Method, apparatus, and system for spreading code selection in wireless communications
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/106795
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-26
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images

Figure CN2025106795_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEM FOR SPREADING CODE SELECTION IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 778,131 filed on March 26, 2025, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to methods, apparatuses, and systems for spreading code selection.BACKGROUND
[0003] In wireless communication systems, including cellular communications such as 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) , a physical layer uplink channel known as a random access channel (RACH) can be defined for purposes such as uplink time synchronization, initial network access, and uplink resource allocation. An uplink channel is a communication channel in the direction from a terminal device (also known as a user equipment (UE) ) to a network device, such as a base station, a transmit / receive point (TRP) , etc.
[0004] During a random access procedure, the UE can send a specific sequence, also referred to as a preamble, through the RACH to obtain uplink time synchronization and to request an uplink resource allocation. The sequence design can affect the capacity of a communication system to handle multiple UEs accessing the RACH for the aforementioned purposes.SUMMARY
[0005] One or more implementations of the present application provide communication methods and communication apparatuses for spreading code selection. The techniques described in the application can be used to multiplex multiple users with reduced interference, thereby enhancing performance of a wireless communication system in time-varying environments.
[0006] According to a first aspect, a method is provided. The method includes: obtaining a root of a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, where the ZC sequence is used to spread an uplink signal in the time domain; and transmitting the uplink signal that is spread with the ZC sequence.
[0007] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the uplink signal includes symbols for a random access channel (RACH) preamble, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) .
[0008] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the uplink signal is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) signal.
[0009] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the obtaining the root of the ZC sequence includes: receiving information indicating the root from a first network node.
[0010] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes: obtaining a length of the ZC sequence, where the root and the length are used to generate the ZC sequence.
[0011] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes: transmitting information indicating the ZC sequence to a second network node.
[0012] With reference to the first aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes: obtaining a cyclic shift that is used to generate the ZC sequence.
[0013] According to a second aspect, a method is provided. The method includes: transmitting information indicating a first root of a first ZC sequence, where the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; and receiving the first uplink signal, where the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence.
[0014] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes: obtaining information indicating a second root of a second ZC sequence, where the first ZC sequence is associated with a first network node, and the second ZC sequence is associated with a second network node; and determining the first root based on the second root, where the first root is different from the second root.
[0015] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the determining the first root includes: determining the first root based on a correlation between the first ZC sequence and the second ZC sequence.
[0016] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the obtaining the information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence includes: receiving the information indicating the second root from a second terminal device associated with the second network node.
[0017] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the obtaining the information indicating the second ZC sequence includes: receiving the information indicating the second root from the second network node.
[0018] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the obtaining the information indicating the second ZC sequence includes: receiving the information indicating the second root from a core network node.
[0019] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes: transmitting information indicating a first cyclic shift to a first terminal device, where the first ZC sequence is generated based on the first root and the first cyclic shift; transmitting information indicating the first root and a second cyclic shift to a third terminal device associated with a first network node, where the first cyclic shift is different from the second cyclic shift, and a third ZC sequence is generated based on the first root and the second cyclic shift; and receiving a second uplink signal from the third terminal device, where the second uplink signal is spread with the third ZC sequence.
[0020] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the first uplink signal includes symbols for a RACH preamble, a PUSCH, or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) .
[0021] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the first uplink signal is an NTN signal.
[0022] With reference to the second aspect, in some implementations, the method further includes: transmitting a length of the first ZC sequence, where the first root and the length are used to generate the first ZC sequence.
[0023] According to a third aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a first network node and a second network node. The first network node is configured to: transmit a first root of a first ZC sequence to the second network node; transmit the first root of the first ZC sequence to a first terminal device, where the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; and receive the first uplink signal from the first terminal device, where the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence. The second network node is configured to: receive the first root of the first ZC sequence from the first network node; determine a second root of a second ZC sequence based on the first root, where the second root is different from the first root; transmit the second root of the second ZC sequence to a second terminal device, where the second ZC sequence is used to spread a second uplink signal in the time domain; and receive the second uplink signal from the second terminal device, where the second uplink signal is spread with the second ZC sequence.
[0024] According to a fourth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0025] According to a fifth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a processing unit configured to obtain a root of a ZC sequence, where the ZC sequence is used to spread an uplink signal in the time domain; and a transmitting unit configured to transmit the uplink signal that is spread with the ZC sequence.
[0026] According to a sixth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: a transmitting unit configured to transmit information indicating a first root of a first ZC sequence, where the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; and a receiving unit configured to receive the first uplink signal, where the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence.
[0027] According to a seventh aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: transmit an uplink signal that is spread with a ZC sequence, where the ZC sequence is associated with a root.
[0028] According to an eighth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: one or more processors; and an interface circuit configured to: transmit information indicating a first root of a first ZC sequence, where the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; and receive the first uplink signal, where the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence.
[0029] With reference to the seventh aspect or the eighth aspect, in some implementations, the interface circuit includes one or more transceivers.
