing signals 145 that are measured by a second sensing entity 325B (implemented in a UE in the example of FIG. 3A) . The devices that implement the first sensing entity 325A, the second sensing entity 325B, and the third sensing entity 325C are provided for illustration only, and any variety of network entity, TRP, UE, sensing device, or hardware can implement the functionality of the sensing entities 325A, 325B, and 325C. Upon an ST's transition from a first cell / TRP to a second cell / TRP, the first sensing entity 325A (or another NE) can take some actions to transfer sensing operations to a first third sensing entity 325C (e.g., an NE operating the cell 121B) , as further described with reference to FIG. 3B.
[0089] FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating an example of transferring a sensing task from a first sensing entity to a third sensing entity when an ST 127 moves out of the range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity previously associated with a sensing task. The ST 127 is moving from a first location (shown at arrow 237A) to a second location (shown at arrow 237B) . When the ST 127 reaches the third location (at arrow 237C) , the ST 127 may be out of range for the second sensing entity 325B. In some implementations, the second sensing entity 325B may report (e.g., via a sensing exception report) that the ST 127 is moving out of range. Alternatively, or additionally, the first sensing entity 325A may predict the sensing exception based on sensing information in sensing measurement reporting (not shown) that it receives from the second sensing entity 325B. In some implementations, the first sensing entity 325A (or a sensing controller 135) may determine direction and location of the ST 127 and predict its movement to a third location (shown at arrow 237C) . By transferring some or all of the sensing operations from the second sensing entity 325B to the third sensing entity 325C, the sensing task can continue (or resume) as the ST 127 moves to the new location (shown at arrow 237C) . In the example of FIG. 3B, the third sensing entity 325C will perform sensing operations for the sensing task that were previously anticipated to be performed by the second sensing entity 325B but transferred to the third sensing entity 325C when the ST 127 is moving out of range for the second sensing entity 325B.
[0090] In some implementations, the first sensing entity 325A (or the sensing controller 135) may initiate / trigger sensing operations in the second cell / TRP (operated by the third sensing entity 325C) . For example, the first sensing entity 325A (or the sensing controller 135) can communicate a sensing activation to trigger the second cell / TRP or another sensing device to start sensing the ST. In some implementations, the triggering signaling / message / request may also include sensing assistance information about the ST 127. Examples of sensing assistance information include last-measured / predicted 2D / 3D position, last-measured reference signal receive power (RSRP) or received signal strength indicator (RSSI) , last-measured power delay profile, last-measured / predicted delay / distance from a sensing transmitter (STX) or a sensing receiver (SRX) to the ST 127, last-measured / predicted micro / macro speed / doppler, the RCS of the ST 127 (or any other RCS components) , last-measured / predicted moving direction, last-measured / predicted acceleration, time-stamp information (e.g., when the results are measured or generated or reported) for the last one or multiple measured / predicted results, confidence level for at least one of the last-measured / predicted result (s) above, ST type including vehicle, human, robot, drone, last-measured / predicted ST angles / angular-region, ST ID, etc. The signaling of the triggering and / or the signaling of the sensing assistance information may take place on the Xn / F1 interface between base stations or via semi-static signaling (e.g., RRC) or via dynamic signaling between a base station and a sensing UE device, or on sidelink channels for the signaling between different UE sensing devices (e.g., sidelink control channel, sidelink control information (SCI) , or the like) . In some implementations, the signaling is transmitted over the radio interface, such as in downlink control information (DCI) , uplink control information (UCI) , or MAC control element (MAC-CE) , among other examples.
[0091] In some implementations, the first sensing entity 325A (or the second sensing entity 325B) may communicate a sensing exception report to indicate an out-of-range condition or predicted out-of-range. The sensing exception report can notify a sensing function (SF) , sensing controller 135, another sensing entity (within or outside the RAN) , another cell / TRP, or another sensing device that the ST 127 is no longer within sensing range or is predicted to go out-of-range. The notification message may further include the time-stamp information indicating when the ST 127 is or will be out-of-range. The SF, sensing controller, or other sensing entity can trigger another cell / TRP or another sensing entity to start sensing the ST. The notification of the out-of-range or predicted out-of-range may take place on the Xn / F1 interface between base stations or via semi-static signaling (e.g., RRC) or via dynamic signaling (e.g., DCI, UCI, MAC-CE, etc. ) for the signaling between a base station and a sensing UE device, or on side-link channels for the signaling between different UE sensing devices (e.g., side-link control channel, SCI, etc. ) .
[0092] In some implementations, the first sensing entity 325A, the second sensing entity 325B, or the sensing controller 135, can share sensing assistance information about the ST 127. For example, the first sensing entity 325A can share the sensing assistance information with the second cell / TRP, another sensing device, the SF, or any other sensing entity / unit / agent (within or outside the RAN) (e.g., on the Xn / F1 interface, or via MAC-CE, DCI, UCI, RRC, etc. ) . The assistance information may include current / predicted 2D / 3D position, current or predicted distance / delay from STX / SRX to ST, last-measured RSRP, last-measured power delay profile, current or predicted velocity / doppler, current / average / predicted arrival / departures (azimuth, elevation) angles or / and angular-region, current or predicted time of arrival, ST RCS (or any other RCS components) , last-measured / predicted moving direction, last-measured / predicted acceleration, time-stamp information (e.g., when the results are measured or generated) for the last one or multiple measured / predicted results, confidence level for at least one of the last-measured / predicted result (s) above, ST type, and ST ID, ST type including vehicle, human, robot, drone, parameters / constant-values reflecting ST properties (e.g., parameters reflecting information about the size of the ST, and / or the material of ST, and / or the shape of the ST, etc. ) .
[0093] In some implementations, the first sensing entity 325A (or the second sensing entity 325B or the sensing controller 135) can share sensing assistance information about a previous SRX and STX: 2D / 3D location of STX / SRX, micro / macro speed / doppler and direction of motion of STX / SRX in a specific coordinate system (e.g., global coordinate system) , frequency and bandwidth used for previous measurements, previous sensing modes and sensing configurations of the STX / SRX.
[0094] In some implementations, the first sensing entity 325A (or the second sensing entity 325B or the sensing controller 135) can share assistance information about sensing environment. For example, the sensing assistance information can include, for example, 3D locations of type-2 / type-1 environment objects (EOs) in the global coordinate system or any other coordinate system, parameters / constant-values reflecting EO properties (e.g., parameters reflecting information about the size of the EOs and / or the material of EOs, and / or the shape of the EOs, or / and trajectories / movements of EOs, etc. ) .
[0095] In some implementations, the first sensing entity 325A (or the second sensing entity 325B or the sensing controller 135) can recommend sensing configuration / parameters. The recommended configuration / parameters can indicate a preferred sensing mode or task for the second cell / TRP or sensing device / TRP to utilize or recommended sensing configuration or recommended sensing parameters to be used. The signaling of the recommended sensing parameters may take place on the Xn / F1 interface between base stations or via semi-static signaling (e.g., RRC) or via dynamic signaling (e.g., DCI, UCI, MAC-CE, etc. ) for the signaling between a base station and a sensing UE device, or on sidelink channels for the signaling between different UE sensing devices (e.g., sidelink control channel, SCI, etc. ) .
