Device positioning with reference unit
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/085959
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images

Figure CN2025085959_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICE POSITIONING WITH REFERENCE UNITFIELD
[0001] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communications, and in particular, to a terminal device, a network device, apparatuses, methods and a computer-readable storage medium for device positioning with reference unit (s) .BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network.
[0003] Such communication networks operate in according with standards such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) .SUMMARY
[0004] In general, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for device positioning with at least one reference unit, specifically for ambient internet of things (AIOT) device positioning with at least one reference unit.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a first terminal device. The first terminal device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first terminal device at least to: receive from a first network device a positioning triggering message; and transmit a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a second terminal device. The second terminal device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second terminal device at least to: receive, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; and transmit to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a first network device. The first network device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network device at least to: transmitting, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; means for receiving from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; means for receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; and means for determining position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a first network device. The first network device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network device at least to: transmit, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device; transmit, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; and transmit, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, and the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a second network device. The second network device comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second network device at least to: receive, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message; receive, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and transmit, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, and the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a network entity. The network entity comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network entity at least to: receive, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, and the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device; receive, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, and the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; and determine a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a method performed by a first terminal device. The method comprises: receiving from a first network device a positioning triggering message; and transmitting a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method performed by a second terminal device. The method comprises: receiving, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; and transmitting to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a method performed by a first network device. The method comprises: transmitting, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; receiving from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; and determining position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.
[0014] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a method performed by a first network device. The method comprises: transmitting, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device; transmitting, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; and transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, and the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided a method performed by a second network device. The method comprises: receiving, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message; receiving, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, and the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0016] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided a method implemented by a network entity. The method comprises: receiving, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, and the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device; receiving, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, and the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; and determining a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0017] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a first terminal device. The apparatus comprises: means for receiving from a first network device a positioning triggering message; and means for transmitting a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0018] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a second terminal device. The apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; and means for transmitting to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0019] In a fifteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a first network device. The apparatus comprises: means for transmitting, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; means for receiving from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; means for receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; and means for determining position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.
[0020] In a sixteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a first network device. The apparatus comprises: means for transmitting, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device; means for transmitting, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; and means for transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, and the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0021] In a seventeenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a second network device. The apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message; means for receiving, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and means for transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, and the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0022] In an eighteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus of a network entity. The apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, and the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device; means for receiving, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, and the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; and means for determining a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0023] In a nineteenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to seventh aspect to twelfth aspect.
[0024] In a twentieth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to perform at least the method according to seventh aspect to twelfth aspect.
[0025] In a twenty first aspect, there is provided a first terminal device. The first terminal device comprises: receiving circuitry configured to receive from a first network device a positioning triggering message; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0026] In a twenty second aspect, there is provided a second terminal device. The second terminal device comprises: receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; and means for transmitting to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0027] In a twenty third aspect, there is provided a first network device. The first network device comprises: transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; receiving circuitry configured to receive from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; receiving circuitry configured to receive, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; and determining circuitry configured to determine position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.
[0028] In a twenty fourth aspect, there is provided a first network device. The first network device comprises: first transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device; second transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; and third transmitting circuitry configured to, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, and the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0029] In a twenty fifth aspect, there is provided a second network device. The second network device comprises: first receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message; second receiving circuitry configured to receive, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, and the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0030] In twenty sixth aspect, there is provided a network entity. The network entity comprises: first receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, and the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device; second receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, and the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; and determining circuitry configured to determine a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0031] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] Some exemplary embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0033] Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a network environment in which some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0034] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling process for positioning a first terminal device with reference terminal devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0035] Fig. 3A illustrates an example signaling process for positioning a target device with reference terminal devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0036] Fig. 3B illustrates a signaling process of reference unit discovery in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0037] Fig. 3C illustrates a signaling process of positioning a target AIoT device with reference unit (s) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0038] Fig. 3D illustrates an example of mono-static positioning with reference unit (s) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0039] Fig. 3E illustrates a schematic view of triangulation mechanism of a reference unit 1, a target device, and a BS 1 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0040] Fig. 3F illustrates a deployment view of three reference units and the target device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0041] Fig. 4 illustrates an example signaling process for positioning a terminal device with reference network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0042] Fig. 5A illustrates an example signaling process for positioning a target device with reference base station (BS) / reader in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0043] Fig. 5B illustrates an example of bi-static positioning with reference unit in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0044] Fig. 5C illustrates a schematic view of triangulation mechanism of a BS1, a BS2 as a reference unit, and a target device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] Fig. 6 illustrates an example signaling process of AIoT tracking in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0046] Fig. 7A illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a first terminal device in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0047] Fig. 7B illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a second terminal device in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0048] Fig. 7C illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a first network device in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0049] Fig. 8A illustrates another flowchart of an example method implemented at a first network device in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0050] Fig. 8B illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a second network device in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0051] Fig. 8C illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a network entity in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0052] Fig. 9 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0053] Fig. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer-readable medium in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0054] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0055] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some exemplary embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0056] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0057] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0058] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0059] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0060] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) : (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (for example, firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0061] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0062] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0063] As used herein, the term “network device” (also referred to as “network node” ) refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.
[0064] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (for example, remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0065] Ambient internet-of-things (AIoT) devices refer to internet-of-things (IoT) devices powered by energy harvesting, making them either battery-less or equipped with limited energy storage capabilities (e.g., using a capacitor) . In certain use cases, it is required to position the AIoT devices (e.g., acquire / determine / track locations of the AIoT devices) . However, the AIoT devices are expected to have very limited capabilities, which make certain positioning methods unusable. For example, the AIoT device may not be able to receive multiple reference signals from multiple base stations and accordingly calculate / determine its location and / or respond signals / information associated with determining its location. In addition, the AIoT device may also be incapable of receiving multiple reference signals across different frequency bands (simultaneously) and / or performing frequency hopping for positioning its location. Furthermore, measurements for positioning the AIoT device may not be completed with a single transmission of the reference signal need to be repeated several times until the results are stabilized. The level of complexity may exceed the limited capabilities and processing power of the AIoT devices.
[0066] Thus, the present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for AIoT device positioning. More particularly, the present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses associated with positioning the AIoT devices which are unable to support advanced features (e.g., frequency hopping) due to hardware limitations. In addition, the present disclosure also provides some example embodiments where involving multiple gNBs or UEs to enable a triangulation mechanism for positioning is not feasible.
[0067] For illustrative purposes, principles and example embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to Figs. 1-10. However, it is to be noted that these embodiments are given to enable the skilled in the art to understand concepts of the present disclosure and implement the solution as proposed herein, and not intended to limit scope of the present disclosure in any way.
[0068] Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a network environment 100 in which some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. In the descriptions of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the network environment 100 may also be referred to as a communication system 100 (for example, a portion of a communication network) . For illustrative purposes only, various aspects of exemplary embodiments will be described in the context of one or more terminal devices and network devices that communicate with one another. It should be appreciated, however, that the description herein may be applicable to other types of apparatus or other similar apparatuses that are referenced using other terminology.
[0069] The first network device 102 may provide services to the terminal devices 101, 103, 105, and 107, respectively. Hereinafter, the terminal device 101 may be also referred as a first terminal device, and the terminal device 103, 105, or 107 may be also referred as a second terminal device. Further, the second network device 104 may also provide services to the first terminal device 101. In some embodiments, the terminal devices 101, 103, 105, and 107 may be AIoT devices (for example, AIoT tags) , and the first and second network devices 102 and 104 may be base stations (BS) or readers. The third network device or a network entity 106 may communicate with the first and second network devices 102 and 104, and the third network device 106 may be a location management function (LMF) entity, access and mobility management function (AMF) entity, an application function (AF) entity, a network exposure function (NEF) entity, an AIoT function entity, or the like. In the present disclosure, the network entity may refer to a (network) device comprising one or more network functions. The (network) device comprising a network function refers to a device / apparatus which performs and / or configured to perform functionalities of such network function. For example, the network entity 106 may refer to a (network) device / apparatus performs or configured to perform functionalities of at least one of the LMF, the AMF, the AF or the NEF.
