Compositions and methods for treating neurological disorders and diseases
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/085589
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-25
- Filing Date
- 2026-03-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
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Figure PCTCN2026085589-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2026085589-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2026085589-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND DISEASES1. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] Provided herein are multifunctional immunoconjugates, and methods of using the multifunctional immunoconjugates, that are capable of increasing the likelihood of a payload of the multifunctional immunoconjugates to pass through the blood-brain barrier.2. BACKGROUND
[0002] The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a semi-permeable membrane that severely restricts the delivery of many drugs into the brain and central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological disorder and diseases. The BBB is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes lining the capillary walls of the brain’s blood microvessels. The BBB presents a major obstacle for many therapeutic agents to cross into the brain and CNS. Previous attempts, including, for example, utilizing active transcytosis, have resulted in only limited success in overcoming the BBB and delivering therapeutic agents to the brain and CNS.
[0003] As such, there remains an unmet medical need for therapeutics that target neurological disorders and diseases and are capable of increasing the likelihood of passing through the BBB. 3. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0004] Provided herein are multifunctional immunoconjugates, and methods of using the multifunctional immunoconjugates, that are capable of increasing the likelihood of a payload of the multifunctional immunoconjugates to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) . Also provided are methods of making the multifunctional immunoconjugates described herein.
[0005] Further provided herein are multifunctional immunoconjugates comprising a binding agent that is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, a cleavable linker and a payload, wherein the cleavable linker is attached to the binding agent and the payload. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a cleavable peptide linker. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by an enzyme associated with the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an endosomal enzyme associated with the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an enzyme associated with endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is incapable of being cleaved by enzymes associated with the blood of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is incapable of being cleaved by enzymes associated with the circulatory system. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved to detach the payload from the binding agent and pass the payload through the blood-brain barrier via transcytosis. In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugates is capable of increasing the likelihood of a payload of the multifunctional immunoconjugates to pass through the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the payload is bonded directly or indirectly to the binding agent via the cleavable linker.
[0006] In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a binding agent capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor. In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is a fusion protein comprising a binding agent capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor.
[0007] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: BA is a binding agent selected from a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof; L is a cleavable linker; PA is a payload; and x is from 1 to 8; wherein the binding agent is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, and the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved in the blood-brain barrier.
[0008] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is capable of increasing the likelihood of the payload to pass through the blood-brain barrier.
[0009] In some embodiments, x is from 1 to 4. In some embodiments, x is 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8. In some embodiments, x is 1, 2, 4 or 6. In some embodiments, x is 1, 2, or 4. In some embodiments, x is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, x is 2 or 4. In some embodiments, x is 1. In some embodiments, x is 2. In some embodiments, x is 4. In some embodiments, x is 6. In some embodiments, x is 8.
[0010] In some embodiments, the binding agent is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor. In some embodiments, the blood-brain barrier receptor is selected from the group consisting of proteins, polypeptides and peptides. In some embodiments, the blood-brain receptor is selected from the group consisting of a transferrin receptor (TfR) , an insulin receptor (InsR) , an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) , a low density lipoprotein receptor (LRP) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8, an heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) a solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) , a solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) , a cluster of differentiation 147 protein (CD147) , a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein, a transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A) , a Fc gamma receptor and transporter receptor (FCGRT) , a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) , a very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and glucose transporter 1 protein (Glut1) . In some embodiments, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) receptor is a transferrin receptor (TfR) . In some embodiments, the BBB receptor is an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) . In some embodiments, the BBB receptor is a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein.
[0011] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an humanized, chimeric, or human antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof which is capable of binding to one or more blood-brain barrier receptors selected from the group consisting of a transferrin receptor (TfR) , an insulin receptor (InsR) , an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) , a low density lipoprotein receptor (LRP) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8, an heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) a solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) , a solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) , a cluster of differentiation 147 protein (CD147) , a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein, a transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A) , a Fc gamma receptor and transporter receptor (FCGRT) , a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) , a very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and glucose transporter 1 protein (Glut1) . In some embodiments, the one or more blood-brain barrier (BBB) receptor is a transferrin receptor (TfR) . In some embodiments, the one or more BBB receptor is an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) . In some embodiments, the one or more BBB receptor is a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein.
[0012] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR. In some embodiments, the binding agent is pabinafusp. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a heavy chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) , comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a light chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) , comprising a light chain complementary determining region 1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, a LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and a LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0013] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, wherein the binding agent is 128.1, or the antigen binding fragment of 128.1. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a heavy chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) , comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a light chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) , comprising a light chain complementary determining region 1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, a LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0014] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R. In some embodiments, the binding agent is teprotumumab, or the antigen binding fragment of teprotumumab. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a heavy chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) , comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a light chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) , comprising a light chain complementary determining region 1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, a LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0015] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an anti-CD98hc variable domain of a new antigen receptor (VNAR) fused to human Fc, or an antigen binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc, comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc, and comprises an anti-CD98hc VNAR, comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc, and comprises an anti-CD98hc VNAR, comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35.
[0016] In some embodiments, the binding agent is pabinafusp, 128.1 or teprotumumab, or an antigen binding fragment thereof.
[0017] In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, the antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof comprising one or more domains selected from the group consisting of Fab, sFab, scFv, F (ab′) 2 and VHH.
[0018] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) . In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a fusion protein.
[0019] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by an enzyme in the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an endosomal enzyme in the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an enzyme in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved upon endocytosis in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is stable in the circulatory system. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved to detach the payload residue from the binding agent and pass the payload residue through the blood-brain barrier via transcytosis.
[0020] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by a cathepsin, a caspase, a legumain, plasmin, a matrix metalloproteinase, a transmembrane serine protease, a neutrophil elastase, a beta-secretase urokinase, or a prostate-specific antigen. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a cleavable peptide linker. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36 (GPVRKG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 37 (GLLKRG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 38 (GGFG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 39 (LSGRSDNH-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 40 (VPLSLY-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 50 (RR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 51 (GFRG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 52 (RLR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 53 (LR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 54 (HRLR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 55 (HRYR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 56 (GGGI-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 57 (IVRAK-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 58 (FRFW-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 59 (GFLGVR-Linker) and SEQ ID NO: 60 (GGEVR-Linker) . In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 61-108. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36-40, 50-60, and 61-108
[0021] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of at least 2 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of at least 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 2 to 25 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 5 to 25 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 5 to 20 amino acids.
[0022] In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses. In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease. In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disorder or disease. In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease.
[0023] In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease, and the compound for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease is a neurotrophic factor, a growth factor, an enzyme, a cytotoxic agent, an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a neurological disorder or disease target.
[0024] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a neurological disorder or disease target is selected from the group consisting of β-secretase 1, Aβ, oligomeric fragments of Aβ, an epidermal growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Tau, phosphorylated Tau, apolipoprotein E4, alpha synuclein, oligomeric fragments of alpha synuclein, CD20, huntingtin, prion protein, leucine rich repeat kinase 2, parkin, presenilin 2, gamma secretase, death receptor 6, amyloid precursor protein, p75 neurotrophin receptor and caspase 6.
[0025] In some embodiments, the payload is an enzyme for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease, and the enzyme for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease is selected from the group consisting of Alpha-L-iduronidase, Iduronate-2-sulfatase, Heparan-N-sulfatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, Acetyl CoA glucosamine N-acetyltransferase, N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-sulfatase, N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, Hyaluronidase, N-acetyltransferase alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, glucocerebrosidase, hexosaminidase, acid sphingomyelinase and arylsulfatase.
[0026] In some embodiments, provided herein is a process for the manufacture of a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, comprising conjugating a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, with a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is a process for the manufacture of a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, comprising transfecting a host cell with a coding sequence of the multifunctional immunoconjugate.
[0027] In some embodiments, provided herein is a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation manufactured according to a process provided herein.
[0028] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy and medicine.
[0029] In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0030] In some embodiments, provided herein is a composition comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding the compound provided herein, wherein the compound consists of one or more polypeptide chains, optionally wherein the one or more polynucleotides are one or more mRNAs.
[0031] In some embodiments, provided herein is an isolated nucleic acid encoding the multifunctional immunoconjugates of the present invention. In some embodiments, provided herein is a host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid encoding the multifunctional immunoconjugates of the present invention.
[0032] In some embodiments, provided herein is use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses.
[0033] In some embodiments, provided herein is use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the manufacture of a medicament for the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses.
[0034] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses.
[0035] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the neurological disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses.
[0036] Additional objects and advantages will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be understood from the description, or may be learned by practice. The objects and advantages will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
[0037] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the claims.
[0038] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles described herein.4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0039] FIGS. 1A and 1B show an active transcytosis process of a payload conjugated to an antibody against transcytosis receptors on brain endothelial cells, according to some embodiments.
[0040] FIGS. 2A and 2B show forms of multifunctional immunoconjugates, according to some embodiments.
[0041] FIG. 3 shows a human TfR (hTfR) binding assay of multifunctional immunoconjugates with the payload not affecting TfR-binding, according to some embodiments.
[0042] FIGS. 4A-4C show cell-based images indicating the endocytosis of multifunctional immunoconjugates by hCMEC. D3 cells, according to some embodiments.
[0043] FIG. 5 shows a comparison of the intracellular amounts of anti-TfR conjugates via endocytosis as compared to an anti-Her2 conjugate, according to some embodiments.
[0044] FIG. 6A illustrates a FRET-based in vitro assay for indicating release of an Edans fluorescent probe upon lysosome-based cleavage of a peptide linker attaching the probe to Dabcyl, according to some embodiments.