[0030] According to a ninth aspect, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories. The one or more memories store instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0031] According to a tenth aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes a first apparatus configured to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect. The communication system further includes a second apparatus configured to perform the method according to the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0032] According to an eleventh aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium has instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.
[0033] According to a twelfth aspect, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product stores instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect or one or more implementations of the first aspect, or the second aspect or one or more implementations of the second aspect.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus in a communication system, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 5 illustrates another example apparatus, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 6 shows a preamble structure, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 7 shows a diagram comparing continuous time occupied by long sequence preambles and short sequence preambles in the time domain, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 8 shows an example of an inter-slot orthogonal cover code (OCC) with physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) signals with repetition, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 9 shows a communication system including two adjacent cells that use a same spreading code, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 10 shows a communication system including two adjacent cells that use spreading codes generated based on different roots, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIG. 11 shows a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 12 shows an example of a receiver side configured to detect signals spread with a specific spreading code, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0046] FIG. 13 shows a result of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation of correct detection of a spreading code, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0047] FIG. 14 shows results of an FFT operation using non-target spreading codes, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 15 shows FFT results of correlations of different spreading codes, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0049] FIG. 16 shows an example of root indication in a communication system, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0050] FIG. 17 shows another example of root indication in a communication system, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0051] FIG. 18 illustrates a communication method, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0052] In scenarios with a time-varying wireless channel, for example, a non-terrestrial network or a high speed scenario, conventional RACH preambles can suffer performance degradation due to the loss of orthogonality. Thus, enhanced RACH preamble designs that are robust to a time-varying environment are desirable.
[0053] Aspects of the present disclosure include methods, apparatuses, and systems for spreading code selection, such as a spreading code-based design for RACH sequences to increase system capacity. An example method includes obtaining a root of a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence. The ZC sequence is used to spread an uplink signal in the time domain. The method further includes transmitting the uplink signal that is spread with the ZC sequence. In some implementations, a network node can select the root of the ZC sequence such that the root is different from another root used for generation of ZC sequences for another network node.
[0054] Implementations of the present disclosure can provide one or more of the following technical advantages and / or benefits. The disclosed techniques can allow a communication system to multiplex multiple users with reduced interference, thereby achieving enhanced and robust performance in time-varying environments with a Doppler shift. The described techniques also provide dynamic and coordinated root selection methods across multiple network nodes. Such methods allow a network node to be informed of the ZC sequence configuration used by another network node, thereby enabling efficient signaling and reducing inter-cell interference.
[0055] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, a communication system 100 includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 2G, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) and CDMA2000 for 3G, LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) for 4G, and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, the RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and comprises network nodes (e.g., 170a, 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, i.e., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3GPP system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the Evolved Packet System (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G System (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to FIG. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0056] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0057] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) services, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) services, Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, Ultra-massive Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility and the like.
[0058] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0059] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system 100 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. Additionally, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 170a, 170b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a and 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In this context, the terms "TRP" and "base station" are used interchangeably unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, this disclosure primarily refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0060] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0061] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device facilitating communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0062] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, a system in package (SIP) chip, and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0063] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0064] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by a person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, or the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0065] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as "sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) " in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like "receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0066] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0067] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the foregoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or a system in package (SIP) chip, and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0068] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0069] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0070] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0071] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. In some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0072] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) , Low Density Signature Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) , Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) , Lattice Partition Multiple Access (LPMA) , Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) , and Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) .
[0073] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b and / or the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a New Radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or more transceivers necessary to support such technologies and / or functions.
[0074] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0075] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., the network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or number of apparatus 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0076] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0077] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0078] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0079] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) , b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs, c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs, and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320, processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320, and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0080] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or a part of the receiver 203 or a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0081] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by one or more processors that may the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0082] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0083] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore can also be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of an ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0084] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the Medium Access Control (MAC) or Radio Link Control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing. In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0085] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0086] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0087] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0088] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0089] Note that the term “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a. 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0090] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0091] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0092] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors / processor cores 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method implementations disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality of times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method implementations disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with another apparatus or system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or another processor. The signal may include or carry information intended as a payload, such as user data, control information, etc. The signal may also include or carry information useful to a receiver, but not necessarily as a payload, such as a pilot signal or reference signal. Communicating the signal may include transmitting the signal to another component or device. Communicating the signal may additionally or alternatively include receiving the signal from another component or device. Transmitting the signal may include outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Receiving the signal may include inputting or obtaining the signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. In some implementations, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0093] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0094] FIG. 5 illustrates an example apparatus 510 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0095] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0096] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0097] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0098] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core, a function of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0099] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0100] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0101] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0102] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0103] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute implementations may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method implementations disclosed herein.
[0104] FIG. 6 shows a preamble structure, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The preamble includes a cyclic prefix (CP) with a length of TCP and a sequence part with a length of TSEQ. The values of the parameters TCP and TSEQ can depend on a frame structure and a random access configuration. The preamble’s format can be controlled by an upper layer. In some implementations, the preamble can further include a guard time (GT) or guard period (GP) . For example, this GT period of the preamble can be filled with zeros.