[0070] Communications in the network environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the fourth generation (4G) and the fifth generation (5G) and on the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0071] It is to be understood that the number of devices and their connection relationships and types shown in Fig. 1 are for illustrative purposes only without suggesting any limitation. The communication system 100 may comprise any suitable number of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0072] Ambient IoT refers to IoT devices powered by energy harvesting, making them either battery-less or equipped with limited energy storage capabilities (e.g., using a capacitor) . Ambient IoT is necessary to complement IoT technologies like narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) , enhanced machine-type of communication (eMTC) and reduced capability NR (5G Reduced Capability, NR RedCap) as defined by 3GPP. It aims to cover additional use cases that demand more cost-effective, power-efficient, and particularly battery-less functionalities.
[0073] For example, the number of IoT devices is anticipated to be enormous in the future and the lifespans of them need to be very long (e.g., more than 5 years) . Charging or regularly replacing batteries for all these IoT devices would be impractical, considering the significant consumption of manpower and materials.
[0074] Some use cases leveraging Ambient IoT devices include: ID tags (replacing RFID with a wider range) ; sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity, etc. ) ; healthcare devices (Monitoring personal medical information) ; and logistics (Tracking objects) .
[0075] Components of the system architecture for Ambient IoT include: activator (or illuminator) , which sends an activation signal to wake up passive radios (AIoT devices) by providing energy that allows AIoT devices to transmit their messages; and reader (or receiver) , which listens and detects the passive radio signals. The reader may or may not be collocated with the activator.
[0076] Thus, AIoT devices (or radios) are IoT devices powered by energy harvesting. By incorporating AIoT technology into the IoT ecosystem, it may address various use cases while reducing the dependency on conventional power sources. Thus, AIoT support is popular topic to be discussed.
[0077] In some examples, the AIoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a base station (e.g., gNB) . The communication between the base station and the ambient IoT device includes AIoT data and / or signaling. The link between gNB and the AIoT device in downlink is referred to as R2D. The link between AIoT device and the gNB is referred to as D2R.
[0078] The AIoT device may also communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and base station. In this topology, the intermediate node can be a relay, integrated access and backhaul node (IAB) node, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of Ambient IoT. The intermediate node transfers Ambient IoT data and / or signaling between BS and the Ambient IoT device. The link between intermediate node and the AIoT device in downlink is referred to as R2D. The link between AIoT device and the intermediate node is referred to as D2R.
[0079] The study on architecture support of Ambient power-enabled Internet of Things addresses initial architectural enhancements and functionalities. However, multiple aspects remain to be addressed such as reader association, mobility management and roaming, configuration, positioning, and energy availability considerations. The present disclosure provides an architecture to support AIoT device positioning.
[0080] Hereinafter, an example signaling process 200 for positioning a first terminal device with reference terminal devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with referent to Fig. 2. For the purpose of discussion, the communication process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1. It would be appreciated that although the communication process 200 has been described referring to the network environment 100 of Fig. 1, this communication process 200 may be likewise applied to other similar communication scenarios.
[0081] As shown in Fig. 2, the first network device 102 transmits (205) a positioning triggering message to a first terminal device 101 and a plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107. In some examples, the positioning triggering message may be broadcasted or multi-casted to the first terminal device 101 and the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107. In some examples, the positioning triggering message may be unicasted respectively to the first terminal device 101 and the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107. The first terminal device 101 receives (210) the positioning triggering message, and the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 receive (215) the positioning triggering message. The first terminal device 101 transmits (220) a first response message without a measurement result to the first network device 102, and the first network device 102 receives (225) the first response message without the measurement result. That is to say, the first terminal device 101 does not need to handle (for example, perform measurement) the downlink signal (for example, positioning triggering message which targets the first terminal device) , and is triggered to make (e.g., backscatter) a response in response to this positioning triggering message.
[0082] The plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 also transmit (230) a plurality of second response messages without measurement results to the first network device 102, and the first network device 102 receives (235) the plurality of second response messages. In some embodiments, the second response message may comprise an indication of the first terminal device to which the positioning triggering message targets. That is to say, the second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 also do not need to handle (for example, perform measurement) the downlink signal (for example, positioning triggering message) , and are just triggered to make a response to this positioning triggering message and behave similarly to the first terminal device 101. Based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages, the first network device 102 determines (240) position information associated with positioning the first terminal device.
[0083] In some embodiments, the positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the first terminal device or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message for the first terminal device (for example, as a piggyback message) . In some embodiments, the positioning triggering message is capable of being received by the first terminal device and the plurality of second terminal devices with a single frequency or frequency band. That is the first terminal device only needs to listen signal from a single base station / transmitter / cell, and each of the plurality of second terminal devices also only needs to listen signal from the single base station / transmitter / cell.
[0084] Therefore, the first terminal device 101 and the second terminal device 103, 105, or 107 do not need to have the capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells. Specifically, the first terminal device 101 is not required to equip with the capability of (measuring its location by) receiving and / or responding multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells. Therefore, in some embodiments, the first terminal device and potentially the second terminal device can be an AIoT device that is unable to support advanced features like frequency hopping due to hardware limitations. In some other embodiments, the first terminal device and potentially the second terminal device can also be a UE having advanced features, but in positioning use case of the present disclosure, it may only listen signal from a single base station with a single frequency or frequency band.
[0085] The plurality of second terminal devices is used as reference units for positioning the first terminal device and certain information of the second terminal devices may be known to the first network device (and / or core network (e.g., LMF) ) . In some examples, there is a discovery procedure for discovering the plurality of second terminal devices. During the discovery procedure, the first network device 102 receives from a network entity (for example, the third network device or network entity 106) , a second terminal device discovery request, and transmits to the plurality of second terminal devices (for example, devices 103, 105, and 107 and the like) a discovery message, to configure the second terminal devices to respond the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device and / or to behave as the first terminal device.
[0086] In some embodiments, the discovery message comprises a broadcasting message, a uni-casting message including a list of preconfigured or predetermined reference unit identities associated with the plurality of second terminal devices, a message dedicated for discovery of the plurality of second terminal devices, or a combination thereof.
[0087] Next, the first network device 102 transmits a discovery result message to the network entity 106. The discovery result message may comprise the positions of the plurality of second terminal devices, statuses of the plurality of second terminal devices, reference unit identities of the plurality of second terminal devices, velocities of the plurality of second terminal devices, or combination thereof. The network entity 106 then may select, based on the received discovery result message, suitable second terminal device (s) (for example, some or all of device103, 105, and 107) that is used for positioning the first terminal device 101. In some examples, the configuration of the second terminal devices may be done after the selection. That is the first network device 102 may configure / handshake with only selected second terminal devices. In some examples, in order to position the first terminal device in high accuracy, at least three second terminal devices may be selected.