[0096] FIG. 3C is a block diagram illustrating an example of transferring a sensing task from a first UE ("UE1") to a second UE ("UE2") when an ST 127 moves out of the range of the UE1. FIG. 3C may be an example of bi-static TRP-to-UE sensing in which an NE is the first sensing entity 325A and the UE1 is the second sensing entity 325B for a sensing task. As the ST 127 moves further away from the second sensing entity 325B, the sensing operations for the sensing task may be activated at the UE2 (here, referred to as the third sensing entity 325C) . Any of the sensing entities (e.g., the first sensing entity 325A or second sensing entity 325B) or the sensing controller 135 may activate sensing operations on the UE2 (here, referred to as the third sensing entity 325C) to take over the sensing operations that the second sensing entity 325B will be unable to continue when the ST 127 moves out of its range. In this example, the UE1 and the UE2 are served by the same cell 121A.
[0097] The first cell (e.g., the NE operating as the first sensing entity 325A) may provide sensing assistance information about the ST 127 to the UE2. Before a sensing activation, the NE may assess the UE2 localization and that is more likely to be in proximity from the ST 127 than the UE1. The first cell may identify the UE2 based on the location or channel property (e.g., RSRP, power-delay-profile, and so on) for the UEs. Alternatively, the UE2 may report whether it is out of reach of the ST or not. In some aspects, the UE1 may report that it prefers to deactivate the sensing or deactivate the sensing for one or multiple STs. The UE1 may also report the reason or cause (e.g., overheating, power saving, the ST is or will be out of range, etc. ) . Another example reason may be that the sensing signal quality (e.g., RSRP / SINR) is below a threshold predefined or configured by the NE or reported by the UE. Yet another example reason may be that the UE1 has reached the maximum number of STs that it can sense simultaneously. The maximum number of STs that the UE can sense may be based on a value reported to the by the UE1 This may be per carrier / aggregated-carriers, per numerology, per bandwidth size, per bandwidth part (BWP) , per type of sensing mode, per type of sensing task, or other limitation.
[0098] FIG. 3D is a block diagram illustrating an example of transferring a sensing task from a first network entity ("NE1") to a second network entity ("NE2") when an ST moves out of the range of the first network entity. In this example, the NE1 is acting as the first sensing entity 325A and transmitting sensing signals 145 for the UE (second sensing entity 325B) to measure. The UE may be in a coverage area of both network entities. Based on the location of the UE and the direction of movement of the ST 127 (from a location at arrow 237A to a location at arrow 237B) , the NE1 might determine that the NE2 is better located to transmit sensing signals 185 for the sensing task. The NE1 can communicate sensing exception report to the sensing controller 135 to cause the sensing controller 135 to activate the sensing operations at the NE2. Alternatively, or additionally, the NE1 (or the UE or the sensing controller 135) can communicate a sensing activation to the NE2.
[0099] Having described some examples of transferring sensing operations based on a sensing exception, further details and examples are provided with reference to FIG. 4 through FIG. 6B. For brevity, descriptions of related messages and events are omitted or summarized. However, the descriptions of sensing tasks, sensing operations, sensing exceptions, and sensing assistance information provided with reference to some figures are also applicable to other figures. Where possible, same or similar reference numbers (e.g., tens and ones digits) are used throughout the figures. For example, sensing exceptions 452A, 452B, 552A, 552C, 552C can be any of the example sensing exceptions 752 described with reference to FIG. 7. Where a message has been described with reference to an earlier figure, the description of the same / similar message is omitted or summarized for brevity.
[0100] FIG. 4 is a communication flow diagram 400 illustrating example operations and messages related to transferring a sensing task based on a sensing exception. The first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B are performing sensing operations for a sensing task. In the foregoing examples, the first sensing entity 125A is a sensing transmitter (STX) configured with a transmitter (TX) sensing configuration 426A for transmitting sensing signals. The second sensing entity 125B is a sensing receiver (SRX) configured with a receiving (RX) sensing configuration 426B for measuring the sensing signals. The first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B may be any type of sensing entity described in this disclosure, such as a base station, TRP, UE, etc.
[0101] The first sensing entity 125A and the second sensing entity 125B are performing respective sensing operations 440 (e.g., transmitting sensing signals and / or measuring sensing signals) for the sensing task. At block 450, a sensing exception is detected or reported. For example, a sensing exception 452A may be detected / reported by the first sensing entity 125A, a sensing exception 452B may be detected / reported by the second sensing entity 125B, or the sensing exception 453 may be predicted by a sensing controller 135.
[0102] In some implementations, one or both of the sensing entities (or the sensing controller 135) can predict a sensing exception before the sensing task is impacted by the sensing exception. For example, the sensing entity may implement algorithms to predict that an ST will go out-of-range at a future time. The algorithms may estimate when the ST will move out of range. A potential technical advantage of this prediction technique is that the sensing entities involved in a sensing task can be proactive in activating a new sensing entity before the sensing exception causes a disruption to the sensing task. In some implementations, prediction algorithms can be used to predict other measurements (e.g., range, position, velocity, angles, etc. ) . The prediction capability can be specified as a UE capability and the UE may report this capability to the network or to another sensing entity. In some implementations, an NE can trigger the UE to perform the sensing exception prediction when needed (e.g., if the ST is going to be out of range, or when reported RSRP measurements are below a specific threshold, etc. ) .
[0103] Based on the sensing exception (at block 450) , the sensing controller 135 may perform actions (shown at bracket 460 to correspond to block 160 of FIG. 1A) to transfer sensing operations from one of the sensing entities to a third sensing entity 125C. In this example, the actions to transfer the sensing operations may include the sensing controller 135 communicating a sensing activation 462 to the third sensing entity 125C. In some implementations, the sensing activation 462 includes (or identifies) a sensing configuration 426C for the sensing task. In some implementations, the sensing activation 462 (or a separate message, not shown) may include sensing assistance information 465, such as any of the example sensing assistance information 865 described with reference to FIG. 8 or elsewhere in this disclosure.
[0104] In some implementations, the sensing controller 135 may communicate a sensing deactivation 464A to the first sensing entity 125A or a sensing deactivation 464B to the second sensing entity 125B, depending on which sensing entity is experiencing the sensing exception. For example, if the sensing exception is at the first sensing entity 125A, the sensing controller 135 may communicate a sensing deactivation 464A to the first sensing entity 125A and also may may communicate a sensing configuration to the second sensing entity 125B to reconfigure the sensing task. Based on the sensing deactivation 464A, the first sensing entity 125A may deactivate (shown at block 470) the sensing operations that it performs for the sensing task. In the event of a sensing exception at the second sensing entity 125B, the sensing deactivation 464B may deactivate sensing operations at the second sensing entity 125B.
[0105] At block 480, the third sensing entity 125C and the other sensing entity (e.g., the second sensing entity 125B or the first sensing entity 125A) can continue the sensing task. As an example, if the sensing operations are deactivated at the first sensing entity 125A and activated at the third sensing entity 125C, then the sensing task is continued between the second sensing entity 125B and the third sensing entity 125C.
[0106] In the example of FIG. 4, the third sensing entity 125C is selected to continue the sensing operations formerly performed by the first sensing entity 125A or the second sensing entity 125B. In some cases, there may be multiple candidate sensing entities that are available for selection as the new sensing entity. In such cases, a sensing controller or sensing entity initiating the transfer of sensing operations can use available information (e.g., position, signal characteristics, and / or available resources, among others) to select which sensing entity among the candidate sensing entities should continue or resume the sensing operations.