[0105] In NR, the preamble sequence can be generated based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence. The definition of a ZC sequence is: where 0≤n<NZC, 0<u<NZC and gcd (NZC, u) =1, cf=NZC mod 2, and NZC represents a length of sequences.
[0106] In some implementations, ZC sequences can exhibit ideal autocorrelation and cross-correlation characteristics, that is, the autocorrelation between the sequence and any cyclic shift sequence is zero, and the cross-correlation value of different sequences is (N is the sequence length) . With these features, different UEs can use different cyclic shift sequences. The eNodeB performs correlation processing on the received RACH opportunity and ZC sequence to detect the UE corresponding to the peak value. This is also the basic principle of Preamble code detection.
[0107] NR supports several types of preambles. In some implementations, NR preambles can support four types of long-format sequence preambles with a length of 839. For example, the four types (e.g., format 0, 1, 2, and 3) are provided in Table 1, reproducing Table 6.3.3.1-1 of 3GPP TS 38.211 v. 15.10.0. Table 1
[0108] In some implementations, NR preambles can also support nine short sequence preambles with a length of 139. For example, the nine types of short sequence preambles are provided in Table 2, reproducing Table 6.3.3.1-2 of 3GPP TS 38.211 v. 15.10.0. In Table 2, μ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3} . Table 2
[0109] In some implementations, the preamble sequence length is specified by the prach-RootSequenceIndex parameter. In the “FR1” frequency range (also called frequency range 1) , long sequences and short sequences with subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz and 30 kHz are supported. However, in the “FR2” frequency range (also called frequency range 2) , only short sequences with subcarrier spacings of 60 kHz and 120 kHz are supported.
[0110] Preambles corresponding to different formats in the time domain can occupy continuous time differently. FIG. 7 shows a diagram comparing continuous time occupied by long sequence preambles (e.g., the four types listed in Table 1) and short sequence preambles (e.g., the nine types listed in Table 2) in the time domain, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0111] The diagram of FIG. 7 shows that, in general, the RACH preamble has some repetition symbols to enhance the coverage. The values of Nu in Table 1 and Table 2 indicate the repetition times. For example, in the Format B4 in Table 2, Nu=12·2048k·2-μ, which means that the preamble has 12 times repetition for symbols.
[0112] In order to enhance the capacity of UEs in a given system, a time-domain orthogonal cover code (OCC) may be used to multiplex more UEs in the same time resource and the same frequency resource.
[0113] FIG. 8 shows an example of inter-slot OCC with physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) signals with repetition, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. For inter-slot time-domain OCC with PUSCH signals with repetition, elements of an OCC sequence can be multiplied on each repetition in a slot for a PUSCH configured with repetition. Specifically, the group of complex-valued symbols after transform precoding per repetition shall be block-wise spread with the orthogonal sequence wi (m) according to the following equation: where is the number of DFT-s-OFDM symbols per repetition according PUSCH resource allocation in time domain. The time span of an OCC sequence is of occ-length slots. An example of the OCC across 2 slots and occ-length of is shown in FIG. 8.
[0114] As shown in FIG. 8, two UEs can transmit simultaneously over the same time frequency resource. For example, one UE is assumed to multiply a signal by the wi (m) = [1 1] (e.g., i=1) , and the other UE is assumed to multiply a signal by the wi (m) = [1-1] (e.g., i=2) . The signals transmitted by UE1 and UE2 will be orthogonal due to the use of different orthogonal cover code wi even though they transmit at the same time and the same frequency. In some implementations, a receiver expecting a signal from UE1 detects the symbols from UE1 using the OCC of UE1. Specifically, for example, the receiver will multiply the slots by the UE1’s orthogonal cover code, which is [1 1] . Then, the receiver can sum these slots together. This method of combining symbols can increase the energy or SNR of the received signal. On the other hand, it is assumed that at the same time, the UE2 is also sending its signal to the receiver, using the OCC of UE2, which is [1 -1] . By multiplying this code by the UE1’s orthogonal cover code at the receiver and summing these slots, the receiver can get zero, such as: [1 1] * [1 -1] T = 1 -1 = 0.
[0115] From the perspective of the receiver, the signals transmitted from UE2 do not interfere with the signals from UE1.
[0116] The time-domain OCC is not limited to being used only between slots, and may also be used between symbols, and so on. In other words, the time-domain OCC can be used or applied across various time units, such as symbols or slots. Therefore, at the same time and the same frequency, by using the time-domain OCC, simultaneous transmissions of two users can be accommodated. Therefore, the capacity of the system is doubled.
[0117] In some implementations, with time-domain OCC, the basic assumption that there is no interference between UEs requires that the channel does not change between the symbols using OCC and the coded symbols. However, if the channel changes between symbols due to the impact of frequency offset or Doppler shift, interference is introduced between UEs, which may greatly affect receiver performance.
