Intranasal compositions comprising a JAK inhibitor for inflammatory upper respiratory disease
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/086464
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-28
- Filing Date
- 2026-03-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
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Figure CN2026086464_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
INTRANASAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A JAK INHIBITOR FOR INFLAMMATORY UPPER RESPIRATORY DISEASECROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONThis application claims the benefit of the priority of International Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 085582, filed March 28, 2025, under 35 U.S.C. 119 (a) ; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELDProvided herein is a method for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of an inflammatory upper respiratory disease with a JAK inhibitor. Also provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a JAK inhibitor; and a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a pH adjuster, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.BACKGROUNDChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease that affects the nasal cavity and sinus mucosa. Stevens et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015, 136, 1442-53; Schleimer, Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2017, 12, 331-57; Cho et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2020, 8, 1505-11. Clinically, CRS is subdivided into two major categories based on whether nasal polyps are present: CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) . Id. Clinical symptoms of CRS include nasal congestion, sticky or mucopurulent nasal discharge, swelling and pain in the head and face, and decreased or loss of smell. Stevens et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015, 136, 1442-53; Schleimer, Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2017, 12, 331-57. These symptoms may also lead to sleep disorders, social isolation, learning difficulties, and depression. Schlosser et al., Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2016, 30, 250-6; Bachert et al., J. Asthma Allergy 2021, 14, 127-34. Thus, CSR significantly impacts patients’ quality of life and imposes economic burdens due to its persistent symptoms, potential for complications, and the need for ongoing medical management. Claeys et al., Front. Allergy 2021, 2, 761388; Mullol et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2022, 10, 1434-53.Although treatment options for CRS have expanded, they remain limited, with medical therapies often providing only partial or temporary relief and surgery frequently required for refractory cases. Stevens et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015, 136, 1442-53; Claeys et al., Front. Allergy 2021, 2, 761388. Glucocorticoids (GCs) , the first-line drug for CRS, play an irreplaceable role in reducing nasal mucosal inflammation and restoring the normal physiological function of the nasal mucosa. Chen et al., Medicine 2023, 102, r36024; Norelli et al., J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1066. While glucocorticoids are effective for managing chronic rhinosinusitis, long-term use, especially systemic administration, carries significant risks, including severe adverse effects such as glaucoma and osteoporosis. Norelli et al., J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1066. Therefore, there is an unmet need for an effective and safe therapy for CRS. Bachert et al., J. Asthma Allergy 2021, 14, 127-34; Claeys et al., Front. Allergy 2021, 2, 761388; Corso et al., J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 897.SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSUREProvided herein is a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of an inflammatory upper respiratory disease in a subject, comprising administering intranasally to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor.Also provided herein is a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of an inflammatory upper respiratory disease in a subject, comprising administering intranasally to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor, wherein the tricyclic JAK inhibitor is a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; wherein:R1 is heterocyclyl; andR2 is hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or amino;wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.Additionally provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein; and a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a pH adjuster, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.Furthermore, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein; and a buffering agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, and water.Moreover, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 illustrates the effects of nasal spray formulations F1 and F2 on the frequency of nose scratching in a chronic rhinosinusitis mouse model.FIG. 2 illustrates the effects of nasal spray formulations F1 and F2 on the frequency of sneezing in the chronic rhinosinusitis mouse model.FIG. 3 illustrates the effects of nasal spray formulations F1 and F2 on the maxillary sinus mucosa thickness in the chronic rhinosinusitis mouse model.FIG. 4 illustrates the effects of nasal spray formulations F1 and F2 on the nasal septum mucosa thickness in the chronic rhinosinusitis mouse model.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONTo facilitate understanding of the disclosure set forth herein, a number of terms are defined below.Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology described herein are those well-known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.The term “subject” refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human) , cow, pig, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. The terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject. In one embodiment, the subject is a human.The terms “treat, ” “treating, ” and “treatment” are meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder, disease, or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with the disorder, disease, or condition; or alleviating or eradicating the cause (s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.The terms “prevent, ” “preventing, ” and “prevention” are meant to include a method of delaying and / or precluding the onset of a disorder, disease, or condition, and / or its attendant symptoms; barring a subject from acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject’s risk of acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition.The terms “alleviate” and “alleviating” refer to easing or reducing one or more symptoms (e.g., pain) of a disorder, disease, or condition. The terms can also refer to reducing adverse effects associated with an active ingredient. Sometimes, the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic or therapeutic agent do not result in a cure of the disorder, disease, or condition.The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” is meant to include the amount of a compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disorder, disease, or condition being treated. The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” also refers to the amount of a compound that is sufficient to elicit a biological or medical response of a biological molecule (e.g., a protein, enzyme, RNA, or DNA) , cell, tissue, system, animal, or human, which is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or clinician.The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, ” “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, ” “physiologically acceptable carrier, ” or “physiologically acceptable excipient” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. In one embodiment, each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of a subject (e.g., a human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, and commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 23rd ed.; Adejare Ed.; Academic Press, 2020; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 9th ed.; Sheskey et al., Eds.; Pharmaceutical Press, 2020; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed.; Ash and Ash Eds.; Synapse Information Resources, 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 1st ed.; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press, 2015.The term “about” or “approximately” means an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations. In certain embodiments, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05%of a given value or range.The term “a” or “an, ” as used herein in the specification may mean one or more. The term “a” or “an” as used herein in the claim (s) , when used in conjunction with the term “comprising, ” may mean one or more.The term “alkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 alkyl groups are also referred as “lower alkyl. ” Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl) , butyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl) , pentyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, and tert-pentyl) , and hexyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., n-hexyl, isohexyl, and sec-hexyl) .The term “heteroalkyl” refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that contains one or more heteroatoms on its main chain, each independently selected from O, S, and N. The heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C1-6 heteroalkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C1-20) , 1 to 15 (C1-15) , 1 to 10 (C1-10) , or 1 to 6 (C1-6) carbon atoms, or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear C1-6 and branched C3-6 heteroalkyl groups are also referred as “lower heteroalkyl. ” Examples of heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, –OCH3, –OCH2CH3, –CH2OCH3, –NHCH3, –ONHCH3, –NHOCH3, –SCH3, –CH2NHCH2CH3, and –NHCH2CH2CH3. Examples of substituted heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, –CH2NHC (O) CH3 and –NHC (O) CH2CH3.The term “alkenyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon double bond (s) . The alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term “alkenyl” embraces radicals having a “cis” or “trans” configuration or a mixture thereof, or alternatively, a “Z” or “E” configuration or a mixture thereof, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, C2-6 alkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20) , 3 to 15 (C3-15) , 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or 3 to 6 (C3-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., propen-1-yl, propen-2-yl, and allyl) , and butenyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., buten-1-yl, buten-2-yl, buten-3-yl, and 2-buten-1-yl) .The term “alkynyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, in another embodiment, one, carbon-carbon triple bond (s) . An alkynyl group does not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. The alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. For example, C2-6 alkynyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 20 (C2-20) , 2 to 15 (C2-15) , 2 to 10 (C2-10) , or 2 to 6 (C2-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 4 to 20 (C4-20) , 4 to 15 (C4-15) , 4 to 10 (C4-10) , or 4 to 6 (C4-6) carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (–C≡CH) , propynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-propynyl (–C≡CCH3) and propargyl (–CH2C≡CH) ) , butynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-butyn-1-yl and 2-butyn-1-yl) , pentynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-pentyn-1-yl and 1-methyl-2-butyn-1-yl) , and hexynyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-hexyn-1-yl and 2-hexyn-1-yl) .The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is a saturated or unsaturated but non-aromatic, and / or bridged or non-bridged, and / or fused bicyclic group. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 (C3-20) , from 3 to 15 (C3-15) , from 3 to 10 (C3-10) , or from 3 to 7 (C3-7) carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is monocyclic. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is bicyclic. In yet another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is tricyclic. In still another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is poly-cyclic. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclo-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptyl, cyclo-heptenyl, bicyclo [1.1.1] pentyl, bicyclo [2.1.1] hexyl, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptyl, bicyclo [2.2.2] octyl, decalinyl, and adamantyl.The term “aryl” refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical and / or monovalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical that contain at least one aromatic carbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 20 (C6-20) , from 6 to 15 (C6-15) , or from 6 to 10 (C6-10) ring carbon atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl. The aryl also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydro-naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl) . In one embodiment, the aryl is monocyclic. In another embodiment, the aryl is bicyclic. In yet another embodiment, the aryl is tricyclic. In still another embodiment, the aryl is polycyclic. In certain embodiments, the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” refers to a monovalent alkyl group substituted with one or more aryl groups. In certain embodiments, the aralkyl has from 7 to 30 (C7-30) , from 7 to 20 (C7-20) , or from 7 to 16 (C7-16) carbon atoms. Examples of aralkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenylethyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-phenylethyl and 2-phenyl-ethyl) , and phenylpropyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl, and 3-phenylpropyl) . In certain embodiments, the aralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent monocyclic aromatic group or monovalent polycyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N, in the ring. For a heteroaryl group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heteroaryl group is not bonded to the rest of a molecule through its non-aromatic heterocyclic ring. Each ring of a heteroaryl group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and / or one to four N atoms; provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl is monocyclic. Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl is bicyclic. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furopyrindyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., furo [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, furo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, furo- [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, furo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl, furo [3, 4-b] pyridinyl, and furo [3, 4-c] pyridinyl) , imidazo-pyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl, imidazo [4, 5-b] pyridinyl, and imidazo [4, 5-c] pyridinyl) , imidazothiazolyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., imidazo [2, 1-b] thiazolyl and imidazo [4, 5-d] thiazolyl) , indazolyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, iso-benzothienyl (i.e., benzo [c] thienyl) , isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-naphthyridinyl, 1, 6-naphthyridinyl, 1, 7-naphthyridinyl, and 1, 8-naph-thyridinyl) , oxazolopyridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., oxazolo [4, 5-b] pyridinyl, oxazolo [4, 5-c] -pyridinyl, oxazolo [5, 4-b] pyridinyl, and oxazolo [5, 4-c] pyridinyl) , phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolopyridyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, pyrrolo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, pyrrolo [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, and pyrrolo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl) , quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, thiadiazolopyrimidyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., [1, 2, 5] thia-diazolo [3, 4-d] -pyrimidinyl and [1, 2, 3] thiadiazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidinyl) , and thienopyridyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., thieno [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, thieno [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, thieno [3, 2-b] -pyridinyl, and thieno [3, 2-c] pyridinyl) . In yet another embodiment, the heteroaryl is tricyclic. Examples of tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, benzindolyl, carbazolyl, dibenzo-furanyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenanthridinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 5-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 6-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 7-phenanthrolinyl, 1, 9-phen-anthrolinyl, and 2, 10-phenanthrolinyl) , phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and xanthenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” refers to a monovalent monocyclic non-aromatic ring system or monovalent polycyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms, each independently selected from O, S, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms. For a heterocyclyl group containing a heteroaromatic ring and a nonaromatic heterocyclic ring, the heterocyclyl group is not bonded to the rest of a molecule through the heteroaromatic ring. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may be fused or bridged, and in which nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. Examples of heterocyclyls and heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranonyl, chromanyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzisothiazolyl, dihydro-benzisoxazinyl (including all isomeric forms, e.g., 1, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 3] oxazinyl, 3, 4-dihydrobenzo [c] [1, 2] -oxazinyl, and 3, 4-dihydrobenzo [d] [1, 2] oxazinyl) , dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydroisobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzo [c] thienyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydro-pyranyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydro-pyrrolyl, dioxolanyl, 1, 4-dithianyl, furanonyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, indolinyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, oxazolidinonyl, oxazolidinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiochromanyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, and 1, 3, 5-trithianyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.The term “halogen, ” “halide, ” or “halo” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and / or iodo.The term “optionally substituted” is intended to mean that a group or substituent, such as an alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group, may be substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, each of which is independently selected from, e.g., (a) deuterium (–D) , cyano (–CN) , halo, imino (=NH) , nitro (–NO2) , and oxo (=O) ; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa. As used herein, all groups that can be substituted are “optionally substituted. ”In one embodiment, each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.In certain embodiments, “optically active” and ” enantiomerically active” refer to a collection of molecules, which has an enantiomeric excess of no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, no less than about 91%, no less than about 92%, no less than about 93%, no less than about 94%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, or no less than about 99.8%. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 95%or more of one enantiomer and about 5%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 98%or more of one enantiomer and about 2%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question. In certain embodiments, an optically active compound comprises about 99%or more of one enantiomer and about 1%or less of the other enantiomer based on the total weight of the enantiomeric mixture in question.In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the compound about its chiral center (s) . The (+) and (-) are used to denote the optical rotation of the compound, that is, the direction in which a plane of polarized light is rotated by the optically active compound. The (-) prefix indicates that the compound is levorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the left or counterclockwise. The (+) prefix indicates that the compound is dextrorotatory, that is, the compound rotates the plane of polarized light to the right or clockwise. However, the sign of optical rotation, (+) and (-) , is not related to the absolute configuration of the compound, R and S.The term “isotopically enriched” refers to a compound that contains an unnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms that constitute such a compound. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H) , deuterium (2H) , tritium (3H) , carbon-11 (11C) , carbon-12 (12C) , carbon-13 (13C) , carbon-14 (14C) , nitrogen-13 (13N) , nitrogen-14 (14N) , nitrogen-15 (15N) , oxygen-14 (14O) , oxygen-15 (15O) , oxygen-16 (16O) , oxygen-17 (17O) , oxygen-18 (18O) , fluorine-17 (17F) , fluorine-18 (18F) , phosphorus-31 (31P) , phosphorus-32 (32P) , phosphorus-33 (33P) , sulfur-32 (32S) , sulfur-33 (33S) , sulfur-34 (34S) , sulfur-35 (35S) , sulfur-36 (36S) , chlorine-35 (35Cl) , chlorine-36 (36Cl) , chlorine-37 (37Cl) , bromine-79 (79Br) , bromine-81 (81Br) , iodine-123 (123I) , iodine-125 (125I) , iodine-127 (127I) , iodine-129 (129I) , and iodine-131 (131I) . In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound is in a stable form, that is, non-radioactive. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (1H) , deuterium (2H) , carbon-12 (12C) , carbon-13 (13C) , nitrogen-14 (14N) , nitrogen-15 (15N) , oxygen-16 (16O) , oxygen-17 (17O) , oxygen-18 (18O) , fluorine-17 (17F) , phosphorus-31 (31P) , sulfur-32 (32S) , sulfur-33 (33S) , sulfur-34 (34S) , sulfur-36 (36S) , chlorine-35 (35Cl) , chlorine-37 (37Cl) , bromine-79 (79Br) , bromine-81 (81Br) , and iodine-127 (127I) . In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound is in an unstable form, that is, radioactive. In certain embodiments, an isotopically enriched compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, but not limited to, tritium (3H) , carbon-11 (11C) , carbon-14 (14C) , nitrogen-13 (13N) , oxygen-14 (14O) , oxygen-15 (15O) , fluorine-18 (18F) , phosphorus-32 (32P) , phosphorus-33 (33P) , sulfur-35 (35S) , chlorine-36 (36Cl) , iodine-123 (123I) , iodine-125 (125I) , iodine-129 (129I) , and iodine-131 (131I) . It will be understood that, in a compound as provided herein, any hydrogen can be 2H, as example, or any carbon can be 13C, as example, or any nitrogen can be 15N, as example, or any oxygen can be 18O, as example, where feasible according to the judgment of one of ordinary skill in the art.The term “isotopic enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of a less prevalent isotope (e.g., D for deuterium or hydrogen-2) of an element at a given position in a molecule in the place of a more prevalent isotope (e.g., 1H for protium or hydrogen-1) of the element. As used herein, when an atom at a particular position in a molecule is designated as a particular less prevalent isotope, it is understood that the abundance of that isotope at that position is substantially greater than its natural abundance.The term “isotopic enrichment factor” refers to the ratio between the isotopic abundance in an isotopically enriched compound and the natural abundance of a specific isotope.The term “hydrogen” or the symbol “H” refers to the composition of naturally occurring hydrogen isotopes, which include protium (1H) , deuterium (2H or D) , and tritium (3H) , in their natural abundances. Protium is the most common hydrogen isotope having a natural abundance of more than 99.98%. Deuterium is a less prevalent hydrogen isotope having a natural abundance of about 0.0156%.The term “deuterium enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in a molecule in the place of hydrogen. For example, deuterium enrichment of 1%at a given position means that 1%of molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium is about 0.0156%on average, deuterium enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 0.0156%on average. As used herein, when a particular position in an isotopically enriched compound is designated as having deuterium, it is understood that the abundance of deuterium at that position in the compound is substantially greater than its natural abundance (0.0156%) .The term “carbon” or the symbol “C” refers to the composition of naturally occurring carbon isotopes, which include carbon-12 (12C) and carbon-13 (13C) in their natural abundances. Carbon-12 is the most common carbon isotope having a natural abundance of more than 98.89%. Carbon-13 is a less prevalent carbon isotope having a natural abundance of about 1.11%.The term “carbon-13 enrichment” or “13C enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of carbon-13 at a given position in a molecule in the place of carbon. For example, carbon-13 enrichment of 10%at a given position means that 10%of molecules in a given sample contain carbon-13 at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of carbon-13 is about 1.11%on average, carbon-13 enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 1.11%on average. As used herein, when a particular position in an isotopically enriched compound is designated as having carbon-13, it is understood that the abundance of carbon-13 at that position in the compound is substantially greater than its natural abundance (1.11%) .The terms “substantially pure” and “substantially homogeneous” mean, when referred to a substance, sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by a standard analytical method used by one of ordinary skill in the art, including, but not limited to, thin layer chromatography (TLC) , gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , gas chromatography (GC) , nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , and mass spectrometry (MS) ; or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical, chemical, biological, and / or pharmacological properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance. In certain embodiments, “substantially pure” or “substantially homogeneous” refers to a collection of molecules, wherein at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight of the molecules are a single compound, including a single enantiomer, a racemic mixture, or a mixture of enantiomers, as determined by standard analytical methods. As used herein, when an atom at a particular position in an isotopically enriched molecule is designated as a particular less prevalent isotope, a molecule that contains other than the designated isotope at the specified position is an impurity with respect to the isotopically enriched compound. Thus, for a deuterated compound that has an atom at a particular position designated as deuterium, a compound that contains a protium at the same position is an impurity.The term “solvate” refers to a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, e.g., a compound provided herein, and one or more molecules of a solvent, which are present in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, and acetic acid. In certain embodiments, the solvent is pharmaceutically acceptable. In one embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a crystalline form. In another embodiment, the complex or aggregate is in a noncrystalline form. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate. Examples of hydrates include, but are not limited to, a hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, and pentahydrate.The phrase “an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof” has the same meaning as the phrase “ (i) an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein; (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug of the compound referenced therein; or (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug of an enantiomer, a diastereomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant of the compound referenced therein. ”Tricyclic JAK InhibitorsIn one embodiment, described herein is a tricyclic JAK inhibitor that is a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; wherein:R1 is heterocyclyl; andR2 is hydrogen, deuterium, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, or amino;wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 3-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 4-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 5-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is pyrrolidinyl or imidazolidinyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is pyrrolidin-1-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is imidazolidin-1-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is piperidinyl or piperazinyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is piperidin-1-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is piperazin-1-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 7-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is azepanyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is azepan-1-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 8-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is bicyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is bridged, fused, or spiro heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is bridged heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1] octanyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is fused heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is spiro heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 6-azaspiro [2.5] octanyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is pyrrolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 6-azaspiro [2.5] -octan-6-yl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is pyrrolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently cyano, methyl, ethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanoethyl, 2-cyanoprop-2-yl, cyanomethylene, cyanoacetyl, cyanomethyl-amino, cyanoacetamido, or hydroxyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 2-ethyl-4-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-ethyl-4- (cyanomethyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3- (2-cyanoethyl) -5-ethyl-imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) -5-methylimidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) -5-ethylimidazolidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethylamino) imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyano-acetamido) imidazolidin-1-yl, 4-cyanopiperidin-1-yl, 4-cyanomethylpiperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyano-ethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoprop-2-yl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-methyl-4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-hydroxy-4- (cyano-methyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethylene) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyano-methyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoethyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyanoacetyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyano-methyl) azepan-1-yl, 3- (cyanomethyl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, 3- (cyanomethylene) -8-aza-bicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 1-cyano-6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R1 is 4-cyanomethylpiperidin-1-yl.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; or (iii) or amino. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is deuterium. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is methyl or ethyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is methyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is ethyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is methyl or ethyl, optionally substituted with –ORa or –NRaS (O) 2Rd; where each Ra and Rd is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is methyl or ethyl, optionally substituted with hydroxyl or methanesulfonamido. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, or methanesulfonamidomethyl. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is amino, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, methanesulfonamidomethyl, or amino. In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) , R2 is 1-hydroxyethyl.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) ,R1 is pyrrolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q; andR2 is (i) hydrogen, deuterium, or amino; or (ii) methyl or ethyl, optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents Q.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) ,R1 is pyrrolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently cyano, methyl, ethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanoethyl, 2-cyanoprop-2-yl, cyano-methylene, cyanoacetyl, cyanomethylamino, cyano-acetamido, or hydroxyl; andR2 is (i) hydrogen, deuterium, or amino; or (ii) methyl or ethyl, optionally substituted with hydroxyl or methanesulfonamido.In certain embodiments, in Formula (I) ,R1 is 2-ethyl-4-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-ethyl-4- (cyanomethyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3- (2-cyano-ethyl) -5-ethylimidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) -5-methyl-imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) -5-ethylimidazolidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethylamino) -imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetamido) imidazolidin-1-yl, 4-cyanopiperidin-1-yl, 4-cyanomethyl-piperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoprop-2-yl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-methyl-4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-hydroxy-4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethylene) -piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoethyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyanoacetyl) -piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethyl) azepan-1-yl, 3- (cyanomethyl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, 3- (cyanomethylene) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 1-cyano-6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl; andR2 is hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-ethyl, methanesulfonamidomethyl, or amino.In one embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is:1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidine-4-carbonitrile A1;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A2;2- (1- (2-methylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A3;2- (1- (2-ethylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A4;2- (1- (2- (hydroxymethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A5;2- (1- (2- (2-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A6;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A7;(S) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A8;2- (1- (2-aminoimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A9;N- ( (1- (4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl) -1, 6-dihydroimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-2-yl) methyl) methanesulfonamide A10;3- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) propanenitrile A11;6- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -6-azaspiro [2.5] octane-1-carbonitrile A12;6- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -6-azaspiro [2.5] -octane-1-carbonitrile A13;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -2-methylpropane-nitrile A14;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -2-methylpropanenitrile A15;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-ylidene) acetonitrile A16;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methylpiperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A17;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methyl-piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A18;2- (4-hydroxy-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A19;2- (8- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl-idene) acetonitrile A20;2- (8- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl) -acetonitrile A21;2- (8- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-aza-bicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-ylidene) acetonitrile A22;2- (8- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-aza-bicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl) acetonitrile A23;2- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) acetonitrile A24;3- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) propanenitrile A25;3- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) -3-oxopropanenitrile A26;2- (1- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) azepan-4-yl) acetonitrile A27;3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxo-propanenitrile A28;3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) propane-nitrile A29;3- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methylimidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxo-propanenitrile A30;3- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropane-nitrile A31;(R) -3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropanenitrile A32;2-cyano-N- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -acetamide A33;2- ( (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-4-yl) amino) -acetonitrile A34;(3S, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidine-3-carbonitrile A35;2- ( (3S, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) -acetonitrile A36; or2- ( (3R, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) -acetonitrile A37;or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is:2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A2;2- (1- (2-methylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A3;2- (1- (2-ethylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A4;2- (1- (2- (hydroxymethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A5;2- (1- (2- (2-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A6;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A7;2- (1- (2-aminoimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A9; orN- ( (1- (4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl) -1, 6-dihydroimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-2-yl) methyl) methanesulfonamide A10;or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In yet another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is 2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A2; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In yet another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is 2- (1- (2-methylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A3; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In yet another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is 2- (1- (2-ethylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A4; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In yet another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is 2- (1- (2- (hydroxymethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A5; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In yet another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is 2- (1- (2- (2-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A6; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In yet another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is (R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A7; or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In yet another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is 2- (1- (2-aminoimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A9; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In still another embodiment, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is N- ( (1- (4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl) -1, 6-dihydroimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-2-yl) methyl) -methanesulfonamide A10; or a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is deuterium-enriched. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is carbon-13 enriched. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is carbon-14 enriched. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein contains one or more less prevalent isotopes for other elements, including, but not limited to, 15N for nitrogen; 17O or 18O for oxygen, and 33S, 34S, or 36S for sulfur.In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein has an isotopic enrichment factor of no less than about 5, no less than about 10, no less than about 20, no less than about 30, no less than about 40, no less than about 50, no less than about 60, no less than about 70, no less than about 80, no less than about 90, no less than about 100, no less than about 200, no less than about 500, no less than about 1, 000, no less than about 2, 000, no less than about 5, 000, or no less than about 10, 000. In any events, however, an isotopic enrichment factor for a specified isotope is no greater than the maximum isotopic enrichment factor for the specified isotope, which is the isotopic enrichment factor when a compound at a given position is 100%enriched with the specified isotope. Thus, the maximum isotopic enrichment factor is different for different isotopes. The maximum isotopic enrichment factor is 6410 for deuterium and 90 for carbon-13.In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein has a deuterium enrichment factor of no less than about 64 (about 1%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 130 (about 2%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 320 (about 5%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 640 (about 10%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 1,300 (about 20%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 3,200 (about 50%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 4,800 (about 75%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,130 (about 80%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,450 (about 85%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 5,770 (about 90%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6, 090 (about 95%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,220 (about 97%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,280 (about 98%deuterium enrichment) , no less than about 6,350 (about 99%deuterium enrichment) , or no less than about 6, 380 (about 99.5%deuterium enrichment) . The deuterium enrichment can be determined using conventional analytical methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein has a carbon-13 enrichment factor of no less than about 1.8 (about 2%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 4.5 (about 5%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 9 (about 10%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 18 (about 20%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 45 (about 50%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 68 (about 75%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 72 (about 80%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 77 (about 85%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 81 (about 90%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 86 (about 95%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 87 (about 97%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 88 (about 98%carbon-13 enrichment) , no less than about 89 (about 99%carbon-13 enrichment) , or no less than about 90 (about 99.5%carbon-13 enrichment) . The carbon-13 enrichment can be determined using conventional analytical methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.In certain embodiments, at least one of the atoms of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, as specified as isotopically enriched, has isotopic enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%. In certain embodiments, the atoms of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, as specified as isotopically enriched, have isotopic enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%. In any events, the isotopic enrichment of the isotopically enriched atom of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is no less than the natural abundance of the isotope specified.In certain embodiments, at least one of the atoms of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, as specified as deuterium-enriched, has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%. In certain embodiments, the atoms of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, as specified as deuterium-enriched, have deuterium enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.In certain embodiments, at least one of the atoms of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, as specified as 13C-enriched, has carbon-13 enrichment of no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%. In certain embodiments, the atoms of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, as specified as 13C-enriched, have carbon-13 enrichment of no less than about 1%, no less than about 2%, no less than about 5%, no less than about 10%, no less than about 20%, no less than about 50%, no less than about 70%, no less than about 80%, no less than about 90%, or no less than about 98%.In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is isolated or purified. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein has a purity of at least about 50%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5%by weight.The compounds described herein are intended to encompass all possible stereoisomers unless a particular stereochemistry is specified. Where a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein contains an alkenyl group, the compound may exist as one or mixture of geometric cis / trans (or Z / E) isomers. Where structural isomers are interconvertible, the compound may exist as a single tautomer or a mixture of tautomers. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in the compound that contains, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group; or so-called valence tautomerism in the compound that contains an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single compound may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.A tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein can be enantiomerically pure, such as a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, or be stereoisomeric mixtures, such as a mixture of enantiomers, e.g., a racemic mixture of two enantiomers; or a mixture of two or more diastereomers. As such, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that administration of a compound in its (R) form is equivalent, for compounds that undergo epimerization in vivo, to administration of the compound in its (S) form. Conventional techniques for the preparation / isolation of individual enantiomers include synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor, asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting materials, or resolution of an enantiomeric mixture, for example, chiral chromatography, recrystallization, resolution, diastereomeric salt formation, or derivatization into diastereomeric adducts followed by separation.When a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein contains an acidic or basic moiety, it can be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. See, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, 2nd ed.; Stahl and Wermuth Eds.; Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2011.Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, acetic acid, 2, 2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid, (+) -camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+) - (1S) -camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1, 2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-glutamic acid, α-oxoglutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, (+) -L-lactic acid, (±) -DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, (-) -L-malic acid, malonic acid, (±) -DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1, 5-disulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharic acid, salicylic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tannic acid, (+) -L-tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, undecylenic acid, and valeric acid.Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including, but not limited to, inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2- (diethylamino) ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, morpholine, 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) morpholine, methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinuclidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, triethanolamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl) -1, 3-propanediol, and tromethamine.A tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein may be a prodrug, which is a functional derivative of a compound, for example, of Formula I and is readily convertible into the parent compound in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent compound. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent compound is not. The prodrug may also have enhanced solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent compound. A prodrug may be converted into the parent drug by various mechanisms, including enzymatic processes and metabolic hydrolysis.In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is a JAK1 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is a selective JAK1 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is a specific JAK1 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is a JAK1 inhibitor having an IC50 of no greater than 100 nM, no greater than 10 nM, or no greater than 1 nM. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is a JAK1 inhibitor having an IC50 of no greater than 100 nM. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is a JAK1 inhibitor having an IC50 of no greater than 10 nM. In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is a JAK1 inhibitor having an IC50 of no greater than 1 nM. The JAK inhibitory activity of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is determined as described in US 2022 / 0339146 A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.A tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein can be prepared, isolated, or obtained by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example, by following the procedures described in US 2022 / 0339146 A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Intranasal CompositionsIn one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a pH adjuster, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, and water.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%weight by volume (w / v) , from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, or from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, from about 0.01 to about 1%w / v, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%w / v, from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, or from about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.01, about 0.02, about 0.03, about 0.04, about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, or about 0.1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.1, about 0.11, about 0.12, about 0.13, about 0.14, or about 0.15%w / v.In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises acetic acid, boric acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, or phosphoric acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises acetic acid, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, boric acid, sodium borate, potassium borate, citric acid, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, or hydrochloric acid. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises acetic acid and sodium acetate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises boric acid and sodium borate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is a mixture of boric acid and sodium borate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises boric acid and potassium borate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is a mixture of boric acid and potassium borate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises citric acid and sodium citrate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises citric acid and potassium citrate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is a mixture of citric acid and potassium citrate. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent comprises citric acid and hydrochloric acid. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a chelating agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, or from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a chelating agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a chelating agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a chelating agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a chelating agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a chelating agent in an amount of about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, or about 0.5%w / v.In certain embodiments the chelating agent comprises ascorbic acid, acetylcysteine, citric acid, dimercaprol, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) , edetate disodium, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) , sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium citrate, or tocopherol. In certain embodiments the chelating agent comprises edetate disodium.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, or from about 0.05 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, or about 0.5%w / v.In certain embodiments the mucoadhesive agent comprises BRIJ (fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether) , carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) , cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) , hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) , hydroxypropyl guar (HP-guar) , hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) , methylcellulose, MRIJ (polyoxyethylene ether oleate) , polyvinyl alcohol, poloxamer, poloxamine, poly (amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) , poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) , polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) , polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, sodium hyaluronate, or thiolated polyacrylic acid (PAA-SH) . In certain embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent comprises HPMC, a poloxamer, a polyethylene glycol, or a polyvinyl-pyrrolidone. In certain embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent comprises HPMC, poloxamer 407, or PVP K90. In certain embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent is HPMC.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a pH adjuster in a sufficient amount sufficient to adjust the intranasal composition to a predetermined pH. In certain embodiments, the pH adjuster is hydrochloric acid.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 5%w / v, from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, or from about 0.2 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount of about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1%w / v.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.1%w / v, from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, or from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a preservative in an amount of about 0.0005, about 0.0006, about 0.0007, about 0.0008, about 0.0009, about 0.001, about 0.002, about 0.003, about 0.004, or about 0.005%w / v.In certain embodiments, the preservative comprises ascorbate, benzalkonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, a benzyl alcohol, boric acid, chlorobutanol, a cresol, disodium edetate, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, methylparaben, a phenol, potassium sorbate, poly-quaternium-1 (PQ-1) , propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propylparaben, sodium bisulfate, sodium borate, sodium chlorite, sodium thiosulfate, sorbic acid, or thimerosal. In certain embodiments, the preservative is disodium edetate or potassium sorbate. In certain embodiments, the preservative is disodium edetate. In certain embodiments, the preservative is potassium sorbate. In certain embodiments, the preservative is a mixture of disodium edetate and potassium sorbate. In certain embodiments, the preservative is PQ-1.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25%w / v, from about 2 to about 20%w / v, or from about 5 to about 15%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a solubilizer in an amount of about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, or about 15%w / v.In certain embodiments the solubilizer comprises a cyclodextrin, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) , dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , ethanol, glycerol, a polyethylene (PEG) , or a propylene glycol (PG) . In certain embodiments, the solubilizer comprises a cyclodextrin or PEG. In certain embodiments, the solubilizer comprises a cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the solubilizer comprises alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, gamma-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin, or hydroxy-propyl-gamma-cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, the solubilizer is hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments the solubilizer comprises a PEG. In certain embodiments the solubilizer comprises polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300) or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) . In certain embodiments the solubilizer comprises a cyclodextrin and a PEG. In certain embodiments the solubilizer comprises hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and PEG 400. In certain embodiments the solubilizer is a mixture of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and PEG 400.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a thickening agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, or from about 0.05 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a thickening agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a thickening agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a thickening agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a thickening agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a thickening agent in an amount of about 0.05, about 0.06, about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, or about 0.5%w / v.In certain embodiments the thickening agent comprises a carbomer, CMC, carrageenan, chitosan, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) , HPMC, methylcellulose (MC) , a poloxamer, pectin, PVP, sodium alginate, sodium hyaluronate, or xanthan gum. In certain embodiments the thickening agent comprises CMC, HPC, HPMC, MC, or PVP.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, or from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, or about 0.5%w / v.In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent comprises an inorganic tonicity agent or an organic tonicity agent. In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent comprises an inorganic tonicity agent. In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent comprises calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, or zinc chloride. In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent is sodium chloride. In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent comprises an organic tonicity agent. In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent comprises alanine, diglycine, erythritol, glucose, glycerol, glycine, mannitol, propylene glycol, taurine, sorbitol, tetrahydromethylpyrimidine carboxylic acid, or trehalose.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume, from about 75 to about 98%by volume, from about 80 to about 95%by volume, or from about 85 to about 95%by volume. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises water in an amount of about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, about 90, about 91, about 92, about 93, about 94, or about 95%by volume.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 5%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 1%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.In certain embodiments, the buffering agent in an intranasal composition provided herein is a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid. In certain embodiments, the preservative in an intranasal composition provided herein is a mixture of disodium edetate and potassium sorbate. In certain embodiments, the solubilizer in an intranasal composition provided herein is a mixture of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and PEG 400. In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent in an intranasal composition provided herein is sodium chloride.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, disodium edetate, potassium sorbate, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.03 to about 3%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 5%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 1%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.In certain embodiments, the buffering agent in an intranasal composition provided herein is a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid. In certain embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent in an intranasal composition provided herein is HPMC. In certain embodiments, the preservative in an intranasal composition provided herein is a mixture of disodium edetate and potassium sorbate. In certain embodiments, the solubilizer in an intranasal composition provided herein is a mixture of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and PEG 400. In certain embodiments, the tonicity agent in an intranasal composition provided herein is sodium chloride.