[0045] FIG. 6B shows increased fluorescence of a fluorogenic substrate having a GPVRKG-linker attached to a fluorescent probe upon enzymatic cleavage in the presence of human lysosome extract as compared a PBS control, according to some embodiments.
[0046] FIG. 7 shows no increased fluorescence of a fluorogenic substrate having a GPVRKG-linker attached to a fluorescent probe and a PBS control in human plasma, respectively, according to some embodiments.
[0047] FIG. 8 shows a transwell-based in vitro transcytosis assay using hCMEC. D3 cells that were grown on an insert mesh, separating the upper chamber (apical) from the lower chamber (basal) , according to some embodiments.
[0048] FIGS. 9A and 9B show in vitro transcytosis of nano-luciferase (nLuc) in the transwell-based assay using Caco-2 cells for two anti-TfR conjugates with different peptide linkers, respectively, as compared to the corresponding anti-Her2 conjugates, according to some embodiments.
[0049] FIG. 10 shows the trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cells and hCMEC. D3 cell, indicating that the monolayer formed by the Caco-2 cells have an increased tightness as compared to hCMEC. D3 cells, according to some embodiments.
[0050] FIGS. 11A and 11B show in vitro transcytosis of nano-luciferase (nLuc) as compared to the binding agent of two anti-TfR conjugates with different peptide linkers, respectively, according to some embodiments.
[0051] FIG. 12 shows changes of TEER of iBMEC cells, modeling human primary brain endothelial cells, over a period of multiple days, according to some embodiments.
[0052] FIGS. 13A and 13B show in vitro transcytosis of nano-luciferase (nLuc) using iBMEC cells for anti-TfR conjugates with different peptide linkers as compared to anti-Her2 conjugates, according to some embodiments.
[0053] FIGS. 14A and 14B show in vitro transcytosis of nano-luciferase (nLuc) as compared to the binding agent of two anti-IGF1R conjugates with different peptide linkers, according to some embodiments.
[0054] FIGS. 14C and 14D show in vitro transcytosis of nano-luciferase (nLuc) as compared to the binding agent of two anti-CD98hc conjugates with different peptide linkers, according to some embodiments.
[0055] FIG. 14E shows a comparison of in vitro transcytosis of nano-luciferase (nLuc) across anti-TfR, anti-hCD98 and anti-hIGF1R conjugates, according to some embodiments.
[0056] FIG. 15A shows transcytosis efficiency of nano-luciferase (nLuc) for different peptide linkers, according to some embodiments.
[0057] FIG. 15B shows cleavage of different peptide linkers by human lysosome, according to some embodiments.
[0058] FIG. 15C shows the correlation between peptide linker’s cleavage efficiency and transcytosis efficiency of the linker-conjugated payload residue, according to some embodiments. 5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0059] Provided herein are multifunctional immunoconjugates, and methods of using the multifunctional immunoconjugates, that are capable of increasing the likelihood of a payload of the multifunctional immunoconjugates to pass through the blood-brain barrier. Also provided are methods of making the multifunctional immunoconjugates described herein.
[0060] Further provided herein are multifunctional immunoconjugates comprising a binding agent that is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, a cleavable linker and a payload, wherein the cleavable linker is attached to the binding agent and the payload. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a cleavable peptide linker.
[0061] Crosslinking a payload, e.g., a therapeutic agent, via a linker to a binding agent that binds to blood-brain barrier (BBB) receptors can facilitate the active transport of the payload across the BBB. In therapeutic settings, however, a payload is not readily released from the receptors after reaching the basal membrane due to, for example, the binding agent’s high binding affinity to the receptors.
[0062] For example, receptor-mediated endocytosis is an active process that cell surface receptors capture cognate ligands, triggering the invagination of plasma membrane and the formation of endocytic vesicles, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. These vesicles contain ligand-receptor complex and extracellular matrices in liquid phase. Endocytic vesicles undergo intracellular sorting mechanism and are designated to distinct cellular compartments. Vesicles targeted for degradation fuse with lysosomes with the intravascular proteins being degraded by proteases, while vesicles designated for recycling fuse with plasma membranes. Ligands may dissociate from receptors afterwards, regenerating receptors for second round of endocytosis. In some examples, ligands like the payload-antibody conjugates stay connected and fail to separate from the BBB receptors in the parenchyma.
[0063] Active transcytosis is an example of a specialized form of receptor-mediated endocytosis that occurs on the surface of endothelial cells. When active transcytosis occurs in brain endothelial cells, recycling vesicles can fuse with apical (blood side) as well as basal (brain side) membranes. In the latter case, the ligand is released from the receptor and enters the brain parenchyma.
[0064] In some embodiments, the linker is cleavable to detach the payload from the binding agent via transcytosis, as shown in FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by an enzyme associated with the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an endosomal enzyme associated with the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an enzyme associated with endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is incapable of being cleaved by enzymes associated with the blood of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is incapable of being cleaved by enzymes associated with the circulatory system. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved to detach the payload from the binding agent and pass the payload through the blood-brain barrier via transcytosis. In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is capable of increasing the likelihood of a payload of the multifunctional immunoconjugate to pass through the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the payload is bonded directly or indirectly to the binding agent via the cleavable linker.
[0065] In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a binding agent capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor. In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is a fusion protein comprising a binding agent capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor.
[0066] In some embodiments, the payload permanently separates from the conjugate-receptor complex due to enzymatic cleavage of the linker by proteases in the endosome. In some embodiments, increasing the efficiency of separation of the payload from conjugate-receptor complex results in more efficient delivery of the payload, e.g., diagnostic and therapeutic agents, across the BBB for the treatment of neurological diseases and disorders.
[0067] Benefits of the present multifunctional immunoconjugates include, for example, achieving a payload’s high-efficient transcytosis, e.g., passing of the payload across the BBB, that does not require affinity de-maturation or monovalent TfR binding and is not pH-dependent.
[0068] In some embodiments, provided herein is a process for the manufacture of a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, comprising conjugating a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, with a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is a process for the manufacture of a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, comprising transfecting a host cell with a coding sequence of the multifunctional immunoconjugate.
[0069] In some embodiments, provided herein is a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, when manufactured according to a process provided herein.
[0070] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a therapeutically active substance.
[0071] In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0072] In some embodiments, provided herein is an isolated nucleic acid encoding the multifunctional immunoconjugates of the present invention. In some embodiments, provided herein is a host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid encoding the multifunctional immunoconjugates of the present invention.
[0073] In some embodiments, provided herein is the use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the therapeutic treatment of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses.
[0074] In some embodiments, provided herein is the use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the preparation of a medicament for the therapeutic treatment of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses.
[0075] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the therapeutic treatment of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses.
[0076] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein.
[0077] Additional objects and advantages will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be understood from the description, or may be learned by practice. The objects and advantages will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
[0078] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the claims.
[0079] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles described herein. 5.1. Definitions
[0080] In the present disclosure, the following terms have the following meanings unless indicated otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. In the event that there is a plurality of definitions for a term provided herein, these Definitions prevail unless stated otherwise.
[0081] As used herein, including in the appended claims, the singular forms of words such as “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include their corresponding plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0082] Unless specifically stated or evident from context, as used herein, the term “about” refers to a value or composition that is within an acceptable error range for the particular value or composition as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value or composition is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” may mean within one or more than one standard deviation per the practice in the art. “About” may mean a range of up to 10% (i.e., ±10%) . Thus, “about” may be understood to be within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, or 0.001%greater or less than the stated value. For example, about 5 mg may include any amount between 4.5 mg and 5.5 mg. Furthermore, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term may mean up to an order of magnitude or up to 5-fold of a value. When particular values or compositions are provided in the instant disclosure, unless otherwise stated, the meaning of “about” should be assumed to be within an acceptable error range for that particular value or composition.
[0083] The term “or” is used to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the term “and / or” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0084] As used herein, including in the claims that follow, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” is used in an inclusive sense, i.e., to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments.
[0085] The term “blood-brain barrier” or “BBB” refers to the physiological barrier between the peripheral circulation and the brain and spinal cord which is formed by tight junctions within the brain capillary endothelial plasma membranes, creating a tight barrier that restricts the transport of molecules into the brain, even very small molecules such as urea (60 Daltons) . The BBB within the brain, the blood spinal cord barrier within the spinal cord, and the blood-retinal barrier within the retina are contiguous capillary barriers within the CNS, and are herein collectively referred to an the blood-brain barrier or BBB. The BBB also encompasses the blood CSF barrier (choroid plexus) where the barrier is comprised of ependymal cells rather than capillary endothelial cells.
[0086] The term “central nervous system” or “CNS” refers to the complex of nerve tissues that control bodily function, and includes the brain and spinal cord.
[0087] The term “blood-brain barrier receptor” refers an extracellular membrane-linked receptor protein expressed on brain endothelial cells which is capable of transporting molecules across the BBB or be used to transport exogenous administrated molecules. Examples of blood-brain barrier receptor include a transferrin receptor (TfR) , an insulin receptor, an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) , a low density lipoprotein receptor, e.g., a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8) , an heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein. In some examples, the BBB receptor is a transferrin receptor (TfR) . In some examples, the BBB receptor is an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) . In some examples, the BBB receptor is a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein.
[0088] The terms “intracellularly cleaved” and “intracellular cleavage” refer to a metabolic process or reaction inside a cell on a conjugate (e.g., an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) ) , whereby the covalent attachment, e.g., a linker, which links a payload residue and a binding agent (BA) , e.g., an antibody, is broken, resulting in the free payload residue, or another metabolite of the conjugate dissociated from the antibody inside the cell. The cleaved moieties of the conjugate are thus intracellular metabolites.