[0118] Considering application scenarios using or benefitting from a time-domain OCC, such as non-terrestrial network use cases or PUSCH transmissions of cell-edge users, the problem of neighboring cell interference is not considered. That is, the aforementioned application scenarios employ a time-domain OCC to address problems unrelated to neighboring cell interference, but the time-domain OCC may be susceptible to neighboring cell interference. Thus, if neighboring cells use the same OCC code and receiver, there is a large performance degradation due to the loss of orthogonality. A symbol extension code may instead be used to avoid or reduce neighboring cell interference. Furthermore, a Doppler-domain processing method may be used at a receiver to improve performance.
[0119] Some embodiments of the spreading code in the present disclosure include multiplying adjacent cell RACH / PUSCH symbols by a time-spreading code. In some further embodiments, the spreading code includes a ZC sequence with different roots for different cells. In some further embodiments, the ZC root is selected such that minimum repetition times are obtained for adjacent cells. The spreading code or root may be signaled to the devices in the adjacent cells.
[0120] One possible implementation is that the base station indicates to the UE some parameters such as {Root and cyclic shift index} , and the UE uses the indicated value to get the spreading code. Based on the spreading code, the UE transmit a RACH, PUSCH, PDSCH, or NTN signal with the spreading code.
[0121] In one possible implementation, based on the given {Root and cyclic shift index} , the UE can obtain the spreading code in the following manner:
[0122] Different roots of the ZC sequence are used as time domain extension codes for different UEs.
[0123] The ZC sequence used can be considered or written as: where cf=NZC mod 2, Nzc is the length of the symbols to be transmitted, so it is the length of the spreading code, and ui is an index of root (also known as root, root index, root value, or ZC root) . Each UE can be indicated with one certain root value. In other words, the root of the ZC sequence for each UE can be indicated to the UE by the base station. In some implementations, the base station can also indicate a length of the ZC sequence to each UE.
[0124] Based on the root, a Nzc*Nzc size matrix may be obtained based on various cyclic shifts of the sequence. In some implementations, each row or column of the matrix can be indicated to one UE as its spreading code.
[0125] For example, one possible implementation is that the RACH signals have 8 symbols in total. Assume that the UE is indicated to use the root 1. For simplicity, the first 4 columns of the 8*8 size matrix are given as
[0126] Each column can be the cyclic shift of the previous column. For example, the second column of W8* 4 ZC1 is obtained by applying a cyclic shift of one to the first column of W8* 4 ZC1 from the top to the bottom, and so on.
[0127] FIG. 9 shows a communication system 900 including two adjacent cells that use a same spreading code, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The communication system 900 includes two cells Cell 1 and Cell 2. Cell 1 can include a base station 901 and two UEs 903 and 904. Cell 2 can include a base station 902 and a UE 905. In some implementations, if a conventional OCC spreading code is used, a UE in Cell 1 and another UE in Cell 2 may use the same spreading code. For example, UE 903 in Cell 1 uses a spreading code [1, -1] , and UE 904 and UE 905 both use the same spreading code [1 1] as shown in FIG. 9. When the UE 904 of Cell 1 receives signals from the base station 901, the UE 904 can be near a neighboring cell (e.g., Cell 2) that uses a same spreading code for the UE 905 in Cell 2. Thus, interference between UE 904 and UE 905 will occur as the orthogonal cover codes used by these two UEs are not orthogonal. In order to reduce the interference, one possible implementation is that the adjacent cells use different roots for their respective spreading codes. FIG. 10 shows a communication system 1000 including two adjacent cells that use spreading codes generated based on different roots, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The communication system 1000 includes two cells Cell 1 and Cell 2. Cell 1 can include a base station 1001 and two UEs 1003 and 1004. Cell 2 can include a base station 1002 and a UE 1005. As shown in FIG. 10, the base station 1001 indicates to its UE (e.g., UE 1003 and UE 1004) to use a root (e.g., Root = 1) , whereas the adjacent cell’s base station 1002 indicates to its UE (e.g., UE 1005) to use a different root (e.g., Root = 3) . UE 1004 can use a ZC sequence (e.g., ZC1) generated using Root 1. UE 1003 can use a ZC sequence generated using a root value of 1 and a cyclic shift (referred to as cyclic shift (ZC1) as shown in FIG. 10) . UE 1005 can use a different ZC sequence (e.g., ZC2) generated using a root value of 3. The benefit of this method is that when one UE in one cell is transmitting symbols with a time domain spreading code (e.g., a ZC sequence) , other UEs or base stations from neighboring cells can use a different root to generate different ZC sequences as the spreading codes, which could help to reduce the interference between the UE in the cell and the other UEs or the base stations from the neighboring cells.
[0128] FIG. 11 shows a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 1100, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 11, the NTN 1100 includes two adjacent cells Cell 1 and Cell 2. Cell 1 can include a non-terrestrial network node or non-terrestrial base station 1101 (e.g., a satellite base station) and a UE 1103. Cell 2 can include a non-terrestrial network node or non-terrestrial base station 1102 (e.g., another satellite base station) and a UE 1104. One possible implementation is that the adjacent cells use different roots for their respective spreading codes to reduce non-orthogonality caused by a Doppler shift, as shown in FIG. 11.