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, HPMC, disodium edetate, potassium sorbate, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.03 to about 3%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7, from about 3 to about 6.5, from about 3.5 to about 6, or from about 3.5 to about 5.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 6.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3.5 to about 6. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3.5 to about 5.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, or about 5.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4, about 4.1, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, about 4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9, or about 5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4.5.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg, from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg, or from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 310, about 320, about 330, about 340, about 350, about 360, about 370, or about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300 mOsmol / kg.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3.5 to about 4.5 and an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4.5 and an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 8 or about 12%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.4 or about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 8%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 12%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.In certain embodiments, in an intranasal composition provided herein, the buffering agent is a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate, the mucoadhesive agent is HPMC, the preservative is PQ-1, the solubilizer is a mixture of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and PEG 400, and the tonicity agent is sodium chloride.Thus, in one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; and citric acid, HPMC, PQ-1, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1.5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7 or about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 or about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 9, from about 4 to about 8, or from about 4.5 to about 6.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 9. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 4.5 to about 6.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg, from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg, or from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 310, about 320, about 330, about 340, about 350, about 360, about 370, or about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300 mOsmol / kg.In certain embodiments, a preservative-free ophthalmic composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 4.5 to about 6.5 and an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, or no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a relative humidity (RH) of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 95%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, or no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 95%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months.In certain embodiments, the amount of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor remained in an intranasal composition provided herein is quantitated by HPLC.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a pH adjuster, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, and water.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and citric acid, hydrochloric acid, disodium edetate, potassium sorbate, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.03 to about 3%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 5%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 1%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 8 or about 12%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.4 or about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 8%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in an amount of about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 12%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and citric acid, hydrochloric acid, HPMC, disodium edetate, potassium sorbate, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.03 to about 3%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount of about 0.05%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount of about 0.2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7 or about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.15 or about 0.3%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount of about 0.05%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount of about 0.2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.3%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount of about 0.05%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount of about 0.2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.15%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7, from about 3 to about 6.5, from about 3.5 to about 6, or from about 3.5 to about 5.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 6.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3.5 to about 6. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3.5 to about 5.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, or about 5.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4, about 4.1, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, about 4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9, or about 5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4.5.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg, from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg, or from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 310, about 320, about 330, about 340, about 350, about 360, about 370, or about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300 mOsmol / kg.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3.5 to about 4.5 and an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4.5 and an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg.In one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 8 or about 12%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.4 or about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 8%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount of about 0.12%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, a preservative in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount of about 12%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.In certain embodiments, in an intranasal composition provided herein, the buffering agent is a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate, the mucoadhesive agent is HPMC, the preservative is PQ-1, the solubilizer is a mixture of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and PEG 400, and the tonicity agent is sodium chloride.Thus, in one embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and citric acid, HPMC, PQ-1, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and water.In another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1.5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7 or about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 or about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.In yet another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.In still another embodiment, provided herein is an intranasal composition comprising tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 9, from about 4 to about 8, or from about 4.5 to about 6.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 9. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 4.5 to about 6.5. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has a pH of about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, or about 6.5.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg, from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg, or from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 400 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 310, about 320, about 330, about 340, about 350, about 360, about 370, or about 380 mOsmol / kg. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein has an osmolality of about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300 mOsmol / kg.In certain embodiments, a preservative-free ophthalmic composition provided herein has a pH ranging from about 4.5 to about 6.5 and an osmolality ranging from about 250 to about 380 mOsmol / kg.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein comprises tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, or no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 95%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of 12 months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%, no less than about 95%, no less than about 98%, no less than about 99%, or no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 90%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 95%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 98%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that no less than about 99.5%of the initial amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of 12 months.In certain embodiments, the amount of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 remained in an intranasal composition provided herein is quantitated by HPLC.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is essentially free of 2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile B1, (R) -2- (1- (2- (1-ethoxyethyl) imidazo [4.5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile B2, and / or 2- (1- (2-acetylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile B3, the structures of which are shown below.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is essentially free of compound B1. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight.In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight.In certain embodiments, the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) relative to the weight of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor (e.g., tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7) present in the composition.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is essentially free of compound B2. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight.In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight.In certain embodiments, the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is quantitated by HPLC relative to the weight of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor (e.g., tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7) present in the composition.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is essentially free of compound B3. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight.In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight. In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight.In certain embodiments, the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is quantitated by HPLC relative to the weight of the tricyclic JAK inhibitor (e.g., tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7) present in the composition.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is essentially free of compounds B1, B2, and B3.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B1 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B2 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%, no more than about 0.4%, no more than about 0.3%, no more than about 0.2%, no more than about 0.1%, or no more than 0.05%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein is no more than about 0.05 %by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight, from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.002 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.005 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.4%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.3%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.2%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the level of compound B3 in an intranasal composition provided herein ranges from about 0.01 to about 0.1%by weight after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is a solution. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is a sterile solution. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is an aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is a sterile aqueous solution.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the composition remains sterile after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is stable such that the composition remains sterile after storing at about 40 ℃ and a RH of about 25%for a period of twelve months. In certain embodiments, the sterility of an intranasal composition provided herein is determined in accordance with the procedures described in USP <71>.It should be understood that many pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may serve several functions, even within the same formulation. In an intranasal composition provided herein, for example, citric acid may function as a buffering agent and / or a chelating agent; PEG 400 may function as a humectant and / or a solubilizer; and sodium chloride may function as a tonicity agent and / or an osmolyte.Method of TreatmentIn one embodiment, provided herein is a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of an inflammatory upper respiratory disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is abrocitinib, baricitinib, brepocitinib, delgocitinib, deucravacitinib, filgotinib, golidocitinib, itacitinib, ivamacitinib, jaktinib, peficitinib, ritlecitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib, KL130008, LYK01001, or TLL018. In certain embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is baricitinib, ruxolitinib, or tofacitinib.In another embodiment, provided herein is a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of an inflammatory upper respiratory disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is rhinitis, sinusitis, or rhinosinusitis. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is rhinitis. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is allergic rhinitis (AR) , infectious rhinitis, and non-allergic, non-infectious rhinitis (NAR) . In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is chronic rhinitis. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is drug-induced rhinitis, hormone-induced rhinitis, senile rhinitis, gustatory rhinitis, occupational rhinitis, idiopathic rhinitis, or atrophic rhinitis.In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is sinusitis. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is acute sinusitis, subacute sinusitis, chronic sinusitis, or recurrent acute sinusitis.In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is rhinosinusitis. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) , subacute rhinosinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) , or recurrent acute rhinosinusitis.In certain embodiments, the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) . In certain embodiments, the CRS is CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) . In certain embodiments, the CRS is primary CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is secondary CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is eosinophilic CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is non-eosinophilic CRS.In certain embodiments, the CRS is glucocorticoid (GC) -resistant. In certain embodiments, the CRS is GC-resistant CRSwNP. In certain embodiments, the CRS is GC-resistant CRSsNP. In certain embodiments, the CRS is GC-resistant primary CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is GC-resistant secondary CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is GC-resistant eosinophilic CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is GC-resistant non-eosinophilic CRS.In certain embodiments, the CRS is refractory. In certain embodiments, the CRS is refractory CRSwNP. In certain embodiments, the CRS is refractory CRSsNP. In certain embodiments, the CRS is refractory primary CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is refractory secondary CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is refractory eosinophilic CRS. In certain embodiments, the CRS is refractory non-eosinophilic CRS.In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is ranging from about 0.1 to about 50 mg per day, from about 0.2 to about 25 mg per day, from about 0.5 to about 10 mg per day, or from about 1 to about 5 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is ranging from about 0.1 to about 50 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is ranging from about 0.2 to about 25 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is ranging from about 0.5 to about 10 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is ranging from about 1 to about 5 mg per day. In certain embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5 mg per day.In certain embodiments, an intranasal composition provided herein is administered using a nasal spray device. In certain embodiments, the nasal spray device is a metered-dose pump spray, a bi-dose device, or a unit-dose device.In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is administered once daily (QD) , twice daily (BID) , three times daily (TID) , or four times daily (QID) . In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is administered once daily (QD) . In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is administered twice daily (BID) . In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is administered three times daily (TID) . In certain embodiments, a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is administered four times daily (QID) .A tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein can also be provided as an article of manufacture using packaging materials well known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,525,907; 5,052,558; and 5,055,252. Examples of pharmaceutical packaging materials include, but are not limited to, bottles, vials, containers, and any packaging material suitable for a selected formulation and intended mode of administration and treatment.Kits provided herein can further include pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles that can be used to administer a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein. For example, if a tricyclic JAK inhibitor described herein is provided in a solid form that must be reconstituted for parenteral administration, the kit can comprise a sealed container of a suitable vehicle in which the cyclic hydrazine JAK inhibitor described herein can be dissolved to form a particulate-free sterile solution that is suitable for intranasal administration. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles include, but are not limited to aqueous vehicles, including, but not limited to, water for injection USP, sodium chloride injection, Ringer’s injection, dextrose injection, dextrose and sodium chloride injection, and lactated Ringer’s injection.The disclosure will be further understood by the following non-limiting example.EXAMPLESAs used herein, the symbols and conventions used herein, regardless of whether a particular abbreviation is specifically defined, are consistent with those used in the contemporary scientific literature, for example, the Journal of the American Chemical Society, the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, or the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Specifically, but without limitation, the following abbreviations may be used in the examples and throughout the specification: g (grams) ; mg (milligrams) ; mL (milliliters) ; μL (microliters) ; mM (millimolar) ; μM (micromolar) ; mmol (millimoles) ; min (minute or minutes) ; and h (hour or hours) .Example 1Analytical HPLC Method
[0001] An analytical HPLC method was developed using an WATERS 2998 system equipped with an ASCENTIS Express C18 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 2.7 μm) maintained at 40 ℃. The mobile phases were: (A) 0.025%phosphoric acid in water and (B) ACN / MeOH (30: 70, v / v) . The method was operated under a gradient elution from 10%to 80%of mobile phase B over 30 min at a flow rate of 0.8 mL / min with detection at 210 nm. Sample and standard solutions were prepared in MeOH / water (1: 1) .
