Method and apparatus for sensing by user equipment and multiple cells
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/074576
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images

Figure CN2026074576_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SENSING BY USER EQUIPMENT AND MULTIPLE CELLSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication technology, and more particularly to sensing performed within wireless communication systems.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communication system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may support wireless communication for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communication system may support wireless communication with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like) ) . Additionally, the wireless communication system may support wireless communication across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) (which is also known as new radio (NR) ) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] Current wireless communication system design focuses primarily on data transmission. ISAC involves the simultaneous use of radio frequency (RF) signals for both sensing and communication purposes. This integration can lead to improved spectrum efficiency, reduced latency, and enhanced reliability in various applications.SUMMARY
[0004] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ” Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” , a “group” or a “list” may include one or more elements.
[0005] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a UE. The UE may include at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: receive, from a first BS or a core network (CN) node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and perform a sensing task based on the sensing configuration; wherein performing the sensing task includes performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells, and performing the sensing task with the second cell includes: monitoring a first sensing reference signal (RS) from the second cell based on the sensing configuration, and the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to transmit a report including sensing data to the first BS or the CN node; or transmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.
[0006] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit a capability related message to the first BS, and the capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing with a neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a downlink (DL) sensing RS received from the neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on an uplink (UL) sensing RS transmitted to the neighbor cell; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; or a value indicating a maximum number of cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS.
[0007] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of: start monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to receiving a first indication activating the second cell for sensing from the first BS; stop monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to receiving a second indication deactivating the second cell for sensing from the first BS; start monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to a measurement result measured by the UE for the second cell satisfying a first criterion; or stop monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to the measurement result of the second cell satisfying a second criterion.
[0008] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive, from the first BS or the CN node, at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion.
[0009] In some embodiments, a number of cells in the list of cells is within a sensing capability of the UE. In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to, in response to the number of cells in the list of cells exceeding the sensing capability of the UE, select at least one cell from the list of cells for performing the sensing task based on the sensing capability of the UE, or based on the sensing capability of the UE and a channel quality of each cell in the list of cells. In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive, from the first BS, an indication selecting one or more cells from the list of cells for performing the sensing task, and a number of cells of the one or more cells is within a sensing capability of the UE.
[0010] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of: receive, from the first BS, a timing advance (TA) value for each of the at least one neighbor cell; determine the TA value for each of the at least one neighbor cell in response to receiving an indication for UE-based TA measurement from the first BS; or perform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to the at least one neighbor cell in response to receiving an order indication including a cell ID of the at least one neighbor cell from the first BS for transmitting a preamble to the at least one neighbor cell, or in response to an expiry of a TA validity timer.
[0011] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive the order indication from the first BS via radio resource control (RRC) signaling, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or physical layer signaling. In some embodiments, the order indication further includes a random access channel (RACH) resource configuration for transmitting the preamble.
[0012] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of: monitor validity of a TA value for a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell by means of a TA validity timer; release a TA value for a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell in response to at least one of: receiving a third indication deactivating the third cell for sensing from the first BS, determining to deactivate the third cell for sensing, or an expiry of the TA validity timer; or stop the sensing task with the third cell in response to the expiry of the TA validity timer.
[0013] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit the report periodically or in response to a triggering condition being satisfied. The triggering condition includes a buffer for storing the sensing data being full, the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, receiving a deactivation of a cell for sensing from the first BS, or determining a deactivation of a cell for sensing by the UE.
[0014] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit the satisfied triggering condition together with the sensing data.
[0015] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: store first sensing data associated with the second cell based on the sensing task in a first UE buffer associated with the second cell; and transmit the report including the first sensing data in response to the first UE buffer being full or reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy.
[0016] In some embodiments, the report only includes the first data, or the report includes the first data in priority.
[0017] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: store the sensing data in a buffer of the UE; and in response to the buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, continue to perform the sensing task, and overwrite existing sensing data in the buffer with latest sensing data obtained.
[0018] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: store the sensing data in a buffer of the UE; stop or suspend the sensing task in response to the buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy; and resume the sensing task in response to the buffer being not full or being below the threshold occupancy.
[0019] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to: perform a handover procedure to switch from the first cell of the first BS to a fourth cell of a second BS; and in response to the handover procedure, determine whether to continue to perform the sensing task with the first cell based on at least one of: an indication from the first BS or the CN node; whether a candidate cell configuration for handover associated with the fourth cell includes a sensing configuration associated with the first cell; whether the sensing configuration associated with the list of cells indicates the continuation; whether the first BS and the second BS belong to a same sensing area; or a location relationship between the first BS and the second BS.
[0020] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a first BS. The first BS may include at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first BS to: transmit, to a UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and transmit a first sensing RS to the UE based on the sensing configuration and receive a report including sensing data from the UE, or receive a second sensing RS from the UE based on the sensing configuration.
[0021] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to receive a capability related message from the UE, and the capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing with a neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a DL sensing RS received from the neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a UL sensing RS transmitted to the neighbor cell; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; or a value indicating a maximum number of cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS.
[0022] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to perform at least one of: transmit, to the UE and a second cell in the list of cells, a first indication activating the second cell for sensing in response to a measurement result for the second cell from the UE satisfying a first criterion; transmit, to the UE and the second cell, a second indication deactivating the second cell for sensing in response to the measurement result for the second cell from the UE satisfying a second criterion; or transmit, to the UE, at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion for the UE to determine whether to activate or deactivate the second cell for sensing.
[0023] In some embodiments, the measurement result is a layer 3 (L3) measurement result. In some embodiments, the measurement result is a layer 1 (L1) measurement result, and the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first BS to transmit the first indication or the second indication from a distributed unit (DU) of the first BS to a centralized unit (CU) of the first BS.
[0024] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to: determine at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion; or receive at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion from a CN node.
[0025] In some embodiments, a number of cells in the list of cells is within a sensing capability of the UE. In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to transmit, to the UE, an indication selecting one or more cells from the list of cells for performing the sensing task, and a number of cells of the one or more cells is within a sensing capability of the UE.
[0026] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to perform at least one of: transmit, to the UE, a TA value for each of the at least one neighbor cell; transmit, to the UE, an indication for UE-based TA measurement; or transmit, to the UE, an order indication including a cell ID of the at least one neighbor cell to trigger the UE to perform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to the at least one neighbor cell.
[0027] In some embodiments, the order indication is transmitted via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, or physical layer signaling. In some embodiments, the order indication further includes a RACH resource configuration for transmitting the preamble.
[0028] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to perform at least one of: receive, from a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell, an invalidity indication of a TA value for the third cell; monitor a validity of the TA value for the third cell; trigger the UE to perform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to the third cell in response to receiving the invalidity indication or determining an invalidity of the TA value for the third cell; or transmit, to the UE, a timer value for monitoring the validity of the TA value for the third cell.
[0029] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to transmit, to the UE, at least one condition for triggering the UE to transmit the report. In some embodiments, the at least one condition includes at least one of: a UE buffer for storing the sensing data being full, the UE buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, receiving a deactivation of a cell for sensing, or determining a deactivation of a cell for sensing by the UE.
[0030] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to receive, together with the sensing data, an indication identifying a corresponding satisfied condition.
[0031] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to: transmit, to a second BS, a first message requesting a candidate cell configuration for a handover of the UE, wherein the first message includes a sensing configuration associated with the first cell; receive, from the second BS, the candidate cell configuration that is based on the sensing configuration associated with the first cell; and transmit the candidate cell configuration to the UE.
[0032] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first BS to transmit, to the UE, an indication of whether the UE continue performing the sensing task with the first cell during or after the UE is handed over from the first cell to another cell.
[0033] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a CN node. The CN node may include at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the CN node to: transmit, to a UE or a first BS serving the UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and receive a report including sensing data from the UE or the first BS.
[0034] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the CN node to perform at least one of: transmit, to the first BS or the UE, a first criterion for determining whether to activate a cell in the list of cells for sensing; or transmit, to the first BS or the UE, a second criterion for determining whether to deactivate a cell in the list of cells for sensing.
[0035] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the CN node to transmit an indication of whether the UE continues performing the sensing task with the first cell during or after the UE is handed over from the first cell to another cell.
[0036] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive, from a first BS or a CN node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving a UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and perform a sensing task based on the sensing configuration; wherein performing the sensing task includes performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells, and performing the sensing task with the second cell includes: monitoring a first sensing RS from the second cell based on the sensing configuration, and the at least one controller is further configured to cause the processor to transmit a report including sensing data to the first BS or the CN node; or transmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.
[0037] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: transmit, to a UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of a first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and transmit a first sensing RS to the UE based on the sensing configuration and receive a report including sensing data from the UE, or receive a second sensing RS from the UE based on the sensing configuration.
[0038] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: transmit, to a UE or a first BS serving the UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and receive a report including sensing data from the UE or the first BS.
[0039] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: receiving, from a first BS or a CN node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving a UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and performing a sensing task based on the sensing configuration; wherein performing the sensing task includes performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells, and performing the sensing task with the second cell includes: monitoring a first sensing RS from the second cell based on the sensing configuration, and the method further includes transmitting a report including sensing data to the first BS or the CN node; or transmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.
[0040] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: transmitting, to a UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of a first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and transmitting a first sensing RS to the UE based on the sensing configuration and receiving a report including sensing data from the UE, or receiving a second sensing RS from the UE based on the sensing configuration.
[0041] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: transmitting, to a UE or a first BS serving the UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and receiving a report including sensing data from the UE or the first BS.
[0042] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide an apparatus. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apparatus may include: at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions; at least one receiving circuitry; at least one transmitting circuitry; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, the at least one receiving circuitry and the at least one transmitting circuitry, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium and the computer executable instructions may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform a method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0043] In order to describe the manner in which the advantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a description of the disclosure is rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings depict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope.
[0044] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a UE and a plurality of cells performing a sensing task in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0046] FIGs. 3-7 illustrate exemplary sensing procedures in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0047] FIGs. 8-10 illustrate flowcharts of wireless sensing methods in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0048] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0049] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0050] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a network equipment (NE) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0051] The detailed description of the appended drawings is intended as a description of the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present disclosure may be practiced. It should be understood that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
[0052] Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, embodiments are provided under a specific network architecture (s) and new service scenarios, such as the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) 5G NR or 6G, 3GPP LTE, and so on. It is contemplated that along with the development of network architectures and new service scenarios, all embodiments in the present disclosure are also applicable to similar technical problems; and moreover, the terminologies recited in the present disclosure may change, which should not affect the principles of the present disclosure.
[0053] Wireless sensing technologies enable the acquisition of information about a remote object and its characteristics without the need for physical contact. These technologies utilize perception data of the object, allowing for analysis and obtaining meaningful information about the object and its characteristics. An example of wireless sensing technologies is radar, which uses radio waves to determine various aspects of objects, such as distance (range) , angle or instantaneous linear velocity. Another example of wireless sensing technologies is non-radio frequency (RF) sensors, which have been supported in applications in different fields. Examples of such sensors are time-of-flight (ToF) cameras, accelerometers, gyroscopes and LiDARs.
[0054] Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) may refer to the integration of sensing capabilities within the same wireless communication system and infrastructure, such as 5G, beyond 5G (B5G) or 6G, that is used for communication purposes. Sensing information can be derived from RF-based and / or non-RF-based sensors. ISAC encompasses scenarios where communication assists sensing, such as when a communication system provides sensing services, and where sensing assists communication, such as when sensing information related to the communication channel or environment is used to enhance the communication system's communication services. For example, sensing information can assist in radio resource management, interference mitigation, beam management and mobility. It is desirable to introduce ISAC into wireless communication systems, such as 5G, B5G or 6G systems. Mobile operators can play an important role in providing 5G or 6G based ISAC to customers, including, e.g., the management and control of 5G or 6G based sensing services.
[0055] The following terms are used throughout this disclosure to describe ISAC. It should be noted that the definitions of the terms may change as technology develops and advances, but should not affect or limit the principles and spirit of the present disclosure.
[0056] Sensing service consumer: An entity that consumes a sensing result. The sensing service consumer may also request the sensing result.
[0057] Sensing entity: A generic designation for either a sensing transmitter or a sensing receiver, or both.
[0058] Sensing function: A logical function involved in supporting sensing services. The sensing function is distinct from a sensing entity.
[0059] Sensing Service: A capability that collects and provides information about objects and / or environmental characteristics by means of radio signals.
[0060] Sensing data (also referred to as 3GPP sensing data) : Data derived from radio signals (e.g., 3GPP radio signals) that have been impacted (e.g., reflected, refracted or diffracted) by an object or environment of interest for sensing purposes, and optionally processed within the communication (e.g., 5G or 6G) system.