[0088] In some examples, the first network device 102 may determine the location of the first terminal device 101 itself (and reports / transmits the determined location to the corresponding network entity (e.g., LMF) ) . As an alternative or in addition, the first network device 102 may determine information associated with determining the location of the first terminal device 101 (and reports / transmits the determined information to the corresponding network entity (e.g., LMF) ) . For example, the position information, that is associated with positioning the first terminal device 101 and determined by the first network device 102, may comprise at least one of the following: a plurality of angles between a plurality of lines from the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 respectively to the first network device 102 and a line from the first network device 102 to the first terminal device 101; a first distance between the first network device 102 and the first terminal device 101 based on a first roundtrip time (RTT) from transmitting the positioning triggering message to receiving the first response message; the first RTT from transmitting the positioning triggering message to receiving the first response message; a plurality of second distances between the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 and the first network device 102 based on second RTTs from transmitting the positioning triggering message to respectively receiving the plurality of second response messages; the second RTTs from transmitting the positioning triggering message to respectively receiving the plurality of second response messages; a plurality of reference distances between the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 and the first terminal device 101 determined based on the plurality of angles, the first distance and the plurality of second distances; a position of the first terminal device 101 determined based on a plurality of locations of the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 and the plurality of reference distances; or any combination thereof.
[0089] In some examples, the first network device 102 may determine angles associated with positioning the first terminal device 101 using angle of arrival (AoA) measurements. Further details would be discussed in the following paragraphs.
[0090] In some embodiments, the first network device 102 further receives, from a network entity 106 (for example, an LMF) , a loCation service (LCS) request associated with the first terminal device 101; and after determining the position information, transmits, to the network entity106, the determined position information associated with positioning the first terminal device 101. In these embodiments, the LMF may determine the position of the first terminal device 101 based on the received position information.
[0091] Additionally, or alternatively, in some embodiments, the first network device 102 may determine the position of the first terminal device 101 based on a plurality of locations of the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 (which are pre-determined or pre-configured) and the plurality of determined reference distances, and the plurality of reference distances may be determined by the first network device 102 based on the plurality of angles, the first distance and the plurality of second distance. The plurality of angles may represent angles between a plurality of lines from the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 respectively to the first network device 102 and a line from the first network device 102 to the first terminal device 101, the first distance may represent a distance between the first network device 102 and the first terminal device 101 based on a first roundtrip time from transmitting the positioning triggering message to receiving the first response message, and the plurality of second distances may represent a plurality of distances between the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107 and the first network device 102 based on second roundtrip times from transmitting the positioning triggering message to respectively receiving the plurality of second response message.
[0092] In some embodiments, in order to periodically obtain / track the position of the first terminal device 101, the first network device 102 may periodically transmit, to the first terminal device 101 and the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107, the positioning triggering message; periodically receive, from the first terminal device 101, the first response message without the measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; and periodically receive, from the plurality of second terminal devices 103, 105, and 107, the plurality of second response messages without the measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message. Further, the first network device 102 may periodically transmit, to the network entity (for example, the third network device 106) , the determined position information for the LCS request. Alternatively, the first network device 102 may periodically determine the position of the first terminal device.
[0093] Based on the process 200, the first terminal device 101 only needs to listen signal from a single base station / transmitter / cell, and does not need to concurrently handle reference signals of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells. In other words, the first terminal device 101 does not need to, for example, determine its location and / or generate related information of positioning its location, and / or receive multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells. By using the second terminal devices as reference units, which are configured to behave similarly to the first terminal device and make response to the positioning triggering message and the positions of which may be pre-determined or pre-configured, the first network device 102 can determine the position information of the first terminal device 101, based on the received response message from the first terminal device 101 and the response messages from the second terminal device (s) 103, 105, and 107.
[0094] The present disclosure provides a mechanism to derive the location of the first terminal device (for example, AIoT device) using the reference units and the measurements are done in network device (for example, BS / reader end and / or LMF) instead of AIoT device side. Because the network device (for example, BS / reader end and / or LMF) performs measurements (for example, RTT & AoA estimations / measurements) , there is no need of complex processing at AIoT device side. Thus, the positioning process 200 of the first terminal device does not involve multiple gNBs and multiple sidelink-supporting UEs and does not require the AIoT devices to support frequency hopping, thereby rendering the lifespan of the terminal device long and reducing the cost thereof.
[0095] Fig. 3A illustrates an example signaling process for positioning a target device with reference terminal devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be appreciated that the AIoT device is an example of the first terminal device 101, the Ref. Unit is an example of the second terminal device 103, 105 or 107, and the BS / reader is an example of the first network device 102, and the AMF, LMF, AIoTF or NEF, or AF may be examples of the third network device 106.
[0096] As shown in Fig. 3A, at step 1, the AF transmits an AIoT positioning request to the AIoTF or NEF, and then then AIoTF or NEF forwards the AIoT positioning request to the LMF. For example, the AF can request the AIoTF via the NEF using an AIoT positioning request, to acquire the location of a target AIoT device. The request may include area of interest and target AIoT device ID. The AIoTF then selects an LMF based on the information provided by the AF and forwards the AIoT positioning request to the selected LMF. This request may include all the information received in the request from the AF and additionally reference unit information within the area of interest, if available.
[0097] At step 2, the LMF, the AMF, the BS / reader, the AIoT device, and the reference unit (s) perform procedure of the reference unit discovery, wherein the details of the procedure of discovery will be described with reference to Fig. 3B. Referring back to Fig. 3A, at step 3, the LMF, the AMF, the BS / reader, the AIoT device, and the reference unit (s) perform the procedure of the AIoT device positioning with reference unit (s) (e.g., signaling process shown in FIG. 2) , wherein the details of the procedure of positioning will be described with referent to Fig. 3C, Fig. 3D, Fig. 3E, and Fig. 3F. Referring back to Fig. 3A, at step 4, the LMF transmits the AIoT positioning response to the AIoTF or NEF, which then forwards it to the AF. For example, the LMF provides the derived positioning information to the AF via AIoTF / NEF.
[0098] Hereinafter, the procedure 300B of reference unit discovery will be described with reference to Fig. 3B.
[0099] Specifically, statically configured reference units can be provisioned into LMF, and / or in AIoTF storage / 3rd party unified data repository (e.g., UDR) , and the LMF can query the information about the statically configured reference units from the AIoTF storage or 3rd party UDR, and provide the information as parameters in the location request. As shown in Fig. 3B, at step 1, the LMF transmits a Ref. Unit discovery request to the BS / reader, and that is to say, before the target device to be located, the LMF requests BS / Reader of the target device to discover the nearby reference unit (s) .
[0100] The reference unit (s) can be dynamically discovered by the BS / reader. For example, at step 2, the BS / Reader uses broadcast, or a list of known reference unit IDs, or dedicated discovery message to request the reference units for response. During the discovery, the BS / Reader performs the handshake with the reference units, to configure at least one of: -when / if BS / Reader is communicating with the target device, the reference unit responds the same message; or -when / if the BS / Reader performs multiple requests / responses with target device, the reference unit behaves similarly with the target device.
[0101] If a reference unit is in motion, its location can be identified by LCS methods (or the method of the present disclosure) and reported back as one of the attributes to LMF. The reported information may further include other attributes such as enable / disable status, velocity and the like of the reference unit. Thus, at step 3, the BS / Reader transmits, to the LMF, a response message including the identifies of the Ref. Units, the locations thereof, status thereof, and potentially the velocities thereof. Then, at step 4, the LMF performs the selection of the reference unit (s) to be used for positioning the target device. Therefore, by the process 300B, the LMF can discover the nearby reference units and obtain the positions, the status, the velocities and the like of the nearby reference units.
[0102] Hereinafter, the procedure 300C of positioning the target AIoT device with reference unit (s) will be described with reference to Fig. 3C, Fig. 3D, Fig. 3E, and Fig. 3F. It is assumed that the LMF has already discovered the nearby reference unit (s) before the process of Fig. 3C. That is to say, the positions, the status and the like of the reference unit (s) are known to the LMF and / or the BS / reader. It should be appreciated that the target device is an example of the first terminal device 101, the Ref. Unit is an example of the second terminal device 103, 105 or 107, and the BS / reader is an example of the first network device 102, and the LM may be an example of the third network device 106.
