Engineered t cells with CD1d-targeting TCR and uses thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/086674
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-28
- Filing Date
- 2026-03-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
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Figure PCTCN2026086674-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2026086674-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2026086674-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ENGINEERED T CELLS WITH CD1D-TARGETING TCR AND USES THEREOFCROSS REFERENCEThis application claims benefit of priority of International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 085836 filed on March 28, 2025, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.SEQUENCE LISTINGThis application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing submitted with this application as XML file format, entitled “IEC260183PCT_SEQUENCE LISTING. xml, ” created on March 25, 2026 having a size of 12,653 bytes.FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous T cell receptor (TCR) specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) . Also provided are engineered αβ T cells (e.g., primary αβ T cells) co-expressing an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) , methods of making thereof, and methods of treatment thereof.BACKGROUND
[0002] CD1d is a non-classical major-histocompatibility (MHC) protein involved in lipid antigen presentation to T cells. CD1d is expressed in multiple types of cancer cells such as small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , and also abundantly expressed in dendritic cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) on invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) and some of γδTCRs on γδ T cells uniquely recognize lipid antigens presented by the nonpolymorphic molecule CD1d, instead of classical MHC molecules. However, iNKT cells only make up about 0.1%-0.5%of circulating T cells, and γδ T cells represent about 5%of the T cell population.
[0003] Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -T cell therapy utilizes genetically modified T cells carrying an engineered receptor specifically recognizing a target tumor antigen to direct T cells to tumor site. It has shown promising results in treating hematological cancer and multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, due to individual differences, autologous CAR-T or TCR-T therapy (using patient’s own T cells) presents significant challenges in manufacturing and standardization, with extremely expensive cost for manufacturing and treatment. Furthermore, cancer patients usually have lower immune function, with lymphocytes having reduced number, lower immune activity, and hard to expand in vitro.
[0004] The disclosure of all publications, patents, patent publications and published patent applications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. BRIEF SUMMARY
[0005] The present application in one aspect provides an engineered αβ T cell comprising an exogenous T cell receptor (TCR) specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR is an iTCR. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR is a γδTCR. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of α-chain and / or β-chain of an endogenous TCR. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression of T cell Receptor Alpha Constant (TRAC) . In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) . In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the expression of the genes is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.
[0006] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell further comprises an engineered receptor. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a chimeric T cell receptor (cTCR) , or a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) . In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain specifically recognizing an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD19, BCMA, Claudin 18.2, NY-ESO-1, VEGFR2, MAGE-A3, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD38, CEA, EGFR, GD2, HER2, IGF1R, mesothelin, PSMA, ROR1, GPC3, DLL3, GPRC5D, CLL1, WT1 and combinations thereof; optionally wherein the extracellular domain specifically recognizing DLL3.
[0007] The present application in another aspect provides a nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is a β-chain of iTCR, and the second TCR subunit is a α-chain of iTCR. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is a δ-chain of γδTCR, and the second TCR subunit is a γ-chain of γδTCR. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and the third nucleic acid sequence are linked to each other through a sequence encoding a 2A self-cleaving peptide. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the 2A peptide is T2A, P2A, E2A, or F2A peptide. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the second nucleic acid sequence, and the second nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the third nucleic acid sequence.
[0008] The present application in another aspect provides a vector comprising any of the nucleic acids described above.
[0009] The present application in another aspect provides an engineered αβ T cell comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d, or one or more vectors comprising the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell further comprises a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell. In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression of TRAC.
[0010] The present application in another aspect provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the engineered αβ T cells described above, any of the nucleic acids described above, or any of the vectors described above.
[0011] The present application in another aspect provides a method of treating a disease or condition in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of any of the pharmaceutical compositions described above. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with cells that express CD1d. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , relapsed or refractory B cell tumor, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) , mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , goblet cell carcinoma (GCC) and a relapsed or refractory malignant solid tumor.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIGs. 1A-1C show the expression of iTCR (FIG. 1A) , γδTCR-1 (FIG. 1B) , or γδTCR-2 (FIG. 1C) with and without DLL3 CAR in TRAC-disrupted Jurkat.
[0013] FIGs. 2A-2B show the expression of CD1d in AML cell lines (MOLM13, MOLM13-Luc, THP-1, THP-1-Luc and U937; FIG. 2A) , and SCLC cell lines (H727-Luc and H2286; FIG. 2B) .
[0014] FIG. 3 shows the expression of CD69 in Jurkat-TRAC KO, Jurkat-TRAC KO+iTCR, Jurkat-TRAC KO+γδTCR-1, or Jurkat-TRAC KO+γδTCR-2 after co-culture with MOLM13 or THP-1 in the presence of α-GalCer or sulfatide.
[0015] FIG. 4 shows the expression of CD1d-targeting TCRs and DLL3 CAR in TRAC-disrupted primary T cells.
[0016] FIGs. 5A-5B show the cytotoxicity of primary T cells expressing CD1D-targeting TCRs or co-expressing with DLL3 CAR on MOLM13-Luc (FIG. 5A) , or H727-Luc (FIG. 5B) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] Inventors of the present application demonstrate that αβ T cells engineered to express an exogenous TCR (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) specifically targeting CD1d on the cell membrane showed significant killing activity towards CD1d-positive cancer cell lines such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines as compared to control αβ T cells. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the engineered αβ T cells serve as a way to stimulate antigen presenting cells, activate the immune system, thereby increase efficiency of antigen presentation to kill tumor cells. It is also believed that the CD1d-targeting TCR in the engineered αβ T cells are capable of maintaining tonic signaling and recognize CD1d-presented antigens on tumor cells, making the cells more proliferative and capable of killing tumor cells independent of another tumor antigen. Moreover, CAR-T cells engineered to express an exogenous TCR (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) specifically targeting CD1d showed benefits. CD1d-targeting TCR can direct CAR-T cells to directly kill CD1d-positive cancer cell lines, providing an additional target than CAR’s target. Expressing CD1d-targeting TCR in CAR-T cells can also avoid the problems of the difficulty in obtaining and culturing iNKT cells from PBMC.
[0018] The present application in one aspect provides an engineered αβ T cell comprising an exogenous T cell receptor (TCR) specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR is an iTCR. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR is a γδTCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In other embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of α-chain and / or β-chain of an endogenous TCR. In other embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of T cell Receptor Alpha Constant (TRAC) . In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) . For example, the expression of the genes encoding α-chain of an endogenous TCR, β-chain of an endogenous TCR, TRAC, HLA protein, CIITA, and / or B2M may be reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.
[0019] The present application in another aspect provides engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) and further comprising an engineered receptor. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a chimeric TCR (cTCR) , or a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) . Nucleic acids encoding the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptors, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of treatment are also provided. I. Definitions
[0020] Techniques and procedures described or referenced herein include those that are generally well understood and / or commonly employed using conventional methodology by those skilled in the art, such as, for example, the widely utilized methodologies described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3d ed. 2001) ; Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al. eds., 2003) ; Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Clinic (An ed. 2009) ; Monoclonal Antibodies: Methods and Protocols (Albitar ed. 2010) ; and Antibody Engineering Vols 1 and 2 (Kontermann and Dübel eds., 2d ed. 2010) . Unless otherwise defined herein, technical and scientific terms used in the present description have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. For purposes of interpreting this specification, the following description of terms will apply and whenever appropriate, terms used in the singular will also include the plural and vice versa. In the event that any description of a term set forth conflicts with any document incorporated herein by reference, the description of the term set forth below shall control.
[0021] The term “primary cell” refers to a cell isolated directly from a source multicellular organism (e.g., mammal) . Primary cells are not immortal, and thus cannot divide indefinitely and cannot be cultured for long periods of time in vitro. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a primary cell can comprise a primary immune cell, such as a primary αβ T cell.
[0022] The term “exogenous T cell receptor” or “exogenous TCR” refers to a TCR that is introduced from or produced from outside a cell.
[0023] The term “antibody, ” “immunoglobulin, ” or “Ig” is used interchangeably herein, and is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers, for example, monoclonal antibodies (including agonist, antagonist, neutralizing antibodies, full length or intact monoclonal antibodies) , antibody compositions with polyepitopic or monoepitopic specificity, polyclonal or monovalent antibodies, multivalent antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity) , formed from at least two intact antibodies, single chain antibodies, and fragments thereof (e.g., domain antibodies) , as described below. An antibody can be human, humanized, chimeric and / or affinity matured, as well as an antibody from other species, for example, mouse, rabbit, llama, etc. The term “antibody” is intended to include a polypeptide product of B cells within the immunoglobulin class of polypeptides that is able to bind to a specific molecular antigen and is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, wherein each pair has one heavy chain (about 50-70 kDa) and one light chain (about 25 kDa) , each amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variable region of about 100 to about 130 or more amino acids, and each carboxy-terminal portion of each chain includes a constant region. See, e.g., Antibody Engineering (Borrebaeck ed., 2d ed. 1995) ; and Kuby, Immunology (3d ed. 1997) . Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, synthetic antibodies, recombinantly produced antibodies, antibodies including from Camelidae species (e.g., llama or alpaca) or their humanized variants, intrabodies, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and functional fragments (e.g., antigen binding fragments) of any of the above, which refers to a portion of an antibody heavy or light chain polypeptide that retains some or all of the binding activity of the antibody from which the fragment was derived. Non-limiting examples of functional fragments (e.g., antigen binding fragments) include single-chain Fvs (scFv) (e.g., including monospecific, bispecific, etc. ) , Fab fragments, F (ab’ ) fragments, F (ab) 2 fragments, F (ab’ ) 2 fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (dsFv) , Fd fragments, Fv fragments, sdAb, diabody, triabody, tetrabody, and minibody. In particular, antibodies provided herein include immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, for example, antigen-binding domains or molecules that contain an antigen-binding site that binds to an antigen (e.g., one or more CDRs of an antibody) . Such antibody fragments can be found in, for example, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (1989) ; Mol. Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Desk Reference (Myers ed., 1995) ; Huston et al., 1993, Cell Biophysics 22: 189-224; Plückthun and Skerra, 1989, Meth. Enzymol. 178: 497-515; and Day, Advanced Immunochemistry (2d ed. 1990) . The antibodies provided herein can be of any class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA) or any subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2) of immunoglobulin molecule. Antibodies may be agonistic antibodies or antagonistic antibodies. Antibodies may be neither agonistic nor antagonistic.