[0061] Wireless sensing (e.g., 5G or 6G wireless sensing) : A feature that provides the capability to obtain information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within it (e.g., shape, size, orientation, speed, location, distances or relative motion between objects) using radio frequency signals, which, in some cases, can be extended by information created via functionalities previously specified in an evolved packet core (EPC) and / or evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) .
[0062] Sensing group: A set of sensing transmitters and sensing receivers whose locations are known and whose sensing data can be collected in a synchronous manner.
[0063] Sensing receiver: An entity that receives sensing signals which the sensing service will use in its operation. A sensing receiver may be a part of a RAN node or a UE, and may be co-located with or separate from a sensing transmitter. For example, a sensing receiver may receive reflections of a sensing signal sent from a sensing transmitter and may process the received sensing signal to obtain characteristics of the sensed object and / or the environment (e.g., location) .
[0064] Sensing Result: Processed sensing data requested by a sensing service consumer.
[0065] Sensing Signals: Transmissions on a 3GPP radio interface that can be used for sensing purposes.
[0066] Sensing Transmitter: An entity that transmits sensing signals which the sensing service will use in its operation. A sensing transmitter be a part of a RAN node or a UE, and may be co-located with or separate from a sensing receiver.
[0067] Target sensing service area (also referred to as target sensing area) : An area that may be defined in Cartesian coordinates and may be indoors, outdoors or both. This area can be sensed by deriving environmental and / or object characteristics with a certain sensing service quality from impacted (e.g., reflected, refracted or diffracted) 3GPP radio signals. This can include indoor environments, outdoor environments or both.
[0068] In some embodiments, both a UE and a RAN node (e.g., a BS) may serve as a sensing entity to perform a sensing task. In some embodiments, the following sensing modes may be supported in ISAC. Monostatic sensing refers to the case where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are co-located in the same entity. Bistatic sensing refers to the case where the sensing receiver and sensing transmitter are in different entities. (1) BS-based monostatic sensing, wherein a BS transmits and the same BS receives; (2) BS-based bistatic sensing, wherein a BS transmits and a different BS receives; (3) BS-UE bistatic sensing, where a BS transmits and a UE receives, and the sensing RS is DL sensing RS; (4) UE-BS bistatic sensing, where a UE transmits and a BS receives, and the sensing RS is UL sensing RS; (5) UE based monostatic sensing, wherein a UE transmits and the same UE receives; and (6) UE based bistatic sensing, wherein a UE transmits and a different UE receives.
[0069] The present disclosure provides solutions for enhancing the sensing functionality.
[0070] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of wireless communication system 100 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0071] The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more NEs 102 (e.g., one or more BSs) , one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communication system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a 3G network, such as a universal terrestrial radio access-frequency division duplex (UTRA-FDD) network. In some implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, a terrestrial radio access-frequency division duplex (TRA-FDD) network or an evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be an NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultra-wideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , and IEEE 802.20. The wireless communication system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communication system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0072] The one or more NEs 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communication system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN) node, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the one or more NEs 102 may include different types of BSs (e.g., macro BS, pico BS, femto BS, relay BS, etc. ) . These different types of BSs may have different transmit power levels and different coverage areas. For example, a macro BS may have a relatively high transmit power level, while pico BSs, femto BSs, and relay BSs may have relatively low transmit power levels. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an NE 102 may include a CU and one or more DUs. An F1 interface may be established between the DU of NE 102 and the CU of NE 102.
[0073] An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0074] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN) . In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with a different NE 102.
[0075] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communication system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.
[0076] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0077] A relaying function based on a sidelink may be supported in the wireless communication system 100. For example, a UE 104 supporting sidelink communication may function as a relay node to extend the coverage of an NE 102 (e.g., a BS) . An out-of-coverage or in-coverage UE may communicate with a BS via a relay node (e.g., a relay UE) . In some implementations, a UE, which functions as a relay between another UE and a BS, may be referred to as a UE-to-network (U2N) relay.
[0078] An NE 102 may support communication with the CN 106, or with another NE 102 or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with another NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N3 or another network interface) . In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0079] In some implementations, an NE 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more NEs 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, an NE 102 may include one or more of a centralized unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) (e.g., a TRP) , a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) (e.g., a near-real time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a non-real time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a service management and orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof. One or more components of the NEs 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the NEs 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) or a virtual DU (VDU) ) .
[0080] Split of functionality between a CU and a DU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU or a DU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host higher protocol layers (e.g., L3 (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) layer) and parts of L2 (e.g., service data adaption protocol (SDAP) layer and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) functionality and signaling. The CU may be connected to one or more DUs, which may host lower protocol layers (e.g., L1 (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) and parts of L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer) ) functionality and signaling, and be at least partially controlled by the CU. A DU may support one or multiple different cells. A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions.
[0081] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , a 5G core (5GC) , or 6G core (6GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility functions (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) or a mobility management function in 6G or other future generations) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106. In some implementations, the CN may include one or more additional CN nodes such as a location management function (LMF) or a sensing function (SF) . The SF may be located in a CN node such as the LMF or may be an independent network node in the CN. Both the SF and the LMF may be in communication with the mobility management function. In some implementations, the SF may be a part of the NE 102.
[0082] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106) .
[0083] In the wireless communication system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communication) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies such as 6G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0084] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communication system 100, and a numerology may include subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ =1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A sixth numerology (e.g., μ =5) may be associated with a sixth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 480 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A seventh numerology (e.g., μ=6) may be associated with a seventh subcarrier spacing (e.g., 960 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. For ambient IoT communication, additional numerologies (e.g., μ=-1 or μ =-2) may be introduced corresponding to 7.5 kHz or 3.75 kHz, respectively.
[0085] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0086] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communication system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings (SCSs) of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0087] In the wireless communication system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communication system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communication over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communication traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0088] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ =0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ =1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least two numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0089] A UE 104 may include computing devices, such as desktop computers, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , tablet computers, smart televisions (e.g., televisions connected to the Internet) , set-top boxes, game consoles, security systems (including security cameras) , vehicle on-board computers, network devices (e.g., routers, switches, and modems) , or the like. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE 104 may include a portable wireless communication device, a smart phone, a cellular telephone, a flip phone, a device having a subscriber identity module, a personal computer, a selective call receiver, or any other device that is capable of sending and receiving communication signals on a wireless network. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE 104 includes wearable devices, such as smart watches, fitness bands, optical head-mounted displays, or the like. Moreover, a UE 104 may be referred to as a subscriber unit, a mobile, a mobile station, a user, a terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a fixed terminal, a subscriber station, a user terminal, or a device, or described using other terminology used in the art. A UE 104 may communicate with an NE 102 (e.g., a BS) via uplink (UL) communication signals. An NE 102 may communicate with a UE 104 via downlink (DL) communication signals.
[0090] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate over licensed spectrums, whereas in some other embodiments, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate over unlicensed spectrums. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementation of any particular wireless communication system architecture or protocol. Persons skilled in the art should understand that as technology develops and advances, the terminologies described in the present disclosure may change, but should not affect or limit the principles and spirit of the present disclosure.
[0091] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions for enhancing the sensing functionality. For example, a UE may be configured to perform a sensing task with one or more cells. Solutions are provided to enhance sensing in this scenario. For example, the signal strength between the UE and the cells may vary due to UE mobility. Solutions are provided to update the cell list with which the UE performs the sensing task. For example, UE capability is taken into consideration when performing a sensing task. To perform a sensing task with a cell, the UE may transmit a UL sensing RS to the cell. Solutions are provided to achieve and maintain a valid TA value for this cell. Solutions are also provided for a UE to trigger a sensing report. Additionally, solutions are provided for dealing with the sensing procedure between a UE and its source cell during or after UE handover. More details on the embodiments of the present disclosure will be illustrated in the following text in combination with the appended drawings.
[0092] In the context of the present disclosure, a UE performing a sensing task with a cell may mean that the UE monitors a sensing RS from the cell or the UE transmits a sensing RS to the cell. In the former case, the UE may measure the DL sensing RS from the cell and obtain sensing measurement results. The UE may report these measurement results to the network (e.g., its serving BS or a CN node) . In some embodiments, the UE may process these measurement results and report the processed data to the network. In the latter case, the cell receiving the UL sensing RS from the UE may measure the UL sensing RS and obtain measurement results. In some embodiments, the cell (e.g., the corresponding BS) may process these measurement results and report the processed data to the network. Any data produced by or originating from the sensing task, whether raw measurement results or processed information, may be referred to as sensing data in this disclosure.
[0093] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a UE and a plurality of cells performing a sensing task in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 2.
[0094] Referring to FIG. 2, UE 204 may be configured to perform a sensing task with a plurality of cells, including but not limited to cell 202a, cell 202b and cell 202c. Cell 202a is the serving cell of UE 204, and cell 202b and cell 202c are neighbor cells. Cell 202a, cell 202b and cell 202c may belong to the same BS or different BSs. In some embodiments, UE 204 may perform the sensing task with some cells in the configured cells.
[0095] UE 204 may move around, for example, in the coverage area of cell 202a. The signal strength of the neighbor cells will vary due to UE mobility. For example, when UE 204 moves to the left side of cell 202a's coverage area, the signal strength between cell 202c and UE 204 is strong, while the signal strength between cell 202b and UE 204 is weak. Similarly, when UE 204 moves to the right side of cell 202a's coverage area, the signal strength between cell 202c and UE 204 is weak, while the signal strength between cell 202b and UE 204 is strong. It would be beneficial to update the cell list with which UE 204 performs the sensing task, for example, activate the cell with strong signal strength and / or deactivate the cell with weak signal strength. This is especially true when the UE moves at high speeds (e.g., 100km per hour) , as changes in signal strength occur quickly. It would be beneficial to quickly control or adjust the cell list. Quick activation / deactivation of the sensing RS per cell or per sensing RS set is needed.
[0096] For example, when UE 204 moves to the left side of cell 202a's coverage area, the sensing RS in cell 202c may be activated or the sensing RS in cell 202b may be deactivated. When UE 204 moves to the right side of cell 202a's coverage area, the sensing RS in cell 202b may be activated or the sensing RS in cell 202c may be deactivated.
[0097] In the present disclosure, deactivating a cell for sensing may include at least one of a sensing transmitter (e.g., a UE) stopping transmitting a sensing RS to the cell, the cell stopping measuring the sensing RS from the sensing transmitter, the cell stopping transmitting a sensing RS to a sensing receiver (e.g., a UE) , or the sensing receiver stopping monitoring or measuring the sensing RS from the cell. Activating a cell for sensing may include at least one of a sensing transmitter (e.g., a UE) transmitting a sensing RS to the cell, the cell receiving or measuring the sensing RS from the sensing transmitter, the cell transmitting a sensing RS to a sensing receiver (e.g., a UE) , or the sensing receiver measuring the sensing RS from the cell. From the perspective of a cell, "deactivating the cell for sensing" can be used interchangeably with "the cell stopping measuring a sensing RS" or "the cell stopping transmitting a sensing RS" ; and "activating the cell for sensing" can be used interchangeably with "the cell receiving or measuring a sensing RS" or "the cell transmitting a sensing RS" . From the perspective of a UE, "deactivating a cell for sensing" can be used interchangeably with "the UE stopping monitoring a sensing RS from the cell" or "the UE stopping transmitting a sensing RS to the cell" ; and "activating a cell for sensing" can be used interchangeably with "the UE monitoring and measuring a sensing RS from the cell" or "the UE transmitting a sensing RS to the cell" . "Activating a cell for sensing" and "deactivating a cell for sensing" can be used interchangeably with "activating the sensing configuration for the cell" and "deactivating the sensing configuration for the cell" , respectively.
[0098] FIG. 3 illustrates exemplary sensing procedure 300 that enables sensing cell activation and deactivation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 3.
[0099] Referring to FIG. 3, at 311, UE 304 may connect to (or access) BS 302. For example, UE 304 may access a cell (denoted as cell #A) of BS 302, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 304 and BS 302 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 304. In some embodiments, UE 304 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 302 is associated with the MCG of UE 304. In some embodiments, UE 304 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via dual-connectivity (DC) ) . For example, in addition to BS 302, UE 304 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #1) . In some examples, BS 302 and BS #1 may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 304, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 304. In some examples, BS 302 and BS #1 may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 304, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 304. In some embodiments, BS 302 may be a gNB or a 6G radio (6GR) BS.
[0100] In some embodiments, UE 304 may receive sensing related capability from BS 302. For example, BS 302 may indicate whether the BS supports a certain sensing mode (s) . For example, BS 302 may indicate whether the BS supports at least one of BS-UE bistatic sensing or UE-BS bistatic sensing. In BS-UE bistatic sensing, a cell or a BS (e.g., cell #A or BS 302) may act as the sensing transmitter (e.g., transmitting the sensing RS) and a UE (e.g., UE 304) may act as the sensing receiver (e.g., receiving the sensing RS) . For example, UE 304 may monitor the sensing RS (e.g., DL sensing RS) from cell #A or BS 302, and may perform measurements on it. In UE-BS bistatic sensing, a UE (e.g., UE 304) may act as the sensing transmitter (e.g., transmitting the sensing RS) and a cell or a BS (e.g., cell #A or BS 302) may act as the sensing receiver. For example, UE 304 may transmit the sensing RS (e.g., UL sensing RS) to cell #A or BS 302, which may perform measurements on the sensing RS.