[0103] As shown in Fig. 3C, at step 1, the LMF transmits, to the BS / reader, an LCS request. At step 2, for acquiring related RTTs, the BS / reader performs time measurement or record on a time point for transmitting the dedicated message or a piggyback message for positioning the target device. In other words, the BS / reader may record the time point for transmitting the dedicated message or a piggyback message to the target device and the reference units (s) , and this time point will be used later for calculating the RTTtarget and RTTref.
[0104] At step 3, the BS / reader transmits the dedicated or piggyback message to the target device and at least one reference unit (e.g., two or more reference units for positioning with high accuracy) . The message can be used only for positioning purposes (i.e., dedicated message) and / or can be piggybacked to message (s) during AIoT communications between the BS / reader and the target device (i.e., piggyback message) . For example, as shown in Fig. 3D, the BS1 at step 1 sends the same signal (for example, the dedicated or piggyback message) to both reference unit (s) and the target device.
[0105] Referring back to Fig. 3C, then, at step 4a, the reference unit transmits a response as the target device without measurements to the BS / reader. Note that, since there is handshake performed during the discovery phase, the reference unit responds to the BS / Reader even if the dedicated / piggyback message is sent to or targets the target device. At step 4b, the target device also transmits a response without measurements to the BS / reader.
[0106] In an example, the response message may be a backscatter echo. For example, as shown in Fig. 3D, the BS1 receives backscatter echo from the reference unit 1 at step 2b, and the BS1 receives backscatter echo from the reference unit 2 at step 2c. For example, as shown in Fig. 3D, the BS1 receives backscatter echo from the target device AIoT device at step 2a.
[0107] Referring back to Fig. 3C, at step 5, the BS / reader performs estimation / measurements of the RTTs of transmitting the dedicated / piggyback message and respectively receiving the responses, and AoAs associated with receiving the responses. Note that, the BS side takes the measurement, instead of AIoT device side, and thus, AIoT device does not need to support frequency hopping.
[0108] More specifically, since the backscatter echoes from reference unit (s) and target device are for same transmission from the BS1, the time difference between the RTTtarget and the RTTref shows the difference between a first distance and a second distance, and the first distance is a distance between the target AIoT device and the BS1, and the second distance is a distance between a reference unit and the BS1. The RTT (round trip time) shows the distance between BS1 and target / reference devices. For example, as shown in Fig. 3E, the distance between BS1 and the Ref. Unit 1 can be known by RTTref associated with the Ref. Unit1, and the distance between the BS1 and the target device can be known by RTTtarget associated with the target device. As shown in Fig. 3E, an angle, that is between a first line connecting BS1 and Ref. Unit 1 and a second line connecting BS1 and target device, can be known by beam sweeping of AoATarget / Ref measurements. For example, the BS1 may determine one angle associated with receiving the response from the reference unit 1 and determine another angle associated with receiving the response from the target device by using AoA measurements (see, e.g., 3GPP TS 38.305 V18.4.0, clause 4.3.15) . Based on the determined angles, the BS1 is able to determine the angle between a first line connecting BS1 and Ref. Unit 1 and a second line connecting BS1 and target device.
[0109] Since all measurements are based on (several times of) the same signal transmitted from the BS1, they can be calculated together. The distance between the target device and Ref. Unit 1 can be calculated by the following equation (1) : Distance (Ref Unit 1, Target Device) = Sqrt (RTTref2+RTTtaraget2+2 *RTTref *RTTtaraget Cosine (AoAtarget / ref) ) (1)
[0110] Based on the above equation, the distances from the reference units (e.g., the Ref. unit 1 and reference unit 2 in FIG. 3D) respectively to the target device can be determined by the BS1 (or the LMF) . Based on the determined distances and the locations of the reference units, the location of the target device can be estimated / determined. For example, circles can be established by using the locations of the reference units as centers of the circles and using the distances from the reference units respectively to the target device as radiuses of the circles. The location of the target device can be determined / estimated based on intersection (s) / cross point (s) of these circles. For example, as shown in Fig. 3F, the first distance (Dist 1) between the reference unit 1 and the target device can be determined based on the above equation (1) , and a first circle can be drawn / determined with the reference unit 1 as the center of the first circle. Then, the second distance (Dist 2) between the reference unit 2 and the target device can be determined based on the above equation (1) , and a second circle can be drawn / determined with the reference unit 2 as the center of the second circle. Similarly, the third distance (Dist 3) between the reference unit 3 and the target device can be determined based on the above equation (1) , and a third circle can be drawn / determined with the reference unit 3 as the center of the third circle. As shown in Fig. 3F, the position of the target device can be determined / estimated based on the cross point (s) of the first circle, the second circle, and the third circle.
[0111] Because the reference units may be implemented by AIoT devices (e.g., AIoT tags) which are supposed to have low cost and can be pre-deployed widely, the cost for using such reference units to position the target device is low. In addition, the accuracy / precision of the determined / estimated location of the target device may be increased with the number of references units. Note that, the accuracy of the determined / estimated location of the target device may also be increased if the reference units are uniformly distributed around / in the area of interest. For example, in Fig. 3F, 3 reference units 1, 2 and 3 are deployed in different directions relative to the target device. Under such conditions, the position of the target device may be determined / estimated with much better triangulation accuracy.
[0112] Hereinafter, an example signaling process 400 for positioning a terminal device with reference network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with referent to Fig. 4. For the purpose of discussion, the communication process 400 will be described with reference to Fig. 1. It would be appreciated that although the communication process 400 has been described referring to the network environment 100 of Fig. 1, this communication process 400 may be likewise applied to other similar communication scenarios.
[0113] As shown in Fig. 4, the first network device 102 transmits (405) to a second network device 104, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device 101 (a first terminal device) , a position of which is to be determined, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message. The second network device 104 receives (410) the message. The first network device 102 then transmits (415) the positioning triggering message to the terminal device 101, and the terminal device 101 receives (420) the positioning triggering message. The first network device 102 transmits (425) to the network entity 106, the first information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device 101. In some embodiments, the first information may comprise various information, for example, time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message, information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device 101, or both of them.
[0114] In Fig. 4, the terminal device 101 transmits (435) a response message without a measurement result to the second network device 104, and the second network device 104 receives (440) this response message and then transmits (445) a second information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device 101. In some embodiments, the second information can comprise various information, for instance, time information associated with receiving the response message, information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device 101, or both of them.
[0115] In Fig. 4, the network entity 106 determines (455) the location of the terminal device 101 based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device 102 and the second network device 104. In this process 400, the second network device 104 is used as reference unit, and it is supposed to be pre-known and doesn’t need to be discovered. In some examples, the first network device 102 may be configured to determine the location of the terminal device 101. In these examples, the second information is transmitted from the second network device 104 to the first network device 102, to allow the first network device 102 to determine the location of the terminal device.
[0116] In some embodiments, positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the terminal device 101 or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message for the terminal device 101 (for example, a piggyback message) . In some embodiments, the positioning triggering message is capable of being received by the terminal device 101 with a single frequency or frequency band from the first network device 102. That is to say, the terminal device 101 only needs to listen signal from a single base station / transmitter / cell.
[0117] Therefore, the terminal device 101 does not need to have the capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells. The terminal device 101 also does not need to have the capability of measuring its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells. Therefore, in some embodiments, the terminal device 101 can be an AIoT device that is unable to support advanced features like frequency hopping due to hardware limitations.
[0118] In order to handshake all network devices for transmission measurement, before transmitting the positioning triggering message, the first network device 102 further performs negotiation with the second network device 104 to ensure that timestamping of transmitting the positioning triggering message from the first network device 102 and timestamping of receiving the response message without a measurement result at the second network device 104 are shared between the first network device 102 and the second network device 104.