[0107] FIG. 5A is a communication flow diagram 500A illustrating example operations of a sensing controller transferring a sensing task from a first sensing entity 125A to a third sensing entity 125C based on a sensing exception 552A at the first sensing entity 125A. In this example, the sensing operations 440 initially include the first sensing entity 125A transmitting sensing signals 545 to the second sensing entity 125B. The sensing operations 440 include the second sensing entity 125B performing signal detection and signal measurement 546 on the sensing signals 545. The sensing signals 545 may be any type of signal, such as a reference signal configured for the sensing task. The second sensing entity 125B may perform sensing measurement reporting 548 based on the received sensing signals 545. In some implementations, the sensing measurement reporting 548 may include signal measurement values. Alternatively, or additionally, the sensing measurement reporting 548 may include results or analysis about an ST (not shown) . In another example of sensing measurement reporting 548, the second sensing entity 125B and / or the first sensing entity 125A may communicate sensing measurement report messages to the sensing controller 135 (or another device, such as an SF or application server) .
[0108] In the example of FIG. 5A, the first sensing entity 125A detects or predicts a sensing exception 552A. For example, the first sensing entity 125A may determine, based on the sensing measurement reporting 548, that the ST will be out of range for sensing signals 545 from the first sensing entity 125A to effectively enable sensing measurement. Block 560A shows example messages and actions that follow detection of the sensing exception 552A. In this example, the first sensing entity 125A communicates a sensing exception report 561A to the sensing controller 135. The sensing exception report 561A may include an indication of the sensing exception, and also may include a reason code or information about the sensing exception 552A. In some implementations, the sensing exception report 561A may include or indicate a request for the sensing controller 135 to transfer the sensing operations to a new sensing entity. Based on the sensing exception report 561A, the sensing controller 135 sends a sensing activation 562 to the third sensing entity 125C. In some implementations, the sensing activation 562 can include sensing assistance information 465. Alternatively, or additionally, the first sensing entity 125A may provide the sensing assistance information 465 to the third sensing entity 125C via a separate message (not shown) . For example, the first sensing entity 125A may communicate the sensing assistance information (e.g., information about the ST) to the third sensing entity 125C via an Xn / F1 interface between base stations, via semi-static over-the-air signaling (e.g., RRC, etc. ) , dynamic over-the-air signaling (e.g., DCI, UCI, MAC-CE, etc. ) . A potential technical advantage of over-the-air signaling is that it may be faster or have more bandwidth than the Xn / F1 interface. Another potential advantage is when the sensing assistance information 465 is provided to a UE performing the functions of the third sensing entity 125C. Yet another potential advantage of the over-the-air signaling is that it may combine the communication signaling and sensing signaling aspects of an ISAC transmission from the first sensing entity 125A. In some implementations, the sensing assistance information 465 can be communicated via a sidelink channel between different UE sensing devices (e.g., sidelink control channel, SCI, etc. ) .
[0109] In some implementations, the sensing controller 135 communicates a sensing deactivation 564A to the first sensing entity 125A to cause the first sensing entity 125A to deactivate sensing operations (shown as arrow 570A) for the sensing task at the first sensing entity 125A. In some implementations, the sensing controller 135 may communicate a message (not shown) to the second sensing entity 125B to inform the second sensing entity 125B that the third sensing entity 125C will take over the sensing operations (e.g., transmitting sensing signals) that were previously being performed by the first sensing entity 125A) . For example, the sensing controller 135 may inform the second sensing entity 125B regarding the sensing configuration 426C of the third sensing entity 125C so that the second sensing entity 125B can perform signal measurement 586A on the sensing signals 585 from the third sensing entity 125C.
[0110] FIG. 5B is a communication flow diagram 500B illustrating example operations of a sensing controller transferring a sensing task from a second sensing entity 125B to a third sensing entity 125C based on a sensing exception 552B at the second sensing entity 125B. The scenario in FIG. 5B is similar to the scenario in FIG. 5A, except that the sensing exception occurs (or will occur) at the sensing receiver (the second sensing entity 125B) . The second sensing entity 125B detects the sensing exception 552B and communicates a sensing exception report 561B to the sensing controller 135. The sensing exception report 561B may be similar to the sensing exception report 561A. The operations at block 560B are also similar to block 560A except that the sensing controller 135 communicates the sensing deactivation 564B to the second sensing entity 125B (instead of the first sensing entity 125A as in FIG. 5A) . The first sensing entity 125A (transmitting sensing signals, not shown) and the third sensing entity 125C (performing signal detection / measurement 586B) continue the sensing task 580B.
[0111] FIG. 5C is another communication flow diagram 500C illustrating example operations of a sensing controller 135 transferring a sensing task based on a sensing exception 552C at the first sensing entity 125A. The example of FIG. 5C is nearly the same as described with reference to FIG. 5B. While the examples of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B describe that the sensing entity that reports the sensing exception is the same sensing entity that will experience the sensing exception. FIG. 5C is provided to explain that the sensing exception report can be provided by any sensing entity -not necessarily the same sensing entity that will be deactivated by the sensing exception. For example, the first sensing entity 125A may have an undetected sensing exception 552C, or may be unaware that the sensing exception will occur. Meanwhile, the second sensing entity 125B (or the sensing controller 135) may predict the sensing exception based on its awareness of the ST, the environment objects, the measurements of the sensing signals 545, or other information. In the example, of FIG. 5C, the second sensing entity 125B may communicate the sensing exception report 561B to inform the sensing controller 135 about the sensing exception and request the sensing controller 135 to transfer the sensing operations of the first sensing entity 125A to a new sensing entity. Although not illustrated as a separate figure, in some cases, the sensing entity that communicates the sensing exception report may be a different sensing entity (not shown) not already performing sensing operations 440 for the sensing task.
[0112] FIG. 6A is a communication flow diagram 600A illustrating example operations of a first sensing entity 125A transferring a sensing task to a third sensing entity 125C. FIG. 6A is similar to FIG. 5A except that the sensing operations can be transferred without a sensing controller. In this example, the sensing entities can communicate protocol messages via an Xn interface or over-the-air interface directly without an intermediary sensing controller. The example scenario begins the same as described with reference to FIG. 5A. Based on a sensing exception 552A at the first sensing entity 125A (or a sensing exception 552B at the second sensing entity 125B) , the first sensing entity 125A can initiate actions (shown at block 660A) to transfer sensing operations from the first sensing entity 125A to the third sensing entity 125C.
[0113] In the example of FIG. 6A, the first sensing entity 125A communicates a sensing activation 662A to the third sensing entity 125C to activate sensing operations at the third sensing entity 125C. In some implementations, the third sensing entity 125C may acknowledge (not shown) the sensing activation 662A and begin sensing operations (e.g., sending sensing signals 685A) to replace the sensing signals 545 previously being transmitted by the first sensing entity 125A. The first sensing entity 125A can deactivate sensing operations 670 after transferring its sensing operations to the third sensing entity 125C.
[0114] In some implementations, the first sensing entity 125A may refrain from communicating the sensing activation 662A until the first sensing entity 125A can verify that the third sensing entity 125C is able to take over the sensing operations. For example, the first sensing entity 125A can communicate a sensing transfer request 661A to the third sensing entity 125C to indicate a request to transfer the sensing operations. The first sensing entity 125A may communicate the sensing activation 662A after receiving a sensing transfer response 663A from the third sensing entity 125C indicating that the third sensing entity 125C can perform the sensing operations. In some implementations, the sensing transfer request 661A, the sensing transfer response 663A, and / or the sensing activation 662A may be a new message associated with ISAC or sensing protocols specified for the network. In some implementations, an existing NE-to-NE, NE-to-UE, UE-to-NE, or UE-to-UE message can be modified or redefined to perform the functionality of the sensing transfer request 661A, the sensing transfer response 663A, and / or the sensing activation 662A.