[0101] At 313, UE 304 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 302. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 302. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN.
[0102] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include first information indicating whether UE 304 supports bistatic sensing where a BS acts as a sensing transmitter and UE 304 acts as a sensing receiver. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include second information indicating whether UE 304 supports bistatic sensing where a BS acts as a sensing receiver and UE 304 acts as a sensing transmitter. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include third information indicating whether UE 304 is able to perform sensing with a neighbor cell. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include fourth information indicating whether UE 304 is able to perform sensing based on a DL sensing RS received from a neighbor cell. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include fifth information indicating whether UE 304 is able to perform sensing based on a UL sensing RS transmitted to a neighbor cell. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include sixth information indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells with which UE 304 is able to perform sensing. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include seventh information indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells on which UE 304 is able to monitor a DL sensing RS. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include eighth information indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells to which UE 304 is able to transmit a UL sensing RS. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include ninth information indicating a maximum number of cells with which UE 304 is able to perform sensing. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include tenth information indicating a maximum number of cells on which UE 304 is able to monitor a DL sensing RS. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include eleventh information indicating a maximum number of cells to which UE 304 is able to transmit a UL sensing RS. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include one or more of the first information to eleventh information.
[0103] In some embodiments, if the network (for example, a BS such as BS 302 or a CN node such as CN node 306) would like to initiate (or trigger) a sensing task, then the network may perform a sensing entity (SE) selection. CN node 306 may be a network function for access and mobility, such as an AMF or a similar NF in 6G, an SF, an operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) , a data collection entity (DCE) , a data collection function (DCF) , or a session management function (SMF) ) . An SE may be referred to as a sensing transmitter or a sensing receiver. For example, in the case of BS-UE bistatic sensing, the sensing transmitter is a BS and the sensing receiver is a UE. In the case of UE-BS bistatic sensing, the sensing transmitter is a UE and the sensing receiver is a BS. The network may perform the BS selection and UE selection. Either a connected UE, an idle UE or an inactive UE can be selected to perform the sensing.
[0104] UE 304 may be selected as an SE. The network (e.g., BS 302 or CN node 306) may transmit a sensing configuration to UE 304. The sensing configuration may include at least one of sensing requirements (e.g., the accuracy of the sensing task or service) , a report configuration, or a sensing RS configuration. In UE-BS bistatic sensing, UE 304 may transmit a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration. In BS-UE bistatic sensing, UE 304 may monitor and measure a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration, and report sensing data corresponding to the sensing task. In some embodiments, the sensing configuration may be associated with a list of cells, which may include the serving cell (cell #A) and at least one neighbor cell of UE 304. The cells in the list of cells may be from the same or different BSs, wherein each BS may belong to a specific sensing area (if configured) . UE 304 may be configured to monitor sensing RSs from cells in the list of cells or transmit sensing RSs to cells in the list of cells.
[0105] In some embodiments, CN node 306 (e.g., an SF) may request a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) from a BS (e.g., the serving BS, BS 302, or another BS) . For example, CN node 306 may obtain UE information (e.g., UE context, UE capability) from a CN node which maintains the UE context. CN node 306 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #A1) to a BS (e.g., BS 302) . Cells in cell list #A1 belong to BS 302. Cell list #A1 may include cell #A, i.e., the serving cell of UE 304. CN node 306 may also transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #A2) to another BS (denoted as BS #A2) . Cells in cell list #A2 belong to BS #A2. CN node 306 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #A1 and cell list #A2 to UE 304 at 315' (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) . Alternatively, CN node 306 may request BS #A2 to transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #A2 to BS 302 (i.e., the serving BS of UE 304) via the interface between the two BSs (e.g., an Xn interface or its equivalent in 6G or other future generations) . BS 302 can transmit the sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells (e.g., the sensing configuration associated with cell list #A2) to UE 304. The sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells may indicate a sensing RS resource from BS #A2.
[0106] In some embodiments, the serving BS may request a sensing configuration from one or more neighbor BSs. For example, CN node 306 may transmit the UE ID of UE 304, which is selected as an SE for a sensing task to BS 302. CN node 306 may provide sensing-related information (e.g., information on the sensing task, the sensing area, etc. ) to BS 302. In some cases, the sensing area may be a cell list. BS 302 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) to a neighbor BS. The neighbor BS may configure the sensing RS and transmit the sensing configuration to BS 302. Then, BS 302 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with a list of cells (e.g., cell #A and at least one neighbor cell, where the at least one neighbor cell may belong to BS 302 or a neighbor BS) to UE 304 at 315 (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) .
[0107] In some embodiments, the sensing configuration for a certain cell (e.g., the corresponding sensing RS configuration) may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 304. Put another way, the cells in the configured cell list may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 304. The network (e.g., BS 302 or CN node 306) can activate or deactivate a cell based on UE measurement results.
[0108] At 317, UE 304 may perform the sensing task based on the sensing configuration. For example, UE 304 may perform sensing with the activated cells in the list of cells configured for sensing. In some embodiments, BS 302 (i.e., the serving BS or serving cell) can update the cells with which UE 304 performs sensing. In some embodiments, UE 304 may determine which cell in the configured cell list can be activated or deactivated.
[0109] For example, in some embodiments, BS 302 may transmit an indication to UE 304 for activating or deactivating a cell (denoted as cell #A1) for sensing. In response to the indication for activating cell #A1, UE 304 may start performing sensing with cell #A1, for example, monitoring the sensing RS from cell #A1 or transmitting the sensing RS to cell #A1. In response to the indication for deactivating cell #A1, UE 304 may stop performing sensing with cell #A1, for example, stop monitoring the sensing RS from cell #A1 or transmitting the sensing RS to cell #A1.
[0110] BS 302 may determine whether to activate or deactivate a cell based on a criterion. This criterion may be determined by BS 302 itself (e.g., its CU) or by the CN (e.g., CN node 306 such as an SF) . For example, BS 302 may determine to activate cell #A1 based on a measurement result for the cell from UE 304 satisfying a criterion (denoted as criterion #1) , and then transmit a corresponding indication to UE 304 and / or cell #A1. For example, BS 302 may determine to deactivate cell #A1 based on a measurement result for the cell from UE 304 satisfying a criterion (denoted as criterion #2) or satisfying criterion #1, and then transmit a corresponding indication to UE 304 and / or cell #A1. In some embodiments, one or more of these criteria may be transmitted by BS 302 or CN node 306 to UE 304, so UE 304 itself can make the determination.
[0111] For example, BS 302 (e.g., its CU) may update the cells with which UE 304 performs sensing based on the L3 measurement report from UE 304 and a threshold (denoted as threshold #1) . Threshold #1 may be received from CN node 306 (e.g., an SF) or determined by BS 302. For example, when the channel quality of cell #A1 (e.g., the L3 reference signal received power (RSRP) between UE 304 and cell #A1) is less than threshold #1, BS 302 may deactivate cell #A1 and inform UE 304 and cell #A1 of the deactivation. For example, BS 302 may inform the BS of cell #A1 to stop transmitting a DL sensing RS to UE 304 or monitoring a UL sensing RS from UE 304. For example, BS 302 may inform UE 304 to stop monitoring the DL sensing RS from cell #A1 or transmitting the UL sensing RS to cell #A1. When the channel quality of cell #A1 (e.g., the L3 RSRP between UE 304 and cell #A1) is greater than threshold #1, BS 302 may activate cell #A1 and inform UE 304 and cell #A1 of the activation. For example, BS 302 may inform the BS of cell #A1 to transmit a DL sensing RS to UE 304 or monitor a UL sensing RS from UE 304. For example, BS 302 may inform UE 304 to monitor the DL sensing RS from cell #A1 or transmit the UL sensing RS to cell #A1. In some embodiments, different thresholds may be used for cell activation and deactivation.
[0112] For example, BS 302 (e.g., its DU) may update the cells with which UE 304 performs sensing based on the L1 measurement report from UE 304 and a threshold (denoted as threshold #2) . Threshold #2 may be received from CN node 306 (e.g., an SF) or determined by BS 302 (e.g., its CU) . For example, CN node 306 may configure threshold #2 for the CU of BS 302. The CU of BS 302 may transmit threshold #2 to the DU of BS 302, which can update the sensing cells based on the L1 measurement report from UE 304. The DU of BS 302 may inform the CU of BS 302 of the updates. For example, when the channel quality of cell #A1 (e.g., the L1 RSRP between UE 304 and cell #A1) is less than threshold #2, BS 302 may deactivate cell #A1 and inform UE 304 and cell #A1 of the deactivation. For example, the DU of BS 302 serving UE 304 may inform UE 304 of the deactivation via a MAC CE or physical layer signaling. For example, BS 302 may inform the BS of cell #A1 to stop transmitting a DL sensing RS to UE 304 or monitoring a UL sensing RS from UE 304. For example, BS 302 may inform UE 304 to stop monitoring the DL sensing RS from cell #A1 or transmitting the UL sensing RS to cell #A1. When the channel quality of cell #A1 (e.g., the L1 RSRP between UE 304 and cell #A1) is greater than threshold #2, BS 302 may activate cell #A1 and inform UE 304 and cell #A1 of the activation. For example, BS 302 may inform the BS of cell #A1 to transmit a DL sensing RS to UE 304 or monitor a UL sensing RS from UE 304. For example, BS 302 may inform UE 304 to monitor the DL sensing RS from cell #A1 or transmit the UL sensing RS to cell #A1. In some embodiments, different thresholds may be used for cell activation and deactivation.
[0113] For example, the network (e.g., BS 302 or CN node 306) may provide the above criterion or threshold to UE 304. UE 304 can autonomously deactivate or activate a cell based on the measurement results. That is, UE 304 can autonomously stop (or start) monitoring a DL sensing RS from a cell or transmitting a UL sensing RS to a cell based on the measurement results corresponding to the cell. In this scenario, UE 304 can perform sensing in any RRC state, for example, either a connected state or a non-connected state (e.g., idle or inactive state) .
[0114] In some embodiments, the criteria or thresholds may be designed as including an entering condition and a leaving condition, or designed to include a time-to-trigger (TTT) timer. For example, when the entering condition is met (e.g., the cell quality is greater than a threshold) , the cell can be activated; and when the leaving condition is met, the cell can be deactivated. For example, when the entering condition remains continuously satisfied throughout an entire TTT duration, the cell can be activated; and when the leaving condition remains continuously satisfied throughout an entire TTT duration, the cell can be deactivated.
[0115] UE 304 may transmit a report including the sensing data to the network. For example, at 319' (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) , UE 304 may transmit the sensing data to CN node 306 (e.g., the SF, OAM, DCE, DCF, SMF, AMF or mobility functionality entity in 6G or beyond) . For example, at 319 (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) , UE 304 may transmit the sensing data to BS 302.
[0116] In some embodiments, UE 304 may transmit an available indication of sensing data to the network (e.g., BS 302 or CN node 306) . The available indication may be per cell. For example, UE 304 may indicate that sensing data associated with a certain cell is available. UE 304 may receive a request for sensing data from the network. Based on the request, UE 304 may report the corresponding sensing data or result to the network. In some embodiments, the report may include at least one of the RSRP of a sensing RS, Doppler, power level of a sensing RS, or a change in the power level between two time points. In some embodiments, there are separate sensing data reports for different cells. A cell ID may be included in a corresponding report. The cell ID may be a physical cell identity (PCI) , a global cell ID, a cell index, a candidate cell index or the like. In some embodiments, if multiple sensing RS sets are configured for one cell, the corresponding sensing RS configuration set ID should be included in the report.
[0117] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 300 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 300 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0118] FIG. 4 illustrates exemplary sensing procedure 400 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 4.
[0119] Referring to FIG. 4, at 411, UE 404 may connect to (or access) BS 402. For example, UE 404 may access a cell (denoted as cell #B) of BS 402, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 404 and BS 402 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 404. In some embodiments, UE 404 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 402 is associated with the MCG of UE 404. In some embodiments, UE 404 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 402, UE 404 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #2) . In some examples, BS 402 and BS #2 may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 404, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 404. In some examples, BS 402 and BS #2 may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 404, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 404. In some embodiments, BS 402 may be a gNB or a 6GR BS.
[0120] In some embodiments, UE 404 may receive sensing related capability from BS 402. For example, BS 402 may indicate whether the BS supports a certain sensing mode (s) . For example, BS 402 may indicate whether the BS supports at least one of BS-UE bistatic sensing or UE-BS bistatic sensing.