[0119] In some embodiments, the first network device 102 may further receive, from the network entity 106, an LCS request associated with the terminal device 101 to trigger the positioning procedure of the terminal device.
[0120] However, in some other embodiments, instead of determining the position of the terminal device by the network entity 106, the first network device 102 may further receive the second information from the second network device 104, and determine the position of the terminal device 101 based on the first information, the second information and the distance between the first network device 102 and the second network device 104.
[0121] In some embodiments, in order to periodically obtain the position of the terminal device 101, the first network device 102 may periodically transmit, to the terminal device 101, the positioning triggering message; and periodically transmit, to the network entity 106, the first information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device 101. Further, the second network device 104 may periodically receive from the terminal device 101, the response message without the measurement result; and periodically transmit, to the network entity 106, the second information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device 101. Then, the network entity 106 (for example, an LMF) may periodically determine the position of the terminal device 101 based on the obtained first information, the second information and the distance between the first network device 102 and the second network device 104.
[0122] By the process 400, the terminal device 101 only needs to listen signal from a single base station / transmitter / cell, and does not need to concurrently handle reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells, and also does not need to measure its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells. By using the second network device 104 as a reference unit, the position of which is pre-known, pre-determined or pre-configured, the network entity 106 can determine the position information of the terminal device 101, based on the first information received from the first network device 102 and the second information received from the second network device 104, and the distance between the first and second network devices. Alternatively, the first network device 102 can determine the position information of the terminal device 101, based on the second information received from the second network device 104 and the distance between the first and second network devices.
[0123] The proposed solution provides an improved mechanism to derive the location of a terminal device (for example, an AIoT device) with the reference unit (for example, reference base station) and the measurements are done in network device (for example, BS / reader end) instead of AIoT device side. Since, the first and second network devices 102 and 104 (for example, BS / reader end) perform measurements (for example, angle of departure, angle of arrival, time delay estimation) , there is no need of complex processing at AIoT device side. Thus, the positioning process 400 of the terminal device 101 does not involve multiple gNB and multiple sidelink-supporting UEs, and does not require the AIoT devices to support frequency hopping, thereby rendering the lifespan of the terminal device 101 long and reducing the cost thereof.
[0124] Fig. 5A illustrates an example signaling process 500A for positioning a target device with reference base station / reader in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be appreciated that the target device is an example of the terminal device 101, the BS / Ref. Unit is an example of the second network device 104, and the BS / reader is an example of the first network device 102, and the LMF may be examples of the third network device 106. In the process 500A, the nearby BS / Reader can also act as reference unit.
[0125] As shown Fig. 5A, at step 1, the LMF transmits to the BS / reader, an LCS request. At step 2, the BS / reader performs timestamping for RTT. At step 2, the BS / Ref. Unit and the BS / readers perform handshake for transmission measurements. For example, the BS / Ref. Unit and the BS / readers can perform negotiation / handshake by themselves or can be coordinated by LMF. This negotiation or handshake can ensure that timestamping of message sending from BS / Reader and timestamping of message reception in BS / Ref. Unit are shared. That is to say, the BS / Ref. Unit may share the timestamping of message reception in BS / Ref. Unit with the BS / Reader, and the BS / Reader may share timestamping of message sending from BS / Reader with the BS / Ref. Unit. By sharing the timestamping records, each device can calibrate its own clock according to this time information, so that they can maintain consistency in time. Then, at step 3, the BS / Ref. Unit and the BS / readers perform timestamping, for example, sharing the time point of transmitting the dedicated or piggyback message between them.
[0126] At step 4, the BS / reader transmits the dedicated or piggyback message to the target device, and the message can be used only for positioning purposes and / or can be piggyback message according to AIoT communication between BS / reader and target device. For example, as shown in Fig. 5B, at step 1, the BS1 sends the message to the target AIoT device and also instructs the BS2 to receive the response from the target AIoT device. By instructing that nearby BS / Reader receives the responded message of backscattering passive device (for example, the target AIoT device) and by bi-static communication that BS1 send message to the target device which responds to the BS2, the nearby BS / Reader can also act as reference unit.
[0127] Referring back to Fig. 5A, at step 5, the BS / Ref. Unit receives the response message without a measurement result from the target device, and at step 6, performs the timestamping for example, sharing the time point of receiving the response message to the BS / readers. For example, as shown in Fig. 5B, at step 2, the BS2 takes the response and perform the measurement. Referring back to Fig. 5A, at step 7, the BS / Ref. Unit transmits to the LMF the LCS response, for example, the angle (for example, the angle of arrival) and the delay estimation. It should be noted that the BS / readers may also transmit to the LMF the LCS response, and the LCS response of the BS / readers may also comprises the angle of departure, and the time delay.
[0128] Hereinafter, triangulation mechanism of a BS1, a BS2 as a reference unit, and a target device will be described with reference to Fig. 5C.
[0129] As shown in Fig. 5C, the positions of the BS1 and the BS2 are known, and thus the distance between the BS1 and the BS2 are known. Since the BS2 is instructed by the BS1 before the message transmission, it can estimate the time delay of the whole transmission path. Time delay estimation of the whole transmission path between BS1& BS2 can be estimated by several steps or operations. In some embodiments, the steps or operations may comprise (i) obtaining the first time point when BS1 send the message to target device, which responds to BS2 with unknown delay; (ii) obtaining the second time the BS2 sends an echo to BS1 with known measured time delay between the BS1 and the BS2; (iii) estimating, by the BS1, the total delay between message at first time point and the echo message from BS2 at the second time point; and then (IV) estimating, by the BS2, the time delay between BS1& BS2 by the difference between the total delay from (iii) and the known measured time delay from (ii) .
[0130] Then, the distance between the target Device and BS1 and BS2 can be estimated by equation (2) and equation (3) : Distance (Target, BS1) +Distance (Target, BS2) =Time Delay Estimation between BS1& BS2 (3) where angle of departure (AoDBS1) can be known by beam sweeping of the BS1 (see, e.g., 3GPP TS 38.305, V18.4.0, clause 4.3.12) ; angle of arrival (AoABS2) can be known by beam sweeping of the BS2; response angletarget is an unknown parameter; Distance (BS1, BS2) is pre-determined or pre-configured; Distance (target, BS1) is an unknown parameter; and Distance (target, BS2) is an unknown parameter.
[0131] When the distances of target device and multiple BS (for example, Distance (target, BS1) , and Distance (target, BS2) ) are available, since the accurate position of each BS is known, same accurate estimate can be yield by triangulation as shown in Fig. 3F, that is to say, three circles can be drawn and a cross point can be determined as the position of the target device.
[0132] It should be appreciated that more than two BS / Readers can also be applied to enhance accuracy and compensate the measurement errors. It should be further appreciated that the embodiments as shown by Fig. 2 and the embodiments as shown by Fig. 4 can be combined, that is to say the mono-static positioning and the bi-static positioning can be mixed to form a mono-static and bi-static hybrid method, and the description of the hybrid method will be omitted herein.
[0133] Hereinafter, a signaling process 600 of AIoT tracking in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to Fig. 6. It should be appreciated that the AIoT device is an example of the first terminal device 101, the Ref. Units are examples of the second terminal device 103, 105 or 107, and the BS / reader is an example of the first network device 102, and the LMF, AIoTF, or AF may be examples of the third network device or network entity 106.
[0134] As shown in Fig. 6, at step 1, an AF may include a tracking indication (including a device ID) when it sends the AIoT positioning request to the AIoTF (via NEF) . As shown in Fig. 6, at step 2, step 3 and step 4, the procedure of reference unit discovery can be performed as described with reference to Fig. 3B. As shown in Fig. 6, at step 5, when a tracking indication was included in step 1, the AIoTF stores the derived positioning information of the AIoT device locally or in a centralized network function, which can be ADM (AIoT Data Management function) . As shown in Fig. 6, at step 6, the AIoTF responds to the AF with the currently derived positioning information of the AIoT device.
