Method and system of charging unbalanced battery cells
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/086235
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-28
- Filing Date
- 2026-03-26
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
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Figure CN2026086235_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND SYSTEM OF CHARGING UNBALANCED BATTERY CELLSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority from application Nos. 63 / 779, 982 and 63 / 779, 951, both filed 28 March 2025. For purposes of the United States, this application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of application Nos. 63 / 779, 982 and 63 / 779, 951, both filed 28 March 2025, and respectively entitled TWO-WIRE CHARGING AND REMOTE VOLTAGE DETECTION and METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR BATTERY PACK ADJUSTMENT, both of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems of charging batteries. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to methods and systems of charging unbalanced battery cells.BACKGROUND
[0003] Rechargeable batteries are used in numerous applications, including electric vehicles (EVs) , personal electronics like smartphones, personal computers and the like. Rechargeable batteries store electrical energy for powering such devices. As such, they are discharged to power the devices during operation, and later recharged to restore their stored electrical energy.
[0004] Most rechargeable batteries comprise a plurality of battery cells, wherein the battery cells are physically packaged together and electrically connected in a combination of parallel and series connections to form a battery pack. Combining multiple battery cells into a single battery pack may provide increased capacity, voltage, and / or current, over a single battery cell.
[0005] Over time, different cells within a rechargeable battery pack may develop different states of charge, wherein a battery cell’s state of charge (SOC) is a ratio of the cell’s current capacity to the cell’s maximum possible capacity. SOC may be measured as a ratio of a current maximum voltage of a cell to a maximum possible voltage of the cell. As a battery pack is repeatedly charged and discharged, the SOC of different cells within the battery pack may begin to vary and consequently lead to different amounts of charge between cells within a battery pack. These differences in SOC between cells in a battery pack, may be caused by slight variations in internal characteristics of the cells dictated by the manufacture of the cells, such as internal resistance of each cell, self-leakage of each cell, and the like. Such disparities and different behaviors may also be caused by different degradation rates between cells, for example as a result of varying temperature distribution between cells. Furthermore, different battery pack manufacturers may manage heat within a battery pack in a different way, further leading to temperature disparities.
[0006] All Lithium-Ion battery packs have a battery management system referred to as a BMS (Battery Management System) . A BMS coordinates and manages the battery pack, made of multiple battery cells. A BMS may restrict the full capacity of each battery cell, thereby controlling the charge and discharge of the battery pack to maintain a safe operating range, and to prevent damage to the battery pack from its regular cycle of charge-discharge, including a potential fire risk caused by overcharging. Overcharging / discharging of a cell may result in chemical and / or structural damage to the cell, thereby making the cell more prone to over-heating, and in extreme cases, potentially causing the cell to combust. The BMS carries out this function by constantly monitoring the voltage of each cell within a battery pack. When each cell reaches the high voltage desired, within the charging phase, the BMS comes into action by stopping charging the whole battery. Not only the single cell that reaches the desired level, but the entire battery pack, despite the level achieved by the other cells. On the opposite side, as one single cell reaches the minimum level, during the discharging process, the BMS comes into action by stopping the discharging process of the whole battery pack. Not only the single cell that reaches the desired level, but the entire battery pack, despite the level achieved by the other cells.
[0007] Given the above operation of a BMS, the overall operation of a battery pack, and the overall capacity of a battery pack, may be impacted by the battery cell within the battery pack having the least capacity. For example, if a battery pack has three cells, A, B and C connected in series, then the useable capacity of all three cells will be limited by the one of the cells with the least capacity. Because the cells are connected in series, the same current flows through each cell during both charging and discharging. As such, the BMS cannot independently control the charging or discharging of individual cells within the series-connected battery pack.
[0008] For example, if cell A has a depleted capacity, say only 80%of the capacity of cells B and C, then cell A will become fully charged before cells B and C. As such, the BMS will cease charging of all three cells upon cell A being fully charged, thereby not fully charging cells B and C. Similarly during a discharge operation, the BMS will cease discharging of all three cells upon cell A being depleted. As such, the usable capacity of cells B and C is limited by the depleted capacity of cell A. This problem is compounded in battery packs having a large number of cells connected in series, where even a small number of underperforming cells can significantly reduce the effective capacity of the entire battery pack.
[0009] During the charging process of a battery pack, if all individual cells start at the same voltage, the cell with the worst performance will reach the charging target voltage first, thereby triggering the termination of charging for the entire battery pack. Similarly, during the discharge process, this weakest-performing cell will also reach the discharge cutoff voltage first, causing the discharge process to stop for the entire battery pack. In both cases, the remaining cells in the battery pack are prevented from being fully utilized, resulting in a loss of effective capacity proportional to the imbalance between the weakest cell and the remaining cells.
[0010] Suppose cells A, B, and C begin charging at the same voltage level of 3.30 V, with a target voltage of 4.20 V. The cell with the poorest performance-cell B-will reach the target voltage of 4.20 V first, which causes the charging process to stop, leaving cells A and C at a voltage below 4.20 V. Existing approaches to addressing such imbalances include passive balancing, in which excess charge is dissipated as heat from higher-voltage cells through resistive elements, and active balancing, in which charge is redistributed between cells using capacitive or inductive circuits. However, passive balancing is inherently wasteful and slow, as it can only equalize cells by discharging higher-voltage cells down to the level of the lowest-voltage cell. Active balancing may be faster but typically requires complex circuitry and may not be well-suited to rebalancing cells with significantly different states of charge.
[0011] Suppose cells A, B, and C begin discharging at the same voltage level of 4.20 V, with a target voltage of 3.30 V. The cell with the poorest performance, cell B, will reach the target voltage of 3.30 V first, which causes the discharge process to stop, leaving cells A and C with remaining usable capacity that cannot be accessed. Furthermore, existing approaches to battery pack rebalancing typically do not provide a mechanism for accurately determining the individual capacity of each cell within a series-connected battery pack, as the series discharging current flows equally through all cells and the BMS terminates discharging based on the weakest cell. Without knowledge of the individual capacity of each cell, it is difficult to determine the extent of the imbalance and to optimize a rebalancing strategy accordingly.
[0012] Nevertheless, even though each and every cell might still have the same potential capacity, 25%of capacity of the battery pack is lost, due to the difference of SOC between cells A and B. For example, if a battery pack has 100 battery cells connected in series, and 98 of the 100 cells are operating at capacity but 2 of the 100 cells are operating below capacity, the 2 below capacity cells can cause all 98 of the at capacity cells to lose their effective capacity, thus leading the whole battery pack to lose its overall “apparent” usable capacity.
[0013] In conclusion, the “imbalance” is given by the difference between battery cells, caused by factors like internal resistance, cell discharging, and the like. Such an imbalance requires rebalancing of the battery pack to return the cells to their original uniform status.
[0014] Furthermore, lithium-ion battery packs may need to be rebalanced to enhance performance and safety. Rebalancing may improve overall cell utilization, thereby increasing total battery pack capacity, and battery pack performance. Rebalancing may also improve the safety of a battery pack, by reducing the risk of overheating, swelling, and / or catastrophic failures due to cells within a battery pack being charged / discharged unevenly. In some cases, a rebalancing process may provide evidence of a likelihood of failure of a cell before the actual failure occurs, as a damaged cell will not respond properly during a rebalancing. This may also lead to longer longevity of the battery pack by reducing strain on the battery pack.
[0015] There is a general desire for an improved method and system for rebalancing battery packs.
[0016] The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related thereto are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0017] Further aspects and example embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and / or described in the following description.
[0018] One aspect of the invention provides a method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, the method comprising: providing an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval, thereby charging each of the plurality of cells with the aggregate charging current; for each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval: measuring a period voltage of each of the cells at a start of the balancing period; determining, for each cell of the cells, an individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells; and providing the individual balancing current to each respective battery cell of the plurality of cells for the period.
[0019] A further aspect of the invention provides a method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, the method comprising: receiving a maximum individual balancing current; providing an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval, thereby charging each of the plurality of cells with the aggregate charging current; and providing an individual balancing current to each respective battery cell of the plurality of cells for the charging interval, wherein the individual balancing current is equal to the maximum individual balancing current.
[0020] A further aspect of the invention provides a method of determining a capacity of a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells, the method comprising: fully charging the cells of the battery pack by providing a series charging current to the battery pack; discharging the cells of the battery pack by drawing a series discharging current from the battery pack; while drawing the series discharging current from the battery pack: monitoring a capacity of each of the cells; for each of the cells, upon determining the capacity of the cell is depleted before any other of the cells, providing a supplemental current to the cell; and terminating the drawing of the series discharging current from the battery pack upon determining the capacity of a last of the cells is depleted.