[0121] In some embodiments, UE 404 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 402. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 402. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The UE capability information as described with respect to FIG. 3 may apply here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of the first information to eleventh information as described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0122] In some embodiments, if the network (for example, a BS such as BS 402 or a CN node such as CN node 406) would like to initiate (or trigger) a sensing task, then the network may perform an SE selection. CN node 406 may be a network function for access and mobility, such as an AMF or a similar NF in 6G, an SF, an OAM, a DCE, a DCF, or an SMF) . For example, the network may perform the BS selection and UE selection. Either a connected UE, an idle UE or an inactive UE can be selected to perform the sensing.
[0123] UE 404 may be selected as an SE. The network (e.g., BS 402 or CN node 406) may transmit a sensing configuration to UE 404. The sensing configuration may include at least one of sensing requirements (e.g., the accuracy of the sensing task or service) , a report configuration, or a sensing RS configuration. In UE-BS bistatic sensing, UE 404 may transmit a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration. In BS-UE bistatic sensing, UE 404 may monitor and measure a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration, and report sensing data corresponding to the sensing task. In some embodiments, the sensing configuration may be associated with a list of cells, which may include the serving cell (cell #B) and at least one neighbor cell of UE 404. The cells in the list of cells may be from the same or different BSs, wherein each BS may belong to a specific sensing area (if configured) . UE 404 may be configured to monitor sensing RSs from cells in the list of cells or transmit sensing RSs to cells in the list of cells.
[0124] In some embodiments, CN node 406 (e.g., an SF) may request a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) from a BS (e.g., the serving BS, BS 402, or another BS) . For example, CN node 406 may obtain UE information (e.g., UE context, UE capability) from a CN node which maintains the UE context. CN node 406 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #B1) to a BS (e.g., BS 402) . Cells in cell list #B1 belong to BS 402. Cell list #B1 may include cell #B, i.e., the serving cell of UE 404. CN node 406 may also transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #B2) to another BS (denoted as BS #B2) . Cells in cell list #B2 belong to BS #B2. CN node 406 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #B1 and cell list #B2 to UE 404 at 413' (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) . Alternatively, CN node 406 may request BS #B2 to transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #B2 to BS 402 (i.e., the serving BS of UE 404) via the interface between the two BSs (e.g., an Xn interface or its equivalent in 6G or other future generations) . BS 402 can transmit the sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells (e.g., the sensing configuration associated with cell list #B2) to UE 404. The sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells may indicate a sensing RS resource from BS #B2.
[0125] In some embodiments, the serving BS may request a sensing configuration from one or more neighbor BSs. For example, CN node 406 may transmit the UE ID of UE 404, which is selected as an SE for a sensing task to BS 402. CN node 406 may provide sensing-related information (e.g., information on the sensing task, the sensing area, etc. ) to BS 402. In some cases, the sensing area may be a cell list. BS 402 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) to a neighbor BS. The neighbor BS may configure the sensing RS and transmit the sensing configuration to BS 402. Then, BS 402 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with a list of cells (e.g., cell #B and at least one neighbor cell, where the at least one neighbor cell may belong to BS 402 or a neighbor BS) to UE 404 at 413 (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) .
[0126] In some embodiments, the sensing configuration for a certain cell (e.g., the corresponding sensing RS configuration) may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 404. Put another way, the cells in the configured cell list may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 404. The network (e.g., BS 402 or CN node 406) or UE 404 can activate or deactivate a cell based on UE measurement results.
[0127] At 415, UE 404 may perform the sensing task based on the sensing configuration. For example, UE 404 may perform sensing with the activated cells in the list of cells configured for sensing. In some embodiments, BS 402 (i.e., the serving BS or serving cell) can update the cells with which UE 404 performs sensing. In some embodiments, UE 404 may determine which cell in the configured cell list can be activated or deactivated.
[0128] In some embodiments, the sensing capability of the UE is taken into account when configuring the cells for sensing. For example, the number of cells with which UE 404 can perform sensing may be limited (e.g., equal to or less than K1) due to the sensing capabilities of the UE. For example, the number of cells on which UE 404 is able to monitor a DL sensing RS may be limited (e.g., equal to or less than K2) . For example, the number of cells on which UE 404 is able to transmit a UL sensing RS may be limited (e.g., equal to or less than K3) . For example, the number of neighbor cells with which UE 404 can perform sensing may be limited (e.g., equal to or less than K1') due to the sensing capabilities of the UE. For example, the number of neighbor cells on which UE 404 is able to monitor a DL sensing RS may be limited (e.g., equal to or less than K2') . For example, the number of neighbor cells on which UE 404 is able to transmit a UL sensing RS may be limited (e.g., equal to or less than K3') .
[0129] In some embodiments, the number of cells configured for sensing is restricted to within UE capability. For example, when the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, or CN node 406) transmits the sensing configuration to UE 404, the number of cells configured in the sensing configuration may be within UE capability. For example, the configured cells can be referred to as a sensing area, and the number of cells in this area may be within UE capability. For example, if UE 404 is selected as a sensing transmitter, the number of cells configured for sensing may be equal to or less than K1 or K3. For example, if UE 404 is selected as a sensing receiver, the number of cells configured for sensing may be equal to or less than K1 or K2.
[0130] In some embodiments, there is no such limitation on the configuration. In other words, the number of the configured cells is allowed to exceed (e.g., greater than) the maximum number of cells based on UE capability. However, the number of activated cells may be limited. That is, the number of cells with which UE 404 actually performs sensing may be restricted to within UE capability. For example, the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) or UE 404 may select certain cells from the configured cells. The number of cells in the selected cells is equal to or less than the maximum number of cells based on UE capability.
[0131] For example, the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) may transmit a sensing configuration associated with K cells to UE 404. The value of K may exceed (e.g., greater than) the UE capability (e.g., up to K' cells) . For example, all cells in a sensing area are configured for UE 404.
[0132] In some embodiments, UE 404 may select at least one cell for performing the sensing task from the configured cells based on UE capability. For example, BS 402 (e.g., its CU) may transmit a sensing configuration associated with 10 cells to UE 404. According to the capability of UE 404, the maximum number of cells for UL sensing RS transmission is 8. UE 404 may select at most 8 cells for UL sensing RS transmission from the 10 cells. The number of cells selected by UE 404 may be determined by UE 404 or indicated by the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) . Alternatively, the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) may select (or activate) at most 8 cells for UE 404 to perform UL sensing RS transmission and indicate the selected (or the activated) cells to UE 404.
[0133] In some embodiments, UE 404 may select at least one cell for performing the sensing task from the configured cells based on UE capability and channel quality of each cell in the configured cells. For example, BS 402 (e.g., its CU) may transmit a sensing configuration associated with 10 cells to UE 404. UE 404 may select at most 8 cells for UL sensing RS transmission from the 10 cells. For example, UE 404 may select 8 cells (or fewer cells) with the best channel quality out of 10 cells. For example, a selected cell may have a channel quality higher than a threshold value. For example, a cell can be selected if its channel quality (e.g., the RSRP between UE 404 and the cell) is greater than a threshold. However, if the number of cells in the configured cells satisfying the threshold is greater than 8, for example, if it is 9, UE 404 can at most select 8 cells out of the 9 cells. For example, the finally selected cells may be cells having the best channel quality. For example, UE 404 may randomly select at most select 8 cells out of the 9 cells. For example, UE 404 may select at most select 8 cells out of the 9 cells according to other criteria. The number of cells selected by UE 404 may be determined by UE 404 or indicated by the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) . Alternatively, the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) may select (or activate) at most 8 cells for UE 404 to perform UL sensing RS transmission based on the channel quality (e.g., measurement report from UE 404, and indicate the selected (or the activated) cells to UE 404.
[0134] In some embodiments, UE sensing capability (e.g., up to K' cells) is transmitted to the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) . For example, UE 404 may indicate the value of K' to the CU of BS 402, which then indicates it to the DU of BS 402. The number of cells selected or activated by the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) may be less than or equal to the value of K'. For example, the network (e.g., BS 402, the CU of BS 402, the DU of BS 402, or CN node 406) may transmit, to UE 404, an indication selecting a number of cells from the configured cells for performing the sensing task, wherein the number of selected cells is within the UE sensing capability (e.g., less than or equal to the value of K') .
[0135] UE 404 may transmit a report including the sensing data to the network. For example, at 417' (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) , UE 404 may transmit the sensing data to CN node 406 (e.g., the SF, OAM, DCE, DCF, SMF, AMF or mobility functionality entity in 6G or beyond) . For example, at 417 (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) , UE 404 may transmit the sensing data to BS 402.
[0136] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 400 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 400 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0137] FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary sensing procedure 500 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 5.
[0138] Referring to FIG. 5, at 511, UE 504 may connect to (or access) BS 502A. For example, UE 504 may access a cell (denoted as cell #C) of BS 502A, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 504 and BS 502A can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 504. In some embodiments, UE 504 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 502A is associated with the MCG of UE 504. In some embodiments, UE 504 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 502A, UE 504 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #3) . In some examples, BS 502A and BS #3 may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 504, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 504. In some examples, BS 502A and BS #3 may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 504, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 504. In some embodiments, BS 502A may be a gNB or a 6GR BS.
[0139] In some embodiments, UE 504 may receive sensing related capability from BS 502A. For example, BS 502A may indicate whether the BS supports a certain sensing mode (s) . For example, BS 502A may indicate whether the BS supports at least one of BS-UE bistatic sensing or UE-BS bistatic sensing.
[0140] In some embodiments, UE 504 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 502A. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 502A. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The UE capability information as described with respect to FIG. 3 may apply here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of the first information to eleventh information as described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0141] In some embodiments, if the network (for example, a BS such as BS 502A or a CN node) would like to initiate (or trigger) a sensing task, then the network may perform an SE selection. The CN node may be a network function for access and mobility, such as an AMF or a similar NF in 6G, an SF, an OAM, a DCE, a DCF, or an SMF) . For example, the network may perform the BS selection and UE selection. Either a connected UE, an idle UE or an inactive UE can be selected to perform the sensing.
[0142] UE 504 may be selected as an SE. The network (e.g., BS 502A or the CN node) may transmit a sensing configuration to UE 504. The sensing configuration may include at least one of sensing requirements (e.g., the accuracy of the sensing task or service) , a report configuration, or a sensing RS configuration. In UE-BS bistatic sensing, UE 504 may transmit a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration. In BS-UE bistatic sensing, UE 504 may monitor and measure a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration, and report sensing data corresponding to the sensing task. In some embodiments, the sensing configuration may be associated with a list of cells, which may include the serving cell (e.g., cell #C) and at least one neighbor cell of UE 504. The cells in the list of cells may be from the same or different BSs, wherein each BS may belong to a specific sensing area (if configured) . UE 504 may be configured to monitor sensing RSs from cells in the list of cells or transmit sensing RSs to cells in the list of cells.
[0143] In some embodiments, the CN node (e.g., an SF) may request a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) from a BS (e.g., the serving BS, BS 502A, or another BS) . For example, the CN node the may obtain UE information (e.g., UE context, UE capability) from another CN node which maintains the UE context. The CN node may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #C1) to a BS (e.g., BS 502A) . Cells in cell list #C1 belong to BS 502A. Cell list #C1 may include cell #C, i.e., the serving cell of UE 504. The CN node may also transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #C2) to another BS (e.g., BS 502B) . Cells in cell list #C2 belong to BS 502B. The CN node may transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #C1 and cell list #C2 to UE 504. Alternatively, the CN node may request BS 502B to transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #C2 to BS 502A (i.e., the serving BS of UE 504) via the interface between the two BSs (e.g., an Xn interface or its equivalent in 6G or other future generations) . BS 502A can transmit the sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells (e.g., the sensing configuration associated with cell list #C2) to UE 504. The sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells may indicate a sensing RS resource from BS 502B.
[0144] In some embodiments, the serving BS may request a sensing configuration from one or more neighbor BSs (e.g., BS 502B) . For example, the CN node may transmit the UE ID of UE 504, which is selected as an SE for a sensing task to BS 502A. The CN node may provide sensing-related information (e.g., information on the sensing task, the sensing area, etc. ) to BS 502A. In some cases, the sensing area may be a cell list. BS 502A may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) to a neighbor BS (e.g., BS 502B) . The neighbor BS may configure the sensing RS and transmit the sensing configuration to BS 502A. Then, BS 502A may transmit the sensing configuration associated with a list of cells (e.g., cell #C and at least one neighbor cell, where the at least one neighbor cell may belong to BS 502A or a neighbor BS) to UE 504.
[0145] In some embodiments, the sensing configuration for a certain cell (e.g., the corresponding sensing RS configuration) may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 504. Put another way, the cells in the configured cell list may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 504. The network (e.g., BS 502A or the CN node) or UE 504 can activate or deactivate a cell based on UE measurement results.