[0129] In the NTN scenario of FIG. 11, the Doppler of the UE 1103 receiver in Cell 1 may be reduced, as the non-terrestrial network node 1101 of Cell 1 may perform Doppler pre-cancelation at the transmitter side. But the Doppler of signals received by UE 1101 from Cell 2 may not be reduced, as the non-terrestrial network node 1102 of Cell 2 will perform the pre-cancellation based on the relative velocity of the UE (e.g., UE 1104) serviced by Cell2, and not based on the relative velocity of the UE 1103.
[0130] In this scenario, the non-terrestrial network node 1101 of Cell 1 may indicate to its UE (e.g., UE 1103) to use the Root = 1 to generate spreading codes, while the non-terrestrial network node 1102 of Cell 2 indicates to its UE (e.g., UE 1104) to use the Root = 3 to generate spreading codes.
[0131] Some aspects of the present disclosure include a receiver implementation for the specific spreading code. Such a receiver may be particularly useful in a Doppler interference scenario.
[0132] FIG. 12 shows an example of a receiver side configured to detect signals spread with a specific spreading code, according to some implementations of the present disclosure.
[0133] At a receiver, for the #ith UE detection, one possible implementation is given in FIG. 10. The receiver can be, for example, a base station (e.g., the network node 170 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) . In a high speed scenario, a received signal (e.g., i = 1 as shown in FIG. 12) could additionally be multiplied by a Doppler phase shift (e.g., Doppler phase shift i=1 as shown in FIG. 12) . For each symbol, the Doppler phase shift is incorporated as shown in the figure, which is where is the detected channel without Doppler phase shift, is the Doppler phase shift, and T0 is the symbol period of RACH signal. As in a high speed scenario, the orthogonality can be lost, the conventional OCC decoder will have a large performance loss. As shown in FIG. 12, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation 1202 can be used to change the signals to Doppler domain to perform detection.
[0134] The receiver needs to detect which UE sends the signals. In some implementations, the receiver has the spreading code table as it will be defined in the standard. The receiver will try the #ith UE’s spreading code (e.g., ) to perform correlation at step 1001. Correlation can be defined as:
[0135] FIG. 13 shows a result of an FFT operation of correct detection of a spreading code, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. If the spreading code is correct, after the FFT operation, the receiver will achieve one peak (e.g., 1301 as shown in FIG. 11) at a Doppler point or a Doppler phase shift (e.g., ) , which is shown in FIG. 11.
[0136] FIG. 14 shows results of an FFT operation using non-target spreading codes, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. If the spreading code is not correct, such as being caused by interference from another cell with a different root, after the FFT operation, the receiver will achieve no peak at the Doppler point, which is shown in FIG. 14. The flatness in the Doppler domain is due to the fact that the spreading code used here has good performance.
[0137] Returning to FIG. 12, in some implementations, in order to detect which UE sends the RACH signal, the receiver correlates all spreading codes, and determines which UE sends the RACH signal by detecting which spreading code can obtain a maximum peak value after FFT (e.g., a “find peak” operation 1203 in FIG. 12) .
[0138] One possible implementation for root selection for an adjacent cell is described below. Using different roots has the benefit of interference (e.g., inter-cell interference) reduction, but how to achieve the best interference reduction is further discussed. In other words, an implementation to improve the interference reduction is discussed in more detail below.
[0139] Correlation can be defined as: where is a received signal, is a spreading code, and L is the length of the received signal and the length of the spreading code.
[0140] In some implementations, different base stations can use different sequences as spreading codes. The correlation (e.g., between different sequences) can be written as: where is also a ZC like sequence with root u2-u1.
[0141] For example, assuming that NZC= 8, the roots u1 and u2 could be selected from a set {1, 3, 5, 7} .
[0142] FIG. 15 shows FFT results of correlations of different spreading codes, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. Assuming that Cell 1 selects u1=1, Cell 2 should select u2=3 or u2=7, but not u2=5. The reason is that as described above, the correlation is determined by a number of repetitions in the ZC like sequence Thus, u2-u1=2 or u2-u1=6 (e.g., u2=3 or u2=7) can be the best choice because will be a ZC sequence with 2 repetitions. In other words, as shown in a result 1501 of FIG. 15, a repetition number of 2 can lead to a lower peak after FFT. Meanwhile u2-u1=4 is not the best choice as is the ZC like sequence with 4 repetitions. As shown in a result 1502 in FIG. 15, a repetition number of 4 can lead to a higher peak after FFT. In other words, after the FFT, the signal with a larger repetition number will get a higher peak, which will lead to worse detection performance, as shown in FIG. 15.