[0115] After third sensing entity 125C receives the sensing activation 662A, the third sensing entity 125C may begin transmitting sensing signals 685A for the sensing task. At block 680A, the sensing task continues between the third sensing entity 125C and the second sensing entity 125. Block 680A can include sensing operations, such as the signal measurement 686 and sensing measurement reporting 688A for the sensing task (i.e., continuing the signal measurement 546 and sensing measurement reporting 548) .
[0116] FIG. 6B is a communication flow diagram 600B illustrating example operations of a second sensing entity transferring a sensing task to a third sensing entity when a sensing exception is detected at the second sensing entity. The scenario in FIG. 6A is similar to FIG. 6A, except that the second sensing entity 125B initiates the transfer (shown at block 660B) . The second sensing entity 125B communicates a sensing activation 662B to request the third sensing entity 125C to take over its sensing operations (i.e., the signal measurement 546) . In some implementations, the second sensing entity 125B communicates a sensing transfer request 661B and receives a sensing transfer response 663B before communicating the sensing activation 662B. At block 680B, the second sensing entity 125B performs the sensing operations (i.e., signal measurement 586A) to continue the sensing task based on a sensing exception that will prevent the second sensing entity 125B from continuing its sensing operations (i.e., the signal measurement 546) . The first sensing entity 125A may continue transmitting the same sensing signals 545 (or transmit different sensing signals 685) for the sensing task. Where the second sensing entity 125B was previously communicating sensing measurement reporting 548 for the sensing task, the third sensing entity 125C may communicate the sensing measurement reporting 688B since the third sensing entity 125C takes over the sensing operations of the second sensing entity 125B in FIG. 6B.
[0117] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating example sensing exceptions 752. The sensing exceptions shown in FIG. 7 are examples of sensing exceptions 150 (FIG. 1A) , 450 (FIG. 4) , 552A (FIGs. 5A, 6A, and 6B) , 552B (FIG. 5B) , and 552C (FIG. 5C) . The sensing exceptions 750A -750F may be detected or predicted by a first sensing entity and reported by the first sensing entity to a third entity (e.g., sensing controller or other sensing entity) . Alternatively, or additionally, the sensing exception 750A may be detected or predicted by the first sensing entity and reported to the second sensing entity. The second sensing entity may then report the sensing exception 750A to a third entity. The roles of the first and second sensing entities may be reversed from that described above.
[0118] An example sensing exception 750A is when a first sensing entity or a second sensing entity detects that the ST is out of range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity or when the ST moves out of the sensing range of a sensing entity that is performing sensing operations. For example, the ST may move to a location where the ST is no longer detected by the sensing entity.
[0119] An example sensing exception 750B is when a first sensing entity or second sensing entity determines that an ST is predicted to go out of range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity 750B. A sensing entity may predict that the ST will go out of range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity based on an analysis of movement data of the ST and / or the sensing entity.
[0120] An example sensing exception 750C is when a first sensing entity or a second sensing entity detects that the ST is leaving a cell associated with the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity. For example, a base station or TRP may detect that the ST is leaving a cell managed by the base station or TRP.
[0121] An example sensing exception 750D is when the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity is terminating the sensing task. As an example, a UE sensing entity may terminate a sensing task when a user of the UE turns the power off for the UE or places the UE into airplane mode.
[0122] An example sensing exception 750E is when the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity lacks at least one resource for performing one or more sensing operations of the sensing task. For example, the sensing entity may have a limited amount of processor, memory, bandwidth, or power to perform sensing operations.
[0123] An example sensing exception 750F is when an operating parameter of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity has crossed a threshold value. For example, a sensing entity may detect a sensing exception when a battery charge level drops below a threshold level, when the temperature of the sensing entity rises above a threshold level, or when the processor or memory resources used by a sensing task exceed a threshold level. As another example, the operating parameter can be based on the quantity of UEs camping on a cell in which one or more sensing tasks are being performed.
[0124] FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating example sensing assistance information 865. Target position 867A may indicate a two-dimensional or three-dimensional position of the ST. In some aspects, the target position 867A may be an actual target position based on sensing data obtained by a one or more sensing entities. In some aspects, the target position 867A may be a predicted target position 867A based on sensing data and a model such as a machine learning model or a mathematical model.
[0125] RSRP RSSI 867B may indicate a received signal reference power (RSRP) and / or received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one or more sensing signals (e.g., sensing signals 145 or 185 of FIG. 1A) .
[0126] Last measured power delay profile 867C may indicate the received sensing signal power against a time delay of different multipath components thereby indicating how much power is arriving at different times. The last measured power delay profile 867C may be based on the most recently received multipath component.
[0127] Delay / distance from sensing entity to ST 867D may indicate a calculated delay of a sensing signal reflected off of an ST or a calculated distance from the sensing entity to the ST based on a sensing signal reflected off of the ST.
[0128] Speed / doppler 867E may indicate a speed of the moving target and / or a doppler speed relative to the sensing entity. In some aspects, the speed or doppler speed may be an actual speed or doppler speed as measured by a sensing entity. In some aspects, the speed or doppler speed may be a predicted speed or doppler speed as calculated by the sensing entity based on a mathematical or machine learning model. In some aspects, the speed may be a macro speed. In some aspects, the speed may be a micro speed.
[0129] Radar cross section components 867F may include indictors of one or more radar cross section components. A radar cross section component may be a measure of how easily a target can be detected by measuring sensing signals. A radar cross section may be an indicator of square meters (m2) or decibels relative to a square meter, among others.
[0130] Moving direction 867G may be an indicator of a direction that the ST is moving. In some aspects, the moving direction may be a last measured moving direction. In some aspects, the moving direction may be a predicted moving direction based on sensing data and a model such as a machine learning model or a mathematical model.
[0131] Acceleration 867H may be an indicator of the acceleration of the ST. In some aspects, the acceleration may be a measured acceleration of the ST. In some aspects, the acceleration may be a predicted acceleration based on sensing data and a model such as a machine learning model or a mathematical model.
[0132] Time-stamp 867I may be an indicator of one or more times that apply to the assistance information. In some aspects, a time-stamp 867I may be applicable to the assistance information as a whole. In some aspects, there may be separate time-stamps that apply to individual components of the example sensing assistance information 865.
[0133] Confidence level 867J may indicate one or more confidence levels associated with a measured or predicted value of a component of the example sensing assistance information 865.
[0134] ST type 867K indicates a type associated with the ST. Examples of ST types include vehicle, human, robot, or drone, among others.
[0135] Angles / angular region 867L indicates an angle or angular region between the sensing entity and the ST.
[0136] ST ID 867M indicates an identifier (ID) associated with the ST. The ST ID 867M may be used to distinguish among STs in the case that there are multiple candidate STs for the sensing entity.
[0137] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example sensing configuration 926. The example sensing configuration 926 may be an implementation of one or more of the sensing configurations 426A, 426B, and 426C of FIGs. 4, 5A-5C, 6A, and 6B. The sensing configuration information shown in FIG. 9 and described below are only examples, and some information fields may be added, omitted, or modified.
[0138] Sensing resource (s) 902 may indicate one or more time and / or frequency resources that the network entity or sensing entity is to use for performing sensing operations. Examples of such resources include slots and symbols allocated for sensing purposes. Various characteristics of the resources may be indicated. Examples of such characteristics include resource element (RE) start, RE last, resource block (RB) start, RB last, RB length, RE length, REs / RBs bitmap, groups of RBs, RE start reference, and RB start reference, among others.