[0135] As shown in Fig. 6, at Step 7, the AIoTF periodically repeats the positioning procedures. The periodicity of this process is configurable by the operator. Additionally, or alternatively, it is also possible that the BS reader performs the positioning procedures independently, without involving the AIoTF, and report the outcome only when there is a change. If the AIoT device goes out of coverage of the BS reader, the AIoTF will attempt to use other BS readers. These can include all available BS readers within the network or only specific ones, selected by the AIoTF based on historical data or predictions.
[0136] The procedure of each positioning of the periodic positionings can be performed as described with reference to Fig. 3C and Fig. 5A. For example, the positioning trigger message may be periodically transmitted, the response message may be periodically transmitted, and the positioning information can be periodically determined as described above with reference to Fig. 3C and Fig. 5A.
[0137] As shown in Fig. 6, at step 8, the AIoTF updates the positioning of the AIoT device in the storage, but only when there is a change, and at step 9, the AIoTF notifies the AF of the positioning update of the AIoT device.
[0138] Fig. 7A illustrates a flowchart of an example method 700A implemented at a first terminal device in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700A will be described from the perspective of the first terminal device (for example, the first terminal device 101 in Fig. 1) .
[0139] As shown in Fig. 7A, at block 701, the first terminal device receives from a first network device a positioning triggering message. At block 703, the first terminal device transmits a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0140] In some embodiments, the first terminal device may transmit, to the first network device, the response message. In some embodiments, the first terminal device may transmit, to a second network device, the response message, and the second network device acts as a reference unit for positioning the first terminal device, and positions of the second network device and the first network device are preconfigured or predetermined.
[0141] In some embodiments, the positioning triggering message is capable of being received with a single frequency or frequency band from the first network device. In some embodiments, the positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the first terminal device or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message for / associated with the first terminal device.
[0142] In some embodiments, the first terminal device comprises AIoT tag without a need of capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells and without a need of capability of measuring its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells.
[0143] Fig. 7B illustrates a flowchart of an example method 700B implemented at a second terminal device in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700B will be described from the perspective of the second terminal device (for example, the second terminal device 103, 105, or 107 in Fig. 1) .
[0144] As shown in Fig. 7B, at block 702, the second terminal device receives, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device. At block 704, the second terminal device transmits to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0145] In some embodiments, before receiving the first message, the second terminal device may further receive, from the first terminal device, a discovery message to configure the second terminal devices to respond the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device and / or to behave as the first terminal device.
[0146] In some embodiments, position of the second terminal device is preconfigured or predetermined. In some embodiments, the positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the first terminal device or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message for the first terminal device.
[0147] In some embodiments, the positioning triggering message is capable of being received with a single frequency or frequency band from the first network device. In some embodiments, the second terminal device comprises ambient internet of things (AIoT) tag without a need of capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells and without a need of capability of measuring its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells. In some embodiments, the response message comprises an indication of the first terminal device.
[0148] Fig. 7C illustrates a flowchart of an example method 700C implemented at a first network device in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700C will be described from the perspective of the first network device (for example, the first network device 102 in Fig. 1) .
[0149] As shown in Fig. 7C, at block 705, the first network device transmits, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device. At block 710, the first network device receives, from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message. At block 715, the first network device receives, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message. At block 720, the first network device determines position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.
[0150] In some embodiments, the position information comprises at least one of the following: a plurality of angles between a plurality of lines from the plurality of second terminal devices respectively to the first network device and a line from the first network device to the first terminal device (e.g., AoATarget / Ref in FIG. 3E) ; a first distance between the first network device and the first terminal device based on a first roundtrip time from transmitting the positioning triggering message to receiving the first response message; the first roundtrip time from transmitting the positioning triggering message to receiving the first response message; a plurality of second distances between the plurality of second terminal devices and the first network device based on second roundtrip times from transmitting the positioning triggering message to respectively receiving the plurality of second response messages; the second roundtrip times from transmitting the positioning triggering message to respectively receiving the plurality of second response messages; a plurality of reference distances between the plurality of second terminal devices and the first terminal device determined based on the plurality of angles, the first distance and the plurality of second distances; a position of the first terminal device determined based on a plurality of locations of the plurality of second terminal devices and the plurality of reference distance; or any combination thereof.
[0151] In some embodiments, the first network device may further receive, from a network entity, a second terminal device discovery request; and transmit, to the plurality of second terminal devices and before transmitting the positioning triggering message, a discovery message to configure the plurality of second terminal devices to respond the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device and / or to behave as the first terminal device. In some embodiments, the discovery message comprises at least one of the following: a broadcasting message; a uni-casting message including a list of preconfigured or predetermined reference unit identities associated with the plurality of second terminal devices; or a message dedicated for discovery of the plurality of second terminal devices.
[0152] In some embodiments, the first terminal device may further transmit, to the network entity, a discovery result message comprising at least one of the following: the positions of the plurality of second terminal devices, statuses of the plurality of second terminal devices, reference unit identities of the plurality of second terminal devices, velocities of the plurality of second terminal devices, or any combination thereof.
[0153] In some embodiments, the first network device may further receive, from a network entity, a loCation service (LCS) request associated with the first terminal device; and transmit, to the network entity, the position information associated with positioning the first terminal device.
[0154] In some embodiments, the first network device may transmit, to the first terminal device and the plurality of second terminal devices, the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; receive, from the first terminal device, the first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; and receive, from the plurality of second terminal devices, the plurality of second response messages without the measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message by: periodically transmitting, to the first terminal device and the plurality of second terminal devices, the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; periodically receiving, from the first terminal device, the first response message without the measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; and periodically receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, the plurality of second response messages without the measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; and the first network device may further periodically transmit, to the network entity, the position information for the LCS request.
[0155] Fig. 8A illustrates a flowchart of an example method 800A implemented at a first network device in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800A will be described from the perspective of the first network device (for example, the first network device 102 in Fig. 1) .
[0156] As shown in Fig. 8A, at block 801, the first network device transmits, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device. At block 803, the first network device transmits, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message. At block 805, the first network device transmits, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, and the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0157] In some embodiments, the first network device may further before transmitting the positioning triggering message, perform negotiation with the second network device to ensure that timestamping of transmitting the positioning triggering message from the first network device and timestamping of receiving the response message without a measurement result at the second network device are shared between the first network device and the second network device.
[0158] In some embodiments, the first network device may further receive, from a network entity, a loCation service (LCS) request associated with the terminal device.
[0159] In some embodiments, the first network device may transmit, to the terminal device, the positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device by periodically transmitting, to the terminal device, the positioning triggering message, and the first network device may transmit, to the network entity, the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device by periodically transmitting, to the network entity, the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0160] Fig. 8B illustrates a flowchart of an example method 800B implemented at a second network device in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800B will be described from the perspective of the second network device (for example, the second network device 104 in Fig. 1) .
[0161] As shown in Fig. 8B, at block 802, the second network device receives, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message. At block 804, the second network device receives, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result. At block 806, the second network device transmits, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, and the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0162] In some embodiments, the second network device may further before receiving the response message, perform negotiation with the first network device to ensure that timestamping of transmitting a positioning triggering message from the first network device and timestamping of receiving the response message at the second terminal device are shared between the first network device and the second terminal device, and the positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the terminal device or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message.
[0163] In some embodiments, the second network device may receive, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and transmit, to the network entity, the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device by: periodically receiving from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and periodically transmitting, to the network entity, the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0164] Fig. 8C illustrates a flowchart of an example method 800C implemented at a second network device in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800C will be described from the perspective of the network entity (for example, the third network device or network entity 106 in Fig. 1) .