[0024] An “antigen” is a structure to which an antibody can selectively bind. A target antigen may be a polypeptide, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, lipid, hapten, or other naturally occurring or synthetic compound. The target antigen can be a polypeptide. An antigen may be associated with a cell, for example, is present on or in a cell.
[0025] The terms “binds” or “binding” , “recognize” or “recognizing” refer to an interaction between molecules including, for example, to form a complex. Interactions can be, for example, non-covalent interactions including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and / or van der Waals interactions. A complex can also include the binding of two or more molecules held together by covalent or non-covalent bonds, interactions, or forces. The strength of the total non-covalent interactions between a single antigen-binding site on a binding molecule and a single epitope of a target molecule, such as an antigen, is the affinity of the binding molecule or functional fragment for that epitope.
[0026] “Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” and “homology” with respect to a peptide, polypeptide or antibody sequence are defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific peptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or MEGALIGNTM (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
[0027] “Chimeric antigen receptor” or "CAR" as used herein refers to genetically engineered receptors, which can be used to graft one or more antigen specificity onto immune effector cells, such as T cells. Some CARs are also known as “artificial T-cell receptors, ” “chimeric T cell receptors, ” or “chimeric immune receptors. ” The CAR may comprise an extracellular antigen binding domain specific for one or more antigens (such as tumor antigens) , a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain of a T cell and / or other receptors. “CAR-T cell” refers to a T cell that expresses a CAR.
[0028] The terms “polypeptide” and “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein and refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid, including but not limited to, unnatural amino acids, as well as other modifications known in the art. It is understood that, because the polypeptides of this disclosure may be based upon antibodies or other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, a “polypeptide” can occur as a single chain or as two or more associated chains.
[0029] “Polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid, ” as used interchangeably herein, refers to polymers of nucleotides of any length and includes DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and / or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase or by a synthetic reaction. A polynucleotide may comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and their analogs. “Oligonucleotide, ” as used herein, refers to short, generally single-stranded, synthetic polynucleotides that are generally, but not necessarily, fewer than about 200 nucleotides in length. The terms “oligonucleotide” and “polynucleotide” are not mutually exclusive. The description above for polynucleotides is equally and fully applicable to oligonucleotides. A cell that produces a binding molecule of the present disclosure may include a parent hybridoma cell, as well as bacterial and eukaryotic host cells into which nucleic acids encoding the antibodies have been introduced. Unless specified otherwise, the left-hand end of any single-stranded polynucleotide sequence disclosed herein is the 5’ end; the left-hand direction of double-stranded polynucleotide sequences is referred to as the 5’ direction. The direction of 5’ to 3’a ddition of nascent RNA transcripts is referred to as the transcription direction; sequence regions on the DNA strand having the same sequence as the RNA transcript that are 5’ to the 5’ end of the RNA transcript are referred to as “upstream sequences” ; sequence regions on the DNA strand having the same sequence as the RNA transcript that are 3’ to the 3’ end of the RNA transcript are referred to as “downstream sequences. ”
[0030] Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. The phrase nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein or an RNA may also include introns to the extent that the nucleotide sequence encoding the protein may in some versions contain an intron (s) .
[0031] The term “control sequences” refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site. Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers.
[0032] As used herein, the term “operatively linked, ” and similar phrases (e.g., genetically fused) , when used in reference to nucleic acids or amino acids, refer to the operational linkage of nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequence, respectively, placed in functional relationships with each other. For example, an operatively linked promoter, enhancer elements, open reading frame, 5’ and 3’ UTR, and terminator sequences result in the accurate production of a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., RNA) . In some embodiments, operatively linked nucleic acid elements result in the transcription of an open reading frame and ultimately the production of a polypeptide (i.e., expression of the open reading frame) . As another example, an operatively linked peptide is one in which the functional domains are placed with appropriate distance from each other to impart the intended function of each domain.
[0033] The term “vector” refers to a substance that is used to carry or include a nucleic acid sequence, including for example, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) as described herein, in order to introduce a nucleic acid sequence into a host cell. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes, and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like, which are well known in the art. When two or more nucleic acid molecules are to be co-expressed (e.g., both β-chain and α-chain of iTCR, or both δ-chain and γ-chain of γδTCR) , both nucleic acid molecules can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding nucleic acids can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of nucleic acid molecules into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. Such methods include, for example, nucleic acid analysis such as Northern blots or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mRNA, immunoblotting for expression of gene products, or other suitable analytical methods to test the expression of an introduced nucleic acid sequence or its corresponding gene product. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the nucleic acid molecules are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art.
[0034] The term “host” as used herein refers to an animal, such as a mammal (e.g., a human) .
[0035] The term “host cell” as used herein refers to a particular subject cell that may be transfected with a nucleic acid molecule and the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Progeny of such a cell may not be identical to the parent cell transfected with the nucleic acid molecule due to mutations or environmental influences that may occur in succeeding generations or integration of the nucleic acid molecule into the host cell genome.
[0036] As used herein, the term “autologous” is meant to refer to any material derived from the same individual to whom it is later to be re-introduced into the individual.
[0037] “Allogeneic” refers to a graft derived from a different individual of the same species.
[0038] The term “transfected” or “transformed” or “transduced” as used herein refers to a process by which exogenous nucleic acid is transferred or introduced into the host cell. A “transfected” or “transformed” or “transduced” cell is one which has been transfected, transformed or transduced with exogenous nucleic acid. The cell includes the primary subject cell and its progeny.
[0039] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means being approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government, or listed in United States Pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopeia, or other generally recognized Pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
[0040] The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to the amount of an agent, such as an engineered ɑβ T cell described herein, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof which is sufficient to result in the desired outcome.
[0041] The terms “subject, ” “individual, ” and “patient” may be used interchangeably. As used herein, in certain embodiments, a subject or an individual is a mammal, such as a non-primate or a primate (e.g., human) . In specific embodiments, the individual is a human. In one embodiment, the individual is a mammal, e.g., a human, diagnosed with a disease or disorder, or at risk of developing a disease or disorder.
[0042] As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treatment” and “treating” refer to the reduction or amelioration of the progression, severity, and / or duration of a disease or condition resulting from the administration of one or more therapies. Treating may be determined by assessing whether there has been a decrease, alleviation and / or mitigation of one or more symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed with the patient, despite that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. The term “treating” includes both managing and ameliorating the disease. The terms “manage, ” “managing, ” and “management” refer to the beneficial effects that a subject derives from a therapy which does not necessarily result in a cure of the disease.
[0043] The terms “prevent, ” “preventing, ” and “prevention” refer to reducing the likelihood of the onset (or recurrence) of a disease, disorder, condition, or associated symptom (s) (e.g., an infection or a cancer) .
[0044] As used herein, “delaying” the development of cancer means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, and / or postpone development of the disease. This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and / or individual being treated. As is evident to one skilled in the art, a sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop the disease. A method that "delays" development of cancer is a method that reduces probability of disease development in a given time frame and / or reduces the extent of the disease in a given time frame, when compared to not using the method. Such comparisons are typically based on clinical studies, using a statistically significant number of individuals. Cancer development can be detectable using standard methods, including, but not limited to, computerized axial tomography (CAT Scan) , Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) , abdominal ultrasound, clotting tests, arteriography, or biopsy. Development may also refer to cancer progression that may be initially undetectable and includes occurrence, recurrence, and onset.
[0045] The terms “about” and “approximately” mean within 20%, within 15%, within 10%, within 9%, within 8%, within 7%, within 6%, within 5%, within 4%, within 3%, within 2%, within 1%, or less of a given value or range.
[0046] As used in the present disclosure and claims, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0047] It is understood that wherever embodiments are described herein with the term “comprising” otherwise analogous embodiments described in terms of “consisting of” and / or “consisting essentially of” are also provided. It is also understood that wherever embodiments are described herein with the phrase “consisting essentially of” otherwise analogous embodiments described in terms of “consisting of” are also provided.
[0048] The term “between” as used in a phrase as such “between A and B” or “between A-B” refers to a range including both A and B.
[0049] The term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) . II. Engineered αβ T cells comprising an exogenous TCR
[0050] The present application provides an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell comprises an exogenous TCR means for specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR is an iTCR. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR is a γδTCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain of iTCR, or a γ-chain or δ-chain of γδTCR) and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain of iTCR, or a δ-chain or γ-chain of γδTCR) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the expression of the α-chain of endogenous TCR (e.g., T cell Receptor Alpha Constant (TRAC) ) and / or the β-chain of endogenous TCR is reduced, such as via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) . In some embodiments, the expression of the at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.