[0089] The term “cytotoxic activity” refers to a cell-killing, a cytostatic or an anti-proliferative effect of a conjugate or an intracellular metabolite of a conjugate. Cytotoxic activity may be expressed as the IC50 value, which is the concentration (molar or mass) per unit volume at which half the cells survive.
[0090] The term “cytotoxic agent” as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits the function of cells and / or causes destruction of cells. The term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g., 211At, 131I, 125I, 90Y, 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 212Bi, 32P, 60C, and radioactive isotopes of Lu) , chemotherapeutic agents, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, including synthetic analogs and derivatives thereof.
[0091] The term “transferrin receptor” or “TfR” refers to transferrin receptor protein 1. Transferrin receptor protein 1 sequences are known in human (accession number P02786) and other species (e.g., chimpanzee, accession number XP_003310238.1; rhesus monkey, NP_001244232.1; dog, NP_001003111.1; cattle, NP_001193506.1; mouse, NP_035768.1; rat, NP_073203.1; and chicken, NP_990587.1) . The term “transferrin receptor” also encompasses allelic variants of exemplary reference sequences, e.g., human sequences, that are encoded by a gene at a transferrin receptor protein 1 chromosomal locus. TfR is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in iron uptake in vertebrates and the full-length transferrin receptor protein includes a short N-terminal intracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a large extracellular domain. The extracellular domain is characterized by three domains: a protease-like domain, a helical domain, and an apical domain. The molecular weight of TfR is about 180, 000. One embodiment includes human TfR comprising the amino acid sequence as described, for example, in Schneider et al., Nature 311: 675-678 (1984) .
[0092] The term “CD98hc” or “CD98 heavy chain” refers to 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain and is encoded by the SLC3A2 gene. CD98hc is also known as 4F2 heavy chain. The human CD98hc sequence is set forth, for example, in UNIPROT Accession No. P08195. CD98hc sequences from other species are also known (e.g., mouse, UNIPROT Accession No. P10852 and cynomolgus monkey, UNIPROT Accession No. G8F3Z0) .
[0093] As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to an organic compound that contains amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) , which is specific to each amino acid. Amino acids, as used herein, may be natural or unnatural, synthetic, proteinogenic or non-proteinogenic, D or L optical isomers, analogs, and / or peptidomimetics. By “proteinogenic” is meant that the amino acid is one of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids found in proteins. The proteinogenic amino acids include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. By “non-proteinogenic” is meant that either the amino acid is not found naturally in protein or is not directly produced by cellular machinery (e.g., is the product of post-translational modification) . Non-limiting examples of non-proteinogenic amino acids include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) , taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) , theanine (L-γ-glutamylethylamide) , hydroxyproline, beta-alanine, ornithine, and citrulline.
[0094] As used herein “peptide, ” in its various grammatical forms, is defined in its broadest sense to refer to a compound of two or more subunit amino acids, amino acid analogs, or other peptidomimetics. The subunits may be linked by peptide bonds or by other bonds, for example, ester, ether, and the like. If the peptide chain is short, e.g., two, three or more amino acids, it is commonly called an oligopeptide. If the peptide chain is longer, the peptide is typically called a polypeptide or a protein. Full-length proteins, analogs, mutants, and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms also include post-translational modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like. Furthermore, as ionizable amino and carboxyl groups are present in the molecule, a particular peptide may be obtained as an acidic or basic salt, or in neutral form. A peptide may be obtained directly from a source organism or may be recombinantly or synthetically produced.
[0095] The amino acid sequence of an antibody can be numbered using any known numbering schemes, including, for example, the “Kabat” numbering scheme, the “Chothia” numbering scheme, the “Contact” numbering scheme, the “IMGT” numbering scheme, and the “Aho” numbering scheme. Unless otherwise specified, the numbering scheme used herein is the Kabat numbering scheme. However, selection of a numbering scheme is not intended to imply differences in sequences where they do not exist, and one of skill in the art can readily confirm a sequence position by examining the amino acid sequence of one or more antibodies. Unless stated otherwise, the “EU numbering scheme” is generally used when referring to a residue in an antibody heavy chain constant region.
[0096] The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses various antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, human antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, and anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) , and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity. The term “antibody” as used herein further refers to a polypeptide of the immunoglobulin family that may bind a corresponding antigen non-covalently, reversibly, and in a specific manner. For example, a naturally occurring IgG antibody is a tetramer comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2, and CH3. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL or Vκ) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions may be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (Clq) of the classical complement system. The antibodies may be of any isotype / class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , or subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) . In some embodiments, the antibody is derived from any suitable species. In some embodiments, the antibody is of human or murine origin. In some embodiments, the antibody is human, humanized, or chimeric.
[0097] The term “antigen-binding fragment” or “antibody fragment” refers to a molecule that comprises a portion of a full-length antibody that retains the ability to specifically bind to the antigen to which the full-length antibody binds, e.g., a fragment that retain one or more CDR regions of the full-length antibody. Examples of antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab’ , Fab’ -SH, F (ab’ ) 2, and Fv fragments; diabodies; triabodies; tetrabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules, e.g., single chain Fv (scFv) and single chain Fab (scFab) ; single-domain antibodies; multi-specific antibodies, nanobodies and antibodies formed from antibody fragments; and bicyclic peptides.
[0098] The term “antigen-binding domain” refers to the part of an antibody that comprises the area which binds to and is complementary to part or all of an antigen. An antigen-binding domain may be provided by, for example, one or more antibody variable domains (also called antibody variable regions) . In some aspects, an antigen-binding domain comprises an antibody light chain variable domain (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable domain (VH) .
[0099] The term “diabody” is an antibody fragment with two antigen-binding domains that may be bivalent or bispecific.
[0100] The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refers to the domain of an antibody heavy or light chain that is involved in binding the antibody to antigen. The variable domains of the heavy chain and light chain (VH and VL, respectively) of a native antibody generally have similar structures, with each domain comprising four conserved framework regions (FRs) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) . A single VH or VL domain may be sufficient to confer antigen-binding specificity. Furthermore, antibodies that bind a particular antigen may be isolated using a VH or VL domain from an antibody that binds the antigen to screen a library of complementary VL or VH domains, respectively.
[0101] As used herein, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment “specifically binds” to an antigen (e.g., a protein) means that the antibody exhibits preferential binding to that target as compared to other proteins, but this specificity does not require absolute binding specificity. A “specific” binding reaction is determinative of the presence of the antigen in a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics, for example, in a blood, serum, plasma, or tissue sample. Thus, under certain designated immunoassay conditions, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof specifically bind to a particular antigen at least two times greater when compared to the background level and do not specifically bind in a significant amount to other antigens present in the sample. In one aspect, under designated immunoassay conditions, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binds to a particular antigen at least ten times greater when compared to the background level of binding and does not specifically bind in a significant amount to other antigens present in the sample. Typically, the antibody or antibody fragment binds with an affinity of at least about 10-7 M, 10-8 M, 10-9 M, 10-10 M, 10-11 M, or 10-12 M to the specific antigen and that is at least two-fold greater than its affinity for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than the specific antigen or a closely related antigen.
[0102] The term “antigen” refers to an entity to which an antibody specifically binds.
[0103] The term “epitope” refers to a site on an antigen to which an antibody specifically binds. Epitopes can be form from a contiguous amino acid sequence, i.e., a linear epitope, or comprise non-contiguous amino acids, i.e., a non-linear or conformational epitope, that are, for example, arranged in a spatial proximity based on the tertiary folding of the antigen. An epitope comprises, for example, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9 or at least 10 amino acids arranged in a certain spatial configuration.
[0104] The term “affinity” as used herein refers to the strength of interaction between antibody and antigen. Within the antigen, the variable regions of the antibody interact through non-covalent forces with the antigen at numerous sites. In general, the more interactions, the stronger the affinity.
[0105] The term “equilibrium dissociation constant” or “KD” or “M” refers to the dissociation rate constant (kd, time-1) divided by the association rate constant (ka, time-1, M-l) . Equilibrium dissociation constants may be measured using any known method in the art. The antibodies of the present disclosure generally will have an equilibrium dissociation constant of less than about 10-7 or 10-8 M, for example, less than about 10-9 M or 10-10 M, in some aspects, less than about 10-11 M, 10-12 M, or 10-13 M.
[0106] The terms “full-length antibody, ” “intact antibody, ” and “whole antibody” are used herein interchangeably to refer to an antibody having a structure substantially similar to a native antibody structure. A full-length antibody, for example, comprises an antibody having the structure of an immunoglobulin comprising two light chains and two heavy chains and a constant domain, e.g., the Fc region as described herein. In one example, a full-length antibody comprises an antigen-binding variable regions, i.e., VL and VH, as well as a light chain constant domain, i.e., CL, and heavy chain constant domains, i.e., CH1, CH2, CH3, and CH4, as appropriate for the antibody class. The constant domains may be native sequence constant domains, e.g., human native sequence constant domains or amino acid sequence variant thereof.
[0107] The term “native antibody” refers to a naturally occurring immunoglobulin molecule. For example, native IgG antibodies are heterotetrameric glycoproteins having a molecular weight of about 150, 000 Daltons as well as two identical light chains (LC) and two identical heavy chains (HC) that are bonded to each other through disulfide bridges. From N-to C-terminus, each heavy chain has a heavy chain variable domain (VH) , also referred to as a variable heavy domain or a heavy chain variable region, bound to three heavy chain constant domains, i.e., CH1, CH2 and CH3. Furthermore, from N-to C-terminus, each light chain has a light chain variable domain (VL) , also referred to as a variable light domain or a light chain variable region, bound to a light chain constant domain (CL) .