[0146] UE 504 may perform the sensing task based on the sensing configuration. For example, UE 504 may perform sensing with the activated cells in the list of cells configured for sensing. In some embodiments, BS 502A (i.e., the serving BS or serving cell) can update the cells with which UE 504 performs sensing. In some embodiments, UE 504 may determine which cell in the configured cell list can be activated or deactivated.
[0147] In some embodiments, UE 504 may act as a sensing transmitter to perform the sensing task with at least one neighbor cell. The at least one neighbor cell may belong to the same BS (e.g., the serving BS of UE 504 or BS 502B) or different BSs. To perform the sensing task, UE 504 may transmit a UL sensing RS to each of the at least one neighbor cell. In this scenario, UE 504 needs to obtain the TA value for the at least one neighbor cell. Various methods may be employed for obtaining the TA value of a neighbor cell. Details will be described below. For the sake of clarity, it is assumed that UE 504 may perform the sensing task with cell #C1.
[0148] In some embodiments, UE 504 may receive the TA value for cell #C1 from the serving cell (e.g., BS 502A or cell #C) of UE 504. For example, BS 502A may indicate the TA value for cell #C1 to UE 504. For example, BS 502A may indicate a relationship of the TA values of cell #C1 and cell #C. For example, BS 502A may indicate that the TA value for cell #C1 is the same as that for cell #C. For example, BS 502A may indicate that the TA value for cell #C1 is zero.
[0149] In some embodiments, UE 504 may determine the TA value for cell #C1 based on its own measurement. For example, the serving cell (e.g., BS 502A or cell #C) may instruct UE 504 to perform a UE-based TA measurement for the TA value for cell #C1. For example, UE 504 may receive an indication for a UE-based TA measurement for cell #C1 from BS 502A. In response to receiving the indication, UE 504 may determine the TA value for cell #C1. As those skilled in the art understand, UE 504 can implement the UE-based TA measurement using various methods.
[0150] In some embodiments, UE 504 may perform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to cell #C1 to obtain the TA value for cell #C1. For the sake of clarity, it is assumed that cell #C1 belongs to BS 502B. The TA acquisition procedure may be triggered by an order indication from the serving cell (e.g., BS 502A or cell #C) . For example, BS 502A may transmit an order indication to UE 504 to trigger UE 504 to transmit a preamble to cell #C1 (e.g., to BS 502B) . The order indication may include a cell ID or cell index of cell #C1. In some examples, the order indication may further include a RACH resource configuration for transmitting the preamble. After UE 504 transmits the preamble to cell #C1, cell #C1 (e.g., BS 502B) may transmit the calculated TA value to BS 502A via the interface between the two BSs (e.g., an Xn interface or its equivalent in 6G or other future generations) . Then, BS 502A may transmit the TA value for cell #C1 to UE 504.
[0151] The order indication may be carried in RRC signaling, a MAC CE, or physical layer signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI) or a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order) . For example, the order indication may be transmitted to UE 504 via RRC signaling. After BS 502A (e.g., its CU) receives the TA value for cell #C1, BS 502A (e.g., its CU) may transmit the TA value for cell #C1 to UE 504. For example, the order indication may be transmitted to UE 504 via a MAC CE. After BS 502A (e.g., its CU) receives the TA value for cell #C1, the CU of BS 502A may transmit the TA value for cell #C1 to a DU of BS 502A serving UE 504 (e.g., include cell #C) . Then, the DU of BS 502A may transmit the TA value for cell #C1 to UE 504. At 515, UE 504 may transmit the UL sensing RS to BS 502B (i.e., cell #C1) based on the sensing RS configuration for cell #C1. At 513, UE 504 may transmit the UL sensing RS to BS 502A (e.g., cell #C) based on the TA value for cell #C.
[0152] In some embodiments, UE 504 may release the TA value for cell #C1 in response to at least one of: receiving an indication deactivating cell #C1 for sensing from the network (e.g., BS 502A or the CN node) , UE 504 determining to deactivate cell #C1 for sensing, or an expiry of a TA validity timer for a cell #C1. In some examples, UE 504 may not release the TA value immediately upon receiving the deactivation indication or determining to deactivate. Instead, UE 504 may start a timer and release the TA value when the timer expires. The timer value may be configured for UE 504 by BS 502A or predefined.
[0153] In some embodiments, UE 504 or the network (e.g., cell #C, BS 502A, cell #C1, or BS 502B) may monitor the validity of the TA value for cell #C1.
[0154] For example, since cell #C1 (e.g., BS 502B) monitors the UL sensing RS from UE 504, it can determine whether the TA value for cell #C1 is valid or not. When cell #C1 (e.g., BS 502B) determines that the TA value is invalid, it may inform the serving cell of UE 504 (e.g., cell #C or BS 502A) . Then, cell #C or BS 502A may trigger a TA acquisition procedure to obtain a new TA value. For example, BS 502A may instruct UE 504 to transmit a preamble to cell #C to acquire a valid TA value. For example, BS 502A may instruct UE 504 to perform a UE-based TA measurement to determine a valid TA value. For example, BS 502A may determine a valid TA value and transmit it to UE 504.
[0155] For example, the serving cell (e.g., cell #C or BS 502A) may determine whether the TA value for cell #C1 is valid or not. When cell #C (e.g., BS 502A) determines that the TA value is invalid, it may inform UE 504. Cell #C or BS 502A may trigger a TA acquisition procedure to obtain a new TA value. For example, BS 502A may instruct UE 504 to transmit a preamble to cell #C to acquire a valid TA value. For example, BS 502A may instruct UE 504 to perform a UE-based TA measurement to determine a valid TA value. For example, BS 502A may determine a valid TA value and transmit it to UE 504.
[0156] For example, the value of a TA validity timer may be configured for UE 504 by BS 502A. Alternatively, the timer value may be predefined. In response to the expiry of the timer, UE 504 may perform at least one of: stop performing sensing with the corresponding cell, deactivate the corresponding cell, stop transmitting the UL sensing RS to the corresponding cell, release the invalid TA value, or trigger a TA acquisition procedure to obtain a valid TA value. For example, UE 504 may transmit a preamble to the cell to acquire the valid TA value. For example, UE 504 may perform a UE-based TA measurement to determine the valid TA value.
[0157] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 500 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 500 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0158] FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary sensing procedure 600 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 6.
[0159] Referring to FIG. 6, at 611, UE 604 may connect to (or access) BS 602. For example, UE 604 may access a cell (denoted as cell #D) of BS 602, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 604 and BS 602 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 604. In some embodiments, UE 604 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 602 is associated with the MCG of UE 604. In some embodiments, UE 604 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 602, UE 604 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #4) . In some examples, BS 602 and BS #4 may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 604, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 604. In some examples, BS 602 and BS #4 may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 604, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 604. In some embodiments, BS 602 may be a gNB or a 6GR BS.
[0160] In some embodiments, UE 604 may receive sensing related capability from BS 602. For example, BS 602 may indicate whether the BS supports a certain sensing mode (s) . For example, BS 602 may indicate whether the BS supports at least one of BS-UE bistatic sensing or UE-BS bistatic sensing.
[0161] In some embodiments, UE 604 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 602. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 602. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The UE capability information as described with respect to FIG. 3 may apply here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of the first information to eleventh information as described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0162] In some embodiments, if the network (for example, a BS such as BS 602 or a CN node such as CN node 606) would like to initiate (or trigger) a sensing task, then the network may perform an SE selection. CN node 606 may be a network function for access and mobility, such as an AMF or a similar NF in 6G, an SF, an OAM, a DCE, a DCF, or an SMF) . For example, the network may perform the BS selection and UE selection. Either a connected UE, an idle UE or an inactive UE can be selected to perform the sensing.
[0163] UE 604 may be selected as an SE. The network (e.g., BS 602 or CN node 606) may transmit a sensing configuration to UE 604. The sensing configuration may include at least one of sensing requirements (e.g., the accuracy of the sensing task or service) , a report configuration, or a sensing RS configuration. In UE-BS bistatic sensing, UE 604 may transmit a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration. In BS-UE bistatic sensing, UE 604 may monitor and measure a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration, and report sensing data corresponding to the sensing task. In some embodiments, the sensing configuration may be associated with a list of cells, which may include the serving cell (cell #D) and at least one neighbor cell of UE 604. The cells in the list of cells may be from the same or different BSs, wherein each BS may belong to a specific sensing area (if configured) . UE 604 may be configured to monitor sensing RSs from cells in the list of cells or transmit sensing RSs to cells in the list of cells.
[0164] In some embodiments, CN node 606 (e.g., an SF) may request a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) from a BS (e.g., the serving BS, BS 602, or another BS) . For example, CN node 606 may obtain UE information (e.g., UE context, UE capability) from a CN node which maintains the UE context. CN node 606 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #D1) to a BS (e.g., BS 602) . Cells in cell list #D1 belong to BS 602. Cell list #D1 may include cell #D, i.e., the serving cell of UE 604. CN node 606 may also transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #D2) to another BS (denoted as BS #D2) . Cells in cell list #D2 belong to BS #D2. CN node 606 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #D1 and cell list #D2 to UE 604 at 613' (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) . Alternatively, CN node 606 may request BS #D2 to transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #D2 to BS 602 (i.e., the serving BS of UE 604) via the interface between the two BSs (e.g., an Xn interface or its equivalent in 6G or other future generations) . BS 602 can transmit the sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells (e.g., the sensing configuration associated with cell list #D2) to UE 604. The sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells may indicate a sensing RS resource from BS #D2.
[0165] In some embodiments, the serving BS may request a sensing configuration from one or more neighbor BSs. For example, CN node 606 may transmit the UE ID of UE 604, which is selected as an SE for a sensing task to BS 602. CN node 606 may provide sensing-related information (e.g., information on the sensing task, the sensing area, etc. ) to BS 602. In some cases, the sensing area may be a cell list. BS 602 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) to a neighbor BS. The neighbor BS may configure the sensing RS and transmit the sensing configuration to BS 602. Then, BS 602 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with a list of cells (e.g., cell #D and at least one neighbor cell, where the at least one neighbor cell may belong to BS 602 or a neighbor BS) to UE 604 at 613 (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) .
[0166] In some embodiments, the sensing configuration for a certain cell (e.g., the corresponding sensing RS configuration) may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 604. Put another way, the cells in the configured cell list may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 604. The network (e.g., BS 602 or CN node 606) or UE 604 can activate or deactivate a cell based on UE measurement results.
[0167] At 615, UE 604 may perform the sensing task based on the sensing configuration. For example, UE 604 may perform sensing with the activated cells in the list of cells configured for sensing. In some embodiments, BS 602 (i.e., the serving BS or serving cell) can update the cells with which UE 604 performs sensing. In some embodiments, UE 604 may determine which cell in the configured cell list can be activated or deactivated.
[0168] UE 604 may store the data produced by or originating from the sensing task in a UE buffer. UE 604 may transmit a report including the sensing data to the network. The sensing report can be transmitted via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, or physical layer signaling. For example, at 617' (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) , UE 604 may transmit the sensing data to CN node 606 (e.g., the SF, OAM, DCE, DCF, SMF, AMF or mobility functionality entity in 6G or beyond) . For example, at 617 (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) , UE 604 may transmit the sensing data to BS 602.
[0169] Various sensing report types may be defined and configured for UE 604 (e.g., in the sensing configuration) . For example, the sensing report may be a periodical report, an event-based report or a request-based report.
[0170] For example, CN node 606 (e.g., the SF) may determine the periodicity value and may transmit it to UE 604 and its serving BS (e.g., BS 602) . After receiving the periodicity value, BS 602 can determine the sensing resources based on the periodicity value. For example, BS 602 may configure a configured grant matching the periodicity value for UE 604. In this way, UE 604 can report the sensing data at the configured periodicity value using the configured grant.
[0171] For example, UE 604 may report the sensing data in response to a request from the network (e.g., BS 602 or CN node 606 such as an SF) . In some embodiments, the request may include area information such as a cell list) . UE 604 may report sensing data associated with the area to the network.
[0172] For example, UE 604 may be configured with various events for triggering the sensing report. The triggering events may also be referred to triggering conditions. In response to a triggering condition being satisfied, UE 604 may transmit a sensing report to the network (e.g., BS 602 or CN node 606) . For example, the triggering condition may include at least one of: the buffer for storing the sensing data being full, the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, receiving the deactivation of a cell for sensing, receiving the activation of a cell for sensing, autonomously determining the deactivation of a cell for sensing, or autonomously determining the activation of a cell for sensing, overheat, or low battery. In some embodiments, the satisfied triggering condition may also be reported together with the sensing data.
[0173] The threshold occupancy may be configured by the network or predefined. The threshold occupancy may be an absolute buffer size, a percentage of the buffer size or any other form conceivable to persons skilled in the art. For example, the threshold occupancy may 80%of the buffer size. UE 604 may transmit a sensing report when the amount of sensing data stored in the UE buffer reaches or exceeds 80%of the buffer size.