[0051] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous iTCR specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell comprises an exogenous iTCR means for specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβT cell. In some embodiments, the exogenous iTCR comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain) and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is a β-chain of iTCR, and the second TCR subunit is a α-chain of iTCR. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence, and the second TCR subunit is encoded by a second nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are linked to each other through a sequence encoding a 2A self-cleaving peptide (e.g., T2A, P2A, E2A, or F2A) . In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the second nucleic acid sequence. Thus, in some embodiments, there is provided an engineered primary αβ T cell comprising heterologous nucleic acid comprising from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit (e.g., β-chain of iTCR) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit (e.g., α-chain of iTCR) . In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the expression of α-chain of endogenous TCR (e.g., TRAC) and / or β-chain endogenous TCR is reduced, such as via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.
[0052] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous γδTCR specifically recognizing CD1d, wherein the exogenous γδTCR comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., a γ-chain or δ-chain) and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a δ-chain or γ-chain) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβT cell comprises an exogenous γδTCR means for specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is a δ-chain of γδTCR, and the second TCR subunit is a γ-chain of γδTCR. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence, and the second TCR subunit is encoded by a second nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are linked to each other through a sequence encoding a 2A self-cleaving peptide (e.g., T2A, P2A, E2A, or F2A) . In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the second nucleic acid sequence. Thus, in some embodiments, there is provided an engineered primary αβ T cell comprising heterologous nucleic acid comprising from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit (e.g., δ-chain of γδTCR) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit (e.g., γ-chain of γδTCR) . In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the expression of α-chain of endogenous TCR (e.g., TRAC) and / or β-chain endogenous TCR is reduced, such as via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.
[0053] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) , wherein the engineered αβ T cell further comprises an engineered receptor. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell comprises an exogenous TCR means for specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβT cell. In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain of iTCR, or a γ-chain or δ-chain of γδTCR) and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain of iTCR, or a δ-chain or γ-chain of γδTCR) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a CAR, a cTCR, or a TAC. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain specifically recognizing an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD19, BCMA, Claudin 18.2, NY-ESO-1, VEGFR2, MAGE-A3, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD38, CEA, EGFR, GD2, HER2, IGF1R, mesothelin, PSMA, ROR1, GPC3, DLL3, GPRC5D, CLL1, WT1 and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the expression of α-chain of endogenous TCR (e.g., TRAC) and / or β-chain endogenous TCR is reduced, such as via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.
[0054] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous iTCR specifically recognizing CD1d, wherein the exogenous iTCR comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain) and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d, and wherein the engineered αβ T cell further comprises an engineered receptor. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell comprises an exogenous iTCR means for specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is a β-chain of iTCR, and the second TCR subunit is an α-chain of iTCR. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a CAR, a cTCR, or a TAC. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence, the second TCR subunit is encoded by a second nucleic acid sequence, and the engineered receptor is encoded by a third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and the third nucleic acid sequence are linked to each other through a sequence encoding a 2A self-cleaving peptide (e.g., T2A, P2A, E2A, or F2A) . In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the second nucleic acid sequence, and the second nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the third nucleic acid sequence. Thus, in some embodiments, there is provided an engineered primary αβ T cell comprising heterologous nucleic acid comprising from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a β-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding an α-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a third signal peptide -a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (i.e., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) . In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain specifically recognizing an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD19, BCMA, Claudin 18.2, NY-ESO-1, VEGFR2, MAGE-A3, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD38, CEA, EGFR, GD2, HER2, IGF1R, mesothelin, PSMA, ROR1, GPC3, DLL3, GPRC5D, CLL1, WT1 and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the expression of α-chain of endogenous TCR (e.g., TRAC) and / or β-chain endogenous TCR is reduced, such as via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.
[0055] In some embodiments, there is provided an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous γδTCR specifically recognizing CD1d, wherein the exogenous γδTCR comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., a γ-chain or δ-chain) and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a δ-chain or γ-chain) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d, and wherein the engineered αβ T cell further comprises an engineered receptor. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell comprises an exogenous γδTCR means for specifically recognizing CD1d. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is a δ-chain of γδTCR, and the second TCR subunit is a γ-chain of γδTCR. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a CAR, a cTCR, or a TAC. In some embodiments, the first TCR subunit is encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence, the second TCR subunit is encoded by a second nucleic acid sequence, and the engineered receptor is encoded by a third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and the third nucleic acid sequence are linked to each other through a sequence encoding a 2A self-cleaving peptide (e.g., T2A, P2A, E2A, or F2A) . In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the second nucleic acid sequence, and the second nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the third nucleic acid sequence. Thus, in some embodiments, there is provided an engineered primary αβ T cell comprising heterologous nucleic acid comprising from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a δ-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a γ-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a third signal peptide -a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (i.e., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) . In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain specifically recognizing an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD19, BCMA, Claudin 18.2, NY-ESO-1, VEGFR2, MAGE-A3, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD38, CEA, EGFR, GD2, HER2, IGF1R, mesothelin, PSMA, ROR1, GPC3, DLL3, GPRC5D, CLL1, WT1 and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the expression of α-chain of endogenous TCR (e.g., TRAC) and / or β-chain endogenous TCR is reduced, such as via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M. In some embodiments, the expression of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or B2M is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.A. iTCR and γδTCR
[0056] Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) , also known as Type 1 NKT cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d. These cells express a unique αβ T cell receptor termed invariant TCR (iTCR) , made up of a TCR α-chain and a TCR β-chain. While other αβ TCRs mostly recognize antigens present by MHC molecules, iTCR is unique in that it recognizes lipid antigens presented by CD1d, not MHC (Huang J, et al. (2024) Front Immunol. 15: 1378739) .
[0057] The γδTCR is a T cell receptor expressed on γδ T cells that recognizes antigens in an MHC-independent manner (Xin, W., et al. (2024) Nature 630, 222–229) . γδTCR is a heterodimer made up of a TCR γ-chain and a TCR δ-chain.
[0058] iTCR α / β-chains and γδTCR γ / δ-chains undergo somatic recombination of variable (V) , diversity (D) and joining (J) segments to result in a diverse repertoire of TCR sequence diversity. Gene segments Vα24Jα18 are typically paired with Vβ11 for iTCR in humans (Rossjohn J, et al. (2012) Nat Rev Immunol. 12 (12) : 845-57) .
[0059] CD1d (also known as R3G1) is an MHC class I-related molecule found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells that presents lipid antigens to CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Known ligands for CD1d include ɑ-galactosylceramide (ɑ-GalCer) , isoglobotriosylceramide (iGb3) , sulfatide, and HS44. In addition to monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells (Chaudhry MS, Karadimitris A. (2014) J Immunol. 193 (10) : 4761-8) , CD1d is also expressed in cancerous tumors (Chong TW, et al. (2015) J Clin Pathol. 68 (3) : 200-5; Hara A, et al. (2021) Cancer Immunol Immunother. 70 (5) : 1239-1254) . Moreover, CD1d expression can be up-regulated during viral and bacterial infections such as dengue and Listeria monocytogenes (Opasawatchai A, Matangkasombut P. (2015) Front Immunol. 6: 378; Singhal A, et al. (2013) Indian J Med Res. 138 (5) : 620-31) .
[0060] TCRs are heterodimeric proteins made up of two chains, an α-chain and a β-chain (e.g., αβTCR or iTCR) , or a γ-chain and a δ-chain (i.e., γδTCR) . The two chains are linked by a disulfide bond. Each chain is made up of a variable (V) region, a constant (C) region, and a transmembrane region. The variable region of each chain comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) responsible for antigen recognition. The constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, and links the variable region to the transmembrane region. These αβ (or γδ) TCR heterodimers in noncovalent association with invariant CD3 dimers form the TCR-CD3 complex.
[0061] In some embodiments, the iTCR described herein comprises an ɑ-chain variable region (Vɑ) , wherein the iTCR Vɑ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of a Vɑ comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the iTCR described herein comprises a β-chain variable region (Vβ) , wherein the iTCR Vβ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of a Vβ comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the iTCR described herein comprises an ɑ-chain variable region (Vɑ) , wherein the iTCR Vɑ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of a Vα24 or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the iTCR described herein comprises a β-chain variable region (Vβ) , wherein the iTCR Vβ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of Vβ11, or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions.
[0062] In some embodiments, the iTCR comprises an ɑ-chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant thereof having at least 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 96%, 96%, 98%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the iTCR comprises a β-chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant thereof having at least 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 96%, 96%, 98%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the iTCR comprises a Vα24 chain. In some embodiments, the iTCR comprises a Vβ11 chain. In some embodiments, the iTCR comprises an ɑ-chain comprising or consisting of amino acids 22-276 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the iTCR comprises a β-chain comprising or consisting of amino acids 22-313 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0063] In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d described herein is a chimeric iTCR comprising a variable region derived from a naturally occurring iTCR that specifically targets CD1d (e.g., Vα and Vβ) and a constant region and / or transmembrane region not from a naturally occurring iTCR. In some embodiments, the constant region and / or transmembrane region are derived from a region of a different naturally occurring TCR (i.e., a non-iTCR such as from a γδTCR) . In some embodiments, the constant region and / or transmembrane region are derived from a non-naturally occurring TCR region. A non-naturally occurring TCR region may be a corresponding region of a naturally occurring TCR modified by substitution of one or more amino acids, and / or by replacement of a portion of the corresponding region with a portion of an analogous region from another TCR. For example, in some embodiments, the chimeric iTCR comprises a variable region derived from a naturally occurring iTCR that specifically targets CD1d (e.g., Vα and Vβ) and a constant region derived from γδTCR.