[0108] The term “monoclonal antibody” or “mAb” or “Mab” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e. the individual antibodies that comprise the population are identical and / or bind the same epitope, except for possible variant antibodies, e.g., containing naturally occurring mutations or arising during production of a monoclonal antibody preparation, such variants generally being present in minor amounts. In contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations, which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes) , each monoclonal antibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation is directed against a single determinant on an antigen. Thus, the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, monoclonal antibodies may be made by a variety of techniques, including but not limited to the hybridoma method, recombinant DNA methods, phage-display methods, and methods utilizing transgenic animals containing all or part of the human immunoglobulin loci, such methods and other exemplary methods for making monoclonal antibodies being described herein.
[0109] An “isolated” antibody is one which has been separated from a component of its natural environment. In some aspects, an antibody is purified to greater than 95%or 99%purity as determined by, for example, electrophoretic (e.g., SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing (IEF) , capillary electrophoresis) or chromatographic (e.g., ion exchange or reverse phase HPLC, affinity chromatography, size exclusion chromatography) methods. In some aspects, the antibodies provided by the present disclosure are isolated antibodies.
[0110] The term “chimeric” antibody refers to an antibody in which a portion of the heavy and / or light chain is derived from a particular source or species, while the remainder of the heavy and / or light chain is derived from a different source or species.
[0111] The term “humanized” or “humanized antibody” means forms of antibodies that contain sequences from non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies as well as human antibodies. Such antibodies may contain a minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. In general, a humanized antibody may comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. In some instances, the humanized antibody will optionally comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc) , typically that of a human immunoglobulin. The prefix “hum, ” “hu, ” “Hu, ” or “h” is added to antibody clone designations when applicable to distinguish humanized antibodies from parental (e.g., rodent) antibodies. The humanized forms of rodent antibodies will generally comprise the same CDR sequences of the parental rodent antibodies, although certain amino acid substitutions may be included to increase affinity, increase stability of the humanized antibody, remove a post-translational modification, and / or for other reasons.
[0112] A “human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence which corresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human or a human cell or derived from a non-human source that utilizes human antibody repertoires or other human antibody-encoding sequences. This definition of a human antibody specifically excludes a humanized antibody comprising non-human antigen-binding residues. In certain aspects, a human antibody is derived from a non-human transgenic mammal, for example a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit. In certain aspects, a human antibody is derived from a hybridoma cell line. Antibodies or antibody fragments isolated from human antibody libraries are also considered human antibodies or human antibody fragments herein. For example, a human antibody may contain murine carbohydrate chains if produced in a mouse, in a mouse cell, or in a hybridoma derived from a mouse cell. Similarly, “mouse antibody” or “rat antibody” means an antibody that comprises only mouse or rat immunoglobulin protein sequences, respectively.
[0113] An “immunoconjugate” or “conjugate” is a binding agent, e.g., an antibody, that is bonded directly or indirectly to one or more heterologous molecules. In some embodiments, an immunoconjugate is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) . In some embodiments, an immunoconjugate is a fusion protein comprising a binding agent. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is a cytotoxic agent or a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is a peptide, a protein, a protein fragment, an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment, or a fusion protein. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is a payload. In some embodiments, the heterologous molecule is a neurotrophic factor, a growth factor or an enzyme.
[0114] As used herein, a “multifunctional immunoconjugate” is an immunoconjugate that is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, and that is further capable of binding to one or more neurological targets.
[0115] In the context of the present disclosure, when reference is made to an amino acid sequence, the term “conservative substitution” means substitution of the original amino acid by a new amino acid that does not substantially alter the chemical, physical, and / or functional properties of the antibody, or the antigen-binding fragment, e.g., its binding affinity to its antigen. Common conservative substitutions of amino acids are well known in the art.
[0116] The term “percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” or “percent identity” or “%identical” with respect to a referenced polypeptide sequence refers to the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the referenced polypeptide sequenced, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if applicable, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identify, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity for the purposes of the alignment. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that within the skill in the art, for example, using publicly available software algorithms.
[0117] Examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent amino acid sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST algorithms and similar algorithms that determine the percent identity between two amino acid sequences.
[0118] The term “knob-into-hole” as used herein refers to amino acids that direct the pairing of two polypeptides together either in vitro or in vivo by introducing a spatial protuberance (knob) into one polypeptide and a socket or cavity (hole) into the other polypeptide at an interface in which they interact. For example, knob-into-holes have been introduced in the Fc: Fc binding interfaces, CL: CHI interfaces, or VH / VL interfaces of antibodies. In some embodiments, knob-into-holes ensure the correct pairing of two different heavy chains together during the manufacture of antibodies. For example, antibodies having knob-into-hole amino acids in their Fc regions may further comprise single variable domains linked to each Fc region, or further comprise different heavy chain variable domains that pair with similar or different light chain variable domains. Knob-into-hole technology may also be used in the VH or VL regions to also ensure correct pairing.
[0119] The term “nucleic acid” is used herein interchangeably with the term “polynucleotide” and refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. The term encompasses nucleic acids containing known nucleotide analogs or modified backbone residues or linkages, which are synthetic, naturally occurring, or non-naturally occurring, which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid, and which are metabolized in a manner similar to the reference nucleotides. Examples of such analogs include, without limitation, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, and peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) .
[0120] The term “operably linked” in the context of nucleic acids refers to a functional relationship between two or more polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) segments. Typically, it refers to the functional relationship of a transcriptional regulatory sequence to a transcribed sequence. For example, a promoter or enhancer sequence is operably linked to a coding sequence if it stimulates or modulates the transcription of the coding sequence in an appropriate host cell or other expression system. Generally, promoter transcriptional regulatory sequences that are operably linked to a transcribed sequence are physically contiguous to the transcribed sequence, i.e., they are cis-acting. However, some transcriptional regulatory sequences, such as enhancers, need not be physically contiguous or located in close proximity to the coding sequences whose transcription they enhance.
[0121] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides compositions, e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable compositions, which include antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof as disclosed herein, formulated together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. The excipient may be suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, rectal, spinal, or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) .
[0122] The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” as herein used refers to the amount of an agent that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, or at least one of the clinical symptoms of a disease or disorder, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease, disorder, or symptom. The “therapeutically effective amount” may vary with the agent, the disease, disorder, and / or symptoms of the disease or disorder, severity of the disease, disorder, and / or symptoms of the disease or disorder, the age of the subject to be treated, and / or the weight of the subject to be treated. An appropriate amount in any given instance may be apparent to those skilled in the art or may be determined by routine experiments. In the case of combination therapy, the “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the total amount of the combination components.
[0123] The term “combination therapy” refers to the administration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorder. Such administration encompasses co-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantially simultaneous manner. Such administration also encompasses co-administration in multiple or in separate containers or formulations (e.g., capsules, powders, and liquids) for each active ingredient. Powders and / or liquids may be reconstituted or diluted to a desired dose prior to administration. In addition, “combination therapy” encompasses use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner, either at approximately the same time or at different times. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.
[0124] The terms “administration, ” and “administering, ” as used herein, when applied to an animal, human, subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid, mean contact of an exogenous pharmaceutical, therapeutic, diagnostic agent, or composition to the animal, human, subject, cell, tissue, organ, or biological fluid. Treatment of a cell encompasses contact of a reagent to the cell, as well as contact of a reagent to a fluid, where the fluid is in contact with the cell.
[0125] The term “subject” or “patient” herein includes a human.
[0126] “Treating” or “treatment of” any disease or disorder refers in one aspect to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof) . In another aspect, “treat, ” “treating, ” or “treatment” refers to alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter including those which may not be discernible by the patient. In yet another aspect, “treat, ” “treating, ” or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom) , physiologically (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter) , or both. In another aspect, “treat, ” “treating, ” or “treatment” refers to improvement in or regression or elimination of the disease or disorder or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof.
[0127] The terms “improve, ” “increase, ” “inhibit, ” and “reduce” indicate values that are relative to a baseline or other reference measurement. In some embodiments, an appropriate reference measurement may comprise a measurement in a certain system (e.g., in a single individual) under otherwise comparable conditions absent presence of (e.g., prior to and / or after) an agent or treatment, or in presence of an appropriate comparable reference agent. In some embodiments, an appropriate reference measurement may comprise a measurement in a comparable system known or expected to respond in a comparable way, in presence of the relevant agent or treatment.
[0128] A “neurological disease or disorder” as used herein refers to a disease or disorder which affects the CNS and / or which has an etiology in the CNS. For the purposes of this application, the CNS will be understood to include the eye, which is normally sequestered from the rest of the body by the blood-retina barrier. Exemplary neurological diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, neuropathy, amyloidosis, cancer, an ocular disease or disorder, viral or microbial infection, inflammation, ischemia, neurodegenerative disease or disorder, seizure, behavioral disorders, and a lysosomal storage disease. Specific examples of neurological diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, Lewy body disease, postpoliomyelitis syndrome, Shy-Draeger syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, striatonigral degeneration, tauopathies (including, but not limited to, Alzheimer disease and supranuclear palsy) , prion diseases (including, but not limited to, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie, Creutz-feldt-Jakob syndrome, kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, chronic wasting disease, and fatal familial insomnia) , bulbar palsy, motor neuron disease, and nervous system heterodegenerative disorders (including, but not limited to, Canavan disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis, Alexander's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Menkes kinky hair syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, Halervorden-Spatz syndrome, lafora disease, Rett syndrome, hepatolenticular degeneration, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, and Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome) , dementia (including, but not limited to, Pick's disease, and spinocerebellar ataxia) , and cancer of the CNS and / or brain (including, but not limited to, brain metastases resulting from cancer elsewhere in the body) .