[0002] Reference solutions, including compounds A7 and B1 to B3, were prepared to evaluate system suitability and sensitivity. System suitability criteria included a resolution of ≥1.5 between the main peak and impurity peaks, a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤ 10%for compound A7 peak area, and a recovery of 80–120%for the control solution. The method was validated with a reporting threshold of 0.05%for impurities such as compound B1, B2, or B3, with confirmed limits of quantitation (LOQ) and detection (LOD) for each impurity. Quantitative analysis was performed using external standard calibration with appropriate correction factors, and sample runs were bracketed with standard injections to ensure accuracy and consistency.Example 2Preparation of Intranasal compositionsNasal spray formulations F1, F2, and P in Table 1 were prepared first by mixing HPMC with 10%of the total volume of water at 85 ℃ for 30 min and dissolved then at room temperature to obtain an HPMC solution. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was added to 30%of the total volume of water at 40 ℃ and stirred until completely dissolved, followed by addition of PEG 400, an aqueous citric acid solution, an aqueous NaCl solution, the HPMC solution, and pre-wet tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7. The volume of the resulting mixture was brought to 90%of the total volume of water. After heating at 121 ℃ for 40 min, the mixture was cooled to 25 ℃, followed by addition of an aqueous disodium edetate solution and an aqueous potassium sorbate solution. The resulting solution was adjusted with dilute HCl to pH 4.5 ± 0.2. The volume of the solution was brought to 100%of the total volume of water. The solution was filed through 0.45 μm membrane and then 0.2 μm membrane at 40 ℃ to obtain a nasal spray formulation. Formulations F1 and F2 were determined to have an osmolarity of 278 and 284 mOsmol / kg, respectively.The nasal spray formulation was packaged in a 10 mL high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle and a metered-dose nasal spray pump with a spray volume of 100 μL. For storage, the nasal spray formulation package was sealed in a light-protected secondary packaging bag containing two deoxidizers and stored at 10-30 ℃.Nasal spray formulations F3, F4, and P1 in Table 2 were prepared similarly.TABLE 1. Nasal Spray FormulationsTABLE 2. Nasal Spray FormulationsExample 3Storage Stability Determination of Intranasal compositionsNasal spray formulations F1 and F2 packaged in a secondary packaging bag containing two deoxidizers were stored at 25 ℃ ± 2 ℃ / 40%± 5%RH. After storage, the formulations were analyzed by HPLC as described in Example 1. The results were summarized in Tables 3 to 6.TABLE 3. Stability of Nasal Spray Formulation F1 at 25 ± 2 ℃ / 40 ± 5%RHTABLE 4. Stability of Nasal Spray Formulation F1 at 40 ± 2 ℃ / 25 ± 5%RHTABLE 5. Stability of Nasal Spray Formulation F2 at 25 ± 2 ℃ / 40 ± 5%RHTABLE 6. Stability of Nasal Spray Formulation F2 at 40 ± 2 ℃ / 25 ± 5%RHExample 4Mouse Model for Chronic RhinosinusitisTricyclic JAK inhibitor A7 was evaluated in a chronic rhinosinusitis model induced by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) combined with nasal drops of OVA plus enterotoxin B in C57BL / 6J mice. Sixty C57BL / 6J mice were randomized into 5 groups, 12 mice per group: Group 1 (normal (i.e., disease-free) control group) , Group 2 (placebo control group) , Group 3 (low-dose A7 (0.1 mg / mouse) treatment group) , Group 4 (high-dose A7 (0.2 mg / mouse) treatment group) , and Group 5 (positive treatment control group with 0.05%mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) (0.01 mg / mouse) ) .Each mouse in Groups 2 to 5 received OVA (25 μg per mouse) intraperitoneally on Days 0 and 5, intranasal OVA (3%) daily from Day 12 to Day 19, intranasal OVA (3%) three times a week from Day 21 to Day 47, and OVA (3%) and enterotoxin B (10 ng) intranasally three times a week from Day 48 to Day 102. The day on which the mice received the first dose of OVA was marked at Day 0.From Day 48 to Day 102, the mice in Groups 1 and 2 received placebo formulation P (20 μL / nasal cavity) daily; whereas the mice in Groups 3 and 4 received formulations F1 (20 μL / nasal cavity, 0.1 mg A7 / mouse) and F2 (20 μL / nasal cavity, 0.1 mg A7 / mouse) , respectively, daily by nasal spray. The mice in Group 5 received 0.05%MFNS (20 μL / nasal cavity, 0.01 mg / mouse) daily. The mice were subjected to behavioral examinations (sneezing, scratching the nose) on Day 101 and Day 102. The mice were euthanized on Day 104 and 2 mice per group had their noses analyzed for histopathological analysis and 2-3 mice / group had their nasal mucosa sequenced for transcriptome. Nasal spray formulations F1, F2, and P were prepared as described in Example 2.In this chronic rhinosinusitis model, the mice in Groups 2 to 5 showed clinical symptoms of nose-scratching and sneezing, and had obvious thickening of the nasal mucosa, polypoid pathological changes in the maxillary sinus mucosal tissue, nasal inflammation and olfactory neuron damage, which were similar to the clinical symptoms of human chronic rhinosinusitis.As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, compared with the mice in Group 1 (disease-free control group) , the mice in Group 2 (untreated disease control group) had significantly increased frequencies of nose scratching and sneezing (p ≤ 0.05) . The frequencies of nose scratching and sneezing in the mice of Group 3 (low-dose treatment group) and Group 4 (high-dose treatment group) were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) compared with the mice in Group 1 (disease-free control group) , while the mice in Group 5 (positive treatment control group) only showed an improvement trend in the frequencies of nose scratching and sneezing with no significant difference (p > 0.05) .As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, compared with the mice in disease-free control Group 1, the mucosal thickness of the lower respiratory tract of the nasal septum and the mucosal thickness of the maxillary sinus of the mice in untreated disease control Group 2 were significantly thickened (p ≤ 0.05) . Compared with the mice in untreated disease control Group 2, the mucosal thickness of the lower respiratory tract of the nasal septum and the mucosal thickness of the maxillary sinus in the mice of A7 treatment Groups 3 and 4 were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) . Compared with the mice in untreated disease control Group 2, the mucosal thickness of the lower respiratory tract of the nasal septum in the mice of positive treatment control Group 5 was significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) , while the mucosal thickness of the maxillary sinus was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) .The results demonstrate that nasal spray formulations F1 and F2 significantly reduced the frequency of nose scratching and sneezing in mice, reduced the thickening of nasal mucosa in mice, alleviated the polypoid pathological changes in the maxillary sinus mucosal tissue, and effectively regulated the expression of nasal mucosal inflammation-related genes and olfactory-related genes, inhibited the nasal mucosal inflammatory response and promoted the regeneration of olfactory neurons. Their efficacies were similar to those of 0.05%mometasone furoate nasal spray. In addition, no obvious adverse reactions were observed in the mice of treatment group Groups 3 and 4, while adverse reactions such as nasal bleeding and poor physical signs were observed in the mice in positive treatment control Group 5, which may be related to the long-term use of a hormone.Example 5Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of JAK Inhibitor Nasal Spray in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Chronic RhinosinusitisThis is a Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a JAK inhibitor nasal spray in healthy subjects and subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) . The clinical trial is conducted in two phases: Phases Ia and Ib. Phases Ia is a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, and dose-escalation study. Phase Ib is a single (multi-center) , randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, and dose-escalation study.The primary objective of Phase Ia is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a single-dose of the JAK inhibitor nasal spray in healthy subjects. The secondary objective of Phase Ia is to determine the systemic and local pharmacokinetics (PK) of the JAK inhibitor nasal spray after a single administration in healthy subjects. The primary objectives of Phase Ib are to evaluate the safety and tolerability of multiple administrations of the JAK inhibitor nasal spray in CRS subjects and to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) . The secondary objectives of Phase Ib are to evaluate the PK and pharmacodynamics (PD) and to determine preliminary effectiveness of a JAK inhibitor nasal spray after multiple administrations in CRS subjects.In Phase Ia, 24 healthy subjects with an age of 18-55 years are enrolled and randomized into three groups (Groups 1 to 3) with 8 subjects per group. In each group, 6 subjects (i.e., treatment subjects) receive nasal spray formulation F1 or F2 and 2 subjects (i.e., placebo subjects) receive placebo formulation P. Each treatment subject in Groups 1 and 2 receives 1 spray of nasal spray formulations F1 and F2, respectively, in each nostril. Each treatment subject in Group 3 receives 2 sprays of nasal spray formulation F2 in each nostril. Each placebo subject in Groups 1 and 2 receives 1 spray of placebo formulation P, whereas each placebo subject in Group 3 receives 2 sprays of placebo formulation P. On the day (Day 1) of administration, the subjects have no food for 10 h and no water for 1 h before administration and no food for 4 h and no water for 2 h after administration.Nasal spray formulations F1, F2, and P were prepared as described Example 2. Nasal spray formulations F1 (0.5%w / v, 50 mg A7 / 10 mL) , F2 (1%w / v, 100 mg A7 / 10 mL) , and P are administered intranasally using a nasal spray device with a spray volume of about 100 μL and a dosage of about 0.5, about 1 mg, and 0 mg of tricyclic JAK inhibitor A7, respectively.Dose escalation Phase Ia begins with Group 1 (0.5%, 1 spray in each nostril once) . After the last subject in Group 1 completes the safety observation, the Safety Review Committee (SRC) evaluates the safety indicators generated in the study to determine whether the dose is to be increased to the next level or terminated. The clinical trial data is kept blind during the evaluation process. The dose escalation termination criteria for Phase Ia are when ≥1 / 3 of the subjects in a group being evaluated experience adverse events of grade ≥ 3 related to the JAK inhibitor; when ≥ 1 / 2 of the subjects in a group being evaluated experience adverse events of grade ≥ 2 related to the JAK inhibitor; or when one serious adverse event related to the JAK inhibitor occurs in a group being evaluated. The adverse events are graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0 (V5.0) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) . Safety evaluation includes the frequency and severity of adverse events (AEs) , adverse events of special interests (AESIs) (including serious infections, opportunistic infections, malignancies, adverse cardiovascular events, thrombosis, diarrhea, grade 3 or above laboratory abnormalities and elevated liver enzymes) , and serious adverse events (SAEs) . The safety evaluation is based on physical examination, vital signs, pharyngeal examination, nasal examination, nasal endoscopy, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and safety indicators in laboratory tests (such as blood routine, blood biochemistry, coagulation function, and urine routine) .When any of the dose escalation termination criteria occurs in a group being evaluated, the dose escalation stops, and the dose level is considered to be intolerable. MTD is defined as the dose level before the intolerable dose level. If the dosage of Group 3 (1%, 2 sprays in each nostril once) is safely tolerated, the SRC is to decide whether to conduct a study with a higher dose based on the preclinical research data and the clinical data already obtained.For a systematic PK study of Phase Ia, blood samples are collected from each subject on Day 1 before administration (within 30 min) , and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after administration. For a local PK study of Phase Ia, 3 treatment subjects and 1 placebo subject undergo nasal lavage sampling, whereas the remaining 3 treatment subjects and 1 placebo subject undergo nasal swab and oropharyngeal swab sampling. Nasal lavage samples, and nasal and oropharyngeal swap samples are collected on Day 1 before administration (within 30 min) , 10, 20, 30, and 45 min, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after administration.The systematic PK parameters for the JAK inhibitor are determined using a non-compartmental model, including (i) maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) ; (ii) time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) ; (iii) area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 to time t (AUC0-t) ; (iv) AUC from 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞) ; (v) half-life (t1 / 2) ; (vi) terminal elimination rate constant (λz) ; (vii) apparent volume of distribution (Vz / F) ; (viii) apparent clearance (CL / F) ; and (ix) mean residence time (MRT) . The JAK inhibitor concentrations are determined in nasal and oropharyngeal swab wash fluids as well as nasal lavage fluids after administration for local PK.In Phase Ib, 36 CRS subjects with an age of 18-55 years are enrolled and randomized into three groups (Groups 1 to 3) with 8 subjects per group with 12 subjects per group. In each group, 10 CRS subjects (i.e., treatment CRS subjects) receive nasal spray formulation F1 or F2 and 2 CRS subjects (i.e., placebo CRS subjects) receive placebo formulation P. Each treatment CRS subject in Groups 1 and 2 receives, twice a day with an interval of about 12 h, 1 spray of nasal spray formulation F1 and F2, respectively, in each nostril for 28 consecutive days. Each treatment CRS subject in Group 3 receives, twice a day with an interval of about 12 h, 2 sprays of nasal spray formulation F2 in each nostril for 28 