[0139] Sensing reference signals 903 may indicate sensing pattern (s) / grid (s) , symbols and / or slots allocated for the sensing reference signals, specific RE (s) , RB (s) , symbols, or slots that are not available for the resource mapping or should be punctured for the sensing reference signal resources (e.g., time and resource location for one or multiple SSBs, time and frequency location for LTE cell-specific reference signal (CRS) for one or multiple cells or physical cell identifiers, and the like) , symbols, slots, subframes, and / or frames that are not available for the sensing reference signal (e.g., cell discontinuous transmission (DTX) , discontinuous reception (DRX) , and / or active / inactive period information) .
[0140] DTX / DRX information 904 may include DTX / DRX information associated with the sensing entities served by a network entity.
[0141] Sensing power control information 905 may include one or more parameters related to transmission power during sensing operations. Examples of such parameters include transmission power or power offset between the sensing reference signal and another signal (e.g., SSB) and the transmission power of the signal (e.g., SSB) .
[0142] Sensing resource periodicity 906 may indicate the periodicity of the sensing resource (s) 902 when the sensing mode is configured for periodic sensing. Sensing periodicity may be indicated in terms of time (e.g., milliseconds) , slots, subframes, symbols, and the like.
[0143] Sensing duration 907 may indicate the duration of sensing operations. In some aspects, the sensing duration may be specified in milliseconds. In some aspects, the sensing duration may be specified as a number of frames, subframes, slots, or symbols.
[0144] Sensing start offset 908 indicates the time offset from a reference point to the start of the sensing operation. The offset may be specified in units of slots symbols, milli-seconds, subframes, or frames.
[0145] Sensing time reference 909 may indicate a common time reference for synchronization between network entities or sensing entities (e.g., a specific system frame number (SFN) ) .
[0146] Sensing frequency reference 910 may indicate a lowest RB in the uplink BWP or the lowest RB in the uplink subband full duplex (SBFD) subband.
[0147] Sensing carriers, BWPs, and beams 911 may indicate one or more carriers, BWPs, and beams on which sensing is supported and / or activated.
[0148] Sensing mode 912 may indicate the sensing mode for the sensing operations (e.g., Bi-static TRP-to-TRP among others) .
[0149] Sensing task 913 may indicate the task associated with the sensing operations (e.g., object detection, localization, environmental monitoring, and the like) .
[0150] Activation / deactivation information 914 includes information to turn sensing on or off. In some aspects, the information may be a bit or other value whose value indicates on or off. In some aspects, the activation / deactivation information 914 may include conditions or rules for turning sensing on or off.
[0151] Sensing measurement periodicity 915 may indicate how often the sensing measurements should be taken and reported. In some aspects, the units of the periodicity may be slots, symbols, milli-seconds, subframes, or frames.
[0152] Antenna port (s) 916 may indicate one or multiple antenna ports to be used for the sensing operation.
[0153] Sensing / communication priorities 917 may indicate the priorities of the sensing and / or communication. As examples, the priorities may include one or more of a priority of sensing mode (s) , a priority of sensing vs. communication (e.g., when sensing overlaps communication in time and / or frequency) among others.
[0154] Cell ID 918 indicates a cell ID of the first cell that is associated with the first sensing configuration: In some aspects, the cell ID may be a cell global identity (CGI) or a physical cell identity (PCI) .
[0155] Location information 919 may indicate a location information of the network entity or sensing entity transmitting the sensing reference signal. In some aspects, the location may be specified as geographical coordinates for the network entity or sensing entity. In some aspects, the location may be specified as an absolute or relative location for at least one antenna port for the sensing reference signals.
[0156] Beam information 920 may indicate beam information for the sensing reference signals. For example, the beam information 920 may include one or more of an azimuth angle, zenith angle and relative power for the sensing reference signals.
[0157] Sensing RS priority 921 may indicate a priority for the sensing reference signals. For example, the priority may indicate whether the priority for the sensing based on sensing reference signals is higher or lower than other non-sensing traffic.
[0158] Carrier phase information 922 may indicate a carrier phase for the sensing reference signals.
[0159] In some aspects, one or more of the configuration parameters above may have an information indicating that the parameter is specific to a particular sensing device served by the network entity.
[0160] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an example sensing report configuration. In some aspects, the example sensing report configuration 1048 may include one or more of the following parameters.
[0161] Distance / range 1002 may indicate an estimated distance of the sensed target to the receiving TRP.
[0162] Doppler / speed 1003 may indicate one or more velocity measurements associated with an ST.
[0163] Angles 1004 may indicate angle of arrival / departure information of the ST.
[0164] RSSI 1005 may indicate a measure of received power of the sensing signals.
[0165] RSRP 1006 may indicate the power of the received sensing reference signals.
[0166] Delay 1007 may indicate one or more propagation delays of the sensing signals.
[0167] Space coordinates 1008 may indicate a location estimate of the ST.
[0168] Time stamps 1009 may indicate timing information for measurements of the sensing signals or the generation of the sensing results based on the sensing signals.
[0169] LOS / NLOS 1010 may indicate a line-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) state or probability between the ST and a network entity or sensing entity.
[0170] Carrier phase 1011 may indicate a measured carrier phase for the sensing reference signals.
[0171] Measurement quality 1012 may indicate a quality of the measurement of the sensing signals. In some aspects, the measurement quality may be a maximum, minimum, or average measurement error. In some aspects, the measurement quality 1012 may be a confidence level for at least one of the measurement results. In some aspects, the measurement quality 1012 may be a SINR of the received sensing reference signals.
[0172] Power delay profile (PDP) 1013 may indicate timing and power for one or multiple paths or samples of the reference signals.
[0173] Channel impulse response 1014 may indicate the power loss or other channel characteristic of the received sensing signals over time.
[0174] Task / mode specific parameters 1015 may include parameters that may depend on a specific sensing task, sensing mode, or sensing configuration.
[0175] Sensing reporting start offset 1016 may indicate a starting offset for reporting sensing data. For example, the sensing reporting start offset 1016 may be an offset from when the sensing report is triggered. The offset may be indicated in terms of time (e.g., milliseconds) , slots, subframes, symbols, and the like.
[0176] Sensing reporting formats 1017 may indicate a format for reporting sensing data. Examples of formats include velocity, range, distance, doppler speed and / or direction, RSSI, RSRP, delay, space coordinates, timestamps, among others.
[0177] Sensing reporting periodicity 1018 may indicate a periodicity for periodic reporting of sensing data. The periodicity may be indicated terms of time (e.g., milliseconds) , slots, subframes, symbols, and the like.
[0178] FIG. 11 through FIG. 15 illustrate example operations of a sensing entity, sensing controller, SF, or other sensing device implementing ISAC features. Although the example flow diagrams depict a particular sequence of operations, the sequence may be altered without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, some of the operations depicted may be performed in parallel or in a different sequence that does not materially affect the function of the routine. In other examples, different components of an example device or system that implements the routine may perform functions at substantially the same time or in a specific sequence.
[0179] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram 1101 illustrating example operations of a sensing entity. The sensing entity may be an implementation of, for example, the any of the sensing entities 125A, 125B, or 125C of FIGs. 1A-1B, or the TRP 225A or 225B of FIGs. 2A-2G, or the sensing entities 325A, 325B, or 325C of FIGs. 3A-3D.