[0129] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt (s) ” refers to a salt prepared from a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acid or base including an inorganic acid or base and an organic acid or base. 5.2. Multifunctional Immunoconjugates
[0130] In some embodiments, a multifunctional immunoconjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprises a binding agent that is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, a cleavable linker and a payload, wherein the cleavable linker is attached to the binding agent and the payload. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a cleavable peptide linker. In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is capable of increasing the likelihood of a payload of the multifunctional immunoconjugate to pass through the blood-brain barrier.
[0131] In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) comprising a binding agent capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor. In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate is a fusion protein comprising a binding agent capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor.
[0132] In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound of Formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: BA is a binding agent selected from a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof; L is a cleavable linker; PA is a payload; and x is from 1 to 8; wherein the binding agent is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, and the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved in the blood-brain barrier.
[0133] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is capable of increasing the likelihood of the payload to pass through the blood-brain barrier.
[0134] In some embodiments, x is from 1 to 4. In some embodiments, x is 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8. In some embodiments, x is 1, 2, 4 or 6. In some embodiments, x is 1, 2, or 4. In some embodiments, x is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, x is 2 or 4. In some embodiments, x is 1. In some embodiments, x is 2. In some embodiments, x is 4. In some embodiments, x is 6. In some embodiments, x is 8.
[0135] The payload may be any payload described herein. The cleavable linker may be any cleavable linker described herein. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a cleavable peptide linker.
[0136] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) . In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is a fusion protein.
[0137] In some embodiments, the conjugate is derived from a compound having Compound ID 2 or 4 described in Table 7 below. In some embodiments, the conjugate is derived from an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a heavy chain (HC) sequence selected from the amino acid sequences comprising the SEQ ID NO: 43, 45, 47 or 49 described in Table 8 below.
[0138] Provided herein are multifunctional immunoconjugates, e.g., for use in therapy, such as the treatment of neurological diseases or disorders. 5.2.1. Binding Agents
[0139] Provided herein are binding agents (BA) , e.g., for use in a multifunctional immunoconjugate described herein.
[0140] Compounds of Formula (I) may include any BA described herein.
[0141] In some embodiments, BA is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, e.g., a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a human engineered antibody, a single chain antibody (scFv) , a Fab fragment, a Fab’ fragment, or a F (ab’ ) 2 fragment.
[0142] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to a human transferrin receptor (hTfR) . In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is pabinafusp. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is 128.1. In some embodiments, the binding agent is pabinafusp, 128.1 or teprotumumab, or an antigen binding fragment thereof.
[0143] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to a human insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (hIGF1R) . In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is teprotumumab.
[0144] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is capable of specifically binding to a human cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (hCD98hc) . In some embodiments, antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is an anti-CD98hc variable domain of a new antigen receptor (VNAR) fused to human Fc, or an antigen binding fragment thereof.
[0145] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) .
[0146] In some embodiments, the Fc domain is an IgG1 with reduced effector function.
[0147] In some embodiments, the binding agent is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor. In some embodiments, the blood-brain barrier receptor is selected from the group consisting of proteins, polypeptides and peptides. In some embodiments, the blood-brain receptor is selected from the group consisting of a transferrin receptor (TfR) , an insulin receptor (InsR) , an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) , a low density lipoprotein receptor (LRP) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8, an heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) a solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) , a solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) , a cluster of differentiation 147 protein (CD147) , a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein, a transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A) , a Fc gamma receptor and transporter receptor (FCGRT) , a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) , a very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and glucose transporter 1 protein (Glut1) . In some embodiments, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) receptor is a transferrin receptor (TfR) . In some embodiments, the BBB receptor is an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) . In some embodiments, the BBB receptor is a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein.
[0148] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an humanized, chimeric, or human antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof which is capable of binding to one or more blood-brain barrier receptors selected from the group consisting of a transferrin receptor (TfR) , an insulin receptor (InsR) , an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) , a low density lipoprotein receptor (LRP) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8, an heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) a solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) , a solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) , a cluster of differentiation 147 protein (CD147) , a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein, a transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A) , a Fc gamma receptor and transporter receptor (FCGRT) , a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) , a very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and glucose transporter 1 protein (Glut1) . In some embodiments, the one or more blood-brain barrier (BBB) receptor is a transferrin receptor (TfR) . In some embodiments, the one or more BBB receptor is an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) . In some embodiments, the one or more BBB receptor is a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein.
[0149] In some embodiments, the binding agent is derived from an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDRs) , light chain CDRs (LCDRs) , variable heavy chain (VH) , and / or variable light chain (VL) sequences comprising the SEQ ID NOs described in Tables 3 to 6 below.
[0150] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR. In some embodiments, the binding agent is pabinafusp. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a heavy chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) , comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a light chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) , comprising a light chain complementary determining region 1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, a LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and a LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0151] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, wherein the binding agent is 128.1, or the antigen binding fragment of 128.1. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a heavy chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) , comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a light chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a TfR, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) , comprising a light chain complementary determining region 1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, a LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, and a LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0152] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R. In some embodiments, the binding agent is teprotumumab, or the antigen binding fragment of teprotumumab. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a heavy chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to IGF1R, and comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) , comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a light chain domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to an IGF1R, and comprises a variable light chain domain (VL) , comprising a light chain complementary determining region 1 (LCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28, a LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0153] In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc. In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an anti-CD98hc variable domain of an new antigen receptor (VNAR) fused to human Fc, or an antigen binding fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc, comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc, and comprises an anti-CD98hc VNAR, comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a CD98hc, and comprises an anti-CD98hc VNAR, comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (HCDR1) comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, a HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, and a HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35.
[0154] In some embodiments, the binding agent comprises an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, the antibody or the antigen binding fragment thereof comprising one or more domains selected from the group consisting of Fab, sFab, scFv, F (ab′) 2 and VHH. 5.2.2. Linker
[0155] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by an enzyme in the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an endosomal enzyme in the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the enzyme is an enzyme in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved upon endocytosis in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is stable in the circulatory system. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved to detach the payload from the binding agent and pass the payload through the blood-brain barrier via transcytosis. In some embodiments, the payload is bonded directly or indirectly to the binding agent via the cleavable linker.
[0156] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by a cathepsin, a caspase, a legumain, a plasmin, a matrix metalloproteinase, a transmembrane serine protease, a neutrophil elastase, a beta-secretase urokinase, or a prostate-specific antigen. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a cleavable peptide linker. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36 (GPVRKG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 37 (GLLKRG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 38 (GGFG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 39 (LSGRSDNH-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 40 (VPLSLY-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 50 (RR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 51 (GFRG-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 52 (RLR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 53 (LR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 54 (HRLR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 55 (HRYR-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 56 (GGGI-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 57 (IVRAK-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 58 (FRFW-Linker) , SEQ ID NO: 59 (GFLGVR-Linker) and SEQ ID NO: 60 (GGEVR-Linker) . In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 61-108. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36-40, 50-60, and SEQ ID NO: 61-108.
[0157] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of at least 2 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of at least 3 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of at least 4 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of at least 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 2 to 25 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 5 to 25 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 2 to 20 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 5 to 20 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 2 to 18 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 5 to 18 amino acids.
[0158] In some embodiment, a cleavable linker is selected from amino acid sequences comprising the SEQ ID NOs described in the following Table 1. Examples of amino acid sequences of control linkers are provided in Table 2. In some embodiments, control linkers are non-cleavable in the brain-blood barrier and / or in the circulatory system. In some embodiments, a cleavable linker is a variant of the peptide linkers described in Table 1, for example, the amino acid sequences comprising the SEQ ID NOs described in the following Table 3. In some embodiments, a cleavable linker comprises a linker selected from the amino acid sequences described in Table 3 and one or more GS-Linker (SEQ ID NO 41) .
[0159] Table 1. List of Cleavable Peptide Linkers
[0160] Table 2. List of Control Peptide Linkers
[0161] Table 3. List of Cleavable Peptide Linker Variants
[0162] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of linking the binding agent (BA) to the payload (PA) . In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is directly conjugated to the binding agent on one end and to the payload on the other end. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is capable of forming a cleavable bond with the payload. In some embodiments, reactive groups for forming cleavable bonds include sulfhydryl groups to form disulfide bonds, aldehyde, ketone, or hydrazine groups to form hydrazone bonds, carboxylic or amino groups to form peptide bonds, and carboxylic or hydroxy groups to form ester bonds. The nature of the cleavable linker can vary widely. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker includes disulfide containing linkers that are cleavable through disulfide exchange, acid-labile linkers that are cleavable at acidic pH, and linkers that are cleavable by hydrolases, peptidases, esterases, and glucoronidases.
[0163] In some embodiments, the structure and sequence of the cleavable linker is such that the linker is cleaved by the action of enzymes present at the target site. In some embodiments, the target site is the blood-brain barrier. In other embodiments, the cleavable linker is cleavable by other mechanisms. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises one or multiple cleavage sites.