consecutive days. Each placebo subject in Groups 1 and 2 receives 1 spray of placebo formulation P, whereas each placebo subject in Group 3 receives 2 sprays of placebo formulation P for 28 consecutive days. On Day 28, each subject receives only one dose. In Phase Ib, there are no food and water restrictions. The clinical study design of Phase Ib is subjected to adjustment based on the safety, tolerability, and PK results of Phase Ia.Eligibility criteria for Phase Ib are: (i) subjects diagnosed with bilateral CRS with or without nasal polyps according to the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of CRS in China (2018) ; (ii) subjects who have received systemic corticosteroids (SCS) treatment within 2 years before screening (Day -14 to Day -2) , have contraindications to SCS treatment or are intolerant to SCS treatment, and / or have undergone nasal surgery before screening or have contraindications to surgery; (iii) subjects having been experienced for more than 4 weeks at least two of the symptoms: nasal congestion, sticky or mucopurulent nasal discharge, swelling and pain in the head and face, and hyposmia or loss of smell; and (iv) subjects with a nasal congestion score (NCS) of no less than 2.Dose escalation Phase Ib begins with Group 1 (0.5%, 1 spray in each nostril twice a day) . Each treatment subject in a group being evaluated receives a treatment for 28 consecutive days and is followed up for 7 days after the last dose. If the dose level is determined to be safe and well tolerated at Day 14 after the first dose, the dose is increased to the next dose level. Each subject only receives the JAK inhibitor at the dose level assigned. If any of the dose escalation termination criteria occurs in a dose group during the study, the dose escalation is stopped, and the dose level is considered to be intolerable. The dose level before the intolerable dose level is the MTD. The dose escalation termination criteria for Phase Ib are the same as for Phase Ia. If the dosage of Group 3 (1%, 2 sprays in each nostril twice a day) is safely tolerated, the SRC is to decide whether to conduct a study with a higher dose.For a systematic PK study of Phase Ib, blood samples are collected from each subject on Day 1 before administration (within 30 min) , 10, 20, 30, and 45 min, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after administration; on Days 14 and 21 before administration (within 30 min) ; and on Day 28 before administration (within 30 min) , 10, 20, 30, and 45 min, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after administration. For a local PK study of Phase Ib, nasal swap samples are collected on Day 1 before administration (within 30 min) , and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after administration; on Days 14 and 21 before administration (within 30 min) ; and on Day 28 before administration (within 30 min) , and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after administration.For a systematic PD study of Phase Ib, blood samples are collected from each subject on Day 1 before administration (within 1 h) , and 4, 8, 12 after administration of the first dose; on Days 14 and 21 before administration (within 1 h) ; on Day 28 before administration (within 1 h) , and 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after administration; and on Day 35. For a local PD study of Phase Ib, nasal swap samples are collected on Day 1 before administration (within 1 h) , and 4, 8, and 12 h after administration; on Days 14 and 21 before administration (within 1 h) ; on Day 28 before administration (within 1 h) , and 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after administration; and on Day 35.The systematic PK parameters of the JAK inhibitor for the first dose are determined using a non-compartmental model, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, t1 / 2, λz, Vz / F, CL / F, and MRT. The systematic steady-state PK parameters of the JAK inhibitor are also determined, including (i) steady-state peak plasma concentration (Cmax, ss) ; (ii) steady-state trough plasma concentration (Cmix, ss) ; (iii) average steady-state plasma concentration (Cav, ss) ; (iv) steady-state AUC within the steady-state dosing interval (AUC0-t) ; (v) steady-state AUC from 0 to infinity (AUC0-∞, ss) ; (vi) steady-state AUC from 0 to t (AUC0-t, ss) ; (vii) steady-state peak time (Tmax, ss) ; (viii) half-life (t1 / 2) ; (ix) steady-state apparent clearance (CLss / F) ; (x) steady-state apparent distribution volume (Vss / F) ; (xi) fluctuation coefficient (DF) ; and (xii) accumulation ratios (Rac, Cmax or Rac, AUC) . The JAK inhibitor concentrations are determined in nasal swab wash fluids for local PK. For PD, the blood samples are analyzed for changes from baselines in eosinophils (EOS) and IgE; and nasal swab samples are analyzed for changes from baselines in IL-1β, IL-17, IL-33, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) , and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) .For efficacy, the subjects are evaluated on Days 14, 28, and 35 for changes from baseline (Day -1) in: (i) nasal congestion score (NCS) ; (ii) total nasal symptom score (TSS) ; (iii) severity of olfactory decrease / loss; (iv) University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) ; (v) rhinorrhea (severity of anterior / posterior nasal drips) ; (vi) facial pain / tenderness score; (vii) sinusitis visual analog scale score (VAS) ; (viii) nasal sinus outcome test 22 (SNOT-22); and (ix) proportion of subjects receiving salvage or surgical treatment of SCS.During Phase Ib trial, each subject records (i) the severity of nasal congestion / obstruction (NCS) every morning; (ii) the severity of smell reduction / loss daily; and (iii) the severity of rhinorrhea (anterior / posterior nasal drip) ; each using a 0-3 point classification scale: 0 = no symptoms, 1 = mild symptoms, 2 = moderate symptoms, and 3 = severe symptoms. A total nasal symptom score (TSS) is calculated for each subject, which is the sum of the symptoms of nasal congestion / obstruction, decreased / loss of smell, and rhinorrhea (anterior / posterior nasal drip) , ranging from 0 to 9. Each subject self-assesses the severity of facial pain / tenderness using a visual analogue scale (VAS) : mild (0-3) , moderate (>3-7) , and severe (>7-10) . SNOT-22 is a questionnaire containing 22 questions. Each subject rates the 22 questions listed in the questionnaire according to the degree of impact of the disease on the quality of life in the past 2 weeks. Each question is divided into 6 levels according to the different impacts of the disease on the quality of life, from “no trouble” to “extremely severe trouble, ” with a score of 0 to 5 points. The total score of SNOT-22 ranges from 0 to 110 points, and the higher the score, the greater the impact of the disease on the quality of life.The UPSIT test is conducted using 4 booklets containing 40 olfactory stimuli embedded in odor capsules. Each subject pierces the capsule with a pencil, sniffs it, and chooses from the 4 options, and 1 point is awarded for each correct answer. The olfactory function is diagnosed according to the subject’s score as shown in Table 7.TABLE 7. Olfactory Function DiagnosisDuring Phase Ib, the adverse events are graded according to the CTCAE (V5.0) . Safety evaluation includes the frequency and severity of AEs, AESIs (including serious infections, opportunistic infections, malignancies, adverse cardiovascular events, thrombosis, diarrhea, grade 3 or above laboratory abnormalities and elevated liver enzymes) , and SAEs. The safety evaluation is based on physical examination, vital signs, pharyngeal examination, nasal examination, nasal endoscopy, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and safety indicators in laboratory tests (such as blood routine, blood biochemistry, coagulation function, and urine routine) . Example 6A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase II Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of JAK Inhibitor Nasal Spray in Subjects with Chronic RhinosinusitisThis is a phase II clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of a JAK inhibitor nasal spray in subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps. The primary objectives of the clinical trial are to evaluate the preliminary efficacy of the JAK inhibitor nasal spray in the treatment of CRS subjects and to determine the correlation between dose and efficacy. The secondary objectives are to evaluate the safety and to determine the pharmacokinetics of the JAK inhibitor nasal spray in CRS subjects.One hundred twenty (120) eligible subjects are enrolled and randomized into three groups with 40 eligible subjects per group: Treatment Group 1, Treatment Group 2, and Placebo Group 3. The study is also divided into screening period from Day -14 to Day -8, introduction period from Day -7 to Day -1, treatment period from Day 0 to Day 85, and 1-week follow-up period from Day 86 to Day 92. During the 1-week introduction period (Day -7 to Day -1) , all eligible subjects receive twice a day X sprays of nasal spray formulation P. During the treatment period (Day 0 to Day 85) , each subject in Groups 1 to 3 receives twice a day X sprays of nasal spray formulations F1, F2, and P, respectively, in each nostril each time for a total of 12 weeks. The number (X) of sprays is determined according to the results of Phase Ib clinical trial. The subjects are followed up 7 days after the last dose.Eligibility criteria for Phase II are (i) subjects diagnosed with bilateral CRS with or without nasal polyps according to the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of CRS in China (2018) ; (ii) subjects who have received systemic corticosteroids (SCS) treatment within 2 years before screening (Day -14 to Day -2) , have contraindications to SCS treatment or are intolerant to SCS treatment, and / or have undergone nasal surgery before screening or have contraindications to surgery; (iii) subjects having been experienced for more than 4 weeks at least two of the symptoms: nasal congestion, sticky or mucopurulent nasal discharge, swelling and pain in the head and face, and hyposmia or loss of smell; (iv) subjects with a nasal congestion score (NCS) of no less than 2; (v) a Lund-Mackay score (LMK) of no less than 1; (vi) at least 1 ethmoid sinus opacity of no less than 25%by CT; and (vii) at least 1 maxillary sinus opacity of no less than 25%.The subjects are also evaluated on Days 29, 57, and 85 for: (i) changes from baseline (Day -1) in nasal polyp score (NPS) for subjects with nasal polyps; (ii) proportion of subjects with nasal polyp score improvement of no less than 1 (only subjects with nasal polyps) ; (iii) time from baseline to first response (improvement of ≥1 point) in nasal polyp score (only subjects with nasal polyps) ; (iv) changes in NCS from baseline; (v) proportion of subjects with NCS score improvement of no less than 1 point from baseline; (vi) changes in TSS from baseline; (vii) changes in severity of anosmia / hypoplasia from baseline; (viii) changes in UPSIT from baseline; (ix) changes in severity of rhinorrhea (anterior / posterior nasal drip) from baseline; (x) changes in facial pain / tenderness scores from baseline; (xi) changes in VAS scores from baseline; (xii) changes in SNOT-22 from baseline; (xiii) changes in endoscopic modified Lund-Kennedy scores from baseline; and (xiv) proportion of subjects receiving salvage or surgical treatment of SCS. The subjects are also evaluated on Day 29 for changes in CT scan Lund-Mackay scores from baseline (Day -1) .During the trial, each subject records (i) the severity of nasal congestion / obstruction every morning; (ii) the severity of smell reduction / loss daily; and (iii) the severity of rhinorrhea (anterior / posterior nasal drip) ; each using a 0-3 point classification scale: 0 = no symptoms, 1 =mild symptoms, 2 = moderate symptoms, and 3 = severe symptoms. A TSS is calculated for each subject, which is the sum of the symptoms of nasal congestion / obstruction, decreased / loss of smell, and rhinorrhea (anterior / posterior nasal drip) , ranging from 0 to 9.A bilateral endoscopic nasal polyp score (NPS) is obtained for each subject according to the severity of nasal polyps (Table 8) . Each nostril is scored on a scale of 0 to 4, with the total score being the sum of left and right nostril scores, ranging from 0 to 8.The UPSIT test is conducted using 4 booklets containing 40 olfactory stimuli embedded in odor capsules as described in Example 5.A Lund-Mackay score is obtained used using CT scans with scoring criteria for sinuses: 0 = no abnormality, 1 = partial opacity, 2 = complete opacity; and for ostiomeatal complex: 0 = no obstruction, 2 = obstruction.TABLE 8. Bilateral Endoscopic Nasal Polyp Scoring CriteriaA Lund-Mackay (LMK) score is obtained by examining the lesions in different parts of the nasal cavity and sinus using nasal endoscopy with scoring criteria for polyps: 0 = no polyps, 1 = polyps only in the middle nasal meatus, 2 = polyps beyond the middle nasal meatus; for edema: 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = severe; for rhinorrhea: 0 = none, 1 = clear, thin rhinorrhea, 2 = sticky, purulent rhinorrhea; for scars: 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = severe (only used for surgical efficacy assessment) ; and for scabs: 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = severe (only used for surgical efficacy assessment) .The adverse events are graded according to the CTCAE (V5.0) . Safety evaluation includes the frequency and severity of AEs, AESIs (including serious infections, opportunistic infections, malignancies, adverse cardiovascular events, thrombosis, diarrhea, grade 3 or above laboratory abnormalities and elevated liver enzymes) , and SAEs. The safety evaluation is based on physical examination, vital signs, pharyngeal examination, nasal examination, nasal endoscopy, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and safety indicators in laboratory tests (such as blood routine, blood biochemistry, coagulation function, and urine routine) .*****The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the claimed embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of what is disclosed herein. Modifications that are obvious to persons of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each such publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