[0180] At block 1140, the first sensing entity transmits sensing signals to a second sensing entity for a sensing task associated with an ST. At block 1150, the first sensing entity may detect a sensing exception based on movement of either the ST or the first sensing entity. At block 1161, the first sensing entity may report the sensing exception to a sensing controller, the second sensing entity, or a third sensing entity. At block 1160, the first sensing entity coordinates with the sensing controller or a third sensing entity to transfer sensing operations for the sensing task to the third sensing entity.
[0181] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram 1200 illustrating example operations of a sensing controller (such as the sensing controller 135 in this disclosure) . At block 1261, the sensing controller obtains an indication of a sensing exception for a sensing task. The sensing exception may be based on relative movement of a sensing target, a first sensing entity, or a second sensing entity associated with the sensing task. At block 1262, the sensing controller communicates, to a third sensing entity, a sensing activation for one or more sensing operations of the sensing task.
[0182] FIG. 13 is another flow diagram 1300 illustrating example operations of a sensing controller. At block 1340, the sensing controller coordinates a sensing task using a first sensing entity in a RAN and a second sensing entity in the RAN. At block 1361, the sensing controller obtains an indication of a sensing exception at the first or second sensing entity. At block 1362, the sensing controller communicates, to a third sensing entity in the RAN, a sensing activation for one or more sensing operations of the sensing task based on the sensing exception
[0183] FIG. 14 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations of a third sensing entity taking over the operations of a sensing task. At block 1462, the sensing entity receives a sensing activation based on a sensing exception for a sensing task. At block 1465, the sensing entity receives from a sensing entity or a sensing controller, at least one of a sensing configuration or sensing assistance information for the sensing task. At block 1480, the sensing entity performs one or more sensing operations to continue or resume the sensing task.
[0184] FIG. 15 is another flow diagram illustrating example operations of a sensing entity. For clarity, the operations are described as being performed by a first sensing entity, but may be performed by any of the sensing entities described in this disclosure. At block 1540, the first sensing entity communicates with a second sensing entity using resources in a RAN to perform a sensing task. At block 1550, the first sensing entity detects a sensing exception associated with either itself or the second sensing entity. At block 1560, the first sensing entity performs at least one action to transfer sensing operations to continue the sensing task. Example actions in block 1560 are shown in blocks 1561, 1562, and 1565.
[0185] In one example, shown at block 1561, the first sensing entity reports the sensing exception to a sensing controller or a third sensing entity in the RAN. For example, the first sensing entity may communicate a sensing exception report or other message to indicate the sensing exception.
[0186] In another example, shown at block 1562, the first sensing entity communicates, with a third sensing entity in the RAN, a sensing activation to participate in the sensing task based on the sensing exception. For example, the first sensing entity may communicate the sensing activation to the third sensing entity via a direct interface or via a sensing controller.
[0187] In some implementations, shown at block 1565, the first sensing entity transmits to the third sensing entity, sensing assistance information associated with at least one of a sensing target, the first sensing entity, or the second sensing entity.
[0188] FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating example configurations of a network entity 1604 and a device 1602. Note that the depicted hardware configurations represent the processing components (e.g., a processing system) and communication components (e.g., a communication unit) of a network entity 1604 (such as the first sensing entity 125A, 125B, 225A, or 225B described herein) and a device 1602 (such as UE 122 described herein) . The depicted hardware configurations may omit certain components well-understood to be frequently implemented in such electronic devices, such as displays, peripherals, power supplies, and the like.
[0189] The device 1602 includes antennas 1603A, a radio frequency front end (RF front end) 1603B and radio-frequency transceivers (e.g., an LTE transceiver 1603D and a 5G NR transceiver 1603C) for communicating with the network entity 1604. The RF front end 1603B includes one or more modems configured for the corresponding RAT (s) employed (for example, 3GPP 5G NR or 6G) , one or more analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , one or more digital-to-analog converters (DACs) , signal processors, and the like. In the example illustrated in FIG. 16 the RF front end 1603B of the device 1602 may couple or connect the 5G NR transceiver 1603C to the antennas 1603A to facilitate various types of wireless communication. The RF front end 1603B operates, in effect, as a physical (PHY) transceiver interface to conduct and process signaling between the one or more processor (s) 1603E and antennas 1603A so as to facilitate various types of wireless communication.
[0190] The antennas 1603A of the device 1602 include an array of multiple antennas that may be tuned to one or more frequency bands associated with a corresponding RAT. The antennas 1603A and the RF front end 1603B are tuned to, and / or be tunable to, one or more frequency bands defined by the 3GPP 5G NR communication standards and implemented by the 5G NR transceiver 1603C. Additionally, the antennas 1603A, the RF front end 1603B, and / or the 5G NR transceiver 1603C may be configured to support beamforming for the transmission and reception of communications with the network entity 1604. By way of example and not limitation, the antennas 1603A and the RF front end 1603B may be implemented for operation in sub-gigahertz bands, sub-6 GHz bands, and / or above 6 GHz bands that are defined by the 3GPP LTE and 5G NR communication standards.
[0191] The device 1602 also includes processor (s) 1603E and computer-readable storage media (CRM) 1603F. The processor (s) 1603E may include, for example, one or more central processing units, graphics processing units (GPUs) , or other application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , and the like. To illustrate, the processor (s) 1603E may include an application processor (AP) utilized by the device 1602 to execute controller functions, an operating system, or various applications, as well as one or more processors utilized by modems or a baseband processor of the RF front end 1603B. The CRM 1603F may include any suitable memory or storage device such as random-access memory (RAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , Flash memory, solid-state drive (SSD) or other mass-storage devices, and the like useable to store one or more sets of executable software instructions and associated data that manipulate the one or more processor (s) 1603E and other components of the device 1602 to perform the various functions described herein and attributed to the device 1602. The sets of executable software instructions include, for example, an operating system (OS) and various drivers (not shown) , and various software applications (not shown) , which are executable by processor (s) 1603E to enable user-plane communication, control-plane signaling, and user interaction with the device 1602.
[0192] Turning to the hardware of the network entity 1604, it is noted that although FIG. 16 illustrates an implementation of the network entity 1604 as a single network node (for example, a 5G NR Node B, or “gNB” ) , the functionality, and thus the hardware components, of the network entity 1604 instead may be distributed across multiple network nodes or devices and may be distributed in a manner to perform the functions described herein. As one example, the functionality of network entity 1604 may be distributed across a radio unit (RU) , distributed unit (DU) , or central unit (CU) .
[0193] The network entity 1604 includes antennas 1605A, a radio frequency front end (RF front end) 1605B, and one or more 5G NR transceivers 1605C for communicating with the device 1602. The RF front end 1605B of the network entity 1604 may couple or connect the 5G NR transceivers 1605C to the antennas 1605A to facilitate various types of wireless communication. Similar to RF front end 1603B, the RF front end 1605B includes one or more modems, one or more ADCs, one or more DACs, and the like. RF front end 1605B receives the one or more RF signals, for example, RF signals from device 1602, and pre-processes the one or more RF signals to generate data from the RF signals that are provided as input to processes and / or applications executing on network entity 1604. This pre-processing may include, for example, power amplification, conversion of band-pass signaling to baseband signaling, initial analog-to-digital conversion, and the like.