[0143] FIG. 16 shows an example of root indication in a communication system 1600, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The communication system 1600 includes two cells Cell 1 and Cell 2. Cell 1 can include a network node or base station 1601 and a UE 1603. Cell 2 can include a network node or base station 1602 and a UE 1604. The communication system 1600 can be an NTN, and the network nodes 1601 and 1602 can be two different non-terrestrial network nodes (e.g., satellite base stations) . One possible implementation for the root indication is performed through signaling from UE 1603 in Cell 1 to the adjacent Cell 2. While the network node 1601 of Cell 1 indicates to the UE 1603 (e.g., by transmitting spreading code index 1 indicating the spreading code) in Cell 1 to use one spreading code to transmit or receive signals, the UE 1603 in Cell 1 could transmit its parameters to the adjacent cell Cell 2. The UE 1603 in Cell 1 may perform adjacent cell measurement, so it has the information of the adjacent cell (e.g., Cell 2) . For example, the UE 1603 may access a SIB of the Cell 2, and may establish a communication link with the network node 1602 of Cell 2. Through this link, the UE 1603 can transmit spreading code information (e.g., spreading code index 1) to the adjacent cell (e.g., Cell 2) . As the adjacent cell obtains the spreading code information used in Cell 1, the network node 1602 of Cell 2 can indicate UEs (e.g., UE 1604) in Cell 2 to choose a different root (e.g., to avoid interference) . For example, the network node 1602 can transmit spreading code index 2 to UE 1604, and the spreading code index 2 can indicate a root different from the root used to generate the spreading code used by UE 1603.
[0144] FIG. 17 shows another example of root indication in a communication system 1700, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The communication system 1700 includes two cells Cell 1 and Cell 2. Cell 1 can include a network node or base station 1701 and a UE 1703. Cell 2 can include a network node or base station 1702 and a UE 1704. The communication system 1700 can be an NTN, and the network nodes 1701 and 1702 can be two different non-terrestrial network nodes (e.g., satellite base stations) . Another possible implementation for the root indication is through backhaul signaling from Cell 1 to adjacent cells (e.g., Cell 2, also called a neighboring cell) . When the base station 1701 determines a root used for a spreading code, the base station 1701 may send signaling or information (e.g., spreading code index 1) to the neighboring cell (e.g., the base station 1702 of Cell 2) to notify the neighboring cell of the root used by the base station 1701. The neighboring cell (e.g., the base station 1702 Cell 2) can select a root with the least interference from the neighboring cell according to the information. The root selected by the base station 1702 can be different from the root used by the base station 1701. In other words, the base station 1702 can choose a different root that reduces the interference between Cell 1 and Cell 2. The base station 1701 can transmit the spreading code index 1 to the UE 1703. The base station 1702 can transmit the spreading code index 2 to the UE 1704. The spreading code index 1 and the spreading code index 2 indicate two different roots.
[0145] FIG. 18 illustrates a communication method 1800, according to some implementations of the present disclosure. The method 1800 can be performed by a communication system including a first network node 1801, a second network node 1802, a first terminal device 1803, and a second terminal device 1804, according to the techniques described in this disclosure. In some implementations, each of the terminal devices 1803 and 1804 can be a UE, such as the ED 110 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. In some implementations, each of the network nodes 1801 and 1802 can be a base station, such as the network node 170 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The first network node 1801 and the first terminal device 1803 can be included in a first cell. The second network node 1802 and the second terminal device 1804 can be included in a second cell, which can be a neighboring cell of the first cell. The network nodes 1801 and 1802 can be two different non-terrestrial network nodes (e.g., satellite base stations) in an NTN. It is understood that this description is provided for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting. In practice, the method 1800 can be applied to other instances of network nodes and terminal devices or equivalents thereof. It is understood that steps or operations shown in the method 1800 are not exhaustive and that other operations can be performed as well before, after, or between any of the illustrated operations. Further, some of the steps or operations may be omitted, performed simultaneously, or in a different order than shown in FIG. 18.
[0146] In the method 1800, the terminal device 1803 can obtain a first root of a first ZC sequence. The first ZC sequence can be used (e.g., by the terminal device 1803) to spread a first uplink signal (e.g., first uplink signal at 1806 of FIG. 18) in the time domain. The first uplink signal can include symbols for a random access channel (RACH) preamble. The first uplink signal can include symbols for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . In another example, the first uplink signal can include symbols for a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . The spreading can be performed at different granularities. For example, the first ZC sequence can be used for symbol level spreading. In the symbol level spreading, each symbol in the first uplink signal can be multiplied by a corresponding element of the first ZC sequence. In another example, the first ZC sequence can be used for slot level spreading. In the slot level spreading, each slot (e.g., one or more symbols in the slot) in the first uplink signal can be multiplied by a corresponding element of the first ZC sequence.
[0147] In some implementations, the first uplink signal can be an NTN signal. For example, the first uplink signal can be a signal used in uplink transmissions of an NTN.
[0148] In some implementations, the terminal device 1803 obtaining the first root of the first ZC sequence includes the terminal device 1803 receiving (e.g., at 1805 of FIG. 18) information indicating the first root of the first ZC sequence (e.g., from the network node 1801) . Accordingly, at 1805, the network node 1801 transmits the information indicating the first root of the first ZC sequence to the terminal device 1803. The information indicating the first root of the first ZC sequence can be carried in higher layer signaling, such as a system information block (SIB) or other RRC signals. In some implementations, the information indicating the first root of the first ZC sequence can be a spreading code index in a predefined table, which is mapped to the first root of the first ZC sequence and / or a length of the first ZC sequence. In some implementations, the information indicating the first root of the first ZC sequence can include a value of the first root of the first ZC sequence. In some implementations, at 1805, the network node 1801 can transmit information indicating a set of roots to the terminal device 1803. The terminal device 1803 can select the first root from the set of roots.