[0174] The activation or deactivation of a cell may include the activation or deactivation of a DL sensing RS transmitted by the cell. For example, UE 604 may transmit a sensing report when it receives, from cell #D (i.e., the serving cell) , a deactivation indication for the sensing RS of a neighbor cell. Autonomously determining means that the UE makes the determination itself. For example, UE 604 may transmit a sensing report when it determines to deactivate a sensing RS of a neighbor cell (e.g., stop transmitting the sensing RS to the cell or stop monitoring the sensing RS from the cell) .
[0175] In some embodiments, the buffer-status triggering conditions (e.g., "the buffer for storing the sensing data being full" or "the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy" ) may be defined as per UE. For example, the triggering condition of "the buffer for storing the sensing data being full" means that the UE's entire sensing buffer, which stores sensing data associated with either the serving cell or the neighbor cell, is full. For example, the triggering condition of "the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy" means that the UE's entire sensing buffer, which stores sensing data associated with either the serving cell or the neighbor cell, reaches or exceeds the threshold occupancy. That is, buffer status in the buffer-status triggering conditions refers to the UE's entire sensing buffer.
[0176] In some embodiments, the buffer-status triggering conditions may be defined as per cell, per cell group, or per cell type. In other words, buffer status in the buffer-status triggering conditions refers to the buffer for a specific cell, a specific cell group, or a specific cell type (e.g., serving cell or neighbor cell) .
[0177] For example, "the buffer" in the buffer-status triggering conditions (e.g., "the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy" or "the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy" ) may refer to the buffer associated with a certain cell (e.g., the buffer for storing sensing data associated with the cell) . In response to a buffer-status triggering condition for a certain cell being satisfied, UE 604 may transmit a report including sensing data associated with this cell. For example, "the buffer" in the buffer-status triggering conditions may refer to the buffer associated with a certain cell group including one or more cells (e.g., the buffer for storing sensing data associated with the one or more cells) . In response to a buffer-status triggering condition for a certain cell group being satisfied, UE 604 may transmit a report including sensing data associated with cells in this cell group. For example, "the buffer" in the buffer-status triggering conditions may refer to the buffer associated with a certain cell type (e.g., the buffer for storing sensing data associated with the neighbor cells) . In response to a buffer-status triggering condition for a certain cell type being satisfied, UE 604 may transmit a report including sensing data associated with cells of this cell type.
[0178] For example, UE 604 may store sensing data associated with a cell (denoted as cell #D1) in a UE buffer (denoted as buffer #D1) for cell #D1. In response to buffer #D1 being full or reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, UE 604 may transmit the report including sensing data associated with cell #D1 to the network. In some examples, the report may only include sensing data associated with cell #D1. For example, the report may not include sensing data associated with another cell having a buffer status not satisfying the triggering condition. In some examples, if the UL grant is sufficient, the report can include as much sensing data as possible. For example, if the UL grant is sufficient, the report can include all the sensing data stored at UE 604. The report should include sensing data associated with cell #D1 in priority. That is, the report should first include sensing data associated with the cell whose buffer status satisfies the triggering condition. If there are more UL grant resources, the report can include additional sensing data.
[0179] For example, UE 604 may store sensing data associated with neighbor cells in a UE buffer (denoted as buffer #D2) for neighbor cells. In response to buffer #D2 being full or reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, UE 604 may transmit the report including sensing data associated with neighbor cells to the network.
[0180] In some embodiments, the buffer-status triggering conditions may be defined as per sensing service or sensing task. The terms "sensing service" and "sensing task" can be used interchangeably. For example, UE 604 may receive a sensing request for a second sensing task while it is performing a first sensing task. Sensing data associated with different sensing services or tasks may be stored in separate buffers. Buffer status in the buffer-status triggering conditions refers to the buffer for a specific sensing task. In response to a buffer-status triggering condition for a certain sensing task being satisfied, UE 604 may transmit a report including sensing data associated with this sensing task.
[0181] In some embodiments, a UE buffer storing sensing data may be configured with a timer. The value of the timer (e.g., one minute) may be configured by the network (e.g., BS 602 or CN node 606) or predefined. When the timer for a certain buffer expires, UE 604 may be triggered to report sensing data in this buffer.
[0182] In some embodiments, the UE sensing buffer described in the present disclosure may refer to at least one of: the buffer in the access stratum (AS) layer, the buffer in the sensing layer, the buffer in the RRC layer, or the buffer in the applicable layer. The initiation of a sensing buffer can be a UE implementation. UE 604 may flush a buffer for a cell (e.g., releasing the stored data) in response to one of the following: UE reporting the sensing data from the buffer; UE receiving a reconfiguration related to this cell (e.g., sensing RS of the cell is updated) ; UE performing a handover; UE performing a re-establishment procedure; or UE leaving the sensing area associated the current sensing task.
[0183] In some embodiments, when the UE sensing buffer is full, UE 604 may continue sensing. The latest sensing data obtained may overwrite existing sensing data in the buffer (e.g., the oldest one) . That is, UE 604 always stores the latest sensing data. For example, in response to a sensing buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, UE 604 may continue to perform the sensing task. UE 604 may overwrite existing sensing data in the buffer with the latest sensing data obtained. For example, in response to a sensing buffer for a cell being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, UE 604 may continue to perform the sensing task with the cell, and may overwrite existing sensing data in the buffer with the latest obtained sensing data associated with the cell.
[0184] In some embodiments, when the UE sensing buffer is full, UE 604 may stop or suspend the sensing. UE 604 may restart or resume the sensing in response to the buffer being not full or being below the threshold occupancy. For example, after reporting the sensing data, UE 604 can restart or resume the sensing. For example, UE 604 can restart or resume the sensing based on an indication from the network (e.g., BS 602 or CN node 606) . For example, in response to a sensing buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, UE 604 may stop or suspend the sensing task. UE 604 may restart or resume the sensing task in response to the buffer being not full or being below the threshold occupancy. For example, in response to a sensing buffer for a cell being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, UE 604 may stop or suspend performing the sensing task with the cell. UE 604 may restart or resume the sensing task with the cell in response to the buffer being not full or being below the threshold occupancy.
[0185] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 600 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 600 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0186] FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary sensing procedure 700 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 7.
[0187] Referring to FIG. 7, at 711, UE 704 may connect to (or access) BS 702. For example, UE 704 may access a cell (denoted as cell #E) of BS 702, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 704 and BS 702 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 704. In some embodiments, UE 704 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 702 is associated with the MCG of UE 704. In some embodiments, UE 704 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 702, UE 704 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #5) . In some examples, BS 702 and BS #5 may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 704, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and an SN of UE 704. In some examples, BS 702 and BS #5 may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 704, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 704. In some embodiments, BS 702 may be a gNB or a 6GR BS.
[0188] In some embodiments, UE 704 may receive sensing related capability from BS 702. For example, BS 702 may indicate whether the BS supports a certain sensing mode (s) . For example, BS 702 may indicate whether the BS supports at least one of BS-UE bistatic sensing or UE-BS bistatic sensing.
[0189] In some embodiments, UE 704 may receive a candidate cell configuration for handover from BS 702. For example, the candidate cell configuration may be associated with at least one cell belonging to at least one candidate BS (e.g., BS 702 or another BS) .
[0190] In some embodiments, UE 704 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 702. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 702. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The UE capability information as described with respect to FIG. 3 may apply here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of the first information to eleventh information as described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0191] In some embodiments, if the network (for example, a BS such as BS 702 or a CN node such as CN node 706) would like to initiate (or trigger) a sensing task, then the network may perform an SE selection. CN node 706 may be a network function for access and mobility, such as an AMF or a similar NF in 6G, an SF, an OAM, a DCE, a DCF, or an SMF) . For example, the network may perform the BS selection and UE selection. Either a connected UE, an idle UE or an inactive UE can be selected to perform the sensing.
[0192] UE 704 may be selected as an SE. The network (e.g., BS 702 or CN node 706) may transmit a sensing configuration to UE 704. The sensing configuration may include at least one of sensing requirements (e.g., the accuracy of the sensing task or service) , a report configuration, or a sensing RS configuration. In UE-BS bistatic sensing, UE 704 may transmit a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration. In BS-UE bistatic sensing, UE 704 may monitor and measure a sensing RS based on the sensing configuration, and report sensing data corresponding to the sensing task. In some embodiments, the sensing configuration may be associated with a list of cells, which may include the serving cell (e.g., cell #E) and at least one neighbor cell of UE 704. The cells in the list of cells may be from the same or different BSs, wherein each BS may belong to a specific sensing area (if configured) . UE 704 may be configured to monitor sensing RSs from cells in the list of cells or transmit sensing RSs to cells in the list of cells.
[0193] In some embodiments, CN node 706 (e.g., an SF) may request a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) from a BS (e.g., the serving BS, BS 702, or another BS) . For example, CN node 706 may obtain UE information (e.g., UE context, UE capability) from a CN node which maintains the UE context. CN node 706 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #E1) to a BS (e.g., BS 702) . Cells in cell list #E1 belong to BS 702. Cell list #E1 may include cell #E, i.e., the serving cell of UE 704. CN node 706 may also transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) for one or more cells (denoted as cell list #E2) to another BS (denoted as BS #E2) . Cells in cell list #E2 belong to BS #E2. CN node 706 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #E1 and cell list #E2 to UE 704 at 713' (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) . Alternatively, CN node 706 may request BS #E2 to transmit the sensing configuration associated with cell list #E2 to BS 702 (i.e., the serving BS of UE 704) via the interface between the two BSs (e.g., Xn interface or its equivalents in 6G or other future generations) . BS 702 can transmit the sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells (e.g., the sensing configuration associated with cell list #E2) to UE 704. The sensing configuration associated with the neighbor cells may indicate a sensing RS resource from BS #E2.
[0194] In some embodiments, the serving BS may request a sensing configuration from one or more neighbor BSs. For example, CN node 706 may transmit the UE ID of UE 704, which is selected as an SE for a sensing task to BS 702. CN node 706 may provide sensing-related information (e.g., information on the sensing task, the sensing area, etc. ) to BS 702. In some cases, the sensing area may be a cell list. BS 702 may transmit a request for a sensing configuration (e.g., the sensing RS configuration) to a neighbor BS) . The neighbor BS may configure the sensing RS and transmit the sensing configuration to BS 702. Then, BS 702 may transmit the sensing configuration associated with a list of cells (e.g., cell #E and at least one neighbor cell, where the at least one neighbor cell may belong to BS 702 or a neighbor BS) to UE 704 at 713 (denoted by a dotted arrow as an option) .
[0195] In some embodiments, the sensing configuration for a certain cell (e.g., the corresponding sensing RS configuration) may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 704. Put another way, the cells in the configured cell list may be activated or deactivated when it is configured for UE 704. The network (e.g., BS 702 or CN node 706) or UE 704 can activate or deactivate a cell based on UE measurement results.
[0196] At 715, UE 704 may perform the sensing task based on the sensing configuration. For example, UE 704 may perform sensing with the activated cells in the list of cells configured for sensing. In some embodiments, BS 702 (i.e., the serving BS or serving cell) can update the cells with which UE 704 performs sensing. In some embodiments, UE 704 may determine which cell in the configured cell list can be activated or deactivated.
[0197] UE 304 may transmit a report including the sensing data to the network (e.g., BS 702 or CN node 706) . In some embodiments, UE 704 may transmit an available indication of sensing data to the network (e.g., BS 702 or CN node 706) . The available indication may be per cell. For example, UE 704 may indicate that sensing data associated with a certain cell is available. UE 704 may receive a request for sensing data from the network. Based on the request, UE 704 may report the corresponding sensing data or result to the network. In some embodiments, the report may include at least one of the RSRP of a sensing RS, Doppler, power level of a sensing RS, or a change in the power level between two time points.
[0198] In some embodiments, at 717, UE 704 may perform a handover procedure to switch from cell #E of BS 702 to another cell (denoted as cell #E1) . Cell #E1 may belong to BS 702 or another BS. In some embodiments, UE 704 may stop performing the sensing task with the source cell (e.g., cell #E) in response to the handover. In some embodiments, UE 704 may continue performing the sensing task with the source cell (e.g., cell #E) in response to the handover.
[0199] For example, UE 704 may determine whether to continue performing the sensing task with cell #E based on at least one of: a configuration for the network (e.g., the source BS, the target BS, the candidate BS or CN node 706) ; an indication from the source BS (e.g., BS 702) or CN node 706; whether a candidate cell configuration for handover associated with cell #E1 includes a sensing configuration associated with cell #E; whether the sensing configuration configured by the source BS (e.g., BS 702) indicates the continuation; a location relationship between BS 702 and the BS of cell #E1; or whether BS 702 and the BS of cell #E1 belong to the same sensing area.