A method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of an inflammatory upper respiratory disease in a subject, comprising administering intranasally to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; wherein:R1 is heterocyclyl; andR2 is C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, hydrogen, deuterium, or amino;wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 is 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R1 is 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is bicyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of claim 1 or 5, wherein R1 is bridged, fused, or spiro heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is pyrrolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 6-azaspiro [2.5] -octan-6-yl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently cyano, methyl, ethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanoethyl, 2-cyanoprop-2-yl, cyano-methylene, cyanoacetyl, cyanomethylamino, cyanoacetamido, or hydroxyl.The method of claim 1 or 7, wherein R1 is 2-ethyl-4-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-ethyl-4- (cyanomethyl) -pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3- (2-cyanoethyl) -5-ethylimidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyano-acetyl) imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) -5-methylimidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) -5-ethyl-imidazolidin-1-yl, 4- (cyano-methylamino) imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetamido) imidazolidin-1-yl, 4-cyanopiperidin-1-yl, 4-cyanomethylpiperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoprop-2-yl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-methyl-4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-hydroxy-4- (cyano-methyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethylene) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoethyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyanoacetyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethyl) azepan-1-yl, 3- (cyanomethyl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, 3- (cyanomethylene) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 1-cyano-6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein R1 is piperidin-1-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4 and 7 to 9, wherein R1 is 4-cyanomethyl-piperidin-1-yl.The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein R2 is (i) C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; (ii) hydrogen or deuterium; or (iii) or amino.The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R2 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, optionally substituted with –ORa or –NRaS (O) 2Rd.The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R2 is hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, methanesulfonamidomethyl, or amino.The method of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein R2 is 1-hydroxyethyl.The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is:1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidine-4-carbonitrile A1;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A2;2- (1- (2-methylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A3;2- (1- (2-ethylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A4;2- (1- (2- (hydroxymethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A5;2- (1- (2- (2-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A6;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A7;(S) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A8;2- (1- (2-aminoimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A9;N- ( (1- (4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl) -1, 6-dihydroimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-2-yl) methyl) methanesulfonamide A10;3- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) propanenitrile A11;6- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -6-azaspiro [2.5] octane-1-carbonitrile A12;6- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -6-azaspiro [2.5] -octane-1-carbonitrile A13;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -2-methylpropane-nitrile A14;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -2-methylpropanenitrile A15;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-ylidene) acetonitrile A16;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methylpiperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A17;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methyl-piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A18;2- (4-hydroxy-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A19;2- (8- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl-idene) acetonitrile A20;2- (8- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl) -acetonitrile A21;2- (8- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-aza-bicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-ylidene) acetonitrile A22;2- (8- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-aza-bicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl) acetonitrile A23;2- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) acetonitrile A24;3- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) propanenitrile A25;3- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) -3-oxopropanenitrile A26;2- (1- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) azepan-4-yl) acetonitrile A27;3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxo-propanenitrile A28;3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) propane-nitrile A29;3- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methylimidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxo-propanenitrile A30;3- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropane-nitrile A31;(R) -3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropanenitrile A32;2-cyano-N- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -acetamide A33;2- ( (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-4-yl) amino) -acetonitrile A34;(3S, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidine-3-carbonitrile A35;2- ( (3S, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) -acetonitrile A36; or2- ( (3R, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) -acetonitrile A37;or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.The method of claim 1 or 17, wherein the compound is (R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxy-ethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A7; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is rhinitis, sinusitis, or rhinosinusitis.The method of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is rhinosinusitis.The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the inflammatory upper respiratory disease is chronic rhinosinusitis.The method of claim 21, wherein the chronic rhinosinusitis is chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.The method of claim 21, wherein the chronic rhinosinusitis is chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.The method of any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the chronic rhinosinusitis is GC-resistant.The method of any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the chronic rhinosinusitis is refractory.The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.The method of claim 26, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient comprises a buffering agent, a chelating agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a pH adjuster, a preservative, a solubilizer, a thickening agent, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.The method of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, or water, or a mixture of two or more thereof.The method of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 5%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 1%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and citric acid, hydrochloric acid, HPMC, disodium edetate, potassium sorbate, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, and water.The method of any one of claims 1 to 30 and 33, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.03 to about 3%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 31, 33, and 34, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 37, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, 37, and 38, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 37 to 39, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and citric acid, HPMC, PQ-1, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and water.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, 37, and 40, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29, 37, 38, 40, and 41, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1.5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 37 to 42, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 37 to 43, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7 or about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 or about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 37 to 44, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 29 and 37 to 44, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.The method of any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v.The method of any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein the compound is provided as an intranasal composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v.The method of any one of claims 26 to 48, wherein the intranasal composition has a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7.The method of any one of claims 26 to 49, wherein the intranasal composition has an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg.The method of any one of claims 26 to 50, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of 2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] -pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile B1, (R) -2- (1- (2- (1-ethoxyethyl) -imidazo [4.5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile B2, and / or 2- (1- (2-acetylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile B3.The method of any one of claims 26 to 51, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of compound B1.The method of any one of claims 26 to 52, wherein the intranasal composition has a level of compound B1 of no more than about 0.5%by weight or ranging from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight.The method of any one of claims 26 to 53, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of compound B2.The method of any one of claims 26 to 54, wherein the intranasal composition has a level of compound B2 of no more than about 0.5%by weight or ranging from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight.The method of any one of claims 26 to 55, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of compound B3.The method of any one of claims 26 to 56, wherein the intranasal composition has a level of compound B3 of no more than about 0.5%by weight or ranging from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight.The method of any one of claims 26 to 57, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that no less than about 90%of the initial amount of the compound in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.The method of any one of claims 26 to 58, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that the level of compound B1 in the composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.The method of any one of claims 26 to 59, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that the level of compound B2 in the composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.The method of any one of claims 26 to 60, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that the level of compound B3 in the composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.The method of any one of claims 26 to 61, wherein the intranasal composition is a sterile solution.The method of any one of claims 1 to 62, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is ranging from about 0.1 to about 50 mg per day.The method of any one of claims 1 to 63, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5 mg per day.The method of any one of claims 1 to 64, wherein the of the compound is administered once daily, twice daily, three times daily, or four times daily.The method of any one of claims 1 to 65, wherein the of the compound is administered twice daily.The method of any one of claims 1 to 66, wherein the subject is a human.An intranasal composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) :or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; wherein:R1 is heterocyclyl; andR2 is C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, hydrogen, deuterium, or amino;wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Q, wherein each Q is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, imino, nitro, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, each of which is further optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; and (c) –C (O) Ra, –C (O) ORa, –C (O) NRbRc, –C (O) SRa, –C (NRa) NRbRc, –C (S) Ra, –C (S) ORa, –C (S) NRbRc, –ORa, –OC (O) Ra, –OC (O) ORa, –OC (O) NRbRc, –OC (O) SRa, –OC (NRa) NRbRc, –OC (S) Ra, –OC (S) ORa, –OC (S) NRbRc, –OS (O) Ra, –OS (O) 2Ra, –OS (O) NRbRc, –OS (O) 2NRbRc, –NRbRc, –NRaC (O) Rd, –NRaC (O) ORd, –NRaC (O) NRbRc, –NRaC (O) SRd, –NRaC (NRd) NRbRc, –NRaC (S) Rd, –NRaC (S) ORd, –NRaC (S) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) Rd, –NRaS (O) 2Rd, –NRaS (O) NRbRc, –NRaS (O) 2NRbRc, –SRa, –S (O) Ra, –S (O) 2Ra, –S (O) NRbRc, and –S (O) 2NRbRc, wherein each Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa; or (iii) Rb and Rc together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more, in one embodiment, one, two, three, or four, substituents Qa;wherein each Qa is independently selected from: (a) deuterium, cyano, halo, nitro, imino, and oxo; (b) C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl; and (c) –C (O) Re, –C (O) ORe, –C (O) NRfRg, –C (O) SRe, –C (NRe) NRfRg, –C (S) Re, –C (S) ORe, –C (S) NRfRg, –ORe, –OC (O) Re, –OC (O) ORe, –OC (O) NRfRg, –OC (O) SRe, –OC (NRe) NRfRg, –OC (S) Re, –OC (S) ORe, –OC (S) NRfRg, –OS (O) Re, –OS (O) 2Re, –OS (O) NRfRg, –OS (O) 2NRfRg, –NRfRg, –NReC (O) Rh, –NReC (O) ORf, –NReC (O) NRfRg, –NReC (O) SRf, –NReC (NRh) NRfRg, –NReC (S) Rh, –NReC (S) ORf, –NReC (S) NRfRg, –NReS (O) Rh, –NReS (O) 2Rh, –NReS (O) NRfRg, –NReS (O) 2NRfRg, –SRe, –S (O) Re, –S (O) 2Re, –S (O) NRfRg, and –S (O) 2NRfRg; wherein each Re, Rf, Rg, and Rh is independently (i) hydrogen or