[0194] The antennas 1605A of the network entity 1604 may be configured individually and / or as one or more arrays of multiple antennas. The antennas 1605A and the RF front end 1605B may be tuned to, and / or be tunable to, one or more frequency band defined by the 3GPP 5G NR communication standards, and implemented by the 5G NR transceivers 1605C. Additionally, the antennas 1605A, the RF front end 1605B, and the 5G NR transceivers 1605C may be configured to support beamforming, such as Massive-MIMO, for the transmission and reception of communications with the device 1602.
[0195] The network entity 1604 also includes processor (s) 1605D and computer-readable storage media (CRM) 1605E. In some aspects, the CRM 1605E may include one or more sensing config (s) 1634. The sensing config (s) 1634 may include the example sensing configuration 926 of FIG. 9, or the example sensing report configuration 1048 of FIG. 10, among others.
[0196] The processor (s) 1605D may include, for example, one or more central processing units, graphics processing units (GPUs) , or other application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , and the like. To illustrate, the processor (s) 1605D may include an application processor (AP) utilized by the network entity 1604 to execute an operating system and various user-level software applications, as well as one or more processors utilized by modems or a baseband processor of the RF front end 1605B to enable communication with the device 1602. In at least some aspects, the processor (s) 1605D configures the 5G NR transceiver (s) 1605C for communication with the device 1602, transmission and reception points (TRPs) , and radio units via fronthaul interface 1607A, as well as communication with a core network. In some aspects, the network entity 1604 includes an inter-network entity interface 1607B, such as an Xn and / or X2 interface, which the processor (s) 1605D configures to exchange user-plane and control-plane data with another network entity, to manage the communication of the network entity 1604 with the device 1602. The network entity 1604 includes a core network interface 1607C that the processor (s) 1605D configures to exchange user-plane and control-plane data with core network functions and entities.
[0197] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. While the aspects of the disclosure have been described in terms of various examples, any combination of aspects from any of the examples is also within the scope of the disclosure. The examples in this disclosure are provided for pedagogical purposes. Alternatively, or in addition to the other examples described herein, examples include any combination of the following enumerated example implementation options (referred to as clauses for clarity) .
[0198] Clause 1: A method for integrated sensing and communication by a sensing controller (135) , comprising: coordinating a sensing task using a first sensing entity (125A, 125A) in a radio access network, RAN, (120) and a second sensing entity (125B, 125B) in the RAN; obtaining an indication of a sensing exception (552A, 552B) at the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity; and communicating, with a third sensing entity (125C) in the RAN, a sensing activation (462.562, 562) to participate in the sensing task based on the sensing exception.
[0199] Clause 2: The method of clause 1, wherein the indication of the sensing exception indicates at least one of: a sensing target is out of range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity; the sensing target is predicted to go out of range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity; the sensing target is leaving a cell associated with the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity; the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity is terminating one or more sensing operations of the sensing task; the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity lacks at least one resource for performing the one or more sensing operations of the sensing task; or an operating parameter of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity has crossed a threshold value.
[0200] Clause 3: The method of clause 1 or 2, wherein the obtaining the indication of the sensing exception includes at least one of: detecting the sensing exception; or receiving the indication of the sensing exception from at least one of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity.
[0201] Clause 4: The method of clause 3, wherein the receiving the indication of the sensing exception includes receiving the indication via one or more of: an Xn interface; an F1 interface; radio resource control (RRC) signaling; downlink control information (DCI) ; uplink control information (UCI) ; a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; or a sidelink control information (SCI) .
[0202] Clause 5: The method of any one of clauses 1 to 4, further comprising transmitting, to the third sensing entity, sensing assistance information associated with at least one of a sensing target, the first sensing entity, the second sensing entity, or a sensing environment.
[0203] Clause 6: The method of clause 5, wherein the sensing assistance information includes one or more of: a 2-dimensional (2D) position coordinate, a 3-dimensional (3D) position coordinate, a sensing signal characteristic, a power delay profile, at least one of a delay or distance from a sensing transmission entity (STX) to the sensing target, at least one of a delay or distance from a sensing receiver entity (SRX) to the sensing target, a speed of the sensing target, doppler information for the sensing target, one or more sensing target radar cross section (RCS) components, a sensing target moving direction, a sensing target acceleration, time-stamp information associated with one or more elements of the sensing assistance information, a confidence level associated with the one or more elements of the sensing assistance information, a sensing target type, or a sensing target identifier (ID) .
[0204] Clause 7: The method of any one of clauses 1 to 6, further comprising communicating a sensing deactivation to at least one of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity.
[0205] Clause 8: The method of clause 7, wherein the communicating the sensing deactivation includes at least one of: transmitting, to the first sensing entity, a first indication that the first sensing entity is to deactivate the second sensing entity; transmitting, to the second sensing entity, a second indication indicating that the second sensing entity is to deactivate the first sensing entity; or deactivating at least one of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity.
[0206] Clause 9: The method of any one of clauses 1 to 8, further comprising transmitting a recommended sensing configuration to the third sensing entity.
[0207] Clause 10: The method of any one of clauses 1 to 9, wherein at least one of the first sensing entity, the second sensing entity, or the third sensing entity is at least one of: a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, a sensing function, a user equipment (UE) , a transmission / reception point (TRP) , a base station, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) node, or a distributed unit (DU) .
[0208] Clause 11: A method for integrated sensing and communication by a first sensing entity (125A, 125A) , comprising: communicating with a second sensing entity (125B, 125B) , using resources in a radio access network (RAN) , to perform a sensing task; detecting (552A) a sensing exception associated with the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity; and performing at least one of: reporting the sensing exception to a sensing controller or a third sensing entity in the RAN, communicating, with a third sensing entity in the RAN, a sensing activation to participate in the sensing task based on the sensing exception, or transmitting, to the third sensing entity, sensing assistance information associated with at least one of a sensing target, the first sensing entity, or the second sensing entity.
[0209] Clause 12: The method of clause 11, further comprising communicating sensing deactivation a sensing deactivation to the second sensing entity.
[0210] Clause 13: The method of clause 11, further comprising receiving, from the sensing controller, an indication to deactivate the second sensing entity.
[0211] Clause 14: The method of clause 11, further comprising: calculating a trajectory of the sensing target; and reporting the trajectory to at least one of the second sensing entity or the third sensing entity.
[0212] Clause 15: The method of clause 14, further comprising receiving, from a fourth sensing entity, information associated with the sensing target; wherein the calculating the trajectory of the sensing target includes calculating the trajectory of the sensing target based, at least in part, on the information associated with sensing target.
[0213] Clause 16: The method of clause 11, wherein the first sensing entity is at least one of:a sensing transmitter, a sensing controller, a sensing receiver, a sensing function, a user equipment (UE) , a transmission / reception point (TRP) , a base station, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) node, or a distributed unit (DU) .
[0214] Clause 17: An apparatus, comprising: a communication unit; and a processing system configured to control the communication unit to implement any one of the methods of any one of claims 1 to 16.
[0215] As used herein, the terms “component, “module, ” and “unit” are intended to be broadly construed as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. As used herein, a processor is implemented in hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. As used herein, the phrase “based on” is intended to be broadly construed to mean “based at least in part on. ”
[0216] Some aspects are described herein in connection with thresholds. As used herein, satisfying a threshold may refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, or the like.
[0217] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” or “one or more of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. For example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover the possibilities of: a only, b only, c only, a combination of a and b, a combination of a and c, a combination of b and c, and a combination of a and b and c.
[0218] In this disclosure, the term "can" indicates a capability, or alternatively indicates a possible implementation option. The term "may" indicates a permission or a possible implementation option.