[0200] For example, during a candidate cell preparation procedure, BS 702 may transmit the sensing RS configuration of cell #E (i.e., the source cell) to the candidate BS. For example, the sensing RS configuration of cell #E may be transmitted via a handover request message to a candidate cell (e.g., cell #E1) . The candidate cell (or the candidate BS) may prepare the candidate cell configuration based on the sensing RS configuration of cell #E, and transmit it to BS 702. BS 702 may transmit the candidate cell configuration to UE 704. When UE 704 applies a candidate cell configuration for handover, UE 704 may perform the sensing task with the source cell (e.g., cell #E) during or after the handover.
[0201] For example, the sensing configuration from BS 702 or CN node 706 may implicitly or explicitly indicate whether to continue performing the sensing task with cell #E during or after UE handover. For example, the sensing configuration may be associated with a list of cells. When UE 704 is handed over to a cell in the list of cells, UE 704 may perform the sensing task with the source cell (e.g., cell #E) during or after the handover. For example, the sensing configuration may include an indication of whether to continue performing the sensing task with a source cell during or after UE handover.
[0202] For example, UE 704 can autonomously determine whether to continue performing the sensing task with the source cell (e.g., cell #E) . For example, UE 704 may make the determination based on the location relationship between the source cell and the target cell. For example, UE 704 may determine that whether cell #E and cell #E1 (or the corresponding BSs) belong to the same sensing area. If the two cells belong to the same sensing area, UE 704 may perform the sensing task with the source cell (e.g., cell #E) during or after the handover. Otherwise, if the two cells do not belong to the same sensing area, UE 704 may stop the sensing task with the source cell (e.g., cell #E) in response to the handover (e.g., during or after the handover) . In some examples, UE 704 may perform the sensing task with the target cell.
[0203] UE 704 may report the sensing data obtained during the source BS-UE sensing to the target BS. The target BS may transmit the sensing data to the source BS or to the CN node (e.g., an SF) . In some embodiments, the ID of the source cell or the ID of the source BS may be included in the sensing report.
[0204] BS 702 (i.e., source BS) may indicate UE 704 to continue sensing with cell #E (i.e., the source cell) during or after the UE handover. For example, the indication may be transmitted along with the handover command from BS 702 to UE 704.
[0205] In some embodiments, a data inactive timer may be configured for UE 704 by BS 702. When UE 704 transmits data, UE 704 restarts this timer. The expiry of the timer suggests that no data was transmitted during the timer's duration. UE 704 can enter a non-connected state (e.g., an idle state) in response to the expiry of the timer. However, when UE 704 is selected as an SE, it may be expected to perform sensing in a connected state. Therefore, UE 704 will ignore this timer for normal data transmission if the timer is configured. Alternatively, when the sensing task is configured for UE 704, the data inactive timer may not be configured for UE 704. If the timer is configured, UE 704 may ignore it and not start it.
[0206] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 700 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 700 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0207] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of method 800 for wireless communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 8. In some examples, method 800 may be performed by a UE. In some embodiments, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions or operations. In some examples, a processor of the UE may cause the UE to perform method 800.
[0208] At 811, a UE may receive, from a first BS or a CN node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE. At 813, the UE may perform a sensing task based on the sensing configuration.
[0209] In some embodiments, performing the sensing task includes performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells. The second cell may be the serving cell (e.g., the first cell) of the UE or a neighbor cell. Performing the sensing task with the second cell includes: monitoring a first sensing RS from the second cell based on the sensing configuration. The UE may further transmit a report including sensing data to the first BS or the CN node. In some embodiments, performing the sensing task includes transmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.
[0210] In some embodiments, the UE may transmit a capability related message to the first BS, and the capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing with a neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a DL sensing RS received from the neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a UL sensing RS transmitted to the neighbor cell; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; or a value indicating a maximum number of cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS.
[0211] In some embodiments, the UE may perform at least one of: start monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to receiving a first indication activating the second cell for sensing from the first BS; stop monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to receiving a second indication deactivating the second cell for sensing from the first BS; start monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to a measurement result measured by the UE for the second cell satisfying a first criterion; or stop monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to the measurement result of the second cell satisfying a second criterion.
[0212] In some embodiments, the UE may receive, from the first BS or the CN node, at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion.
[0213] In some embodiments, a number of cells in the list of cells is within a sensing capability of the UE. In some embodiments, the UE may, in response to the number of cells in the list of cells exceeding the sensing capability of the UE, select at least one cell from the list of cells for performing the sensing task based on the sensing capability of the UE, or based on the sensing capability of the UE and the channel quality of each cell in the list of cells. In some embodiments, the UE may receive, from the first BS, an indication selecting one or more cells from the list of cells for performing the sensing task, and a number of cells of the one or more cells is within a sensing capability of the UE.
[0214] In some embodiments, the UE may perform at least one of: receive, from the first BS, a TA value for each of the at least one neighbor cell; determine the TA value for each of the at least one neighbor cell in response to receiving an indication for UE-based TA measurement from the first BS; or perform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to the at least one neighbor cell in response to receiving an order indication including a cell ID of the at least one neighbor cell from the first BS for transmitting a preamble to the at least one neighbor cell, or in response to an expiry of a TA validity timer.
[0215] In some embodiments, the UE may receive the order indication from the first BS via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, or physical layer signaling. In some embodiments, the order indication further includes a RACH resource configuration for transmitting the preamble.
[0216] In some embodiments, the UE may perform at least one of: monitor validity of a TA value for a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell by means of a TA validity timer; release a TA value for a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell in response to at least one of: receiving a third indication deactivating the third cell for sensing from the first BS, determining to deactivate the third cell for sensing, or an expiry of the TA validity timer; or stop the sensing task with the third cell in response to the expiry of the TA validity timer.
[0217] In some embodiments, the UE may transmit the report periodically or in response to a triggering condition being satisfied. The triggering condition includes a buffer for storing the sensing data being full, the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, receiving a deactivation of a cell for sensing from the first BS, or determining a deactivation of a cell for sensing by the UE.
[0218] In some embodiments, the UE may transmit the satisfied triggering condition together with the sensing data.
[0219] In some embodiments, the UE may: store first sensing data associated with the second cell based on the sensing task in a first UE buffer associated with the second cell; and transmit the report including the first sensing data in response to the first UE buffer being full or reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy.
[0220] In some embodiments, the report only includes the first data, or the report includes the first data in priority.
[0221] In some embodiments, the UE may: store the sensing data in a buffer of the UE; and in response to the buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, continue to perform the sensing task, and overwrite existing sensing data in the buffer with latest sensing data obtained.
[0222] In some embodiments, the UE may: store the sensing data in a buffer of the UE; stop or suspend the sensing task in response to the buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy; and resume the sensing task in response to the buffer being not full or being below the threshold occupancy.
[0223] In some embodiments, the UE may: perform a handover procedure to switch from the first cell of the first BS to a fourth cell of a second BS; and in response to the handover procedure, determine whether to continue to perform the sensing task with the first cell based on at least one of: an indication from the first BS or the CN node; whether a candidate cell configuration for handover associated with the fourth cell includes a sensing configuration associated with the first cell; whether the sensing configuration associated with the list of cells indicates the continuation; whether the first BS and the second BS belong to a same sensing area; or a location relationship between the first BS and the second BS.
[0224] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary method 800 may be changed and some of the operations in exemplary method 800 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0225] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of method 900 for wireless communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 9. In some examples, method 900 may be performed by a network node such as a BS or a RAN node. In some embodiments, the BS may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the BS to perform the described functions or operations. In some examples, a processor of the BS may cause the BS to perform method 900.
[0226] At 911, a first BS may transmit, to a UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE. At 913, the first BS may transmit a first sensing RS to the UE based on the sensing configuration and receive a report including sensing data from the UE; or the first BS may receive a second sensing RS from the UE based on the sensing configuration.
[0227] In some embodiments, the first BS may receive a capability related message from the UE, and the capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing with a neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a DL sensing RS received from the neighbor cell; an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a UL sensing RS transmitted to the neighbor cell; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS; a value indicating a maximum number of cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing; a value indicating a maximum number of cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; or a value indicating a maximum number of cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS.
[0228] In some embodiments, the first BS may perform at least one of: transmit, to the UE and a second cell in the list of cells, a first indication activating the second cell for sensing in response to a measurement result for the second cell from the UE satisfying a first criterion; transmit, to the UE and the second cell, a second indication deactivating the second cell for sensing in response to the measurement result for the second cell from the UE satisfying a second criterion; or transmit, to the UE, at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion for the UE to determine whether to activate or deactivate the second cell for sensing.
[0229] In some embodiments, the measurement result is an L3 measurement result. In some embodiments, the measurement result is an L1 measurement result. The first BS may transmit the first indication or the second indication from a DU of the first BS to a CU of the first BS.
[0230] In some embodiments, the first BS may: determine at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion; or receive at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion from a CN node.
[0231] In some embodiments, a number of cells in the list of cells is within a sensing capability of the UE. In some embodiments, the first BS may transmit, to the UE, an indication selecting one or more cells from the list of cells for performing the sensing task, and a number of cells of the one or more cells is within a sensing capability of the UE.
[0232] In some embodiments, the first BS may perform at least one of: transmit, to the UE, a TA value for each of the at least one neighbor cell; transmit, to the UE, an indication for UE-based TA measurement; or transmit, to the UE, an order indication including a cell ID of the at least one neighbor cell to trigger the UE to perform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to the at least one neighbor cell.
[0233] In some embodiments, the order indication is transmitted via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, or physical layer signaling. In some embodiments, the order indication further includes a RACH resource configuration for transmitting the preamble.
[0234] In some embodiments, the first BS may perform at least one of: receive, from a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell, an invalidity indication of a TA value for the third cell; monitor a validity of the TA value for the third cell; trigger the UE to perform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to the third cell in response to receiving the invalidity indication or determining an invalidity of the TA value for the third cell; or transmit, to the UE, a timer value for monitoring the validity of the TA value for the third cell.
[0235] In some embodiments, the first BS may transmit, to the UE, at least one condition for triggering the UE to transmit the report. In some embodiments, the at least one condition includes at least one of: a UE buffer for storing the sensing data being full, the UE buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, receiving a deactivation of a cell for sensing, or determining a deactivation of a cell for sensing by the UE.
[0236] In some embodiments, the first BS may receive, together with the sensing data, an indication identifying a corresponding satisfied condition.
[0237] In some embodiments, the first BS may: transmit, to a second BS, a first message requesting a candidate cell configuration for a handover of the UE, wherein the first message includes a sensing configuration associated with the first cell; receive, from the second BS, the candidate cell configuration that is based on the sensing configuration associated with the first cell; and transmit the candidate cell configuration to the UE.
[0238] In some embodiments, the first BS may transmit, to the UE, an indication of whether the UE continue performing the sensing task with the first cell during or after the UE is handed over from the first cell to another cell.
[0239] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary method 900 may be changed and some of the operations in exemplary method 900 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0240] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of method 1000 for wireless communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 10. In some examples, method 1000 may be performed by a CN node such as an SF or any sensing related network function. In some embodiments, the CN node may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the CN node to perform the described functions or operations. In some examples, a processor of the CN node may cause the CN node to perform method 1000.
[0241] At 1011, a CN node may transmit, to a UE or a first BS serving the UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE. At 1013, the CN node may receive a report including sensing data from the UE or the first BS.
[0242] In some embodiments, the CN node may perform at least one of: transmit, to the first BS or the UE, a first criterion for determining whether to activate a cell in the list of cells for sensing; or transmit, to the first BS or the UE, a second criterion for determining whether to deactivate a cell in the list of cells for sensing.
[0243] In some embodiments, the CN node may transmit an indication of whether the UE continues performing the sensing task with the first cell during or after the UE is handed over from the first cell to another cell.
[0244] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary method 1000 may be changed and some of the operations in exemplary method 1000 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0245] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of UE 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 1100 may include a processor 1102, a memory 1104, a controller 1106, and a transceiver 1108. The processor 1102, the memory 1104, the controller 1106, or the transceiver 1108, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0246] The processor 1102, the memory 1104, the controller 1106, or the transceiver 1108, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0247] The processor 1102 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 1102 may be configured to operate the memory 1104. In some other implementations, the memory 1104 may be integrated into the processor 1102. The processor 1102 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1104 to cause the UE 1100 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0248] The memory 1104 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1104 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1102 cause the UE 1100 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1104 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0249] In some implementations, the processor 1102 and the memory 1104 coupled with the processor 1102 may be configured to cause the UE 1100 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1102, instructions stored in the memory 1104) . For example, the processor 1102 may support wireless communication at the UE 1100 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the UE 1100 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-10.