[0165] As shown in Fig. 8C, at block 810, the network entity receives, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, and the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device. At block 820, the network entity receives, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, and the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device. At block 830, the network entity determines a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0166] In some embodiments, the network entity may further transmit, to the first network device, an LCS request associated with the terminal device.
[0167] In some embodiments, the network entity may receive, from the first network device, the first information: receive, from the second network device, the second information; and determine the location of the terminal device by: periodically receiving, from the first network device, the first information; periodically receiving, from the second network device, the second information; and tracking the location of the terminal device based on the periodically received first information, the periodically received second information and the distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0168] In some embodiments, an apparatus (for example, the first terminal device 101) capable of performing the method 700A may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 700A. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0169] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving from a first network device a positioning triggering message; and means for transmitting a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0170] In some embodiments, the means for transmitting a response message may transmit, to the first network device, the response message. In some embodiments, means for transmitting a response message may transmit, to a second network device, the response message, and the second network device acts as a reference unit for positioning the first terminal device, and positions of the second network device and the first network device are preconfigured or predetermined.
[0171] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises ambient internet of things (AIoT) tag without a need of capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells and without a need of capability of measuring its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells.
[0172] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 700A. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0173] In some embodiments, an apparatus (for example, the second terminal device 103, 105, or 107) capable of performing the method 700B may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 700B. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0174] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; and means for transmitting to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.
[0175] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for before receiving the first message, receiving, from the first terminal device, a discovery message to configure the second terminal devices to respond the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device and / or to behave as the first terminal device.
[0176] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises ambient internet of things (AIoT) tag without a need of capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells and without a need of capability of measuring its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells.
[0177] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 700B. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0178] In some embodiments, an apparatus (for example, the first network device 102) capable of performing the method 700C may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 700C. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0179] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; means for receiving from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; means for receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; and means for determining position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.
[0180] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network entity, a second terminal device discovery request; and means for transmitting, to the plurality of second terminal devices and before transmitting the positioning triggering message, a discovery message to configure the plurality of second terminal devices to respond the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device and / or to behave as the first terminal device.
[0181] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the network entity, a discovery result message comprising at least one of the following: the positions of the plurality of second terminal devices, statuses of the plurality of second terminal devices, reference unit identities of the plurality of second terminal devices, velocities of the plurality of second terminal devices, or any combination thereof.
[0182] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network entity, an LCS request associated with the first terminal device; and means for transmitting, to the network entity, the position information associated with positioning the first terminal device.
[0183] In some embodiments, means for transmitting, to the first terminal device and the plurality of second terminal devices, the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; means for receiving, from the first terminal device, the first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; and means for receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, the plurality of second response messages without the measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message may periodically transmit, to the first terminal device and the plurality of second terminal devices, the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; periodically receive, from the first terminal device, the first response message without the measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; and periodically receive, from the plurality of second terminal devices, the plurality of second response messages without the measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; and the apparatus may further comprise means for periodically transmitting, to the network entity, the position information for the LCS request.
[0184] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 700C. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0185] In some embodiments, an apparatus (for example, the first network device 102) capable of performing the method 800A may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 800A. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0186] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device; means for transmitting, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; and means for transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, and the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0187] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for before transmitting the positioning triggering message, performing negotiation with the second network device to ensure that timestamping of transmitting the positioning triggering message from the first network device and timestamping of receiving the response message without a measurement result at the second network device are shared between the first network device and the second network device.
[0188] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a network entity, a loCation service (LCS) request associated with the terminal device.
[0189] In some embodiments, means for transmitting, to the terminal device, the positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device may periodically transmit, to the terminal device, the positioning triggering message, and means for transmitting, to the network entity, the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device may periodically transmit, to the network entity, the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.
[0190] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 800A. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0191] In some embodiments, an apparatus (for example, the second network device 104) capable of performing the method 800B may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 800B. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0192] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message; means for receiving, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and means for transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, and the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0193] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for before receiving the response message, performing negotiation with the first network device to ensure that timestamping of transmitting a positioning triggering message from the first network device and timestamping of receiving the response message at the second terminal device are shared between the first network device and the second terminal device.
[0194] In some embodiments, means for receiving, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and means for transmitting to the network entity, the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device may periodically receive from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and periodically transmit, to the network entity, the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device.
[0195] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 800B. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0196] In some embodiments, an apparatus (for example, the network entity 106) capable of performing the method 800C may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 800C. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0197] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, and the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device; means for receiving, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, and the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; and means for determining a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0198] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the first network device, an LCS request associated with the terminal device.
[0199] In some embodiments, means for receiving, from the first network device, the first information: means for receiving, from the second network device, the second information; and means for determining the location of the terminal device may periodically receive, from the first network device, the first information; periodically receive, from the second network device, the second information; and track the location of the terminal device based on the periodically received first information, the periodically received second information and the distance between the first network device and the second network device.
[0200] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 800C. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0201] Fig. 9 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 900 that is suitable for implementing some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 900 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the network devices or the terminal devices as shown in Fig. 1. As shown, the device 900 includes one or more processors 910, one or more memories 920 coupled to the processor 910, and one or more communication modules 940 coupled to the processor 910.
[0202] The communication module 940 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 940 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0203] The processor 910 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 900 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0204] The memory 920 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 924, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 922 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0205] A computer program 930 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 910. The program 930 may be stored in the ROM 924. The processor 910 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 930 into the RAM 922.
[0206] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 930 so that the device 900 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed above. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0207] In some exemplary embodiments, the program 930 may be tangibly contained in a computer-readable medium which may be included in the device 900 (such as in the memory 920) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 900. The device 900 may load the program 930 from the computer-readable medium to the RAM 922 for execution. The computer-readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like.
[0208] Fig. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer-readable medium 1000 in accordance with some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The computer-readable medium 1000 has the program 930 stored thereon. It is noted that although the computer-readable medium 1000 is depicted in form of CD or DVD, the computer-readable medium 1000 may be in any other form suitable for carry or hold the program 930.
[0209] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0210] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the method as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0211] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0212] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer-readable medium, and the like.