[0164] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises one amino acid or one or more sequences of amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a monopeptide, a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide, a pentapeptide, a hexapeptide, a heptapeptide, an octapeptide, a nonapeptide, a decapeptide, an undecapeptide or a dodecapeptide unit. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide, a pentapeptide, a hexapeptide, a heptapeptide, an octapeptide, a nonapeptide, a decapeptide, an undecapeptide or a dodecapeptide unit
[0165] In some embodiments, an amino acid of the cleavable linker is natural or unnatural and / or a D-or L-isomer provided that the cleavable linker comprises a cleavable bond. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises only natural amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises 2 to 25 amino acids in contiguous sequence. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises 2 to 18 amino acids in contiguous sequence.
[0166] In some embodiments, each amino acid of the cleavable linker is independently selected from the group consisting of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, histidine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, isoleucine, proline, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, methionine, selenocysteine, ornithine, penicillamine, β-alanine, aminoalkanoic acid, aminoalkynoic acid, aminoalkanedioic acid, aminobenzoic acid, amino-heterocyclo-alkanoic acid, heterocyclo-carboxylic acid, citrulline, statine, diaminoalkanoic acid, and derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, each amino acid is independently selected from the group consisting of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, histidine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, isoleucine, proline, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, methionine, and selenocysteine. In some embodiments, each amino acid is independently selected from the group consisting of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, histidine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, isoleucine, proline, tryptophan, and valine. In some embodiments, each amino acid of the cleavable linker is selected from the proteinogenic or the non-proteinogenic amino acids.
[0167] In some embodiments, each amino acid of the cleavable linker is independently selected from the group consisting of the following L- (natural) amino acids: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, histidine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, isoleucine, tryptophan and valine.
[0168] In some embodiments, each amino acid of the cleavable linker is independently selected from the group consisting of the following D-isomers of these natural amino acids: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, histidine, glycine, glutamic acid, glutamine, phenylalanine, lysine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, isoleucine, tryptophan and valine.
[0169] In some embodiments, the bond between the cleavable linker and the payload is capable of being enzymatically cleaved by one or more enzymes, including a tumor-associated protease, to release the payload. In some embodiments, the payload comprises a cytotoxic agent or a therapeutic agent that is released in vivo upon the cleavage.
[0170] Useful cleavable linkers can be designed and optimized in their selectivity for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzyme, for example, a tumor-associated protease. In some embodiments, a bond between the cleavable linker and the payload is cleavable via being catalyzed by cathepsin B, C and D, or a plasmin protease.
[0171] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises only natural amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises only non-natural amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a natural amino acid linked to a non-natural amino acid. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a natural amino acid linked to a D-isomer of a natural amino acid.
[0172] In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide that comprises from 2 to 25 amino acids. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide that comprises from 2 to 18 amino acids. In some embodiments, the peptide is conjugated directly to the payload. In some embodiments, the peptide is a dipeptide. An exemplary cleavable peptide linker is the dipeptide -Arg-Arg- (SEQ ID NO: 98) or -Leu-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 101) . One of skill in the art would appreciate that amino acids are typically linked to the payload through functional units present in the amino acid, e.g., its carboxylic acid or amino termini. 5.2.3. Payloads
[0173] Provided herein are payloads (PA) , e.g., for use in a multifunctional immunoconjugate described herein. Compounds of Formula (I) may include any PA described herein
[0174] In some embodiments, each PA is independently a cytotoxic agent or a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, each PA is independently selected from the group consisting of DXd, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) , and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) . In some embodiments, the PA is a peptide, a protein, a protein fragment, an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment, an enzyme or a fusion protein.
[0175] In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses. In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease. In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disorder or disease. In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease.
[0176] In some embodiments, the payload is a heterologous molecule for the treatment of a neurological disease or disorder, the heterologous molecule comprising a peptide, a protein, a protein fragment, an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment, or a fusion protein.
[0177] In some embodiments, the payload is a compound for the treatment of a neurological disease or disorder, wherein the compound comprises a neurotrophic factor, a growth factor, an enzyme, a cytotoxic or therapeutic agent, or an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a neurological disorder or disease target.
[0178] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a neurological disorder or disease target is selected from the group consisting of antibodies or antigen-binding fragment thereof that is capable of binding to β-secretase 1, Aβ, oligomeric fragments of Aβ, an epidermal growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Tau, phosphorylated Tau, apolipoprotein E4, alpha synuclein, oligomeric fragments of alpha synuclein, CD20, huntingtin, prion protein, leucine rich repeat kinase 2, parkin, presenilin 2, gamma secretase, death receptor 6, amyloid precursor protein, p75 neurotrophin receptor or caspase 6.
[0179] In some embodiments, the payload is an enzyme for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease, wherein the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of Alpha-L-iduronidase, Iduronate-2-sulfatase, Heparan-N-sulfatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, Acetyl CoA glucosamine N-acetyltransferase, N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-sulfatase, N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, Hyaluronidase, N-acetyltransferase alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, glucocerebrosidase, hexosaminidase, acid sphingomyelinase and arylsulfatase. 5.3. Methods or Processes of Making the Multifunctional Immunoconjugates
[0180] Provided herein are methods of preparing a multifunctional immunoconjugate by contacting a binding agent (BA) with a linker-payload compound under conditions suitable for forming a bond between the binding agent and the linker-payload compound. The reaction conditions may be any suitable reaction conditions known in the art. The binding agent may be an antibody and the bond may form an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) .
[0181] In some embodiments, provided herein a process for the manufacture of a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, comprising conjugating a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, with a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided herein is a process for the manufacture of a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, comprising transfecting a host cell with a coding sequence of the multifunctional immunoconjugate. In some embodiments, provided herein is a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation manufactured according to a process provided herein. In some embodiments, the multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation has not been subjected to purification to isolate a multifunctional immunoconjugate from the multifunctional immunoconjugatepreparation.
[0182] Examples of such reactions are provided in the Examples below.
[0183] In some embodiments, methods of making a multifunctional immunoconjugate includes treating or contacting a compound with a binding agent under coupling conditions. The compound may include a reactive linker bonded to at least one payload. The compound may be any of the linkers, payloads or compounds described herein. 5.4. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0184] Also provided herein are compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, comprising a multifunctional immunoconjugate or a compound provided herein. In some embodiments, the compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0185] Pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the present disclosure can be prepared by mixing a multifunctional immunoconjugate or a compound having the desired degree of purity with one or more optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (as described, for example, in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980) ) , in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are generally nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include, but are not limited to, buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride; benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol) ; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes) ; and / or non-ionic surfactants such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) . Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers herein further include interstitial drug dispersion agents such as soluble neutral-active hyaluronidase glycoproteins (sHASEGP) , for example, human soluble PH-20 hyaluronidase glycoproteins, such as rHuPH20 ( Baxter International, Inc. ) . Certain exemplary sHASEGPs and methods of use, including rHuPH20, are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,871,607 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006 / 0104968, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. In one aspect, a sHASEGP is combined with one or more additional glycosaminoglycanases such as chondroitinases.
[0186] Exemplary lyophilized formulations are described in U. S. Patent No. 6, 267, 958, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. Aqueous formulations include those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,171,586 and International Patent Publication No. WO2006 / 044908, the latter formulations including a histidine-acetate buffer, and the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0187] Sustained-release preparations can be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody drug conjugate, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules.
[0188] The formulations to be used for in vivo administration are generally sterile. Sterility can be readily accomplished, e.g., by filtration through sterile filtration membranes. 5.5. Methods of Using
[0189] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder (e.g., a neurological disease or disorder) in a subject (e.g., patient) in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a multifunctional immunoconjugate or a compound provided herein.
[0190] The multifunctional immunoconjugates and compounds disclosed herein can be administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, intrapulmonary, and intranasal, and, if desired for local treatment, intralesional administration. Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration. Dosing can be by any suitable route, e.g., by injection, such as intravenous or subcutaneous injection, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic. Various dosing schedules, including but not limited to, single or multiple administrations over various time-points, bolus administration, and pulse infusion are contemplated herein.
[0191] Multifunctional immunoconjugates and compounds of the disclosure can be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
[0192] In some embodiments, provided herein is the use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the therapeutic treatment of a proliferative disease, a metabolic disease, inflammation, or a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, provided herein is use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the preparation of a medicament for the therapeutic treatment of a proliferative disease, a metabolic disease, inflammation, or a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the therapeutic treatment of a proliferative disease, a metabolic disease, inflammation, or a neurodegenerative disease.
[0193] In some embodiments, provided herein is the use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, provided herein is the use of a compound provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition provided herein, for the preparation of a medicament for the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder. In some embodiments, provided herein is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder.
[0194] In some embodiments, the treatment includes treating Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma and mucopolysaccharidoses. In some embodiments, the treatment includes treating Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease.6. EXAMPLES
[0195] The examples below are intended to be exemplary and should not be considered limiting in any way. Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods in the Examples described below are conventional methods. Unless otherwise specified, the reagents and materials are commercially available. All solvents and chemicals employed were of analytical grade or chemical purity.
[0196] For the sake of conciseness, certain abbreviations are used herein. One example is the single letter abbreviation to represent an amino acid. The amino acids and their corresponding three letter and single letter abbreviations are as follows: Example 1. Antibody information
[0197] The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof provided herein can be prepared by methods known in the art. The sequences of exemplary antibodies and antigen-binding fragments are provided in the Tables 3 to 6 below.