[0021] One aspect of the invention provides a system for charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, the system comprising: an aggregate cycling module electrically connectable to a charging port of the battery pack and configured to provide an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval; a plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, each electrically connectable to a terminal of a respective one of the cells in the battery pack, each individual cell rebalancing module configured to: measure a period voltage of the respective cell; receive a determined individual balancing current for the respective cell; and provide the individual balancing current to the respective cell; and a controller communicatively coupled to the aggregate cycling module and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, the controller configured to, for each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval: receive the measured period voltage of each of the cells from the respective individual cell rebalancing modules; determine, for each cell of the cells, the individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells; and cause each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to provide the determined individual balancing current to the respective cell for the period.
[0022] In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by study of the following detailed descriptions.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] The accompanying drawings illustrate non-limiting example embodiments of the invention.
[0024] Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of battery cells, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
[0025] Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
[0026] Fig. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of an individual cell rebalancing module, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
[0027] Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a system for charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of battery cells, according to a further example embodiment of the present invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive sense.
[0029] The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, and more particularly to methods and systems for rebalancing unbalanced battery cells during a charging process.
[0030] As described in the background, rechargeable battery packs comprising a plurality of cells connected in series may develop imbalances in state of charge (SOC) between individual cells over time. Such imbalances reduce the effective usable capacity of the battery pack as a whole, because a battery management system (BMS) will terminate charging when any single cell reaches its upper voltage limit and will terminate discharging when any single cell reaches its lower voltage limit. The methods and systems described herein address this problem by providing individual balancing currents to each cell during a charging interval, wherein the individual balancing currents are dynamically determined based on measured voltages of the cells relative to one another.
[0031] Referring now to the drawings, fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of system 100 for charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series. System 100 comprises aggregate cycling module 10, plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules 12A to 12N (collectively, individual cell rebalancing modules 12) , and controller 102 communicatively coupled to aggregate cycling module 10 and individual cell rebalancing modules 12. System 100 may further comprise display controller 16 and bus driver 18, described in greater detail below.
[0032] Aggregate cycling module 10 is electrically connectable to a charging port of the battery pack and is configured to provide an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval. In some embodiments, aggregate cycling module 10 comprises an input rectifier circuit configured to convert an AC input into a DC voltage, a full-bridge drive and conversion circuit configured to convert the DC voltage into a high-frequency pulse voltage, a power transformer configured to transform the high-frequency pulse voltage, an output rectifier and filter circuit configured to produce a DC output from the transformed high-frequency pulse voltage, a PWM control circuit configured to regulate the DC output based on voltage and current reference signals, and an output protection circuit configured to monitor the DC output and a temperature of one or more components and to shut down the DC output upon an over-limit condition.
[0033] In operation, the input rectifier circuit of aggregate cycling module 10 receives an AC input, for example from a mains power supply, and converts the AC input into a DC voltage. The full-bridge drive and conversion circuit then converts the DC voltage into a high-frequency pulse voltage, which is transformed by the power transformer to a suitable voltage level. The output rectifier and filter circuit produces a DC output from the transformed high-frequency pulse voltage, which DC output is provided to the battery pack as the aggregate charging current. The PWM control circuit regulates the DC output by adjusting a duty cycle of the full-bridge drive and conversion circuit based on voltage and current reference signals, thereby controlling the magnitude of the aggregate charging current. The output protection circuit continuously monitors the DC output voltage, the DC output current, and a temperature of one or more components of aggregate cycling module 10, and shuts down the DC output upon any of the output voltage, the output current, or the temperature exceeding a respective predetermined limit, thereby providing protection against overcurrent, overvoltage, and overtemperature conditions.
[0034] Each of the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules 12 is electrically connectable to a terminal of a respective one of the cells in the battery pack. Each individual cell rebalancing module is configured to measure a period voltage of the respective cell, receive a determined individual balancing current for the respective cell, and provide the individual balancing current to the respective cell. In some embodiments, each individual cell rebalancing module comprises a power supply, an isolation transformer, a current sensing resistor configured to measure the individual balancing current provided to the respective cell, and a module controller configured to regulate the individual balancing current based on a signal from the current sensing resistor.
[0035] The isolation transformer of each individual cell rebalancing module provides galvanic isolation between the power supply side and the cell side of the module, thereby preventing undesired current paths between cells and ensuring that the individual balancing current provided to each cell is independently controllable. The current sensing resistor is disposed in series with the output of the individual cell rebalancing module such that the individual balancing current flows through the current sensing resistor, producing a voltage drop proportional to the individual balancing current. The module controller monitors this voltage drop and regulates the individual balancing current accordingly.
[0036] In some embodiments, the module controller comprises a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller configured to dynamically adjust an output power of the respective individual cell rebalancing module so that the measured individual balancing current tracks the determined individual balancing current. The PID controller receives as an input a difference between the determined individual balancing current (i.e., the target current as determined by the system controller) and the measured individual balancing current (as measured by the current sensing resistor) , and adjusts the output power of the module to minimize this difference. This closed-loop control ensures that the actual individual balancing current provided to each cell closely matches the determined individual balancing current, even in the presence of variations in cell impedance, temperature, and other operating conditions.
[0037] In some embodiments, each of individual cell rebalancing modules 12 comprises an electronic switch configured to disconnect the individual cell rebalancing module from the respective cell during a sampling phase of each balancing period to permit measurement of an open-circuit voltage of the respective cell, and to connect the individual cell rebalancing module to the respective cell during a charging phase of each balancing period to provide the individual balancing current to the respective cell. The electronic switch may comprise, for example, a MOSFET, an IGBT, or any other suitable semiconductor switching device. During the sampling phase, when the electronic switch is disconnected, the period voltage of the respective cell is measured through a charging line connected to the respective cell, thereby obtaining a measurement of the open-circuit voltage of the cell that is substantially free from the influence of the individual balancing current.
[0038] The controller is communicatively coupled to aggregate cycling module 10 and individual cell rebalancing modules 12. The controller is configured to coordinate the operation of the aggregate cycling module and the individual cell rebalancing modules during the charging interval. For each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval, the controller is configured to receive the measured period voltage of each of the cells from the respective individual cell rebalancing modules, determine, for each cell of the cells, the individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells, and cause each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to provide the determined individual balancing current to the respective cell for the period.
[0039] In some embodiments, the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules communicate with the controller via a bus driver. The bus driver is communicatively coupled between the controller and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules. The bus driver is configured to output a carrier square wave signal to provide power to each of the individual cell rebalancing modules and to modulate communication data onto the carrier square wave signal for transmission to the individual cell rebalancing modules. In some embodiments, the carrier square wave signal has a frequency of approximately 50 kHz, and the communication data is modulated onto the carrier square wave signal at a baud rate of 19, 200. This arrangement advantageously reduces the number of wires required to connect the controller to the individual cell rebalancing modules, as both power and communication signals are carried on the same conductors. The bus driver may also receive data from the individual cell rebalancing modules, for example measured period voltages and measured individual balancing currents, and transmit such data to the controller.
[0040] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a display controller communicatively coupled to the controller, the aggregate cycling module, and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules. The display controller is configured to receive real-time working information from the aggregate cycling module and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, and to display the real-time working information on a display. The real-time working information may comprise one or more of: a voltage of each of the cells, the individual balancing current for each of the cells, a total voltage of the battery pack, and the aggregate charging current. In some embodiments, the display controller comprises a display control board comprising a processor, a communication circuit, a power supply circuit, and a display driver circuit, and a touch display screen driven by the display driver circuit and configured to receive user input and transmit touch commands to the processor. The touch display screen may enable an operator to monitor the charging and rebalancing process in real time, and to input parameters such as a maximum individual balancing current, a preset voltage threshold, a maximum accumulated charged capacity, and the like.
[0041] Prior to the charging interval, the system is electrically connected to the battery pack. The aggregate cycling module is electrically connected to a charging port of the battery pack, and each of the individual cell rebalancing modules is electrically connected to a terminal of a respective one of the cells in the battery pack. In some embodiments, the battery pack comprises a battery management system (BMS) , and electrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to the terminal of the respective one of the cells comprises electrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules through a BMS connection to the terminal of the respective one of the cells. In some embodiments, electrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules through a BMS connection to the terminal of the respective one of the cells comprises disconnecting the BMS of the battery pack, thereby exposing the terminals of the individual cells of the battery pack, and electrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to a respective one of the exposed terminals.
[0042] Upon completion of the charging interval, the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules are disconnected from the exposed terminals and the BMS is reconnected to the cells. This ensures that the battery pack is returned to its normal operating configuration with the BMS in place to manage subsequent charge and discharge cycles.
[0043] Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of method 200 of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series. Method 200 comprises: ●step 202: providing an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval, thereby charging each of the plurality of cells with the aggregate charging current; and ●step 204: for each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval: ○step 206: measuring a period voltage of each of the cells at a start of the balancing period; ○step 208: determining, for each cell of the cells, an individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells; and ○step 210: providing the individual balancing current to each respective battery cell of the plurality of cells for the period.