[0149] At 1806, the terminal device 1803 can transmit the first uplink signal that is spread with the first ZC sequence to the network node 1801. Accordingly, the network node 1801 can receive the first uplink signal that is spread with the first ZC sequence from the terminal device 1803.
[0150] In some implementations, the terminal device 1803 can obtain a length (e.g., NZC) of the first ZC sequence. The terminal device 1803 can use the first root and the length of the first ZC sequence to generate the first ZC sequence. For example, the terminal device 1803 can determine the length of the first ZC sequence based on a spreading code index from the network node 1801 (e.g., by identifying the spreading code index in a predefined lookup table that maps spreading code indices to combinations of roots and lengths of ZC sequences) . In some implementations, the length of the first ZC sequence can be pre-configured for the terminal device 1803. In some implementations, the terminal device 1803 can obtain the length of the first ZC sequence by receiving the length of the first uplink signal from the network node 1801.
[0151] In some implementations, the terminal device 1803 can obtain a cyclic shift that is used to generate the first ZC sequence. For example, the terminal device 1803 can receive information indicating the cyclic shift from the network node 1801. Then, the terminal device 1803 can generate the first ZC sequence based on the cyclic shift.
[0152] In some implementations (not shown in FIG. 18) , the terminal device 1803 can transmit information indicating the first ZC sequence to another network node. In this way, the other network node can choose a ZC sequence different from the first ZC sequence, thereby reducing interference between signals transmitted or received by the two network nodes.
[0153] In some implementations, before the network node 1801 transmits the information indicating the first root of the first ZC sequence to the terminal device 1803, the network node 1801 can obtain information indicating a second root of a second ZC sequence. The first ZC sequence is associated with the network node 1801, and the second ZC sequence is associated with the network node 1802. The network node 1801 can determine the first root based on the second root. For example, the first root is different from the second root.
[0154] In some implementations, the information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence can be a spreading code index in a predefined table. The spreading code index can be mapped to the second root of the second ZC sequence. In other words, the spreading code index can serve as an identifier of the second root, thereby allowing efficient signaling. In some other implementations, the information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence can be value (s) of one or more parameters including the second root of the second ZC sequence, a length of the second ZC sequence, or a cyclic shift of the second ZC sequence.
[0155] In some implementations, the network node 1801 can determine the first root based on a correlation between the first ZC sequence and the second ZC sequence. The network node 1801 can select the first root that minimizes the correlation between the first ZC sequence and the second ZC sequence, thereby reducing potential interference between the network nodes 1801 and 1802. For example, the network node 1801 can select the first root from a set of roots (e.g., a predefined set) , such that among ZC sequences generated based on the set of roots, the first ZC sequence generated from the selected first root has the smallest correlation with the second ZC sequence. In some implementations, a small correlation can mean that the correlation between the first ZC sequence and the second ZC sequence can have a lower peak or a reduced number of repetitions. In some other implementations, the network node 1801 can determine the first root based on a difference between the first root and the second root. For example, among the set of roots, the network node 1801 can select the first root that has the smallest difference with the second root.
[0156] In some implementations, the network node 1801 obtaining information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence includes the network node 1801 receiving (e.g., at 1808 of FIG. 18) the information indicating the second root from a terminal device (e.g., the terminal device 1804) associated with the network node 1802.
[0157] In some implementations, the network node 1801 obtaining information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence includes the network node 1801 receiving (e.g., at 1807 of FIG. 18) the information indicating the second root from another network node (e.g., the network node 1802) . For example, the network node 1802 can transmit the information indicating the second root to the network node 1801 through a backhaul interface such as an X2 or Xn interface, or any other suitable interfaces used for an NTN.
[0158] In some implementations, the network node 1801 obtaining information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence includes the network node 1801 receiving the information indicating the second root from a core network node or a core network element. For example, although not explicitly shown in FIG. 18, the network node 1801 can receive the information indicating the second root from an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) or a similar core network element in a core network. Such signaling can be part of a centralized configuration or coordination procedure of the core network.
[0159] In some implementations, the information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence can indicate multiple roots. The multiple roots can include the second root and other roots used or reserved by other network nodes. After receiving the information indicating the multiple roots, the network node 1801 can avoid the multiple roots when selecting the first root for the first ZC sequence.
[0160] In some implementations, the network node 1801 can assign different ZC sequences to multiple terminal devices within a cell of the network node 1801 (e.g., the first cell) . These different ZC sequences can be generated based on the same root, but with different cyclic shifts, reducing interference between the multiple terminal devices. The network node 1801 can transmit information indicating a first cyclic shift to the terminal device 1803 (e.g., UE 1004 of FIG. 10) . The terminal device 1803 can generate the first ZC sequence (e.g., ZC1 of FIG. 10) based on the first root and the first cyclic shift. Similarly, the network node 1801 can transmit information indicating the first root and a second cyclic shift to a third terminal device (e.g., UE 1003 of FIG. 10) associated with the network node 1801. The first cyclic shift and the second cyclic shift are different. The third terminal device can generate a third ZC sequence (e.g., a cyclic shifted version of ZC1 of FIG. 10) based on the first root and the second cyclic shift. The network node 1801 may receive a second uplink signal from the third terminal device. The second uplink signal can be spread with the third ZC sequence.