[0219] The various illustrative components, logic, logical blocks, modules, circuits, operations and algorithm processes described in connection with the implementations disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, firmware, software, or combinations of hardware, firmware or software, including the structures disclosed in this specification and the structural equivalents thereof. The interchangeability of hardware, firmware and software has been described generally, in terms of functionality, and illustrated in the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits and processes described above. Whether such functionality is implemented in hardware, firmware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0220] The hardware and data processing apparatus used to implement the various illustrative components, logics, logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with processing circuitry, examples of which include a general purpose single-or multi-chip processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, or any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor also may be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. In some implementations, particular processes, operations and methods may be performed by circuitry that is specific to a given function.
[0221] As described above, in some aspects implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as software. For example, various functions of components disclosed herein, or various blocks or steps of a method, operation, process or algorithm disclosed herein can be implemented as one or more modules of one or more computer programs. Such computer programs can include non-transitory processor-or computer-executable instructions encoded on one or more tangible processor-or computer-readable storage media for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus including the components of the devices described herein. By way of example, and not limitation, such storage media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that may be used to store program code in the form of instructions or data structures. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of storage media. When implemented in software, the techniques can be provided as part of the operating system, a library used by multiple applications, a particular software application, etc. The software can be executed by one or more general-purpose processors or one or more special-purpose processors.
[0222] As used herein, the terms “user device” , “user equipment” (for example, UE 122) , “wireless communication device” , “mobile communication device” , “communication device” , or “mobile device” refer to any one or all of cellular telephones, smartphones, portable computing devices, personal or mobile multi-media players, laptop computers, tablet computers, smartbooks, Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, palm-top computers, wireless electronic mail receivers, multimedia Internet enabled cellular telephones, wireless gaming controllers, display sub-systems, driver assistance systems, vehicle controllers, vehicle system controllers, vehicle communication system, infotainment systems, vehicle telematics systems or subsystems, vehicle display systems or subsystems, vehicle data controllers, point-of-sale (POS) terminals, health monitoring devices, drones, cameras, media-streaming dongles or another personal media devices, wearable devices such as smartwatches, wireless hotspots, femtocells, broadband routers or other types of routers, and similar electronic devices which include processing circuitry such as a programmable processor and memory and circuitry configured to perform operations as described herein. Further, the user device in some cases may be embedded in an electronic system such as the head unit of a vehicle or an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) . Still further, a mobile-internet device (MID) . Depending on the type, the user device can include one or more general-purpose processors, a computer-readable memory, a user interface, one or more network interfaces, one or more sensors, etc.
[0223] Various modifications to the implementations described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to persons having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and the novel features disclosed herein.
[0224] Additionally, various features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. As such, although features may be described above as acting in particular combinations, and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.
[0225] Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Further, the drawings may schematically depict one or more example processes in the form of a flowchart or flow diagram. However, other operations that are not depicted can be incorporated in the example processes that are schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the illustrated operations. In some circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.
Claims
1.A method for integrated sensing and communication by a sensing controller (135) , comprising:coordinating a sensing task using a first sensing entity (125A) in a radio access network, RAN, (120) and a second sensing entity (125B) in the RAN;obtaining an indication of a sensing exception (150, 450, 452A, 452B, 453, 552A, 552B, 552C, 752) at the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity; andcommunicating, with a third sensing entity (125C) in the RAN, a sensing activation (462, 562, 662A, 662B) to participate in the sensing task based on the sensing exception.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the indication of the sensing exception indicates at least one of:a sensing target is out of range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity;the sensing target is predicted to go out of range of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity;the sensing target is leaving a cell associated with the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity;the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity is terminating one or more sensing operations of the sensing task;the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity lacks at least one resource for performing the one or more sensing operations of the sensing task; oran operating parameter of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity has crossed a threshold value.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the obtaining the indication of the sensing exception includes at least one of:detecting the sensing exception; orreceiving the indication of the sensing exception from at least one of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the receiving the indication of the sensing exception includes receiving the indication via one or more of:an Xn interface;an F1 interface;radio resource control (RRC) signaling;downlink control information (DCI) ;uplink control information (UCI) ;a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) ; ora sidelink control information (SCI) .5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising transmitting, to the third sensing entity, sensing assistance information (465, 865) associated with at least one of a sensing target, the first sensing entity, the second sensing entity, or a sensing environment.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the sensing assistance information includes one or more of:a 2-dimensional (2D) position coordinate,a 3-dimensional (3D) position coordinate,a sensing signal characteristic,a power delay profile,at least one of a delay or distance from a sensing transmitter entity (STX) to the sensing target,at least one of a delay or distance from a sensing receiver entity (SRX) to the sensing target,a speed of the sensing target,doppler information for the sensing target,one or more sensing target radar cross section (RCS) components,a sensing target moving direction,a sensing target acceleration,time-stamp information associated with one or more elements of the sensing assistance information,a confidence level associated with the one or more elements of the sensing assistance information,a sensing target type, ora sensing target identifier (ID) .7.The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising communicating a sensing deactivation (464A, 464B, 564A, 564B) to at least one of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the communicating the sensing deactivation includes at least one of:transmitting, to the first sensing entity, a first indication that the first sensing entity is to deactivate the second sensing entity;transmitting, to the second sensing entity, a second indication indicating that the second sensing entity is to deactivate the first sensing entity; ordeactivating at least one of the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity.9.The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising transmitting a recommended sensing configuration to the third sensing entity.10.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein at least one of the first sensing entity, the second sensing entity, or the third sensing entity is at least one of:a sensing transmitter,a sensing receiver,a sensing function,a user equipment (UE) ,a transmission / reception point (TRP) ,a base station,a non-terrestrial network (NTN) node, ora distributed unit (DU) .11.A method for integrated sensing and communication by a first sensing entity (125A) , comprising:communicating with a second sensing entity (125B) , using resources in a radio access network, RAN, (120) to perform a sensing task;detecting a sensing exception (150, 450, 452A, 452B, 453, 552A, 552B, 552C, 752) associated with the first sensing entity or the second sensing entity; andperforming at least one of:reporting the sensing exception to a sensing controller (135) or a third sensing entity (125C) ) in the RAN,communicating, with a third sensing entity in the RAN, a sensing activation (462, 562, 662A, 662B) to participate in the sensing task based on the sensing exception, ortransmitting, to the third sensing entity, sensing assistance information (465, 865) associated with at least one of a sensing target, the first sensing entity, or the second sensing entity.12.The method of claim 11, further comprising communicating a sensing deactivation (464A, 464B, 564A, 564B) to the second sensing entity.13.The method of claim 11, further comprising receiving, from the sensing controller, an indication to deactivate the second sensing entity.14.The method of claim 11, further comprising:calculating a trajectory of the sensing target; andreporting the trajectory to at least one of the second sensing entity or the third sensing entity.15.The method of claim 14, further comprising receiving, from a fourth sensing entity, information associated with the sensing target;wherein the calculating the trajectory of the sensing target includes calculating the trajectory of the sensing target based, at least in part, on the information associated with sensing target.16.The method of claim 11, wherein the first sensing entity is at least one of:a sensing transmitter,a sensing controller,a sensing receiver,a sensing function,a user equipment (UE) ,a transmission / reception point (TRP) ,a base station,a non-terrestrial network (NTN) node, ora distributed unit (DU) .17.An apparatus, comprising:a communication unit; anda processing system configured to control the communication unit to implement any one of the methods of any one of claims 1 to 16.