[0044] In some embodiments, each of the balancing periods comprises a sampling phase during which no individual balancing current is provided to the cells and the period voltages of the cells are measured, and a charging phase during which the individual balancing current is provided to each respective cell. In some embodiments, each of the balancing periods is between 0.5 second and 1 second, the sampling phase is approximately 10%of each of the balancing periods, and the charging phase is approximately 90%of each of the balancing periods. For example, if each balancing period is 1 second, the sampling phase may be approximately 100 milliseconds and the charging phase may be approximately 900 milliseconds. If each balancing period is 0.5 second, the sampling phase may be approximately 50 milliseconds and the charging phase may be approximately 450 milliseconds.
[0045] During the sampling phase, the electronic switch in each of the individual cell rebalancing modules is disconnected from the respective cell, and the individual balancing current to each of the cells is suspended. With the individual balancing current suspended, the voltage measured at each cell is an open-circuit voltage of the cell, which provides a more accurate indication of the cell's state of charge than a voltage measured while the individual balancing current is flowing. The period voltage of each cell is measured through a charging line connected to the respective cell. The measured open-circuit voltages are transmitted from the individual cell rebalancing modules to the controller for use in determining the individual balancing currents for the subsequent charging phase.
[0046] The controller determines the individual balancing current for each cell for each balancing period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells. In some embodiments, during each of the balancing periods, a cell having a lowest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells receives a highest individual balancing current during the period, and a cell having a highest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells receives a lowest individual balancing current during the period. This inverse relationship between measured period voltage and individual balancing current ensures that cells with lower states of charge receive more supplemental charging current, thereby tending to equalize the states of charge of the cells over the course of the charging interval.
[0047] In some embodiments, the individual balancing current is determined for each cell for each period according to the following formula: wherein Io is the individual balancing current for the respective cell, Uo is the measured period voltage of the respective cell, UH is a highest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells, UL is a lowest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells, and Iset is a preset maximum balancing current.
[0048] According to this formula, the cell having the lowest measured period voltage (i.e., Uo = UL) will receive the highest individual balancing current equal to Iset, because the numerator (UH -UL) equals the denominator (UH -UL) , yielding a ratio of 1. Conversely, the cell having the highest measured period voltage (i.e., Uo = UH) will receive an individual balancing current of zero, because the numerator (UH -UH) equals zero. Cells having measured period voltages between UL and UH will receive individual balancing currents proportionally between zero and Iset. In this manner, the individual balancing currents are distributed among the cells in proportion to the difference between each cell's measured period voltage and the highest measured period voltage, thereby providing greater supplemental charging current to cells that are further from the highest voltage cell.
[0049] In some embodiments, a minimum individual balancing current is enforced. If the individual balancing current Io determined for a cell for a given period is less than a predetermined fraction of Iset, the individual balancing current Io for that cell is set to a preset minimum balancing current. In some embodiments, the predetermined fraction is 0.2, such that if Io is less than 0.2 × Iset, then Io is set to 0.2 × Iset. This minimum current floor ensures that all cells receive at least a minimum level of supplemental charging current during each balancing period, which may improve the overall uniformity of the charging process and prevent any cell from receiving negligible balancing current due to small voltage differences.
[0050] In some embodiments, the preset maximum balancing current Iset is determined based on the aggregate charging current. For example, Iset may be set as a fraction or percentage of the aggregate charging current, or may be determined based on a relationship between the aggregate charging current and the characteristics of the cells in the battery pack. The relationship between Iset and the aggregate charging current may be predetermined or may be dynamically adjusted during the charging interval based on measured parameters of the cells.
[0051] During the charging phase of each balancing period, the electronic switch in each individual cell rebalancing module is connected to the respective cell, and the determined individual balancing current is provided to the respective cell. The aggregate charging current continues to flow through the series-connected cells during the charging phase, such that each cell receives a total charging current equal to the sum of the aggregate charging current and the individual balancing current for that cell. Because the individual balancing currents differ between cells based on their respective measured period voltages, cells with lower states of charge receive a higher total charging current than cells with higher states of charge, thereby tending to equalize the states of charge of the cells.
[0052] In some embodiments, the method further comprises measuring the individual balancing current while providing the individual balancing current, and managing a source of the individual balancing current based on the measured individual balancing current. The individual balancing current is measured by the current sensing resistor in each individual cell rebalancing module, and the module controller (e.g., the PID controller) dynamically adjusts the output power of the module to ensure that the measured individual balancing current tracks the determined individual balancing current. This closed-loop control provides accurate and stable delivery of the individual balancing currents to the cells.
[0053] In some embodiments, the method further comprises comparing the measured open-circuit voltage of each of the cells to a preset voltage threshold, and determining a battery state of each of the cells based on the comparison. The battery state of each of the cells may be one of: a charging required state when the open-circuit voltage of the cell is less than the preset voltage threshold; a fully charged state when the open-circuit voltage of the cell is equal to the preset voltage threshold; and an overvoltage state when the open-circuit voltage of the cell is greater than the preset voltage threshold. The preset voltage threshold may be set based on the chemistry and specifications of the cells in the battery pack. For example, for lithium-ion cells, the preset voltage threshold may be set to the maximum recommended charging voltage for the particular cell chemistry, such as 4.2 V for lithium cobalt oxide cells or 3.65 V for lithium iron phosphate cells.
[0054] In some embodiments, upon determining the battery state of one of the cells is the fully charged state, the aggregate charging current is terminated and the individual balancing current for said fully charged cell is terminated, while the individual balancing currents for the cells other than said fully charged cell are maintained. For each of the cells other than said fully charged cell, the individual balancing current to said cell is maintained until the battery state of said cell reaches the fully charged state, and upon the battery state of said cell reaching the fully charged state, the individual balancing current to said cell is terminated. In this manner, the charging process continues for cells that have not yet reached the fully charged state, even after the aggregate charging current has been terminated, thereby ensuring that all cells are brought to the fully charged state. This approach is particularly advantageous for battery packs with significant imbalances between cells, as it allows the less charged cells to continue receiving supplemental charging current until they reach the fully charged state.
[0055] In some embodiments, upon determining the battery state of one of the cells is the overvoltage state, the aggregate charging current and the individual balancing current for said cell are terminated, and an alarm notification is generated. The alarm notification may be displayed on the display of the display controller, and / or may be transmitted to an external system or operator via a communication interface. The overvoltage state may indicate a fault condition in the cell, such as a damaged or degraded cell that is unable to accept charge normally, and the alarm notification alerts the operator to investigate the condition of the cell before continuing the charging process.
[0056] In some embodiments, the aggregate charging current is a constant current throughout the charging interval. In a constant current charging mode, the aggregate cycling module provides a fixed aggregate charging current to the battery pack for the duration of the charging interval, while the individual balancing currents are dynamically adjusted during each balancing period as described above. The constant current charging mode may be suitable for battery packs that are significantly depleted and require a substantial amount of charge to be restored.
[0057] In some embodiments, the charging interval comprises a temporally first set of charging periods and a temporally second set of charging periods. During the temporally first set of charging periods, the aggregate charging current is equal to a preset maximum current. During the temporally second set of charging periods, the aggregate charging current gradually decreases from the preset maximum current to a preset termination current. In some embodiments, during the temporally first set of charging periods, a total voltage of the battery pack is less than a preset charging limit voltage, and during the temporally second set of charging periods, the total voltage of the battery pack is equal to or greater than the preset charging limit voltage. This charging profile corresponds to a constant-current constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol, wherein the battery pack is first charged at a constant current until the total voltage reaches the preset charging limit voltage, and then the voltage is held constant while the current gradually decreases. The CC-CV charging protocol is widely used for lithium-ion battery packs and provides efficient charging while protecting the cells from overvoltage conditions. Throughout both the temporally first and temporally second sets of charging periods, the individual balancing currents continue to be dynamically adjusted during each balancing period as described above.
[0058] In some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving a maximum accumulated charged capacity for the cells, determining an accumulated charged capacity for each of the cells, and ending the charging interval upon determining the accumulated charged capacity for a one of the cells exceeds the maximum accumulated charged capacity. The maximum accumulated charged capacity may be a predetermined value based on the specifications of the cells, or may be input by an operator via the display controller. The accumulated charged capacity provides an additional safeguard against overcharging, by ensuring that no cell receives more than a predetermined amount of charge during the charging interval, regardless of the measured voltage of the cell.
[0059] In some embodiments, determining the accumulated charged capacity for each of the cells comprises calculating the accumulated charged capacity C for each of the cells according to the following formula: C=∫0T I (t) dt wherein C is the accumulated charged capacity for the cell, I (t) is an instantaneous charging current for the cell equal to a sum of the aggregate charging current and the individual balancing current for the cell, and T is an elapsed charging time. The accumulated charged capacity is thus calculated by integrating the total instantaneous charging current for each cell over the elapsed charging time. Because the individual balancing current differs between cells, the accumulated charged capacity will differ between cells, with cells receiving higher individual balancing currents accumulating charge more rapidly than cells receiving lower individual balancing currents.
[0060] In some embodiments, the method further comprises monitoring, during the charging interval, an output voltage and an output current of the aggregate cycling module and a temperature of one or more components thereof, and terminating the charging interval upon any of the output voltage, the output current, or the temperature exceeding a respective predetermined limit. This monitoring provides an additional layer of safety protection during the charging process, complementing the output protection circuit of the aggregate cycling module.