[0250] For example, the UE 1100 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for receiving, from a first BS or a CN node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE 1100 and at least one neighbor cell of the UE 1100; and a means for performing a sensing task based on the sensing configuration. In some embodiments, performing the sensing task includes performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells, and performing the sensing task with the second cell includes monitoring a first sensing RS from the second cell based on the sensing configuration. The UE 1100 may be further configured to or operable to support a means for transmitting a report including sensing data to the first BS or the CN node. In some embodiments, performing the sensing task includes transmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.
[0251] The controller 1106 may manage input and output signals for the UE 1100. The controller 1106 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 1100. In some implementations, the controller 1106 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1106 may be implemented as part of the processor 1102.
[0252] In some implementations, the UE 1100 may include at least one transceiver 1108. In some other implementations, the UE 1100 may have more than one transceiver 1108. The transceiver 1108 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1108 may include one or more receiver chains 1110, one or more transmitter chains 1112, or a combination thereof.
[0253] A receiver chain 1110 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1110 may include one or more antennas for receiving the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0254] A transmitter chain 1112 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) . The transmitter chain 1112 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmitter chain 1112 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1112 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0255] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary UE 1100 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary UE 1100 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary UE 1100, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the UE 1100 may not include the controller 1106.
[0256] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of processor 1200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 1200 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1200 may include a controller 1202 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1200 may optionally include at least one memory 1204, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 1200 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 1206. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0257] The processor 1200 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1200) ) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0258] The controller 1202 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 1200 to cause the processor 1200 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 1202 may operate as a control unit of the processor 1200, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 1200. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0259] The controller 1202 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 1204 and determine a subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 1200 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 1202 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 1204. The controller 1202 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 1202 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 1200 to cause the processor 1200 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 1202 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 1200. The controller 1202 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs, and other functional units of the processor 1200.
[0260] The memory 1204 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 1200) or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 1204 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 1200) . In some other implementations, the memory 1204 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 1200) .
[0261] The memory 1204 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 1200, cause the processor 1200 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 1202 and / or the processor 1200 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1204 to cause the processor 1200 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 1200 and / or the controller 1202 may be coupled with or to the memory 1204, the processor 1200, the controller 1202, and the memory 1204 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 1200 may include multiple processors and the memory 1204 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0262] The one or more ALUs 1206 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 1206 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1200) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 1206 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1200) . One or more ALUs 1206 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 1206 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 1206 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 1206 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 1206 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0263] The processor 1200 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the processor 1200 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-10.
[0264] For example, the processor 1200 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for receiving, from a first BS or a CN node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving a UE including the processor 1200 and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and a means for performing a sensing task based on the sensing configuration. In some embodiments, performing the sensing task includes performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells, and performing the sensing task with the second cell includes monitoring a first sensing RS from the second cell based on the sensing configuration. The processor 1200 may be further configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting a report including sensing data to the first BS or the CN node. In some embodiments, performing the sensing task includes transmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.
[0265] For example, the processor 1200 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of a first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and a means for transmitting a first sensing RS to the UE based on the sensing configuration and receiving a report including sensing data from the UE, or a means for receiving a second sensing RS from the UE based on the sensing configuration.
[0266] For example, the processor 1200 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE or a first BS serving the UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and a means for receiving a report including sensing data from the UE or the first BS.
[0267] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary processor 1200 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary processor 1200 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary processor 1200, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the processor 1200 may not include the ALUs 1206.
[0268] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of NE 1300 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. NE 1300 may be a network node, a BS or any types of RAN node. NE 1300 may be a component of a RAN node such as a CU or a DU. NE 1300 may be a CN, a CN node, a CN entity, a CN module, or a CN function. NE 1300 may include a processor 1302, a memory 1304, a controller 1306, and a transceiver 1308. The processor 1302, the memory 1304, the controller 1306, or the transceiver 1308, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0269] The processor 1302, the memory 1304, the controller 1306, or the transceiver 1308, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a DSP, an ASIC, or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0270] The processor 1302 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 1302 may be configured to operate the memory 1304. In some other implementations, the memory 1304 may be integrated into the processor 1302. The processor 1302 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1304 to cause NE 1300 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0271] The memory 1304 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1304 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1302 cause NE 1300 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1304 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0272] In some implementations, the processor 1302 and the memory 1304 coupled with the processor 1302 may be configured to cause NE 1300 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1302, instructions stored in the memory 1304) . For example, the processor 1302 may support wireless communication at NE 1300 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, NE 1300 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-10.
[0273] For example, NE 1300 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of NE 1300 serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and a means for transmitting a first sensing RS to the UE based on the sensing configuration and receiving a report including sensing data from the UE, or a means for receiving a second sensing RS from the UE based on the sensing configuration.
[0274] For example, NE 1300 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE or a first BS serving the UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells includes a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; and a means for receiving a report including sensing data from the UE or the first BS.
[0275] The controller 1306 may manage input and output signals for NE 1300. The controller 1306 may also manage peripherals not integrated into NE 1300. In some implementations, the controller 1306 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1306 may be implemented as part of the processor 1302.
[0276] In some implementations, NE 1300 may include at least one transceiver 1308. In some other implementations, NE 1300 may have more than one transceiver 1308. The transceiver 1308 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1308 may include one or more receiver chains 1310, one or more transmitter chains 1312, or a combination thereof.
[0277] A receiver chain 1310 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1310 may include one or more antennas for receiving the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1310 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., an LNA) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1310 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1310 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0278] A transmitter chain 1312 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) . The transmitter chain 1312 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as AM, FM, or digital modulation schemes like PSK or QAM. The transmitter chain 1312 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1312 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0279] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary NE 1300 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary NE 1300 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary NE 1300, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, NE 1300 may not include the controller 1306.
[0280] Those having ordinary skill in the art would understand that the operations or steps of the methods described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Additionally, in some aspects, the operations or steps of the methods may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and / or instructions on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.
[0281] While this disclosure has been described with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations may be apparent to those skilled in the art. The disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded with the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. For example, various components of the embodiments may be interchanged, added, or substituted in other embodiments. Also, all of the elements of each figure are not necessary for the operation of the disclosed embodiments. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art of the disclosed embodiments would be enabled to make and use the teachings of the disclosure by simply employing the elements of the independent claims. Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure as set forth herein are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0282] In this document, the terms "includes, " "including, " or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The terms "handover" and "cell switch" can be used interchangeably. The terms "sensing data" and "sensing result" can be used interchangeably. An element proceeded by "a, " "an, " or the like does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes the element. Also, the term "another" is defined as at least a second or more. The term "having" or the like, as used herein, is defined as "including. " Expressions such as "A and / or B" or "at least one of A and B" may include any and all combinations of words enumerated along with the expression. For instance, the expression "A and / or B" or "at least one of A and B" may include A, B, or both A and B. The wording "the first, " "the second" or the like is only used to clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure, but is not used to limit the substance of the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A user equipment (UE) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a first base station (BS) or a core network (CN) node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells comprises a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; andperform a sensing task based on the sensing configuration;wherein performing the sensing task comprises performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells, and performing the sensing task with the second cell comprises:monitoring a first sensing reference signal (RS) from the second cell based on the sensing configuration, and the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to transmit a report comprising sensing data to the first BS or the CN node; ortransmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.2.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit a capability related message to the first BS, and the capability related message comprises at least one of:an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing with a neighbor cell;an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on a downlink (DL) sensing RS received from the neighbor cell;an indication of whether the UE is able to perform sensing based on an uplink (UL) sensing RS transmitted to the neighbor cell;a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing;a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS;a value indicating a maximum number of neighbor cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS;a value indicating a maximum number of cells with which the UE is able to perform sensing;a value indicating a maximum number of cells on which the UE is able to monitor a DL sensing RS; ora value indicating a maximum number of cells to which the UE is able to transmit a UL sensing RS.3.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of:start monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to receiving a first indication activating the second cell for sensing from the first BS;stop monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to receiving a second indication deactivating the second cell for sensing from the first BS;start monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to a measurement result measured by the UE for the second cell satisfying a first criterion; orstop monitoring the first sensing RS or transmitting the second sensing RS in response to the measurement result of the second cell satisfying a second criterion.4.The UE of claim 3, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive, from the first BS or the CN node, at least one of the first criterion or the second criterion.5.The UE of claim 1, wherein a number of cells in the list of cells is within a sensing capability of the UE; orwherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to, in response to the number of cells in the list of cells exceeding the sensing capability of the UE, select at least one cell from the list of cells for performing the sensing task based on the sensing capability of the UE, or based on the sensing capability of the UE and a channel quality of each cell in the list of cells; orwherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive, from the first BS, an indication selecting one or more cells from the list of cells for performing the sensing task, and a number of cells of the one or more cells is within a sensing capability of the UE.6.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of:receive, from the first BS, a timing advance (TA) value for each of the at least one neighbor cell;determine the TA value for each of the at least one neighbor cell in response to receiving an indication for UE-based TA measurement from the first BS; orperform a TA acquisition procedure with respect to the at least one neighbor cell in response to receiving an order indication including a cell ID of the at least one neighbor cell from the first BS for transmitting a preamble to the at least one neighbor cell, or in response to an expiry of a TA validity timer.7.The UE of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive the order indication from the first BS via radio resource control (RRC) signaling, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , or physical layer signaling; orwherein the order indication further includes a random access channel (RACH) resource configuration for transmitting the preamble.8.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to perform at least one of:monitor validity of a timing advance (TA) value for a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell by means of a TA validity timer;release a TA value for a third cell of the at least one neighbor cell in response to at least one of: receiving a third indication deactivating the third cell for sensing from the first BS, determining to deactivate the third cell for sensing, or an expiry of the TA validity timer; orstop the sensing task with the third cell in response to the expiry of the TA validity timer.9.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit the report periodically or in response to a triggering condition being satisfied; andwherein the triggering condition comprises a buffer for storing the sensing data being full, the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy, receiving a deactivation of a cell for sensing from the first BS, or determining a deactivation of a cell for sensing by the UE.10.The UE of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit the satisfied triggering condition together with the sensing data.11.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to:store first sensing data associated with the second cell based on the sensing task in a first UE buffer associated with the second cell; andtransmit the report comprising the first sensing data in response to the first UE buffer being full or reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy.12.The UE of claim 11, wherein the report only comprises the first data, or the report comprises the first data in priority.13.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to:store the sensing data in a buffer of the UE; andin response to the buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy,continue to perform the sensing task, andoverwrite existing sensing data in the buffer with latest sensing data obtained.14.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to:store the sensing data in a buffer of the UE;stop or suspend the sensing task in response to the buffer being full or the buffer reaching or exceeding a threshold occupancy; andresume the sensing task in response to the buffer being not full or being below the threshold occupancy.15.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to:perform a handover procedure to switch from the first cell of the first BS to a fourth cell of a second BS; andin response to the handover procedure, determine whether to continue to perform the sensing task with the first cell based on at least one of:an indication from the first BS or the CN node;whether a candidate cell configuration for handover associated with the fourth cell comprises a sensing configuration associated with the first cell;whether the sensing configuration associated with the list of cells indicates the continuation;whether the first BS and the second BS belong to a same sensing area; ora location relationship between the first BS and the second BS.16.A first base station (BS) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first BS to:transmit, to a user equipment (UE) , a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells comprises a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; andtransmit a first sensing reference signal (RS) to the UE based on the sensing configuration and receive a report comprising sensing data from the UE, orreceive a second sensing RS from the UE based on the sensing configuration.17.A core network (CN) node, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the CN node to:transmit, to a user equipment (UE) or a first base station (BS) serving the UE, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells for the UE to perform a sensing task, wherein the list of cells comprises a first cell of the first BS serving the UE and at least one neighbor cell of the UE; andreceive a report comprising sensing data from the UE or the first BS.18.The CN node of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the CN node to perform at least one of:transmit, to the first BS or the UE, a first criterion for determining whether to activate a cell in the list of cells for sensing; ortransmit, to the first BS or the UE, a second criterion for determining whether to deactivate a cell in the list of cells for sensing.19.The CN node of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the CN node to transmit an indication of whether the UE continues performing the sensing task with the first cell during or after the UE is handed over from the first cell to another cell.20.A processor, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to:receive, from a first base station (BS) or a core network (CN) node, a sensing configuration associated with a list of cells, wherein the list of cells comprises a first cell of the first BS serving a user equipment (UE) and at least one neighbor cell of the UE;andperform a sensing task based on the sensing configuration;wherein performing the sensing task comprises performing the sensing task with a second cell in the list of cells, and performing the sensing task with the second cell comprises:monitoring a first sensing reference signal (RS) from the second cell based on the sensing configuration, and the at least one controller is further configured to cause the processor to transmit a report comprising sensing data to the first BS or the CN node; ortransmitting a second sensing RS to the second cell based on the sensing configuration.