[0064] In some embodiments, the γδTCR described herein comprises a γ-chain variable region (Vγ) , wherein the γδTCR Vγ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of a Vγ comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the γδTCR described herein comprises a δ-chain variable region (Vδ) , wherein the γδTCR Vδ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of a Vδ comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions
[0065] In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises an γ-chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a variant thereof having at least 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 96%, 96%, 98%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises a δ-chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a variant thereof having at least 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 96%, 96%, 98%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises an γ-chain comprising or consisting of amino acids 18-312 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises a δ-chain comprising or consisting of amino acids 22-290 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0066] In some embodiments, the γδTCR described herein comprises a γ-chain variable region (Vγ) , wherein the γδTCR Vγ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of a Vγ comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the γδTCR described herein comprises a δ-chain variable region (Vδ) , wherein the γδTCR Vδ comprises a CDR1, a CDR2, and / or a CDR3 of a Vδ comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a variant thereof comprising up to about 3 (such as about any of 1, 2, or 3) amino acid substitutions.
[0067] In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises an γ-chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or a variant thereof having at least 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 96%, 96%, 98%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises a δ-chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a variant thereof having at least 85% (e.g., at least about any of 90%, 95%, 96%, 96%, 98%, 99%, or more) sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises an γ-chain comprising or consisting of amino acids 18-307 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises a δ-chain comprising or consisting of amino acids 22-293 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0068] In some embodiments, the exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d described herein is a chimeric γδTCR comprising a variable region derived from a naturally occurring γδTCR that specifically targets CD1d (e.g., Vγ and Vδ) and a constant region and / or transmembrane region not from a naturally occurring γδTCR. In some embodiments, the constant region and / or transmembrane region are derived from a region of a different naturally occurring TCR (i.e., a non-γδTCR such as from an αβTCR) . In some embodiments, the constant region and / or transmembrane region are derived from a non-naturally occurring TCR region. A non-naturally occurring TCR region may be a corresponding region of a naturally occurring TCR modified by substitution of one or more amino acids, and / or by replacement of a portion of the corresponding region with a portion of an analogous region from another TCR. For example, in some embodiments, the γδTCR comprises a variable region derived from a naturally occurring γδTCR that specifically targets CD1d (e.g., Vγ and Vδ) and a constant region derived from αβTCR.B. αβ T cells
[0069] Presented herein are engineered αβ T cells comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) . In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cells are engineered primary αβ T cells. In some embodiments, the primary αβ T cells are obtained (e.g., harvested, extracted, removed, or taken) from a subject or an individual. In some embodiments, the primary αβ T cells are isolated from more than one individual subject or donor. In some embodiments, the primary αβ T cells are isolated from one or more individual healthy subjects or donors (e.g., a subject that is not known or suspected of, e.g. not exhibiting clinical signs of, a disease or infection) . In some embodiments, the cells are derived from a pool of primary cells isolated from one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, ten or more, twenty or more, fifty or more, or one hundred or more) different donor subjects. In some embodiments, the primary cells isolated or obtained from the plurality of different donor subjects (e.g. two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, ten or more, twenty or more, fifty or more, or one hundred or more) are pooled together in a batch and are engineered in accord with the provided methods. In some embodiments, the primary αβ T cells are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) . In some embodiments, the primary αβ T cells have been cultured for no more than 20 passages, such as no more than 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, or 20 passages prior to introducing the heterologous nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or the engineered receptor into the primary αβ T cells.
[0070] In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) expressing the iTCR or γδTCR as described herein can increase the immune response, activity or quantity of cells by at least 10%, such as at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%as compared to the αβ T cell expressing endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) expressing the iTCR or γδTCR as described herein can increase the immune response, activity or quantity of cells by at least 20 times, such as at least 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, 10 times, 15 times or 20 times as compared to the αβ T cell expressing endogenous TCR. For example, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) expressing the iTCR or γδTCR can stimulate antigen presenting cells, increasing the quantity and / or efficiency of antigen presenting cells following stimulation.
[0071] In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) expressing the iTCR or γδTCR as described herein can increase the serum concentration of IFN-γ when there is an antigen of interest. In some embodiments, activation can induce an increase in serum concentration of IFN-γ by at least 10%to 1000 times, such as at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 1 times, 2 times, 5 times, 10 times, 50 times, 100 times, 200 times, 300 times, 400 times, 500 times, 600 times, 700 times, 800 times, 900 times or 1000 times. In some embodiments, activation can induce an increase in specific killing of target cells by at least 10%to 5 times, such as at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 1 times, 2 times, 3 times, 4 times or 5 times. In some embodiments, the specific killing of target cells is determined by the killing efficacy of target cells using the methods described herein. In some of the embodiments, the exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) is expressed by introducing a nucleic acid encoding it into a αβ T cell in vivo (in vivo cell therapy) or in vitro (including autologous cell therapy and allogeneic cell therapy) . In some of the embodiments, the αβ T cell is primary.C. Engineered Receptors
[0072] In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) further comprise an engineered receptor. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a chimeric TCR (cTCR) , or a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) .Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)
[0073] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising: (a) an extracellular antigen binding domain specifically recognizing a target antigen; (b) a transmembrane domain; and (c) an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain may be selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’ , a (Fab’ ) 2, an Fv, a single chain Fv (scFv) , a single domain antibody (sdAb) , and a peptide ligand specifically binding to the target antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain of the CAR is an sdAb. In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain comprises two or more antigen-binding fragments (e.g., scFv or sdAb) , such as connected in tandem. The two or more antigen-binding fragments can be the same or different. The two or more antigen-binding fragments can recognize the same epitope or different epitopes of the target antigen. In some embodiments, the extracellular antigen binding domain is a peptide ligand specifically recognizing an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD19, BCMA, Claudin 18.2, NY-ESO-1, VEGFR2, MAGE-A3, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD38, CEA, EGFR, GD2, HER2, IGF1R, mesothelin, PSMA, ROR1, GPC3, DLL3, GPRC5D, CLL1, and WT1. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain is derived from a molecule selected from the group consisting of α, β, or ζ chain of the T-cell receptor, CD3ζ, CD3ε, CD4, CD5, CD8α, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD27, CD28, CD33, CD37, CD45, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137 (4-1BB) , CD152, CD154, and PD-1. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a primary intracellular signaling domain of an immune effector cell. In some embodiments, the primary intracellular signaling domain is derived from CD3ζ, CD3γ, CD3ε, CD3δ, FcRγ (FCER1G) , FcRβ (Fc Epsilon RIb) , CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD66d, Fc gamma RIIa, DAP10, and DAP12. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a co-stimulatory signaling domain. In some embodiments, the co-stimulatory signaling domain is derived from a co-stimulatory molecule selected from the group consisting of CARD11, CD2 (LFA-2) , CD7, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD40, CD54 (ICAM-1) , CD134 (OX40) , CD137 (4-1BB) , CD162 (SELPLG) , CD258 (LIGHT) , CD270 (HVEM, LIGHTR) , CD276 (B7-H3) , CD278 (ICOS) , CD279 (PD-1) , CD319 (SLAMF7) , LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1) , NKG2C, CDS, GITR, BAFFR, NKp80 (KLRF1) , CD160, CD19, CD4, IPO-3, BLAME (SLAMF8) , LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76, PAG / Cbp, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D, CD83, CD150 (SLAMF1) , CD152 (CTLA-4) , CD223 (LAG3) , CD273 (PD-L2) , CD274 (PD-L1) , DAP10, TRIM, ZAP70, a ligand that specifically binds with CD83, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the CAR further comprises a hinge domain located between the C-terminus of the extracellular antigen binding domain and the N-terminus of the transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the hinge domain is derived from CD8α. In some embodiments, the CAR further comprises a signal peptide located at the N-terminus of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from CD8α. In some embodiments, the CAR comprises a polypeptide comprising from N-terminus to C-terminus: (a) an antigen binding domain; (b) an optional hinge domain (e.g., derived from CD8α) ; (c) a transmembrane domain (e.g., derived from CD8α) ; (d) an optional intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain (e.g., derived from CD137) ; and (e) an intracellular signaling domain (e.g., derived from CD3ζ) . The CAR may comprise from N-terminus to C-terminus: (a) an antigen binding domain; (b) an optional hinge domain (e.g., derived from CD8α) ; (c) a transmembrane domain (e.g., derived from CD8α) ; (d) an intracellular signaling domain (e.g., derived from CD3ζ) ; and (e) an optional intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain (e.g., derived from CD137) .