[0061] In some embodiments, prior to the charging interval, the method further comprises determining a capacity of each of the cells by discharging the battery pack. Determining the capacity of each cell prior to charging provides information about the state of each cell, which may be used to optimize the charging and rebalancing process. In some embodiments, determining the capacity of each of the cells comprises discharging the battery pack with a discharging unit.
[0062] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a discharging unit electrically connectable to the battery pack and configured to draw a series discharging current from the battery pack. The discharging unit comprises an input control circuit configured to control a main input switch of the discharging unit, one or more load and regulation circuits, each comprising a discharge load resistor and a discharge current regulation unit, and a load connection control circuit configured to selectively connect one or more of the load and regulation circuits based on a voltage of the battery pack and preset parameters. The discharging unit may be electrically connected to each of the terminals of the cells in the battery pack, for example by disconnecting the BMS from the battery pack, thereby exposing the terminals of the cells, and electrically connecting the discharging unit to each of the exposed terminals of the cells.
[0063] In some embodiments, determining the capacity of each of the cells by discharging the battery pack comprises fully charging the cells of the battery pack by providing a series charging current to the battery pack, discharging the cells of the battery pack by drawing a series discharging current from the battery pack, and while drawing the series discharging current from the battery pack: monitoring a capacity of each of the cells; for each of the cells, upon determining the capacity of the cell is depleted before any other of the cells, providing a supplemental current to the cell; and terminating the drawing of the series discharging current from the battery pack upon determining the capacity of a last of the cells is depleted.
[0064] The provision of a supplemental current to a cell whose capacity is depleted before the other cells allows the discharging process to continue for the remaining cells without the depleted cell being driven below its safe minimum voltage. The supplemental current effectively compensates for the depleted cell's inability to contribute to the series discharging current, thereby allowing the series discharging current to continue flowing through the battery pack until all cells are depleted. This approach enables accurate determination of the capacity of each individual cell within the battery pack.
[0065] In some embodiments, the method further comprises measuring an aggregate of the series discharging current drawn from the battery pack, measuring an aggregate supplemental current provided to the cells while drawing the series discharging current from the battery pack, and determining the capacity of each of the cells based on the aggregate of the series discharging current and the aggregate supplemental current. In some embodiments, determining the capacity of each of the cells based on the aggregate of the series discharging current and the aggregate supplemental current comprises subtracting the aggregate supplemental current from the aggregate of the series discharging current. The capacity of each cell may thus be determined as the difference between the total series discharging current drawn from the battery pack and the supplemental current provided to that cell during the discharging process.
[0066] In some embodiments, an alternative method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series is provided. The method comprises receiving a maximum individual balancing current, providing an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval, thereby charging each of the plurality of cells with the aggregate charging current, and providing an individual balancing current to each respective battery cell of the plurality of cells for the charging interval, wherein the individual balancing current is equal to the maximum individual balancing current. In this alternative method, each cell receives the same individual balancing current equal to the maximum individual balancing current, rather than receiving dynamically determined individual balancing currents based on measured period voltages. This approach may be simpler to implement and may be suitable for battery packs with relatively uniform cells or for initial charging of a new battery pack.
[0067] In some embodiments, the methods described herein may be implemented by one or more processors executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The non-transitory computer-readable medium stores instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform a method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series. The method comprises causing an aggregate cycling module to provide an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval, and for each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval: receiving a measured period voltage of each of the cells from a respective plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules; determining, for each cell of the cells, an individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells; and causing each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to provide the determined individual balancing current to the respective cell for the period. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may comprise any suitable storage medium, including but not limited to magnetic data storage media, optical data storage media, electronic data storage media, flash memory, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and the like.
[0068] An example operation of the system and method will now be described. Consider a battery pack comprising N cells connected in series, wherein the cells have developed different states of charge due to repeated charge-discharge cycles. Prior to the charging interval, the BMS of the battery pack is disconnected, thereby exposing the terminals of the individual cells. The aggregate cycling module is electrically connected to the charging port of the battery pack, and each of the N individual cell rebalancing modules is electrically connected to a respective one of the exposed terminals of the cells.
[0069] Optionally, prior to the charging interval, the capacity of each cell is determined by discharging the battery pack using the discharging unit. The cells are first fully charged by providing a series charging current, and then discharged by drawing a series discharging current. During discharging, as each cell's capacity is depleted, a supplemental current is provided to that cell to allow the discharging process to continue for the remaining cells. The capacity of each cell is determined based on the aggregate series discharging current and the aggregate supplemental current provided to each cell.
[0070] The charging interval then begins. The aggregate cycling module provides the aggregate charging current to the battery pack, which flows through all N cells in series. The charging interval is divided into a plurality of balancing periods, each of which comprises a sampling phase and a charging phase.
[0071] During the sampling phase of each balancing period, the electronic switch in each individual cell rebalancing module is disconnected from the respective cell, suspending the individual balancing current. The open-circuit voltage of each cell is measured by the respective individual cell rebalancing module and transmitted to the controller. The controller compares the measured open-circuit voltage of each cell to the preset voltage threshold to determine the battery state of each cell.
[0072] If all cells are in the charging required state, the controller determines the individual balancing current for each cell based on the measured period voltages. Using the formula Io = ( (UH -Uo) / (UH -UL) ) × Iset, the controller calculates the individual balancing current for each cell. The cell with the lowest measured period voltage receives the highest individual balancing current (equal to Iset) , and the cell with the highest measured period voltage receives the lowest individual balancing current (which may be set to a minimum of 0.2 × Iset if the calculated value is below this threshold) .
[0073] During the charging phase of each balancing period, the electronic switch in each individual cell rebalancing module is connected to the respective cell, and the determined individual balancing current is provided to the respective cell. The PID controller in each module dynamically adjusts the output power to ensure that the measured individual balancing current tracks the determined individual balancing current. The aggregate charging current continues to flow through the series-connected cells, such that each cell receives a total charging current equal to the sum of the aggregate charging current and its individual balancing current.
[0074] This process of alternating sampling phases and charging phases continues for each successive balancing period throughout the charging interval. As the cells charge, their measured period voltages increase. When the measured open-circuit voltage of a cell reaches the preset voltage threshold, the battery state of that cell transitions to the fully charged state. Upon this transition, the aggregate charging current is terminated and the individual balancing current for the fully charged cell is terminated. The individual balancing currents for the remaining cells are maintained until each remaining cell reaches the fully charged state, at which point the individual balancing current for that cell is also terminated. The charging interval ends when all cells have reached the fully charged state, or when the accumulated charged capacity of any cell exceeds the maximum accumulated charged capacity, whichever occurs first.
[0075] Upon completion of the charging interval, the individual cell rebalancing modules are disconnected from the exposed terminals of the cells, and the BMS is reconnected to the cells. The battery pack is then returned to its normal operating configuration, with the cells rebalanced to substantially uniform states of charge.
[0076] The methods and systems described herein provide several advantages over conventional battery charging approaches. By providing individual balancing currents to each cell during the charging interval, the methods and systems enable rebalancing of the cells concurrently with charging, thereby reducing the total time required to both charge and rebalance the battery pack. The dynamic determination of individual balancing currents based on measured period voltages ensures that the balancing currents are appropriately distributed among the cells based on their respective states of charge, thereby providing efficient and effective rebalancing. The use of a sampling phase during which the individual balancing currents are suspended allows accurate measurement of the open-circuit voltages of the cells, which provides a reliable indication of the cells' s tates of charge. The closed-loop control provided by the PID controller in each individual cell rebalancing module ensures accurate delivery of the determined individual balancing currents. The safety features, including overvoltage detection, accumulated charged capacity monitoring, and output protection, provide multiple layers of protection against overcharging and other fault conditions.
[0077] In some embodiments, each of individual cell rebalancing modules 12 operates in a pulsed charging mode during each balancing period. In the pulsed charging mode, each balancing period comprises a charging phase during which the individual balancing current is provided to the respective cell and a current signal of the individual balancing current is simultaneously collected for closed-loop regulation, and a sampling phase during which the individual balancing current is suspended and the open-circuit voltage of the respective cell is measured.
[0078] In some embodiments, each balancing period has a duration of between 0.5 seconds and 0.6, with the charging phase occupying approximately 90%of the balancing period and the sampling phase occupying approximately 10%of the balancing period. The proportion of the charging phase to the sampling phase may be adjusted; however, due to inherent turn-on and turn-off delays of switching devices within each individual cell rebalancing module, if the duty cycle of the charging phase is reduced below a minimum threshold, the electronic switch may enter a turn-off state before it is fully turned on, thereby preventing the establishment of an effective charging current. Conversely, if the duty cycle of the sampling phase is excessively small, the voltage signal may not settle properly due to hardware switching delays, thereby adversely affecting measurement accuracy.