[0198] Table 3. List of Anti-TfR Pabinafusp Sequences
[0199] Table 4. List of Anti-TfR 128.1 Sequences
[0200] Table 5. List of Anti-TfR Teprotumumab Sequences
[0201] Table 6. List of Anti-CD98 VNAR-human Fc Sequences Example 2. Generation and characterization of TfR binders fused to nano-luciferase. Construct design and protein expression.
[0202] To mimic a multifunctional immunoconjugate, i.e., a brain-targeting therapeutic molecule comprising a trans-BBB module and a an examplary payload of nLuc, we fused nLuc to anti-TfR antibodies following CH3 with either a flexible linker (GGGGS) 2 (SEQ ID NO: 41) or a cathepsin-cleavable linker (GGGGSGPVKRGGGGGS) (SEQ ID NO: 36) . The coding sequences were codon-optimized and cloned into pTT5 vector with a signal peptide derived from human Igκ to facilitate the secretion of recombinant proteins Herceptin (anti-Her2) was expressed as a negative control. 100 mL of Expi-293 cells with the density of 3 x 106 cells / mL were transfected with 50 μg of heavy chain and 50 μg of light chain plasmid with 300 μg of PEIMAX (mw 40k, Polysciences, Cat #24765) . 24 h after transfection, cells were fed with 5 mL of OPM-293 ProFeed (OPM Biosciences, Cat #F081918-001) . 96 h after transfection, secreted IgG-nLuc fusion proteins were purified from cell supernatants by standard protein A affinity chromatography. Protein purity and heterogeneity were assessed by SDS-PAGE and size-exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200 pg) , respectively.
[0203] FIG. 2A shows a fusion protein form including IgG directed to transferrin receptor (TfR) with the Fc part connected through cleavable linkers to two nano-luciferase (nLuc) payloads. FIG. 2B shows a fusion protein form including single Fab directed to TfR with to the Fc part linked to two nLuc payloads. Three exemplary antibody-nLuc fusion proteins were generated, including: Pabi-nLuc (anti-TfR, from Pabinafusp) , 128.1-nLuc (anti-TfR, from US6015555A) and a control antibody-nLuc (anti-Her2, from Trastuzumab) . Examplary conjugates are provided in Table 7.
[0204] Table 7. List of Conjugates
[0205] Exemplary heavy chain (HC) sequences of conjugates are provided in Table 8.
[0206] Table 8. List of Conjugate Heavy Chain Sequences ELISA
[0207] Recombinant his tagged human TfR ECD (Sinobiological, Cat #11020-H07H) was coated onto polystyrene ELISA plate at 1 μg / mL, 100 μL per well. Plates were then washed with PBS plus 0.05%Tween-20, blocked with 3%bovine serum albumin and incubated with anti-TfR antibodies, starting from 10 μg / mL with 3-fold dilutions. Following antibody binding, plates were then washed and incubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (Invitrogen, Cat #A56017) . Signals were developed using TMB, terminated with 1N sulfuric acid, and optical density (OD) was read at 450 nm. Data were fitted using non-linear regression in GraphPad Prism. Of the two anti-TfR antibodies tested, both pabinafusp and 128.1 in bivalent format, i.e., Pabi-nLuc and 128.1-nLuc, showed higher binding toward human TfR than the control anti-Her2 antibody, i.e., Her2-nLuc, as shown in FIG. 3. Furthermore, use of different linkers between the antibody and the payload did not significantly affect the antibody-TfR binding property of these two anti-TfR antibodies at extracellular pH (pH 7.4) or lysosomal pH (pH 5.5) , as shown in Table 9.
[0208] Table 9 shows the human anti-TfR binding properties of Pabi-nLuc and 128.1-nLuc fusion protein with GS-linkers or GPVRKG=linkers, respectively, detected by ELISA at pH 7.4 or pH 5.5. The binding properties were not affected by the two peptide linkers, at neutral and acidic pH.
[0209] Table 9. Human anti-TfR Binding Properties Example 2. Cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of TfR binders. Microscopy
[0210] To track the endocytosis and distribution of TfR binders fused with nLuc, human brain endothelial cell hCMEC. D3 was seeded onto poly-D-lysine coated cover glass and grown in EBM-2 medium (Lonza, Cat #CC-3156) supplemented with 5%FBS, 1: 100 chemically defined lipid concentrate (Gibco, Cat #11905031) , 30 μM of ascorbic acid, 1 ng / mL b-FGF, 10 mM HEPES and 1.4 μM of hydrocortisone. TfR binders fused with nLuc were diluted in culture medium at final concentration of 1 μg / mL. Cells were chilled on ice, and diluted antibodies were added to allow the binding of anti-TfR antibodies with cell surface TfR without inducing endocytosis. After 30 min, cells were washed twice with ice-cold medium and either fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde or recovered at 37°Celsius for 1 h to allow endocytosis before fixation. Fixed cell slides were permeabilized with 0.1%Triton X-100, cell-associated antibodies were stained with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (H+L) (Invitrogen, Cat #A-11013) . Early endosomes were stained with anti-EEA1 (BD, Cat #610457) , followed by Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (Invitrogen, Cat #A-21422) . Mounted slides were visualized on a confocal microscope (Nikon AX) . Quantification of endocytosed antibody
[0211] Human brain endothelial cell hCMEC. D3 was seeded on two 24-well plates. One plate was put on ice and the other one at 37° Celsius. Indicated antibodies were diluted in EBM-2 medium at final concentration of 1 μg / mL. Diluted antibodies were added into plate wells and incubated for 30 min. Plates were then washed with ice-cold PBS for 3 times. Cells were lysed by the addition of 200 μL 1%Triton X-100 in PBS. Human IgG concentration in lysates was quantified by standard ELISA procedure. The amount of endocytosed IgG was quantified by subtracting cell associated IgG (incubated at 37° Celsius) from surface-bound IgG (incubated on ice) .
[0212] FIGS. 4A-C show the endocytosis of anti-TfR-nLuc fusion proteins, i.e., 128.1-nLuc and Pabi-nLuc by hCMEC. D3 cells compared to the control anti-Her2 antibody, i.e., Her2-nLuc. The subcellular localization of cell surface-bound fusion protein are shown at 0 h and endocytosed fusion protein at 1 h, as stained by Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated anti-human Fc antibody. Endocytosed antibodies showed partial colocalization with early endosome, stained by anti-EEA1 antibody and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-mouse Fc antibody. FIG. 5 shows quantification of endocytosed antibodies by hCMEC. D3 cells after 5 h incubation with the control anti-Her2 antibody displaying insignificant endocytosis. Example 3. In vitro peptide cleavage assay.
[0213] Substrate peptides were synthesized with standard solid-phase peptide synthesis technique, with N-terminal Dabcyl and C-terminal Edans moieties. Peptides were diluted into PBS. Human plasma was diluted into peptide solutions, and FRET signals were recorded on an EnVision plate reader with the following filter set: excitation 340 nm / 40 BP and emission 492 nm / 8 BP. For in vitro cleavage by lysosome fraction, peptides were diluted into 50 mM MES, pH 5.5, plus 0.05%Tween-20 at final concentration of 5 μg / mL. Human liver lysosomes (XenoTech, Cat #X008036) were added at final concentration of 5 μg / mL.
[0214] FIG. 6A illustrates a FRET-based peptide in vitro cleavage assay, in which the fluorescent of Edans is released upon linker peptide cleavage. The peptide substrate with a cleavable linker, e.g., GPVRKG (SEQ ID NO: 93) , is fluorescent when incubated with human lysosome extract for 1 h, as shown in FIG. 6B, suggesting this peptide can be cleaved by lysosome enzymes.
[0215] FIG. 7 shows the fluorogenic substrate is stable in human plasma after 1 h of incubation, in which the experimental dilution of human plasma was 1: 1, 1: 4, 1: 12 and 1: 36, respectively. Example 4. Transwell-based in vitro transcytosis assay. Anti-TfR antibody transcytosis by hCMEC. D3 cells
[0216] To assess the capability of candidate proteins undergo transcytosis by cell grown in monolayers, 24-well polycarbonate transwell inserts with 0.5 μm pore size were first coated with type-I collagen at 0.1 mg / mL for 1 h. HCMEC. D3 cells were then seeded onto insert at approximately 100k per well. 24 h later, intracellular junction formation was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) . Typical TEER value were approximately 70 Ohm. cm2. Proteins were then diluted into EBM-2 medium at final concentration of 1 μg / mL and added to the apical chamber for 30 min. Inserts were removed from culture plate, washed with PBS for 3 times and transferred into a new 24-well plate containing 600 μL medium per well. 100 μL medium was added into apical chamber. IgG and nLuc quantification were performed by collecting medium at apical and basal chamber at indicated time points.
[0217] FIG. 8 shows the experimental setup of a transwell-based in vitro transcytosis assay using hCMEC. D3 cell line. Cells were grown on an insert mesh, separating upper chamber (apical) and the lower chamber (basal) . Test antibody-fusion proteins were added to the apical surface. Cells were allowed to incubate with proteins for 30 min. Unbound proteins were washed out, and recycled proteins were measured in apical and basal chambers. FIGS. 9A and 9B show the recycled (apical) and transcytosed (basal) levels of nLuc from specific antibody conjugates for hCMEC. D3 cells, respectively. Anti-TfR Antibody transcytosis by Caco-2 cells
[0218] Transwell inserts were processed as described above. Caco-2 cells that are generally used as an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model were seeded onto collagen-coated transwell inserts at 200k per well. 24 h later. TEER was measured with a typical value of approximately 500 Ohm / cm2. Proteins were then diluted into DMEM medium plus 10%FBS at final concentration of 1 μg / mL and added to the apical chamber. IgG and nLuc levels were measured by collecting basal chamber at indicated time points. FIG. 10 shows a comparison of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cells and hCMEC. D3 cells, respectively, suggesting increased tightness of the monolayer formed by Caco-2 cells versus hCMEC. D3 cells.