[0074] In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain specifically recognizes DLL3. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a CAR comprising an antigen binding domain specifically recognizing DLL3, wherein the CAR comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a CAR comprising an antigen binding domain means for specifically recognizing DLL3. Intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain
[0075] Many immune effector cells require co-stimulation, in addition to stimulation of an antigen-specific signal (e.g., the primary signal) , to promote cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, as well as to activate effector functions of the cell. In some embodiments, the CAR comprises at least one co-stimulatory signaling domain. The term “co-stimulatory signaling domain, ” as used herein, refers to at least a portion of a protein that mediates a secondary or co-stimulatory signal transduction within a cell to induce an immune response such as an effector function. The intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain can act in an antigen-independent manner to provide a secondary or co-stimulatory signal to immune cells. The co-stimulatory signaling domain of the engineered receptor described herein can be an intracellular signaling domain from a co-stimulatory protein, which transduces a secondary or co-stimulatory signal and modulates responses mediated by immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, or eosinophils. The term "co-stimulatory molecule" refers to a cognate binding partner on an immune cell (such as T cell) that specifically binds with a co-stimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a co-stimulatory response by the immune cell, such as, but not limited to, proliferation and survival. In some embodiments, the co-stimulatory molecule selected from the group consisting of CD27, CD28, CD137, OX40, CD40, PD-1, LFA-1, ICOS, CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, TNFRSF9, TNFRSF4, TNFRSF8, CD40LG, ITGB2, KLRC2, TNFRSF18, TNFRSF14, HAVCR1, LGALS9, DAP10, DAP12, CD83, and ligands of CD83.
[0076] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) a single intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises (or consists essentially of, or consists of) two or more (such as about any of 2, 3, 4, or more) intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises two or more of the same co-stimulatory signaling domains. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises two or more co-stimulatory signaling domains from different co-stimulatory proteins, such as any two or more co-stimulatory proteins described herein. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor (e.g., cTCR) lacks a functional primary intracellular signaling domain, but comprises one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor (e.g., cTCR) lacks any primary intracellular signaling domain, but comprises one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains. In some embodiments, the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) comprises an intracellular signaling domain (e.g., derived from CD3ζ) and one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains. In some embodiments, the one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains and the primary intracellular signaling domain (such as intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ) are fused to each other via optional peptide linkers. The primary intracellular signaling domain and the one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains may be arranged in any suitable order. In some embodiments, the one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains are located between the transmembrane domain and the primary intracellular signaling domain (such as intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ) . In some embodiments, the one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains are located at the C-terminus of the primary intracellular signaling domain (e.g., derived from CD3ζ) . In some embodiments, the primary intracellular signaling domain (e.g., derived from CD3ζ) is located in between two intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains. Multiple co-stimulatory signaling domains may provide additive or synergistic stimulatory effects.
[0077] Activation of an intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain in a host cell (e.g., an immune cell) may induce the cell to increase or decrease the production and secretion of cytokines, phagocytic properties, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and / or cytotoxicity. The intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain of any co-stimulatory molecule may be compatible for use in the engineered receptors described herein (e.g., CAR) . The type (s) of intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain is selected based on factors such as the type of the immune effector cells in which the engineered receptors would be expressed (e.g., T cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, or eosinophils) and the desired immune effector function (e.g., ADCC effect) . Examples of intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains for use in the engineered receptors (e.g., CARs) can be the cytoplasmic signaling domain of co-stimulatory proteins, including, without limitation, members of the B7 / CD28 family (e.g., B7-1 / CD80, B7-2 / CD86, B7-H1 / PD-L1, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, B7-H7, BTLA / CD272, CD28, CTLA-4, Gi24 / VISTA / B7-H5, ICOS / CD278, PD-1, PD-L2 / B7-DC, and PDCD6) ; members of the TNF superfamily (e.g., 4-1BB / TNFSF9 / CD137, 4-1BB Ligand / TNFSF9, BAFF / BLyS / TNFSF13B, BAFF R / TNFRSF13C, CD27 / TNFRSF7, CD27 Ligand / TNFSF7, CD30 / TNFRSF8, CD30 Ligand / TNFSF8, CD40 / TNFRSF5, CD40 / TNFSF5, CD40 Ligand / TNFSF5, DR3 / TNFRSF25, GITR / TNFRSF18, GITR Ligand / TNFSF18, HVEM / TNFRSF14, LIGHT / TNFSF14, Lymphotoxin-alpha / TNF-beta, OX40 / TNFRSF4, OX40 Ligand / TNFSF4, RELT / TNFRSF19L, TACI / TNFRSF13B, TL1A / TNFSF15, TNF-alpha, and TNF RII / TNFRSF1B) ; members of the SLAM family (e.g., 2B4 / CD244 / SLAMF4, BLAME / SLAMF8, CD2, CD2F-10 / SLAMF9, CD48 / SLAMF2, CD58 / LFA-3, CD84 / SLAMF5, CD229 / SLAMF3, CRACC / SLAMF7, NTB-A / SLAMF6, and SLAM / CD150) ; and any other co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD2, CD7, CD53, CD82 / Kai-1, CD90 / Thy1, CD96, CD160, CD200, CD300a / LMIR1, HLA Class I, HLA-DR, Ikaros, Integrin alpha 4 / CD49d, Integrin alpha 4 beta 1, Integrin alpha 4 beta 7 / LPAM-1, LAG-3, TCL1A, TCL1B, CRTAM, DAP12, Dectin-1 / CLEC7A, DPPIV / CD26, EphB6, TIM-1 / KIM-1 / HAVCR, TIM-4, TSLP, TSLP R, lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , and NKG2C.
[0078] In some embodiments, the one or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains are derived from a co-stimulatory molecule selected from the group consisting of CD27, CD28, CD137, OX40, CD40, PD-1, LFA-1, ICOS, CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3, TNFRSF9, TNFRSF4, TNFRSF8, CD40LG, ITGB2, KLRC2, TNFRSF18, TNFRSF14, HAVCR1, LGALS9, DAP10, DAP12, CD83, ligands of CD83, and variants or combinations thereof.
[0079] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor of the present disclosure (e.g., CAR) further comprises an intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain derived from the cytoplasmic domain of CD137 (i.e., 4-1BB) . In some embodiments, the CAR comprises an intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ and an intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD137.
[0080] Also within the scope of the present disclosure are variants of any of the intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains described herein, such that the variant intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain is capable of modulating the immune response of the immune cell. The intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain may comprise up to 10 amino acid residue variations (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 8) as compared to a wild-type counterpart. Mutation of amino acid residues of the intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain may result in i) an increase in signaling transduction and enhanced stimulation of immune responses relative to intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains that do not comprise the mutation; or ii) a decrease in signaling transduction and reduced stimulation of immune responses relative to intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains that do not comprise the mutation.Chimeric TCR (cTCR)
[0081] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a chimeric TCR (cTCR) . In some embodiments, the cTCR comprises: (a) an extracellular antigen binding domain comprising an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., scFv, Fab, or sdAb) that specifically recognizes one or more target antigens; (b) an optional linker; (c) an optional extracellular domain of a first TCR subunit or a portion thereof; (d) a transmembrane domain comprising a transmembrane domain of a second TCR subunit; and (e) an intracellular signaling domain comprising an intracellular signaling domain of a third TCR subunit; wherein the first, second, and third TCR subunit are all selected from the group consisting of TCRα, TCRβ, TCRγ, TCRδ, CD3ε, CD3γ, and CD3δ.T cell antigen coupler (TAC)
[0082] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) . In some embodiments, the TAC comprises: a) an extracellular antigen binding domain comprising an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., scFv, sdAb) that specifically recognizes one or more epitopes of a target antigen; b) an optional first linker; c) an extracellular TCR binding domain (e.g., scFv, sdAb) that specifically recognizes the extracellular domain of a TCR subunit (e.g., CD3ε) ; d) an optional second linker; e) a transmembrane domain comprising a transmembrane domain of a first TCR co-receptor (such as CD4, CD28, or CD8, e.g., CD8α) ; and f) an intracellular signaling domain comprising an intracellular signaling domain of a second TCR co-receptor (such as CD4, CD28, or CD8, e.g., CD8α) . In some embodiments, the TAC comprises: a) an extracellular antigen binding domain comprising an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., scFv, sdAb) that specifically recognizes one or more epitopes of a target antigen; b) an optional first linker; c) an extracellular TCR binding domain that specifically recognizes the extracellular domain of a TCR subunit (e.g., CD3ε) ; d) an optional second linker; and e) a transmembrane domain comprising a transmembrane domain of a TCR co-receptor (such as CD4, CD28, or CD8, e.g., CD8α) . In some embodiments, the TAC comprises: (a) an extracellular antigen binding domain comprising an antigen-binding fragment (e.g., scFv, sdAb) that specifically recognizes one or more epitopes of a target antigen; (b) an optional first linker; (c) an extracellular TCR binding domain that specifically recognizes the extracellular domain of a TCR subunit (e.g., CD3ε) ; (d) an optional second linker; (e) an optional extracellular domain derived from a first TCR co-receptor (such as CD4, CD28, or CD8, e.g., CD8α) or a portion thereof; (f) a transmembrane domain comprising a transmembrane domain of a second TCR co-receptor (such as CD4, CD28, or CD8, e.g., CD8α) ; and (g) an optional intracellular signaling domain comprising a intracellular signaling domain of a third TCR co-receptor (such as CD4, CD28, or CD8, e.g., CD8α) . Signal Peptide
[0083] The engineered receptors of the present disclosure (e.g., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) may comprise a signal peptide (also known as a signal sequence) at the N-terminus of the polypeptide. In general, signal peptides are peptide sequences that target a polypeptide to the desired site in a cell. In some embodiments, the signal peptide targets the engineered receptor to the secretory pathway of the cell and will allow for integration and anchoring of the engineered receptor into the lipid bilayer. Signal peptides including signal sequences of naturally occurring proteins or synthetic, non-naturally occurring signal sequences, which are compatible for use in the engineered receptors described herein, will be evident to one of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from a molecule selected from the group consisting of CD8α, GM-CSF receptor α, and IgG1 heavy chain. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from a CD8α propeptide, e.g., human CD8α. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is derived from an immunoglobulin propeptide, such as mouse IgG heavy chain (mIgG) . Peptide Linker
[0084] The engineered receptor of the present disclosure (e.g., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) may comprise one or more peptide linkers, such as between different components of the engineered receptor (e.g., between two or more intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domains, between intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain and primary intracellular signaling domain, or between the antigen binding domain and the transmembrane domain) , and / or within one engineered receptor component (e.g., antigen binding domain, such as within an scFv, or for connecting two or more antibody moieties in tandem) .