[0079] In some embodiments, the electronic switch of each individual cell rebalancing module 12 comprises an optocoupler and a dual MOS transistor arrangement. A control signal controls the on and off state of the optocoupler. When the control signal is at a high level, the optocoupler is turned on, thereby controlling the dual MOS transistor to conduct, and the power supply of the individual cell rebalancing module supplies the individual balancing current to the respective cell through the dual MOS transistor. In this state, a port voltage signal measured at the output of the individual cell rebalancing module reflects the voltage at the terminal of the respective cell under load. When the control signal is at a low level, the optocoupler is turned off, and the dual MOS transistor is turned off, thereby disconnecting the individual cell rebalancing module from the respective cell. In this disconnected state, the port voltage signal reflects the open-circuit voltage of the respective cell, which is used as the period voltage for determining the individual balancing current. In some embodiments, a pulse isolation drive circuit is employed to achieve reliable drive control of the electronic switch at a floating potential, thereby ensuring stable switching operation regardless of the voltage level of the respective cell within the series-connected battery pack.
[0080] In some embodiments, each individual cell rebalancing module 12 further comprises a voltage and current controller configured to regulate the output of the module. The current sensing resistor produces a current signal proportional to the individual balancing current flowing through the respective cell. This current signal is amplified by an operational amplifier and compared with a current control reference signal corresponding to the determined individual balancing current. The voltage and current controller further receives a voltage control reference signal corresponding to a maximum permissible output voltage. Based on the comparison between the measured current signal and the current control reference signal, and the voltage control reference signal, the voltage and current controller adjusts the output power of the power supply of the individual cell rebalancing module. During this regulation process, only the output current is actively regulated to track the determined individual balancing current, while the output voltage is constrained not to exceed the voltage control reference signal. This closed-loop regulation ensures that the individual balancing current remains stable and accurately tracks the determined value, unaffected by external power supply fluctuations, load variations, or internal parameter drift within the individual cell rebalancing module.
[0081] In some embodiments, the discharging unit comprises a plurality of load and regulation circuit groups, each group comprising a discharge load resistor and a discharge current regulation unit. The discharge load resistors may have different power ratings and resistance values to accommodate different discharge current levels and battery pack voltages. The load connection control circuit monitors the voltage at the input of the discharging unit and, based on the monitored voltage and preset parameters, selectively connects or disconnects one or more of the load and regulation circuit groups. For example, at higher battery pack voltages, the load connection control circuit may connect a greater number of load and regulation circuit groups to distribute the discharge power across multiple load resistors, and at lower battery pack voltages, the load connection control circuit may disconnect one or more of the load and regulation circuit groups. Each load and regulation circuit group further comprises a discharge current regulation unit that adjusts the discharge current through the respective load resistor, for example by controlling a duty cycle of a switching device in series with the load resistor based on a PWM signal from the controller. This arrangement enables the discharging unit to operate across a wide range of battery pack voltages and to maintain a controlled discharge current throughout the discharge process.
[0082] In some embodiments, the bus driver 18 is powered by a DC supply, for example a 12 V supply, and is configured to simultaneously provide operating power to each of individual cell rebalancing modules 12 and to transmit communication data to and from the individual cell rebalancing modules. In an idle state, when no communication data is being transmitted, the bus driver outputs a carrier square wave signal having a predetermined amplitude and frequency, for example an amplitude of 12 V and a frequency of 50 kHz. The carrier square wave signal is transmitted via a bus conductor to a secondary-side power supply of each individual cell rebalancing module, thereby providing continuous operating power to the secondary-side circuits of each module. When communication data is to be transmitted, a transmit data signal, for example a TTL-level signal at a baud rate of 19, 200, is modulated onto the carrier square wave signal through a bus carrier circuit of the bus driver. The modulated carrier square wave signal continues to provide operating power to the individual cell rebalancing modules while simultaneously carrying the communication data. Each individual cell rebalancing module demodulates the communication data from the modulated carrier square wave signal and transmits the demodulated data to a local microcontroller for processing. This arrangement advantageously enables both power delivery and bidirectional data communication over a single pair of bus conductors, thereby reducing wiring complexity and improving reliability of the system.
[0083] An example operation of the system will now be described with reference to a specific numerical example. Consider a battery pack comprising eight lithium-ion cells B1 through B8 connected in series, wherein cells B1 through B7 each have a measured period voltage of 4.0 V and cell B8 has a measured period voltage of 3.8 V. The system is configured with a termination voltage of 33.6 V (corresponding to 4.2 V per cell multiplied by eight cells) , an aggregate charging current of 10 A, and a preset maximum balancing current, I-set. of 5 A. Upon commencement of the charging interval, aggregate cycling module 10 provides a constant aggregate charging current of 10 A to the battery pack, which flows through all eight cells in series. Simultaneously, the controller determines the individual balancing current for each cell using the formula, I-o. = ( (, U-H. -, U-o. ) / (, U-H. -, U-L. ) ) × I-set. In this example, U-H. = 4.0 V (the voltage of cells B1 through B7) and, U-L. = 3.8 V (the voltage of cell B8) . For cell B8, the individual balancing current is ( (4.0 -3.8) / (4.0 -3.8) ) × 5 = 5 A, which is the maximum balancing current. For cells B1 through B7, the individual balancing current calculated by the formula is ( (4.0 -4.0) / (4.0 -3.8) ) × 5 = 0 A; however, because this value is less than 0.2 × I-set. = 1 A, the minimum individual balancing current of 1 A is applied to each of cells B1 through B7. Accordingly, during each charging phase, cell B8 receives a total charging current of 15 A (10 A aggregate charging current plus 5 A individual balancing current) , while each of cells B1 through B7 receives a total charging current of 11 A (10 A aggregate charging current plus 1 A individual balancing current) . As the charging interval progresses, the voltage of cell B8 increases more rapidly than the voltages of cells B1 through B7 due to the higher total charging current, and the individual balancing currents are dynamically recalculated during each successive balancing period based on the updated measured period voltages, thereby progressively equalizing the states of charge of all eight cells.
[0084] In some embodiments, the controller implements an automatic regulation strategy in which the individual balancing currents are continuously redistributed among the cells as the measured period voltages change during the charging interval. As cells with initially lower voltages receive higher individual balancing currents and their voltages increase, the voltage differential between the highest-voltage cell and the lowest-voltage cell decreases. Consequently, the individual balancing currents become more uniform across the cells as the charging interval progresses. When the voltage differential between the highest-voltage cell and the lowest-voltage cell falls below a predetermined convergence threshold, the controller may transition to a uniform balancing mode in which all cells receive substantially equal individual balancing currents. The automatic regulation strategy thereby achieves progressive equalization of the cells' s tates of charge without requiring manual intervention or predetermined balancing schedules, and adapts in real time to the evolving voltage profile of the battery pack throughout the charging interval.
[0085] While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are consistent with the broadest interpretation of the specification as a whole. Some Embodiments
[0086] In some embodiments, each individual cell rebalancing module 12 comprises three principal circuit sections: a power supply section, a controller section, and a voltage and current controller section. The power supply section converts a high-voltage DC input into a regulated low-voltage output suitable for charging the respective cell. The controller section controls the on / off state of the charging output and senses the voltage at the terminal of the respective cell. The voltage and current controller section regulates the output voltage and current of the power supply section based on control reference signals received from the controller. The positive and negative output terminals of each individual cell rebalancing module are connected to the terminal of the respective cell via a mating connector and a cable.
[0087] In some embodiments, the power supply section of each individual cell rebalancing module 12 comprises seven sub-circuits: an input filtering sub-circuit, a PWM control and high-voltage switching sub-circuit, an auxiliary power supply sub-circuit, a switching snubber sub-circuit, a transformer, an output rectification and filtering sub-circuit, and a feedback control sub-circuit. The input filtering sub-circuit comprises a high-voltage electrolytic capacitor and a high-frequency bypass capacitor that together filter low-frequency and high-frequency noise from the DC input. The PWM control and high-voltage switching sub-circuit comprises an integrated PWM controller and high-voltage switching transistor that applies the filtered DC input voltage to the transformer with an adjustable duty cycle. The auxiliary power supply sub-circuit rectifies an auxiliary winding output of the transformer and regulates the rectified output through a linear regulator and a Zener diode to provide a stable supply voltage for the PWM controller. The switching snubber sub-circuit comprises a diode, a resistor, and a capacitor that absorb high-voltage transient spikes generated during switching of the high-voltage switching transistor. The output rectification and filtering sub-circuit rectifies the transformer secondary output and filters the rectified output through an electrolytic capacitor. The feedback control sub-circuit comprises a resistive voltage divider that drives an optocoupler to provide closed-loop feedback control of the PWM controller, with a Zener diode limiting the feedback control voltage.