deuterium; (ii) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 cycloalkyl, C6-14 aryl, C7-15 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or (iii) Rf and Rg together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.The intranasal composition of claim 68, wherein R1 is monocyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of claim 68 or 69, wherein R1 is 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-membered heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 70, wherein R1 is 6-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of claim 68, wherein R1 is bicyclic heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of claim 68 or 72, wherein R1 is bridged, fused, or spiro heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of claim 68, wherein R1 is pyrrolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl, 8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl, each optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents, each of which is independently cyano, methyl, ethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanoethyl, 2-cyanoprop-2-yl, cyanomethylene, cyanoacetyl, cyanomethylamino, cyanoacetamido, or hydroxyl.The intranasal composition of claim 68 or 74, wherein R1 is 2-ethyl-4-cyano-pyrrolidin-1-yl, 2-ethyl-4- (cyanomethyl) pyrrolidin-1-yl, 3- (2-cyanoethyl) -5-ethylimidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetyl) -5-methylimidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyano-acetyl) -5-ethylimidazolidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethylamino) imidazolidin-1-yl, 3- (cyanoacetamido) -imidazolidin-1-yl, 4-cyanopiperidin-1-yl, 4-cyanomethylpiperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoethyl) -piperidin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoprop-2-yl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-methyl-4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4-hydroxy-4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethylene) piperidin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethyl) -piperazin-1-yl, 4- (2-cyanoethyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyanoacetyl) piperazin-1-yl, 4- (cyanomethyl) -azepan-1-yl, 3- (cyanomethyl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, 3- (cyanomethylene) -8-azabicyclo- [3.2.1] octan-8-yl, or 1-cyano-6-azaspiro [2.5] octan-6-yl.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 71, wherein R1 is piperidin-1-yl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 71 and 74 to 76, wherein R1 is 4-cyanomethylpiperidin-1-yl.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 77, wherein R2 is (i) C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q; (ii) hydrogen or deuterium; or (iii) or amino.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 78, wherein R2 is C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 79, wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 80, wherein R2 is methyl or ethyl, optionally substituted with –ORa or –NRaS (O) 2Rd.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 81, wherein R2 is hydrogen, deuterium, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, methanesulfonamido-methyl, or amino.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 82, wherein R2 is 1-hydroxyethyl.The intranasal composition of claim 68, wherein the compound is:1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidine-4-carbonitrile A1;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A2;2- (1- (2-methylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A3;2- (1- (2-ethylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A4;2- (1- (2- (hydroxymethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A5;2- (1- (2- (2-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile A6;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A7;(S) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A8;2- (1- (2-aminoimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A9;N- ( (1- (4- (cyanomethyl) piperidin-1-yl) -1, 6-dihydroimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-2-yl) methyl) methanesulfonamide A10;3- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) propanenitrile A11;6- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -6-azaspiro [2.5] octane-1-carbonitrile A12;6- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -6-azaspiro [2.5] -octane-1-carbonitrile A13;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -2-methylpropane-nitrile A14;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -2-methylpropanenitrile A15;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-ylidene) acetonitrile A16;2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methylpiperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A17;(R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methyl-piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A18;2- (4-hydroxy-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A19;2- (8- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl-idene) acetonitrile A20;2- (8- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl) -acetonitrile A21;2- (8- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-aza-bicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-ylidene) acetonitrile A22;2- (8- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -8-aza-bicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl) acetonitrile A23;2- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) acetonitrile A24;3- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) propanenitrile A25;3- (4- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperazin-1-yl) -3-oxopropanenitrile A26;2- (1- (2- ( (R) -1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) azepan-4-yl) acetonitrile A27;3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxo-propanenitrile A28;3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) propane-nitrile A29;3- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -4-methylimidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxo-propanenitrile A30;3- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropane-nitrile A31;(R) -3- (4-ethyl-3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -3-oxopropanenitrile A32;2-cyano-N- (3- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-1-yl) -acetamide A33;2- ( (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) imidazolidin-4-yl) amino) -acetonitrile A34;(3S, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidine-3-carbonitrile A35;2- ( (3S, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) -acetonitrile A36; or2- ( (3R, 5R) -5-ethyl-1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) -acetonitrile A37;or an enantiomer, a mixture of enantiomers, a diastereomer, a mixture of two or more diastereomers, a tautomer, a mixture of two or more tautomers, or an isotopic variant thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.The intranasal composition of claim 68 or 84, wherein the compound is (R) -2- (1- (2- (1-hydroxyethyl) imidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile A7; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 85, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a buffering agent, a mucoadhesive agent, a preservative, a solubilizer, a tonicity agent, and water.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 5%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 25%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 87, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 88, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 1%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 89, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and citric acid, hydrochloric acid, HPMC, disodium edetate, potassium sorbate, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, and water.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 87 and 90, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.001 to about 5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 2%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.03 to about 3%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 88, 90, and 91, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.5%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 1%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 98%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid together in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.1%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, disodium edetate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, potassium sorbate in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 80 to about 95%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86 and 94, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86, 94, and 95, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a buffering agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, a mucoadhesive agent in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, a preservative in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, a solubilizer in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, a tonicity agent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86 and 94 to 96, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and citric acid, HPMC, PQ-1, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, PEG 400, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and water.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86, 94, and 97, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.005 to about 2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0001 to about 0.01%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 20%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 75 to about 99%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86, 94, 95, 97, and 98, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 0.2%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.02 to about 1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.005%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 2 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1.5%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 1%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86 and 94 to 99, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v; and a mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / v, HPMC in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount ranging from about 0.0005 to about 0.002%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 15%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount ranging from about 85 to about 95%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86 and 94 to 100, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5 or about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7 or about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 or about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86 or about 91%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86 and 94 to 101, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 7%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.5%w / v, and water in an amount of about 91%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 86 and 94 to 101, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v; and citric acid in an amount of about 0.04%w / v, sodium citrate in an amount of about 0.08%w / v, HPMC in an amount of about 0.1%w / v, PQ-1 in an amount of about 0.001%w / v, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in an amount of about 11%w / v, PEG 400 in an amount of about 1%w / v, sodium chloride in an amount of about 0.4%w / v, and water in an amount of about 86%by volume.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 101, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 0.5%w / v.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 101, comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount of about 1%w / v.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 105, having a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 106, having an osmolality ranging from about 200 to about 500 mOsmol / kg.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 107, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that no less than about 90%of the initial amount of the compound in the intranasal composition remains after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 108, wherein the intranasal composition is a sterile solution.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 109, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of 2- (1- (imidazo [4, 5-d] -pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) -acetonitrile B1, (R) -2- (1- (2- (1-ethoxyethyl) -imidazo [4.5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) -piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile B2, and / or 2- (1- (2-acetylimidazo [4, 5-d] pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-1 (6H) -yl) piperidin-4-yl) acetonitrile B3.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 110, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of compound B1.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 111, wherein the intranasal composition has a level of compound B1 of no more than about 0.5%by weight or ranging from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 112, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of compound B2.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 113, wherein the intranasal composition has a level of compound B2 of no more than about 0.5%by weight or ranging from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 114, wherein the intranasal composition is essentially free of compound B3.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 115, wherein the intranasal composition has a level of compound B3 of no more than about 0.5%by weight or ranging from about 0.001 to about 0.5%by weight.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 116, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that the level of compound B1 in the composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 117, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that the level of compound B2 in the composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.The intranasal composition of any one of claims 68 to 118, wherein the intranasal composition is stable such that the level of compound B3 in the composition provided herein is no more than about 0.5%by weight after storing at about 25 ℃ and a RH of about 40%for a period of twelve months.