[0085] Each peptide linker in a engineered receptor may have the same or different length and / or sequence depending on the structural and / or functional features of the antibody moieties and / or the various domains. Each peptide linker may be selected and optimized independently. The length, the degree of flexibility and / or other properties of the peptide linker (s) used in the engineered receptors may have some influence on properties, including but not limited to the affinity, specificity or avidity for one or more particular antigens or epitopes. For example, longer peptide linkers may be selected to ensure that two adjacent domains do not sterically interfere with one another. A short peptide linker may be disposed between the transmembrane domain and the primary intracellular signaling domain of a engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) , or between the transmembrane domain and the intracellular co-stimulatory signaling domain of a engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) . In some embodiment, the peptide linker comprises flexible residues (such as glycine and serine) so that the adjacent domains are free to move relative to each other. For example, a glycine-serine doublet can be a suitable peptide linker.
[0086] The peptide linker can be of any suitable length. The peptide linker may be at least about any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100 or more amino acids (aa) long. The peptide linker may be no more than about any of 100, 75, 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 or fewer aa long. In some embodiments, the length of the peptide linker is any of about 1 aa to about 10 aa, about 1 aa to about 20 aa, about 1 aa to about 30 aa, about 5 aa to about 15 aa, about 10 aa to about 25 aa, about 5 aa to about 30 aa, about 10 aa to about 30 aa, about 30 aa to about 50 aa, about 50 aa to about 100 aa, or about 1 aa to about 100 aa. In some embodiments, the peptide linker is about 10 aa to about 20 aa, such as about 15 aa.
[0087] The peptide linker may have a naturally occurring sequence, or a non-naturally occurring sequence. For example, a sequence derived from the hinge region of heavy chain only antibodies may be used as the linker. See, for example, WO1996 / 34103. In some embodiments, the peptide linker is a flexible linker. Exemplary flexible linkers include but not limited to glycine polymers (G) n, glycine-serine polymers, glycine-alanine polymers, alanine-serine polymers, threonine-serine, and other flexible linkers known in the art. Other linkers known in the art, for example, as described in WO2016014789, WO2015158671, WO2016102965, US20150299317, WO2018067992, US7741465, Colcher et al., J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 82: 1191-1197 (1990) , and Bird et al., Science 242: 423-426 (1988) may also be included in the engineered receptors provided herein, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0088] In some embodiments, the peptide linker is (GGGGS) n, wherein n is an integer of at least 1 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more) . In some embodiments, the peptide linker is (GxS) n, wherein x and n independently can be an integer of at least 1, such as between 3 and 12 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) .D. Gene knockout
[0089] In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) provided herein contain modifications (e.g., gene modifications) that result in no or reduced expression of one or more endogenous TCR proteins (e.g., α-chain and / or β-chain of endogenous TCR) . In provided aspects, the reduced expression is relative to a αβ T cell that does not contain the modifications, such as a wild-type or unmodified αβ T cell or a αβ T cell that otherwise is the same but that lacks the modifications herein to alter expression of the one or more endogenous TCR proteins. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) provided herein are modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of an α-chain of an endogenous TCR, such as reduced by at least about 50% (such as at least about any one of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) relative to an unmodified αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) provided herein are modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of a β-chain of an endogenous TCR, such as reduced by at least about 50% (such as at least about any one of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) relative to an unmodified αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) provided herein are modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of T cell Receptor Alpha Constant (TRAC) , such as reduced by at least about 50% (such as at least about any one of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) relative to an unmodified αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein (e.g., HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) , such as reduced by at least about 50% (such as at least about any one of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) relative to an unmodified αβT cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of CIITA, such as reduced by at least about 50% (such as at least about any one of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) relative to an unmodified αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) , such as reduced by at least about 50% (such as at least about any one of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) relative to an unmodified αβ T cell.
[0090] Any of a variety of methods known in the art may be used for reducing or eliminating expression of a gene or protein. In some embodiments, the one or more genes encoding the one or more endogenous TCR proteins are silenced by methods such as RNA interference (e.g., using short interfering RNA (siRNA) , short hairpin RNA (shRNA) , or microRNA (miRNA) ) . In some embodiments, the one or more genes encoding the one or more endogenous TCR proteins are disrupted, modified, mutated, or deleted (e.g., knocked out) by gene-editing methods such as homologous recombination, or using a site-specific nuclease such as CRISPR / Cas (e.g., CRISPR / Cas9) , transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) , and zinc-finger nucleases. In some embodiments, the expression of the one or more genes encoding the one or more endogenous TCR proteins is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology. In some embodiments, the expression of the one or more genes encoding the one or more endogenous TCR proteins is reduced via base editing technology. III. Nucleic acids encoding the exogenous TCR and engineered receptors
[0091] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides nucleic acids and vectors for cloning and expressing any one of the exogenous TCRs (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) and / or engineered receptors (e.g., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) described herein. In some embodiments, the vector is suitable for replication and integration in eukaryotic cells, such as mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. Examples of viral vectors include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, lentiviral vector, retroviral vectors, vaccinia vector, herpes simplex viral vector, and derivatives thereof. Viral vector technology is well known in the art and is described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (2001, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York) , and in other virology and molecular biology manuals.
[0092] A number of viral based systems have been developed for gene transfer into mammalian cells. For example, retroviruses provide a convenient platform for gene delivery systems. The heterologous nucleic acid can be inserted into a vector and packaged in retroviral particles using techniques known in the art. The recombinant virus can then be isolated and delivered to the engineered mammalian cell in vitro or ex vivo. A number of retroviral systems are known in the art. In some embodiments, adenovirus vectors are used. A number of adenovirus vectors are known in the art. In some embodiments, lentivirus vectors are used. In some embodiments, self-inactivating lentiviral vectors are used. The lentiviral vectors can be used to transduce a mammalian cell (such as primary human T cells) using methods known in the art. Vectors derived from retroviruses such as lentivirus are suitable tools to achieve long-term gene transfer, because they allow long-term, stable integration of a transgene and its propagation in progeny cells. Lentiviral vectors also have low immunogenicity, and can transduce non-proliferating cells. In some embodiments, the vector encoding the exogenous TCR and / or the engineered receptor is a lentiviral vector.
[0093] In some embodiments, there is provided a vector comprising any one of the nucleic acids encoding the exogenous TCRs and / or the engineered receptors described herein. The nucleic acid can be cloned into the vector using any known molecular cloning methods in the art, including, for example, using restriction endonuclease sites and one or more selectable markers.