[0088] In some embodiments, the controller section of each individual cell rebalancing module 12 comprises four sub-circuits: a control circuit power supply sub-circuit, a control signal isolation sub-circuit, a switch control sub-circuit, and a voltage signal sensing sub-circuit. The control circuit power supply sub-circuit comprises an AC transformer and a bridge rectifier that convert an externally supplied AC voltage into a DC operating voltage, which is filtered by a capacitor array for high-frequency noise suppression and a DC filtering capacitor for energy storage. The control signal isolation sub-circuit comprises a transistor-output optocoupler that provides electrical isolation between the control signal source and the switch control sub-circuit. The switch control sub-circuit comprises a power MOSFET that acts as the switching device controlling the on / off state of the charging output, with associated gate drive current-limiting and pull-up resistors. The voltage signal sensing sub-circuit comprises a resistive voltage divider network connected across the terminal of the respective cell, which proportionally reduces the cell voltage to a level compatible with the input range of the controller for battery state assessment.
[0089] In some embodiments, the voltage and current controller section of each individual cell rebalancing module 12 comprises a current setting and regulation circuit, a current signal amplification circuit, and a reference voltage setting circuit. The current setting and regulation circuit comprises a first operational amplifier and associated peripheral components that form a closed-loop current regulation loop, which compares a current control reference signal with a current-sensing feedback signal and generates an error signal to adjust the output of the power supply section. The current signal amplification circuit comprises a second operational amplifier and a feedback resistor network that amplify the current-sensing signal from the current sensing resistor to a level suitable for comparison with the current control reference signal. The feedback resistor network defines the closed-loop gain of the current amplification circuit, enabling precise adjustment of the amplified current signal. The reference voltage setting circuit comprises a resistive voltage divider that, in conjunction with a voltage control reference signal, establishes the maximum permissible output voltage of the power supply section. The first and second operational amplifiers may be provided as respective sections of a dual operational amplifier integrated circuit.
[0090] Fig. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of individual cell rebalancing module 300, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. Cell rebalancing module 300 comprises three sections; power supply 310, output controller 312, and voltage and current controller 314.
[0091] Power supply 310 comprises power control chip V1 and related circuits. Power supply 310 powers output controller 312. In some embodiments, power is provided to voltage and current controller 314 by the bus driver of cell rebalancing module 300; power is then regulated (e.g., to 5 volts) by a linear regulator chip inside cell rebalancing module 300.
[0092] Output controller 312 rectifies the output signals P+ and P-through the BG2 full-bridge through the T2 isolation transformer. The CG signal controls the on and off of OPT3. When CG is high-level signal, OPT3 is turned on, thereby controlling Q1 dual MOS tube to be turned on. At this time, VSS supplies power to the load through Q1, and U is the port voltage signal. When CG is low-level signal, OPT3 is turned off, and Q1 dual MOS tube is turned off. At this time, U is the battery voltage signal.
[0093] Voltage and current controller 314 generates Ic after the current sampling resistor R19 is amplified by the operational amplifier U1. The Ic current signal coordinates with the current control signal Ilm and the voltage control signal Ulm to control the output power of power supply 310.
[0094] Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of system 400 for charging battery pack 410 comprising a plurality of battery cells, according to a further example embodiment of the present invention. System 400 comprises a display controller, discharge equipment, charging equipment, a PFC (Power Factor Correction) power supply, and a battery equalizer.
[0095] System 400 further comprises a plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, each corresponding to a cell within battery pack 410. Each of the cell rebalancing modules of system 400 is electrically connected to a respective one of the cells of battery pack 410, and the charging equipment is electrically connected in series to all of the cells of battery pack 410. As such, system 400 may provide a single current to all of the cells of battery pack 410 via the charging equipment, and an individual current to each cell of battery pack 410 via the individual cell rebalancing modules. Interpretation of Terms
[0096] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims: ●“comprise” , “comprising” , and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to” ; ●“connected” , “coupled” , or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof; ●“herein” , “above” , “below” , and words of similar import, when used to describe this specification, shall refer to this specification as a whole, and not to any particular portions of this specification; ●“or” , in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list; ●the singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” also include the meaning of any appropriate plural forms.
[0097] Words that indicate directions such as “vertical” , “transverse” , “horizontal” , “upward” , “downward” , “forward” , “backward” , “inward” , “outward” , “vertical” , “transverse” , “left” , “right” , “front” , “back” , “top” , “bottom” , “below” , “above” , “under” , and the like, used in this description and any accompanying claims (where present) , depend on the specific orientation of the apparatus described and illustrated. The subject matter described herein may assume various alternative orientations. Accordingly, these directional terms are not strictly defined and should not be interpreted narrowly.
[0098] Embodiments of the invention may be implemented using specifically designed hardware, configurable hardware, programmable data processors configured by the provision of software (which may optionally comprise “firmware” ) capable of executing on the data processors, special purpose computers or data processors that are specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more steps in a method as explained in detail herein and / or combinations of two or more of these. Examples of specifically designed hardware are: logic circuits, application-specific integrated circuits ( “ASICs” ) , large scale integrated circuits ( “LSIs” ) , very large scale integrated circuits ( “VLSIs” ) , and the like. Examples of configurable hardware are: one or more programmable logic devices such as programmable array logic (“PALs” ) , programmable logic arrays ( “PLAs” ) , and field programmable gate arrays ( “FPGAs” ) ) . Examples of programmable data processors are: microprocessors, digital signal processors ( “DSPs” ) , embedded processors, graphics processors, math co-processors, general purpose computers, server computers, cloud computers, mainframe computers, computer workstations, and the like. For example, one or more data processors in a control circuit for a device may implement methods as described herein by executing software instructions in a program memory accessible to the processors.
[0099] Processing may be centralized or distributed. Where processing is distributed, information including software and / or data may be kept centrally or distributed. Such information may be exchanged between different functional units by way of a communications network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN) , Wide Area Network (WAN) , or the Internet, wired or wireless data links, electromagnetic signals, or other data communication channel.
[0100] For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative examples may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and / or modified to provide alternative or subcombinations. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times.
[0101] In addition, while elements are at times shown as being performed sequentially, they may instead be performed simultaneously or in different sequences. It is therefore intended that the following claims are interpreted to include all such variations as are within their intended scope.
[0102] Software and other modules may reside on servers, workstations, personal computers, tablet computers, image data encoders, image data decoders, PDAs, color-grading tools, video projectors, audio-visual receivers, displays (such as televisions) , digital cinema projectors, media players, and other devices suitable for the purposes described herein. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that aspects of the system can be practised with other communications, data processing, or computer system configurations, including: Internet appliances, hand-held devices (including personal digital assistants (PDAs) ) , wearable computers, all manner of cellular or mobile phones, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics (e.g., video projectors, audio-visual receivers, displays, such as televisions, and the like) , set-top boxes, color-grading tools, network PCs, mini-computers, mainframe computers, and the like.
[0103] The invention may also be provided in the form of a program product. The program product may comprise any non-transitory medium which carries a set of computer-readable instructions which, when executed by a data processor, cause the data processor to execute a method of the invention. Program products according to the invention may be in any of a wide variety of forms. The program product may comprise, for example, non-transitory media such as magnetic data storage media including floppy diskettes, hard disk drives, optical data storage media including CD ROMs, DVDs, electronic data storage media including ROMs, flash RAM, EPROMs, hardwired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROM semiconductor chips) , nanotechnology memory, or the like. The computer-readable signals on the program product may optionally be compressed or encrypted.
[0104] In some embodiments, the invention may be implemented in software. For greater clarity, “software” includes any instructions executed on a processor, and may include (but is not limited to) firmware, resident software, microcode, and the like. Both processing hardware and software may be centralized or distributed (or a combination thereof) , in whole or in part, as known to those skilled in the art. For example, software and other modules may be accessible via local memory, via a network, via a browser or other application in a distributed computing context, or via other means suitable for the purposes described above.
[0105] Some embodiments and / or features of the present invention may comprise or reference artificial intelligence (AI) , including machine learning (ML) . Where a feature of the present invention is described as comprising a machine learning algorithm, unless otherwise stated, the machine learning algorithm may comprise one or more of: ●an untrained machine learning model; ●a trained machine learning model, for example a training convolutional neural network (CNN) , recurrent neural network (RNN) , and the like; ●a lookup table; and ●a software algorithm.
[0106] Where a component (e.g. a software module, processor, assembly, device, circuit, etc. ) is referred to above, unless otherwise indicated, reference to that component (including a reference to a “means” ) should be interpreted as including as equivalents of that component any component which performs the function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent) , including components which are not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.
[0107] Specific examples of systems, methods and apparatus have been described herein for purposes of illustration. These are only examples. The technology provided herein can be applied to systems other than the example systems described above. Many alterations, modifications, additions, omissions, and permutations are possible within the practice of this invention. This invention includes variations on described embodiments that would be apparent to the skilled addressee, including variations obtained by: replacing features, elements and / or acts with equivalent features, elements and / or acts; mixing and matching of features, elements and / or acts from different embodiments; combining features, elements and / or acts from embodiments as described herein with features, elements and / or acts of other technology; and / or omitting combining features, elements and / or acts from described embodiments.