[0213] The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. A computer-readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer-readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0214] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0215] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
A first terminal device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first terminal device at least to:receive, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message; andtransmit a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.The first terminal device of claim 1, wherein the first terminal device is caused to transmit the response message by:transmitting, to the first network device, the response message.The first terminal device of claim 1, wherein the first terminal device is caused to transmit the response message by:transmitting, to a second network device, the response message,wherein the second network device acts as a reference unit for positioning the first terminal device, and positions of the second network device and the first network device are preconfigured or predetermined.The first terminal device of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the positioning triggering message is capable of being received with a single frequency or frequency band from the first network device.The first terminal device of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the first terminal device or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message for the first terminal device.The first terminal device of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first terminal device comprises ambient internet of things (AIoT) tag without a need of capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells and without a need of capability of measuring its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells.A second terminal device, comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second terminal device at least to:receive, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; andtransmit, to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.The second terminal device of claim 7, wherein the second terminal device is further caused to:before receiving the first message, receive, from the first terminal device, a discovery message to configure the second terminal devices to respond the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device and / or to behave as the first terminal device.The second terminal device of claim 7 or 8, wherein position of the second terminal device is preconfigured or predetermined.The second terminal device of any of claims 7 to 9, wherein the positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the first terminal device or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message for the first terminal device.The second terminal device of any of claims 7 to 10, wherein the positioning triggering message is capable of being received with a single frequency or frequency band from the first network device.The second terminal device of any of claims 7 to 11, wherein the second terminal device comprises ambient internet of things (AIoT) tag without a need of capability of concurrently supporting handling of reference signal of multiple frequencies or frequency bands from multiple network devices or multiple cells and without a need of capability of measuring its location by receiving multiple reference signals in different frequency bands or frequencies from multiple network devices or multiple cells.The second terminal device of any of claims 7 to 12, wherein the response message comprises an indication of the first terminal device.A first network device, comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network device at least to:transmit, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device;receive, from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message;receive, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; anddetermine position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.The first network device of claim 14, wherein the position information comprises at least one of the following:a plurality of angles between a plurality of lines from the plurality of second terminal devices respectively to the first network device and a line from the first network device to the first terminal device;a first distance between the first network device and the first terminal device based on a first roundtrip time from transmitting the positioning triggering message to receiving the first response message;the first roundtrip time from transmitting the positioning triggering message to receiving the first response message;a plurality of second distances between the plurality of second terminal devices and the first network device based on second roundtrip times from transmitting the positioning triggering message to respectively receiving the plurality of second response messages;the second roundtrip times from transmitting the positioning triggering message to respectively receiving the plurality of second response messages;a plurality of reference distances between the plurality of second terminal devices and the first terminal device determined based on the plurality of angles, the first distance and the plurality of second distances; ora position of the first terminal device determined based on a plurality of locations of the plurality of second terminal devices and the plurality of reference distances.The first network device of claim 14 or 15, wherein the first network device is further caused to:receive, from a network entity, a second terminal device discovery request; andtransmit, to the plurality of second terminal devices and before transmitting the positioning triggering message, a discovery message to configure the plurality of second terminal devices to respond the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device and / or to behave as the first terminal device.The first network device of claim 16, wherein the discovery message comprises at least one of the following:a broadcasting message;a uni-casting message including a list of preconfigured or predetermined reference unit identities associated with the plurality of second terminal devices; ora message dedicated for discovery of the plurality of second terminal devices.The first network device of any of claims 16 to 17, wherein the first terminal device is further caused to:transmit, to the network entity, a discovery result message comprising at least one of the following:the positions of the plurality of second terminal devices,statuses of the plurality of second terminal devices,reference unit identities of the plurality of second terminal devices, orvelocities of the plurality of second terminal devices.The first network device of any of claims 14 to 18, wherein the first network device is further caused to:receive, from a network entity, a loCation service (LCS) request associated with the first terminal device; andtransmit, to the network entity, the position information associated with positioning the first terminal device.The first network device of claim 19, wherein the first network device is caused to transmit, to the first terminal device and the plurality of second terminal devices, the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; receive, from the first terminal device, the first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; and receive, from the plurality of second terminal devices, the plurality of second response messages without the measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message by:periodically transmitting, to the first terminal device and the plurality of second terminal devices, the positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device;periodically receiving, from the first terminal device, the first response message without the measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message; andperiodically receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, the plurality of second response messages without the measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message;wherein the first network device is further caused to:periodically transmit, to the network entity, the position information for the LCS request.A first network device, comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network device at least to:transmit, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device;transmit, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; andtransmit, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, wherein the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of:time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; orinformation associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.The first network device of claim 21, wherein the first network device is further caused to:before transmitting the positioning triggering message, perform negotiation with the second network device to ensure that timestamping of transmitting the positioning triggering message from the first network device and timestamping of receiving the response message without a measurement result at the second network device are shared between the first network device and the second network device.The first network device of any of claims 21 to 22, wherein the first network device is further caused to:receive, from a network entity, a loCation service (LCS) request associated with the terminal device.The first network device of any of claims 21 to 23, wherein the first network device is caused to transmit, to the terminal device, the positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device by:periodically transmitting, to the terminal device, the positioning triggering message; andwherein the first network device is caused to transmit, to the network entity, the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device by:periodically transmitting, to the network entity, the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.A second network device, comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second network device at least to:receive, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message;receive, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; andtransmit, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, wherein the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of:time information associated with receiving the response message; orinformation associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.The second network device of claim 25, wherein the second network device is further caused to:before receiving the response message, perform negotiation with the first network device to ensure that timestamping of transmitting a positioning triggering message from the first network device and timestamping of receiving the response message at the second terminal device are shared between the first network device and the second terminal device,wherein the positioning triggering message is a dedicated message used for positioning the terminal device or an extra indication or payload included in an additional field of a signaling message.The second network device of claim 25 or 26, wherein the second network device is caused to receive, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; and transmit, to the network entity, the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device by:periodically receiving from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; andperiodically transmitting, to the network entity, the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device.A network entity comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network entity at least to:receive, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, wherein the first information comprises at least one of:time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; orinformation associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device;receive, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, wherein the second information comprises at least one of:time information associated with receiving the response message; orinformation associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; anddetermine a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.The network entity of claim 28, wherein the network entity is further caused to:transmit, to the first network device, a loCation service (LCS) request associated with the terminal device.The network entity of claim 28 or 29, wherein the network entity is caused to receive, from the first network device, the first information: receive, from the second network device, the second information; and determine the location of the terminal device by:periodically receiving, from the first network device, the first information;periodically receiving, from the second network device, the second information; andtracking the location of the terminal device based on the periodically received first information, the periodically received second information and the distance between the first network device and the second network device.A method performed a first terminal device comprising:receiving from a first network device a positioning triggering message; andtransmitting a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.A method performed by a second terminal device comprising:receiving, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; andtransmitting to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.A method performed by a first network device comprising:transmitting, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device;receiving from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message;receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; anddetermining position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.A method performed by a first network device comprising:transmitting, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device;transmitting, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; andtransmitting, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, wherein the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.A method performed by a second network device comprising:receiving, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message;receiving, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; andtransmitting, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, wherein the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.A method performed by a network entity comprising:receiving, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, wherein the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device;receiving, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, wherein the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; anddetermining a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.An apparatus of a first terminal device comprising:means for receiving from a first network device a positioning triggering message; andmeans for transmitting a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.An apparatus of a second terminal device comprising:means for receiving, from a first network device, a positioning triggering message associated with a first terminal device; andmeans for transmitting to the first network device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message.An apparatus of a first network device comprising:means for transmitting, to a first terminal device and a plurality of second terminal devices, a positioning triggering message associated with the first terminal device; means for receiving from the first terminal device, a first response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message;means for receiving, from the plurality of second terminal devices, a plurality of second response messages without measurement results in response to the positioning triggering message; andmeans for determining position information associated with positioning the first terminal device based on the first response message and the plurality of second response messages.An apparatus of a first network device comprising:means for transmitting, to a terminal device, a positioning triggering message associated with the terminal device;means for transmitting, to a second network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from the terminal device, a response message without a measurement result that is a response to the positioning triggering message; andmeans for transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device, wherein the information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device.An apparatus of a second network device comprising:means for receiving, from a first network device, a message comprising an indication of receiving, from a terminal device, a response message without a measurement result in response to a positioning triggering message;means for receiving, from the terminal device, the response message without the measurement result; andmeans for transmitting, to a network entity, information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device, wherein the information associated with receiving the response message from the terminal device comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device.An apparatus of a network entity comprising:means for receiving, from a first network device, first information associated with transmitting a positioning triggering message to a terminal device, wherein the first information comprises at least one of: time information associated with transmitting the positioning triggering message; or information associated with an angle of transmitting the positioning triggering message to the terminal device;means for receiving, from a second network device, second information associated with receiving a response message without a measurement result in response to the positioning triggering message from the terminal device, wherein the second information comprises at least one of: time information associated with receiving the response message; or information associated with an angle of receiving the response message from the terminal device; andmeans for determining a location of the terminal device based on the first information, the second information, and a distance between the first network device and the second network device.A computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method of claims 31 to 36.