[0161] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0162] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example embodiment for its intended application.
[0163] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0164] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0165] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0166] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in different embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0167] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0168] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device and enable a machine to execute the instructions. When executed by any computer or the processor of a programmable data processing device, the instructions cause the apparatus to implement specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0169] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the other programmable data processing device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or on another programmable device provide steps for implementing specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0170] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this application without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this application provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
[0171] The present disclosure encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.
[0172] Although this disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description.
[0173] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A method comprising:obtaining a root of a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the ZC sequence is used to spread an uplink signal in the time domain; andtransmitting the uplink signal that is spread with the ZC sequence.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the uplink signal comprises symbols for a random access channel (RACH) preamble, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) .3.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the uplink signal is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) signal.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the obtaining the root of the ZC sequence comprises:receiving information indicating the root from a first network node.5.The method of any one of claims 1-4, further comprising:obtaining a length of the ZC sequence, wherein the root and the length are used to generate the ZC sequence.6.The method of any one of claims 1-5, further comprising:transmitting information indicating the ZC sequence to a second network node.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, further comprising:obtaining a cyclic shift that is used to generate the ZC sequence.8.A method comprising:transmitting information indicating a first root of a first Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; andreceiving the first uplink signal, wherein the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence.9.The method of claim 8, further comprising:obtaining information indicating a second root of a second ZC sequence, wherein the first ZC sequence is associated with a first network node, and the second ZC sequence is associated with a second network node; anddetermining the first root based on the second root, wherein the first root is different from the second root.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the determining the first root comprises:determining the first root based on a correlation between the first ZC sequence and the second ZC sequence.11.The method of claim 9, wherein the obtaining the information indicating the second root of the second ZC sequence comprises:receiving the information indicating the second root from a second terminal device associated with the second network node.12.The method of claim 9, wherein the obtaining the information indicating the second ZC sequence comprises:receiving the information indicating the second root from the second network node.13.The method of claim 9, wherein the obtaining the information indicating the second ZC sequence comprises:receiving the information indicating the second root from a core network node.14.The method of any one of claims 8-13, further comprising:transmitting information indicating a first cyclic shift to a first terminal device, wherein the first ZC sequence is generated based on the first root and the first cyclic shift;transmitting information indicating the first root and a second cyclic shift to a third terminal device associated with a first network node, wherein the first cyclic shift is different from the second cyclic shift, and a third ZC sequence is generated based on the first root and the second cyclic shift; andreceiving a second uplink signal from the third terminal device, wherein the second uplink signal is spread with the third ZC sequence.15.The method of any one of claims 8-14, wherein the first uplink signal comprises symbols for a random access channel (RACH) preamble, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) .16.The method of any one of claims 8-15, wherein the first uplink signal is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) signal.17.The method of any one of claims 8-16, further comprising:transmitting a length of the first ZC sequence, wherein the first root and the length are used to generate the first ZC sequence.18.A communication system, comprising a first network node and a second network node, wherein:the first network node is configured to:transmit a first root of a first Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence to the second network node;transmit the first root of the first ZC sequence to a first terminal device, wherein the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; andreceive the first uplink signal from the first terminal device, wherein the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence; andthe second network node is configured to:receive the first root of the first ZC sequence from the first network node;determine a second root of a second ZC sequence based on the first root, wherein the second root is different from the first root;transmit the second root of the second ZC sequence to a second terminal device, wherein the second ZC sequence is used to spread a second uplink signal in the time domain; andreceive the second uplink signal from the second terminal device, wherein the second uplink signal is spread with the second ZC sequence.19.An apparatus, configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1-7 or any one of claims 8-17.20.An apparatus comprising:a processing unit configured to obtain a root of a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the ZC sequence is used to spread an uplink signal in the time domain; anda transmitting unit configured to transmit the uplink signal that is spread with the ZC sequence.21.An apparatus comprising:a transmitting unit configured to transmit information indicating a first root of a first Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; anda receiving unit configured to receive the first uplink signal, wherein the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence.22.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:transmit an uplink signal that is spread with a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the ZC sequence is associated with a root.23.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured to:transmit information indicating a first root of a first Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the first ZC sequence is used to spread a first uplink signal in the time domain; andreceive the first uplink signal, wherein the first uplink signal is spread with the first ZC sequence.24.The apparatus of claim 22 or claim 23, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.25.The apparatus of claim 20 or claim 22, further configured to perform the method of any one of claims 2 to 7.26.The apparatus of claim 21 or claim 23, further configured to perform the method of any one of claims 9 to 17.27.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; andone or more memories storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1-7 or any one of claims 8-17.28.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1-7 and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 8-17.29.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1-7 or any one of claims 8-17.30.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1-7 or any one of claims 8-17.