[0108] Various features are described herein as being present in “some embodiments” . Such features are not mandatory and may not be present in all embodiments. Embodiments of the invention may include zero, any one or any combination of two or more of such features. This is limited only to the extent that certain ones of such features are incompatible with other ones of such features in the sense that it would be impossible for a person of ordinary skill in the art to construct a practical embodiment that combines such incompatible features. Consequently, the description that “some embodiments” possess feature A and “some embodiments” possess feature B should be interpreted as an express indication that the inventors also contemplate embodiments which combine features A and B (unless the description states otherwise or features A and B are fundamentally incompatible) .
[0109] It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, omissions, and sub-combinations as may reasonably be inferred. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.
Claims
1.A method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, the method comprising:providing an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval, thereby charging each of the plurality of cells with the aggregate charging current;for each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval:measuring a period voltage of each of the cells at a start of the balancing period;determining, for each cell of the cells, an individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells; andproviding the individual balancing current to each respective battery cell of the plurality of cells for the period.2.The method of claim 1, wherein each of the balancing periods comprises:a sampling phase during which no individual balancing current is provided to the cells and the period voltages of the cells are measured; anda charging phase during which the individual balancing current is provided to each respective cell.3.The method of either of claims 1 and 2, further comprising:measuring the individual balancing current while providing the individual balancing current; andmanaging a source of the individual balancing current based on the measured individual balancing current.4.The method of any one of claim 1 to 3, wherein during each of the periods, a cell having a lowest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells receives a highest individual balancing current during the period and a cell having a highest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells receives a lowest individual balancing current during the period.5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the individual balancing current is determined for each cell for each period according to the formula: wherein:Io is the individual balancing current for the respective cell;Uo is the measured period voltage of the respective cell;UH is a highest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells;UL is a lowest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells; andIset is a preset maximum balancing current.6.The method of claim 5, further comprising:determining that the individual balancing current Io for a one of the cells for a one of the periods is less than 0.2 × Iset; andsetting the individual balancing current Io for the one of the cells to 0.2 × Iset.7.The method of either of claims 5 and 6, further comprising determining Iset based on the aggregate charging current.8.The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising:receiving a maximum accumulated charged capacity for the cells;determining an accumulated charged capacity for each of the cells; andending the charging interval upon determining the accumulated charged capacity for a one of the cells exceeds the maximum accumulated charged capacity.9.The method of claim 8, wherein determining the accumulated charged capacity for each of the cells comprises calculating the accumulated charged capacity C for each of the cells according to the formula: C=∫0TI (t) dtwherein:C is the accumulated charged capacity for the cell;I(t) is an instantaneous charging current for the cell equal to a sum of the aggregate charging current and the individual balancing current for the cell; andT is an elapsed charging time.10.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein providing the aggregate charging current to the battery pack comprises providing the aggregate charging current with an aggregate cycling module.11.The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein:measuring the period voltage of each of the cells at the start of the balancing period comprises measuring the period voltage of each of the cells with a corresponding plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules; andproviding the individual balancing current to each battery cell of the plurality of cells comprises providing the individual balancing current with the corresponding plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules.12.The method of claim 11, further comprising:electrically connecting the aggregate cycling module to a charging port of the battery pack; andelectrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to a terminal of a respective one of the cells in the battery pack.13.The method of claim 12, wherein:the battery pack comprises a battery management system (BMS) ; andelectrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to the terminal of the respective one of the cells comprises electrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules through a BMS connection to the terminal of the respective one of the cells.14.The method of claim 13, wherein electrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules through a BMS connection to the terminal of the respective one of the cells comprises:disconnecting the BMS of the battery pack, thereby exposing the terminals of the individual cells of the battery pack; andelectrically connecting each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to a respective one of the exposed terminals.15.The method of claim 2, wherein:each of the balancing periods is between 0.5 second and 1 second;the sampling phase is approximately 10%of each of the balancing periods; andthe charging phase is approximately 90%of each of the balancing periods.16.The method of claim 2, wherein measuring the period voltage of each of the cells during the sampling phase comprises:suspending the individual balancing current to each of the cells; andmeasuring an open-circuit voltage of each of the cells as the period voltage.17.The method of claim 16, further comprising:comparing the measured open-circuit voltage of each of the cells to a preset voltage threshold; anddetermining a battery state of each of the cells based on the comparison.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the battery state of each of the cells is one of:a charging required state when the open-circuit voltage of the cell is less than the preset voltage threshold;a fully charged state when the open-circuit voltage of the cell is equal to the preset voltage threshold; andan overvoltage state when the open-circuit voltage of the cell is greater than the preset voltage threshold.19.The method of claim 18, further comprising:upon determining the battery state of one of the cells is the fully charged state, terminating the aggregate charging current and the individual balancing current for said fully charged cell; andmaintaining the individual balancing currents for the cells other than said fully charged cell.20.The method of claim 19, further comprising, for each of the cells other than said fully charged cell:maintaining the individual balancing current to said cell until the battery state of said cell is the fully charged state; andupon the battery state of said cell reaching the fully charged state, terminating the individual balancing current to said cell.21.The method of claim 18, further comprising, upon determining the battery state of one of the cells is the overvoltage state, terminating the aggregate charging current and the individual balancing current for said cell and generating an alarm notification.22.The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the aggregate charging current is a constant current throughout the charging interval.23.The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein:the charging interval comprises a temporally first set of charging periods, and a temporally second set of charging periods;during the temporally first set of charging periods, the aggregate charging current is equal to a preset maximum current; andduring the temporally second set of charging periods, the aggregate charging current gradually decreases from the preset maximum current to a preset termination current.24.The method of claim 23, wherein:during the temporally first set of charging periods, a total voltage of the battery pack is less than a preset charging limit voltage; andduring the temporally second set of charging periods, the total voltage of the battery pack is equal to or greater than the preset charging limit voltage.25.The method of any one of claims 1 to 24, further comprising, prior to the charging interval, determining a capacity of each of the cells by discharging the battery pack.26.The method of claim 25, wherein determining the capacity of each of the cells comprises discharging the battery pack with a discharging unit.27.The method of either of claims 25 and 26, wherein determining the capacity of each of the cells by discharging the battery pack comprises:fully charging the cells of the battery pack by providing a series charging current to the battery pack;discharging the cells of the battery pack by drawing a series discharging current from the battery pack;while drawing the series discharging current from the battery pack:monitoring a capacity of each of the cells;for each of the cells, upon determining the capacity of the cell is depleted before any other of the cells, providing a supplemental current to the cell; andterminating the drawing of the series discharging current from the battery pack upon determining the capacity of a last of the cells is depleted.28.The method of claim 27, further comprising:measuring an aggregate of the series discharging current drawn from the battery pack;measuring an aggregate supplemental current provided to the cells while drawing the series discharging current from the battery pack; anddetermining the capacity of each of the cells based on the aggregate of the series discharging current and the aggregate supplemental current.29.The method of claim 28, wherein determining the capacity of each of the cells based on the aggregate of the series discharging current and the aggregate supplemental current comprises subtracting the aggregate supplemental current from the aggregate of the series discharging current.30.The method of any one of claims 26 to 29, further comprising electrically connecting the discharging unit to each of the terminals of the cells in the battery pack.31.The method of claim 30, wherein:the battery pack comprises a battery management system (BMS) ; andelectrically connecting the discharging unit to each of the terminals of the cells in the battery pack comprises:disconnecting the BMS from the battery pack, thereby exposing the terminals of the cells; andelectrically connecting the discharging unit to each of the exposed terminals of the cells.32.The method of any one of claims 11 to 31, further comprising:receiving, at a display controller, real-time working information from the aggregate cycling module and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules; anddisplaying the real-time working information on a display of the display controller.33.The method of claim 32, wherein the real-time working information comprises one or more of: a voltage of each of the cells, the individual balancing current for each of the cells, a total voltage of the battery pack, and the aggregate charging current.34.The method of any one of claims 11 to 33, wherein the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules communicate with a controller via a bus driver, and wherein the bus driver provides power to each of the individual cell rebalancing modules and transmits modulated communication signals to each of the individual cell rebalancing modules.