[0094] In some embodiments, the iTCR specifically recognizing CD1d is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain) and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are under the control of one promoter. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are under the control of two separate promoters. The two promoters may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are on different vectors. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are on the same vector. Hence in some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid encoding an iTCR comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit (e.g., a β-chain) and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit (e.g., an α-chain) , wherein the nucleic acid further encodes a first signal peptide upstream of the first TCR subunit (e.g., β-chain) and a second signal peptide upstream of the second TCR subunit (e.g., α-chain) , and wherein the nucleic acid further comprises a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., IRES, or encoding P2A or T2A) between the sequence encoding the first TCR subunit and the sequence encoding the second TCR subunit, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a P2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a T2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. Therefore, in some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid comprises from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a β-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding an α-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-313 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 2 and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-276 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0095] In some embodiments, the γδTCR specifically recognizing CD1d is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit (e.g., a γ-chain or δ-chain) and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit (e.g., a δ-chain or γ-chain) , wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are under the control of one promoter. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are under the control of two separate promoters. The two promoters may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are on different vectors. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are on the same vector. Hence in some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid encoding a γδTCR comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit (e.g., a δ-chain) and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit (e.g., a γ-chain) , wherein the nucleic acid further encodes a first signal peptide upstream of the first TCR subunit (e.g., δ-chain) and a second signal peptide upstream of the second TCR subunit (e.g., γ-chain) , and wherein the nucleic acid further comprises a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., IRES, or encoding P2A or T2A) between the sequence encoding the first TCR subunit and the sequence encoding the second TCR subunit, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a P2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a T2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. Therefore, in some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid comprises from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a δ-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a γ-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-290 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 4 and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 18-312 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-293 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 6 and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 18-307 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0096] In some embodiments, the iTCR specifically recognizing CD1d comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain) encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain) encoded by a second nucleic acid sequence, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d, and the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) is encoded by a third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and the third nucleic acid sequence are under the control of the same promoter. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and / or the third nucleic acid sequence are under the control of two or more separate promoters. The two or more promoters may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit, the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit, and the third nucleic acid encoding the engineered receptor are all on the same vector. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit and the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit are on one vector, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor is on a different vector. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit, the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor are all on different vectors. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit further encodes a first signal peptide upstream of the first TCR subunit (e.g., β-chain) , the second nucleic acid encoding the second TCR subunit further encodes a second signal peptide upstream of the second TCR subunit (e.g., α-chain) , and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor further encodes a third signal peptide upstream of the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) . For example, in some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid comprises from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a β-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding an α-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a third signal peptide -a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (i.e., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) . In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is encoded by a second set of two or more nucleic acids. When the exogenous TCR or engineered receptor contains two or more polypeptide chains to be expressed, each polypeptide chain may comprise a signal peptide fused to the N-terminus. When the two or more polypeptide chains are to be expressed from the same vector and under the same promoter control, the nucleic acids encoding the two or more polypeptide chains may be connected via a linking nucleic acid encoding a cleavable linker (e.g., 2A peptide, such as P2A or T2A) or a linking nucleic acid of Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES) sequence. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a P2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a T2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-313 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 2, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-276 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 1, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-485 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0097] In some embodiments, the γδTCR specifically recognizing CD1d comprises a first TCR subunit (e.g., a γ-chain or δ-chain) encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence and a second TCR subunit (e.g., a δ-chain or γ-chain) encoded by a second nucleic acid sequence, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d, and the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) is encoded by a third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and the third nucleic acid sequence are under the control of the same promoter. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and / or the third nucleic acid sequence are under the control of two or more separate promoters. The two or more promoters may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit, the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor are all on the same vector. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit and the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit are on one vector, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor is on a different vector. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit, the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor are all on different vectors. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit further encodes a first signal peptide upstream of the first TCR subunit (e.g., δ-chain) , the second nucleic acid encoding the second TCR subunit further encodes a second signal peptide upstream of the second TCR subunit (e.g., γ-chain) , and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor further encodes a third signal peptide upstream of the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) . For example, in some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid comprises from 5’ to 3’ : a nucleic acid sequence encoding a first signal peptide -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a δ-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a second signal peptide -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding an γ-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid sequence (e.g., P2A or T2A) -a nucleic acid sequence encoding a third signal peptide -a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (i.e., CAR, cTCR, or TAC) . In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is encoded by a second set of two or more nucleic acids. When the exogenous TCR or engineered receptor contains two or more polypeptide chains to be expressed, each polypeptide chain may comprise a signal peptide fused to the N-terminus. When the two or more polypeptide chains are to be expressed from the same vector and under the same promoter control, the nucleic acids encoding the two or more polypeptide chains may be connected via a linking nucleic acid encoding a cleavable linker (e.g., 2A peptide, such as P2A or T2A) or a linking nucleic acid of Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES) sequence. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a P2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the linking nucleic acid encodes a T2A comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-290 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 4, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 18-312 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 3, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-485 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid provided herein comprises a first nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-293 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 6, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 18-307 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 5, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding amino acids 22-485 as numbered in SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0098] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or the engineered receptor is operably linked to a promoter. Varieties of promoters have been explored for gene expression in mammalian cells, and any of the promoters known in the art may be used in the present disclosure. Promoters may be roughly categorized as constitutive promoters or regulated promoters, such as inducible promoters.
[0099] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or the engineered receptor is operably linked to a constitutive promoter. Constitutive promoters allow heterologous genes (also referred to as transgenes) to be expressed constitutively in the host cells. Exemplary constitutive promoters contemplated herein include, but are not limited to, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters, human elongation factors-1 alpha (hEF1α) , ubiquitin C promoter (UbiC) , phosphoglycerokinase promoter (PGK) , simian virus 40 early promoter (SV40) , and chicken β-Actin promoter coupled with CMV early enhancer (CAGG) . The efficiencies of such constitutive promoters on driving transgene expression have been widely compared in a huge number of studies. For example, Michael C. Milone et al compared the efficiencies of CMV, hEF1α, UbiC and PGK to drive CAR expression in primary human T cells, and concluded that hEF1α promoter not only induced the highest level of transgene expression, but was also optimally maintained in the CD4 and CD8 human T cells (Molecular Therapy, 17 (8) : 1453-1464 (2009) ) .
[0100] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or the engineered receptor is operably linked to an inducible promoter. The inducible promoter can be induced by one or more conditions, such as a physical condition, microenvironment of the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) , the physiological state (e.g., activation state) of the engineered αβ T cell, an inducer (i.e., an inducing agent) , irradiation (such as ionizing radiation, light) , temperature (such as heat) , redox state, tumor environment, or any combination thereof.
[0101] In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit of the exogenous TCR (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain of iTCR, or a γ-chain or δ-chain of γδTCR) , the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit of the TCR (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain of iTCR, or a δ-chain or γ-chain of γδTCR) , and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor (e.g., a CAR, a cTCR, or a TAC) are under the control of an inducible promoter (e.g., can be the same or different, or can be all under the control of one inducible promoter) . In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit of the T cell receptor, the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit of the T cell receptor, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor are all under the control of a constitutive promoter (e.g., can be the same or different, or can be all under the control of one constitutive promoter) . In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit of the TCR and the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit of the TCR are under the control of a constitutive promoter, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor is under the control of an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the first TCR subunit of the TCR and the second nucleic acid sequence encoding the second TCR subunit of the TCR are under the control of an inducible promoter, and the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the engineered receptor is under the control of a constitutive promoter.
[0102] In some embodiments, the inducing condition does not induce the expression of endogenous genes in the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) , and / or in the subject that receives the pharmaceutical composition.
[0103] In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector, such as lentiviral vector) comprises: a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit of a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit of a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d (i.e., iTCR or γδTCR) , and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., any of the engineered receptors described herein, such as a CAR, cTCR or TAC) , wherein the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and the third nucleic acid sequence are under the control of the same promoter. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the second nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is downstream of the second nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are connected via a linking nucleic acid encoding a cleavable linker, such as a 2A peptide. In some embodiments, the 2A peptide is P2A, T2A, E2A, or F2A. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic sequence acid are connected via a linking nucleic acid of IRES sequence. In some embodiments, the second nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the second nucleic acid sequence is downstream of the third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the second nucleic acid sequence and the third nucleic acid sequence are connected via a linking nucleic acid encoding a cleavable linker, such as a 2A peptide. In some embodiments, the 2A peptide is P2A, T2A, E2A, or F2A. In some embodiments, the second nucleic acid sequence and the third nucleic acid sequence are connected via a linking nucleic acid of IRES sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence is downstream of the third nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the third nucleic acid sequence are connected via a linking nucleic acid encoding a cleavable linker, such as a 2A peptide. In some embodiments, the 2A peptide is P2A, T2A, E2A, or F2A. In some embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the third nucleic acid sequence are connected via a linking nucleic acid of IRES sequence.
[0104] In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector, such as lentiviral vector) comprises from 5'to 3': a promoter (e.g., hEF1α promoter) -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit of a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain of iTCR, or a γ-chain or δ-chain of γδTCR) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit of a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain of iTCR, or a δ-chain or γ-chain of γδTCR) . In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector, such as lentiviral vector) comprises from 5'to 3': a promoter (e.g., hEF1α promoter) -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR β-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR α-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) . In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector, such as lentiviral vector) comprises from 5'to 3': a promoter (e.g., hEF1α promoter) -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR δ-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR γ-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) .
[0105] In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector, such as lentiviral vector) comprises from 5'to 3': a promoter (e.g., hEF1α promoter) -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit of a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., an α-chain or β-chain of iTCR, or a γ-chain or δ-chain of γδTCR) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit of a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., a β-chain or α-chain of iTCR, or a δ-chain or γ-chain of γδTCR) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) -a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., any of the engineered receptors described herein, such as a CAR, cTCR or TAC) . In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector, such as lentiviral vector) comprisies from 5'to 3': a promoter (e.g., hEF1α promoter) -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR β-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR α-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) –a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR or TAC) . In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector, such as lentiviral vector) comprises from 5'to 3': a promoter (e.g., hEF1α promoter) -a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR δ-chain (i.e., first TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) -a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR γ-chain (i.e., second TCR subunit) -a linking nucleic acid (e.g., encoding P2A or T2A) –a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR or TAC) .
[0106] In some embodiments, the vector further contains a selectable marker gene or a reporter gene to select cells expressing the exogenous TCR (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) and / or the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR or TAC) from the population of host cells transfected with the nucleic acid (s) or the vector (s) (e.g., lentiviral vector) . Both selectable markers and reporter genes may be flanked by appropriate regulatory sequences to enable expression in the host cells. For example, the vector may contain transcription and translation terminators, initiation sequences, and promoters useful for regulation of the expression of the nucleic acid sequences.