[0219] FIGS. 11A and 11B show transcytosis activity of the Pabi-GS-nLuc and Pabi-GPVRKG-nLuc conjugates in the Caco-2 cell-based in vitro BBB model. FIG. 11A shows enhanced transcytosis of a payload resulting from use of a cleavable linker. For example, the measured transcytosed amount of nLuc (i.e., the payload residue) when linked to anti-TfR antibodies, e.g., Pabi-nLuc or 128.1-nLuc, via a cathepsin-cleavable GPVRKG-linker is increased as compared to the non-cleavable GS-linker. FIG. 11B shows that use of neither GS-linker nor the cathepsin-cleavable linker affected the transcytosis of the anti-TfR antibody part of the conjugate as detected by ELISA. This suggests, for example, that different linkers, whether cleavable or non-cleavable, did not impact the transcytosis of the conjugate’s antibody part. Induction of pluripotent stem cells into brain microvascular endothelial cells
[0220] Pluripotent stem cells were seeded at a density of 15.8 k / cm2 in mTeSR plus 10 μM Y-27632 in 60-mm plates. 24 h later, medium was changed to E6 medium, with daily medium refreshing for 4 consecutive days. In day 4, medium was switched to hECSR1 and incubated for 48 h. In day 6, cells were dissociated by Accutase and re-plated at 10E6 cells / cm2 into Matrigel-coated transwell inserts. After 24 h, medium was changed to hECSR2 for final induction. 24 h later, TEER was measured. Wells with TEER>1000 Ohm / cm2 were used for subsequent transcytosis experiments, which were performed identically to those using Caco-2 cells. Anti-TfR Antibody transcytosis by iBMECs
[0221] Induced brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) that are differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells are used in a more physiologically relevant cell model, resembling human primary brain endothelial cells. FIG. 12 shows TEER values of iBMECs after seeding on a transwell insert measured over multiple days, exceeding the measured TEER values of human primary brain endothelial obtained via biopsy, indicating, for example, complete formation of intercellular junctions.
[0222] Cleavable anti-TfR conjugate designs outperform non-cleavable ones in the iBMEC-based transcytosis assay. FIG. 13A shows that the cleavable GPVRKG-linker resulted in increased in vitro transcytosis of luciferase (nLuc) as the payload when conjugated to anti-TfR antibodies in iBMECs as compared to ones having the non-cleavable GS-linker. For example, use of the cathepsin-cleavable GPVRKG-linker yielded enhanced nLuc transcytosis to basal compartment at 24 h of incubation. Several protease-cleavable linkers promoted transcytosis of nLuc in Caco-2 cells in the transwell-based assay, as shown in FIG. 13B. Use of certain cleavable linkers resulted in increased efficiency of transcytosis of the payload residue, e.g., nLuc, compared to the non-cleavable GS-linker. Anti-IGF1R antibody transcytosis by Caco-2 cells
[0223] FIGS. 14A and 14B show the enhancement of payload transcytosis by Caco-2 cells via a cleavable linker conjugated to an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) antibody in the transwell-based assay. The IGF1R-binding arm was derived from teprotumumab, a monoclonal antibody blocking IGF-1 and IGF1R-interaction. FIG. 14A shows that the transcytosis of nLuc fused with anti-IGF1R is enhanced by use of a cathepsin-cleavable linker as compared to the non-cleavable GS-linker. FIG. 14B shows that use of neither the GS-linker nor the cathepsin-cleavable linker affected the transcytosis of anti-IGF1R antibody part of the conjugate as detected by ELISA. Anti-CD98hc antibody transcytosis by Caco-2 cells
[0224] FIGS. 14C and 14D show the enhancement of payload transcytosis by Caco-2 cells via a cleavable linker conjugated to a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) binding module, containing an anti-CD98hc variable domain of new antigen receptor (VNAR) fused to human Fc. FIG 14C shows that the transcytosis of nLuc fused with anti-CD98hc is enhanced by use of a cathepsin-cleavable linker as compared to the non-cleavable GS-linker. FIG. 14D shows use of neither the GS-linker nor the cathepsin-cleavable linker affected the transcytosis of anti-CD98hc antibody part of the conjugate as detected by ELISA. FIG. 14E shows the efficiency of in vitro transcytosis of nano-luciferase (nLuc) for the cleavable anti-hTfR conjugate compared to the cleavable anti-hCD98 and anti-hIGF1R conjugates, respectively. Screening of cleavable linkers
[0225] FIG. 15A shows the transcytosis efficiency of nLuc as the payload by human endothelial cell line hCMEC. D3. nLuc was fused to the carboxyl terminus of pabinafusp heavy chain (SEQ ID NO: 1) via different cleavable peptide linkers shown in Table 1. Transcytosis assay was performed as described above. Luciferase activity in the lower chamber was quantified after 3 hours and 5 hours, respectively. FIG. 15B shows the cleavage of different peptide linkers by human lysosome fraction in vitro in a FRET-based assay. Ratiometric changes in fluorescent intensity was calculated by dividing the initial fluorescent (F0) and plotted to indicate the degree of peptide linker cleavage by lysosomal enzymes. FIG. 15C shows the correlation between peptide cleavage efficiency and transcytosis efficiency of the corresponding linker-conjugated payload by hCMEC. D3 cell at 3 hours. Each dot represents a different peptide linker sequence, and outliers in grey were removed from linear regression analysis.
[0226] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, the description and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The disclosures of all patents, patent applications and other literature cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Claims
1.A compound of Formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:BA is a binding agent selected from a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof;L is a cleavable linker;PA is a payload; andx is from 1 to 8;wherein the binding agent is capable of binding to a blood-brain barrier receptor, and the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved in the blood-brain barrier.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein x is 1, 2 or 4.3.The compound of claims 1 or 2, wherein the blood-brain barrier receptor is selected from a group consisting of a transferrin receptor (TfR) , an insulin receptor (InsR) , an insulin-like growth 1 factor receptor (IGF1R) , a low density lipoprotein receptor (LRP) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) , a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8) , an heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) , a solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1) , a solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) , a cluster of differentiation 147 protein (CD147) , a cluster of differentiation 98 heavy chain (CD98hc) protein, a transmembrane protein 30A (TMEM30A) , a Fc gamma receptor and transporter receptor (FCGRT) , a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) , a very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and a glucose transporter 1 protein (Glut1) .4.The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the binding agent is pabinafusp, 128.1 or teprotumumab, or an antigen binding fragment thereof.5.The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by an endosomal enzyme in the blood-brain barrier.6.The compound of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved by an enzyme in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.7.The compound of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the cleavable linker is capable of being cleaved upon endocytosis in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.8.The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the cleavable linker is stable in the circulatory system.9.The compound of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the cleavable peptide linker is capable of being cleaved by a cathepsin, a caspase, a legumain, a plasmin, a matrix metalloproteinase, a transmembrane serine protease, a neutrophil elastase, a beta-secretase urokinase, or a prostate-specific antigen.10.The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the cleavable linker is a cleavable peptide linker.11.The compound of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the cleavable linker comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36-40, 50-60, and 61-108.12.The compound of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of at least 5 amino acids.13.The compound of any one of claims 1-10, wherein, the cleavable linker comprises a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a length of 5 to 25 amino acids.14.The compound of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the payload is a compound for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease, and wherein the compound for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease is a neurotrophic factor, a growth factor, an enzyme, a cytotoxic agent, or an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a neurological disorder or disease target.15.The compound of claim 14, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to a neurological disorder or disease target is selected from the group consisting of antibodies or antigen binding fragment targeting β-secretase 1, Aβ, oligomeric fragments of Aβ, an epidermal growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Tau, phosphorylated Tau, apolipoprotein E4, alpha synuclein, oligomeric fragments of alpha synuclein, CD20, huntingtin, prion protein, leucine rich repeat kinase 2, parkin, presenilin 2, gamma secretase, death receptor 6, amyloid precursor protein, p75 neurotrophin receptor and caspase 6.16.The compound of any one of the claims 1-13, wherein the payload is an enzyme for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease, and wherein the enzyme for the treatment of a neurological disorder or disease is selected from the group consisting of Alpha-L-iduronidase, Iduronate-2-sulfatase, Heparan-N-sulfatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, Acetyl CoA glucosamine N-acetyltransferase, N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-sulfatase, N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, Hyaluronidase, N-acetyltransferase alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, glucocerebrosidase, hexosaminidase, acid sphingomyelinase and arylsulfatase.17.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.18.A process for the manufacture of a multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation, comprising conjugating a humanized, chimeric, or human antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, with a compound of any one of the claims 1-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.19.A multifunctional immunoconjugate preparation manufactured according to a process of claim 18.20.A compound according to any one of the claims 1-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy or medicine.21.Use of a compound according to any one of the claims 1-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, for the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder.22.Use of a compound according to any one of the claims 1-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, for the manufacture of a medicament for the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder.23.A compound according to any one of the claims 1-17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the therapeutic treatment of a neurological disease or disorder.24.A method of treating a neurological disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of any one of claims 1-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 17.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the neurological disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Batten disease, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, and mucopolysaccharidoses.26.A composition comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding the compound according to any one of the claims 1-16, wherein the compound consists of one or more polypeptide chains, optionally wherein the one or more polynucleotides are one or more mRNAs.27.The invention as hereinbefore described.