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the bus driver outputs a carrier square wave signal, and wherein communication data is modulated onto the carrier square wave signal for transmission to the individual cell rebalancing modules.36.The method of claim 3, wherein managing the source of the individual balancing current based on the measured individual balancing current comprises applying a PID controller to dynamically adjust an output power of the respective individual cell rebalancing module so that the measured individual balancing current tracks the determined individual balancing current.37.The method of any one of claims 1 to 36, further comprising monitoring, during the charging interval, an output voltage and an output current of the aggregate cycling module and a temperature of one or more components thereof, and terminating the charging interval upon any of the output voltage, the output current, or the temperature exceeding a respective predetermined limit.38.The method of claim 2, wherein during the sampling phase, an electronic switch in each of the individual cell rebalancing modules is disconnected from the respective cell, and the period voltage is measured through a charging line connected to the respective cell.39.The method of any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein each of the individual cell rebalancing modules comprises:a power supply;an isolation transformer;a current sensing resistor for measuring the individual balancing current provided to the respective cell; anda controller for regulating the individual balancing current based on a signal from the current sensing resistor.40.The method of claim 39, wherein the power supply of each of the individual cell rebalancing modules comprises:an input filtering sub-circuit comprising a high-voltage electrolytic capacitor and a high-frequency bypass capacitor for filtering the DC input;an integrated PWM controller and high-voltage switching transistor for applying the filtered DC input to the isolation transformer with an adjustable duty cycle;an auxiliary power supply sub-circuit that rectifies an auxiliary winding output of the isolation transformer and regulates the rectified output through a linear regulator and a Zener diode to provide a supply voltage for the PWM controller; andan output rectification and filtering sub-circuit comprising a rectifier diode and an electrolytic capacitor for rectifying and filtering a secondary output of the isolation transformer.41.The method of claim 39, wherein the power supply of each of the individual cell rebalancing modules further comprises:a feedback control sub-circuit comprising a resistive voltage divider driving an optocoupler to provide closed-loop feedback control of the PWM controller, and a Zener diode limiting a feedback control voltage; anda switching snubber sub-circuit comprising a diode, a resistor, and a capacitor configured to absorb high-voltage transient spikes generated during switching of the high-voltage switching transistor.42.The method of claim 39, wherein the controller of each of the individual cell rebalancing modules comprises:a control signal isolation circuit comprising a transistor-output optocoupler providing electrical isolation of a charging enable signal; anda switch control circuit comprising a power MOSFET controlled by the optocoupler for switching the individual balancing current to the respective cell on and off, with associated gate drive current-limiting and pull-up resistors.43.The method of claim 39, wherein each of the individual cell rebalancing modules further comprises a voltage signal sensing circuit comprising a resistive voltage divider network connected across the terminal of the respective cell, the resistive voltage divider network configured to proportionally reduce the cell voltage to a level compatible with an input range of the controller for measuring the period voltage.44.The method of claim 39, wherein each of the individual cell rebalancing modules further comprises a voltage and current controller comprising:a first operational amplifier forming a current regulation loop that compares a current control reference signal with a current-sensing feedback signal from the current sensing resistor and generates an error signal to adjust an output of the power supply; anda second operational amplifier and a feedback resistor network forming a current signal amplification circuit that amplifies the current-sensing feedback signal from the current sensing resistor to a level suitable for comparison with the current control reference signal.45.A method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, the method comprising:receiving a maximum individual balancing current;providing an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval, thereby charging each of the plurality of cells with the aggregate charging current; andproviding an individual balancing current to each respective battery cell of the plurality of cells for the charging interval, wherein the individual balancing current is equal to the maximum individual balancing current.46.A method of determining a capacity of a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells, the method comprising:fully charging the cells of the battery pack by providing a series charging current to the battery pack;discharging the cells of the battery pack by drawing a series discharging current from the battery pack;while drawing the series discharging current from the battery pack:monitoring a capacity of each of the cells;for each of the cells, upon determining the capacity of the cell is depleted before any other of the cells, providing a supplemental current to the cell; andterminating the drawing of the series discharging current from the battery pack upon determining the capacity of a last of the cells is depleted.47.The method of claim 46, further comprising:measuring an aggregate of the series discharging current drawn from the battery pack;measuring an aggregate supplemental current provided to the cells while drawing the series discharging current from the battery pack; anddetermining the capacity of each of the cells based on the aggregate of the series discharging current and the aggregate supplemental current.48.The method of claim 47, wherein determining the capacity of each of the cells based on the aggregate of the series discharging current and the aggregate supplemental current comprises subtracting the aggregate supplemental current from the aggregate of the series discharging current.49.A system for charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, the system comprising:an aggregate cycling module electrically connectable to a charging port of the battery pack and configured to provide an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval;a plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, each electrically connectable to a terminal of a respective one of the cells in the battery pack, each individual cell rebalancing module configured to:measure a period voltage of the respective cell;receive a determined individual balancing current for the respective cell; andprovide the individual balancing current to the respective cell; anda controller communicatively coupled to the aggregate cycling module and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, the controller configured to, for each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval:receive the measured period voltage of each of the cells from the respective individual cell rebalancing modules;determine, for each cell of the cells, the individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells; andcause each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to provide the determined individual balancing current to the respective cell for the period.50.The system of claim 49, further comprising a display controller communicatively coupled to the controller, the aggregate cycling module, and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, the display controller configured to:receive real-time working information from the aggregate cycling module and the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules; anddisplay the real-time working information on a display.51.The system of claim 50, wherein the display controller comprises:a display control board comprising a processor, a communication circuit, a power supply circuit, and a display driver circuit; anda touch display screen driven by the display driver circuit and configured to receive user input and transmit touch commands to the processor.52.The system of any one of claims 49 to 51, further comprising a bus driver communicatively coupling the controller to the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules, the bus driver configured to:output a carrier square wave signal to provide power to each of the individual cell rebalancing modules; andmodulate communication data onto the carrier square wave signal for transmission to the individual cell rebalancing modules.53.The system of claim 52, wherein:the carrier square wave signal has a frequency of approximately 50 kHz; andthe communication data is modulated onto the carrier square wave signal at a baud rate of 19,200.54.The system of any one of claims 49 to 53, wherein each of the individual cell rebalancing modules comprises:a power supply;an isolation transformer;a current sensing resistor configured to measure the individual balancing current provided to the respective cell; anda module controller configured to regulate the individual balancing current based on a signal from the current sensing resistor.55.The system of claim 54, wherein the module controller comprises a PID controller configured to dynamically adjust an output power of the respective individual cell rebalancing module so that the measured individual balancing current tracks the determined individual balancing current.56.The system of any one of claims 49 to 55, wherein each of the individual cell rebalancing modules comprises an electronic switch configured to:disconnect the individual cell rebalancing module from the respective cell during a sampling phase of each balancing period to permit measurement of an open-circuit voltage of the respective cell; andconnect the individual cell rebalancing module to the respective cell during a charging phase of each balancing period to provide the individual balancing current to the respective cell.57.The system of any one of claims 46 to 56, further comprising a discharging unit electrically connectable to the battery pack and configured to draw a series discharging current from the battery pack, the discharging unit comprising:an input control circuit configured to control a main input switch of the discharging unit;one or more load and regulation circuits, each comprising a discharge load resistor and a discharge current regulation unit; anda load connection control circuit configured to selectively connect one or more of the load and regulation circuits based on a voltage of the battery pack and preset parameters.58.The system of any one of claims 49 to 57, wherein the aggregate cycling module comprises:an input rectifier circuit configured to convert an AC input into a DC voltage;a full-bridge drive and conversion circuit configured to convert the DC voltage into a high-frequency pulse voltage;a power transformer configured to transform the high-frequency pulse voltage;an output rectifier and filter circuit configured to produce a DC output from the transformed high-frequency pulse voltage;a PWM control circuit configured to regulate the DC output based on voltage and current reference signals; andan output protection circuit configured to monitor the DC output and a temperature of one or more components and to shut down the DC output upon an over-limit condition.59.The system of any one of claims 49 to 58, wherein the controller is configured to determine the individual balancing current for each cell for each period according to the formula: wherein:Io is the individual balancing current for the respective cell;Uo is the measured period voltage of the respective cell;UH is a highest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells;UL is a lowest measured period voltage among the plurality of cells; andIset is a preset maximum balancing current.60.The system of claim 59, wherein the controller is further configured to, upon determining that the individual balancing current Io for a one of the cells for a one of the periods is less than a predetermined fraction of Iset, set the individual balancing current Io for the one of the cells to a preset minimum balancing current.61.The system of any one of claims 49 to 59, wherein the controller is further configured to:compare the measured period voltage of each of the cells to a preset voltage threshold; anddetermine a battery state of each of the cells based on the comparison, the battery state being one of a charging required state, a fully charged state, and an overvoltage state.62.The system of claim 61, wherein the controller is further configured to, upon determining the battery state of one of the cells is the overvoltage state, cause the aggregate cycling module to terminate the aggregate charging current and cause the respective individual cell rebalancing module to terminate the individual balancing current for said cell, and generate an alarm notification.63.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform a method of charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of cells electrically connected in series, the method comprising:causing an aggregate cycling module to provide an aggregate charging current to the battery pack for a charging interval;for each of a plurality of balancing periods during the charging interval:receiving a measured period voltage of each of the cells from a respective plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules;determining, for each cell of the cells, an individual balancing current for the period based on the measured period voltage of the respective cell relative to the measured period voltages of the others of the cells; andcausing each of the individual cell rebalancing modules to provide the determined individual balancing current to the respective cell for the period.64.The method of any one of claims 1 to 48, further comprising:prior to the charging interval, disconnecting a battery management system (BMS) of the battery pack from the cells, thereby exposing terminals of the individual cells;electrically connecting each of a plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules to a respective one of the exposed terminals; andupon completion of the charging interval, disconnecting the plurality of individual cell rebalancing modules from the exposed terminals and reconnecting the BMS to the cells.