[0107] In some embodiments, the vector further encodes a His-tag sequence. In some embodiments, the His-tag sequence is at the C-terminus of the exogenous TCR and / or the engineered receptor. The present application in one aspect provides cells comprising any of the nucleic acids or any of the vectors described above. IV. Formulations
[0108] The present application in one aspect provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising any of the engineered αβ T cells described herein (e.g., engineered primary ɑβ T cells expressing an iTCR, engineered primary ɑβ T cells expressing a γδTCR, engineered primary ɑβ T cells co-expressing an iTCR and an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) , or engineered primary ɑβ T cells co-expressing a γδTCR and an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) ) , any of the nucleic acids described herein, or any of the vectors described herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Any excipient suitable for the storage and administration of engineered αβT cells can be used herein. The excipient may not affect the viability or bioactivity of the engineered αβ T cells.
[0109] “Excipient” means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. Excipients include, for example, encapsulating materials or additives such as absorption accelerators, antioxidants, binders, buffers, carriers, coating agents, coloring agents, diluents, disintegrating agents, emulsifiers, extenders, fillers, flavoring agents, humectants, lubricants, perfumes, preservatives, propellants, releasing agents, sterilizing agents, sweeteners, solubilizers, wetting agents and mixtures thereof. The term “excipient” can also refer to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freunds’ adjuvant (complete or incomplete) or vehicle.
[0110] Excipients may be pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include buffers, such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants, including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (e.g., fewer than about 10 amino acid residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates, including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents, such as EDTA; sugar alcohols, such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions, such as sodium; and / or nonionic surfactants, such as TWEENTM, polyethylene glycol (PEG) , and PLURONICSTM. Other examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are described in Remington and Gennaro, Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed. 1990) .
[0111] In one embodiment, each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical formulation, and suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity, or other problems or complications, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. See, e.g., Lippincott Williams &Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed. ; Rowe et al., Eds. ; The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2009; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed. ; Ash and Ash Eds. ; Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed. ; Gibson Ed. ; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL, 2009. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is an aqueous pH buffered solution.
[0112] Excipients may be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, and the like. Water is an exemplary excipient when a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. An excipient can also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol, and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, powders (e.g., freeze-dried) , sustained-release formulations, and the like. In some embodiments, the composition can be reconstituted.
[0113] Compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, may contain a binding molecule (e.g., an antibody) , for example, in isolated or purified form, together with a suitable amount of excipients.
[0114] In some embodiments, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., an iTCR or a γδTCR) and ii) optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0115] In some embodiments, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., an iTCR or a γδTCR) and further comprising an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR or TAC) , and ii) optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0116] In some embodiments, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., an iTCR or a γδTCR) and ii) optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a gRNA and a RNA-guided nuclease or a base editor, wherein the gRNA targets TRAC.
[0117] In some embodiments, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., an iTCR or a γδTCR) and second nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., a CAR) and ii) optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0118] The choice of excipient may be determined in part by the particular cell, binding molecule, and / or antibody, and / or by the method of administration. Accordingly, there are a variety of suitable formulations.
[0119] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for engineered αβ T cells may comprise buffers such as neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline and the like; carbohydrates such as glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans, mannitol; proteins; polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine; antioxidants; chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione; adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) ; and preservatives. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may contain autologous serum, such as human serum. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is non-toxic, biocompatible, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and can avoid recognition by the host’s defense mechanism. The excipient may also contain adjuvants such as preserving stabilizing, wetting, emulsifying agents and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may enhance the stability of the engineered αβ T cells. The final form may be sterile and may also be able to pass readily through an injection device such as a hollow needle. The proper viscosity may be achieved and maintained by the proper choice of excipients.
[0120] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated to have a pH in the range of about 4.5 to about 9.0, including for example pH ranges of about any one of 5.0 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, or about 6.5 to about 7.0. The pharmaceutical composition can also be made to be isotonic with blood by the addition of a suitable tonicity modifier, such as glycerol.
[0121] Typically, acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers, antioxidants including ascorbic acid, methionine, Vitamin E, sodium metabisulfite; preservatives, isotonicifiers, stabilizers, metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes) ; chelating agents such as EDTA and / or non-ionic surfactants.
[0122] Buffers may be used to control the pH in a range which optimizes the therapeutic effectiveness, especially if stability is pH dependent. Suitable buffering agents for use with the present disclosure include both organic and inorganic acids and salts thereof. For example, citrate, phosphate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate, gluconate, oxalate, lactate, acetate. Additionally, buffers may comprise histidine and trimethylamine salts such as Tris.
[0123] Preservatives may be added to retard microbial growth. Suitable preservatives for use with the present disclosure include octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium halides (e.g., chloride, bromide, iodide) , benzethonium chloride; thimerosal, phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol, 3-pentanol, and m-cresol.
[0124] Tonicity agents, sometimes known as “stabilizers” can be present to adjust or maintain the tonicity of liquid in a composition. When used with large, charged biomolecules such as proteins and antibodies, they are often termed “stabilizers” because they can interact with the charged groups of the amino acid side chains, thereby lessening the potential for inter and intra-molecular interactions. Exemplary tonicity agents include polyhydric sugar alcohols, trihydric or higher sugar alcohols, such as glycerin, erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol and mannitol.
[0125] Additional exemplary excipients include: (1) bulking agents, (2) solubility enhancers, (3) stabilizers and (4) agents preventing denaturation or adherence to the container wall. Such excipients include: polyhydric sugar alcohols (enumerated above) ; amino acids such as alanine, glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, lysine, ornithine, leucine, 2-phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, etc. ; organic sugars or sugar alcohols such as sucrose, lactose, lactitol, trehalose, stachyose, mannose, sorbose, xylose, ribose, ribitol, myoinisitose, myoinisitol, galactose, galactitol, glycerol, cyclitols (e.g., inositol) , polyethylene glycol; sulfur containing reducing agents, such as urea, glutathione, thioctic acid, sodium thioglycolate, thioglycerol, α-monothioglycerol and sodium thio sulfate; low molecular weight proteins such as human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, gelatin or other immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; monosaccharides (e.g., xylose, mannose, fructose, glucose; disaccharides (e.g., lactose, maltose, sucrose) ; trisaccharides such as raffinose; and polysaccharides such as dextrin or dextran.
[0126] Non-ionic surfactants or detergents (also known as “wetting agents” ) may be present to help solubilize the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) as well as to protect the engineered αβ T cells against agitation-induced aggregation, which also permits the formulation to be exposed to shear surface stress without causing denaturation of the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptor. Suitable non-ionic surfactants include, e.g., polysorbates (20, 40, 60, 65, 80, etc. ) , polyoxamers (184, 188, etc. ) , polyols, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoethers ( -20, -80, etc. ) , lauromacrogol 400, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 10, 50 and 60, glycerol monostearate, sucrose fatty acid ester, methyl celluose and carboxymethyl cellulose. Anionic detergents that can be used include sodium lauryl sulfate, dioctyle sodium sulfosuccinate and dioctyl sodium sulfonate. Cationic detergents include benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride.
[0127] In order for the pharmaceutical compositions to be used for in vivo administration, they are preferably sterile. The pharmaceutical composition may be rendered sterile by filtration through sterile filtration membranes. The pharmaceutical compositions herein generally can be placed into a container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle.
[0128] A pharmaceutical composition can be provided as a controlled release or sustained release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used to achieve controlled or sustained release (see, e.g., Sefton, Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14: 201-40 (1987) ; Buchwald et al., Surgery 88: 507-16 (1980) ; and Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321: 569-74 (1989) ) . In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled or sustained release of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells as described herein) or a composition provided herein (see, e.g., Medical Applications of Controlled Release (Langer and Wise eds., 1974) ; Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance (Smolen and Ball eds., 1984) ; Ranger and Peppas, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23: 61-126 (1983) ; Levy et al., Science 228: 190-92 (1985) ; During et al., Ann. Neurol. 25: 351-56 (1989) ; Howard et al., J. Neurosurg. 71: 105-12 (1989) ; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,679,377; 5,916,597; 5,912,015; 5,989,463; and 5, 128, 326; PCT Publication Nos. WO 99 / 15154 and WO 99 / 20253) . Examples of polymers used in sustained release formulations include, but are not limited to, poly (2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) , poly (methyl methacrylate) , poly (acrylic acid) , poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) , poly (methacrylic acid) , polyglycolides (PLG) , polyanhydrides, poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone) , poly (vinyl alcohol) , polyacrylamide, poly (ethylene glycol) , polylactides (PLA) , poly (lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA) , and polyorthoesters. In one embodiment, the polymer used in a sustained release formulation is inert, free of leachable impurities, stable on storage, sterile, and biodegradable. A controlled or sustained release system can be placed in proximity of a particular target tissue, for example, the nasal passages or lungs, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, Medical Applications of Controlled Release Vol. 2, 115-38 (1984) ) . Controlled release systems are discussed, for example, by Langer, Science 249: 1527-33 (1990) . Any technique known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce sustained release formulations comprising one or more agents as described herein (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,938, PCT publication Nos. WO 91 / 05548 and WO 96 / 20698, Ning et al., Radiotherapy &Oncology 39: 179-89 (1996) ; Song et al., PDA J. of Pharma. Sci. &Tech. 50: 372-97 (1995) ; Cleek et al., Pro. Int’ l. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24: 853-54 (1997) ; and Lam et al., Proc. Int’ l. Symp. Control Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24: 759-60 (1997) ) .
[0129] The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coascervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly- (methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 18th edition.
[0130] Various compositions and delivery systems are known and can be used with the engineered αβ T cells provided herein, including, but not limited to, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc.
[0131] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for administration to a human. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for administration to a human by parenteral administration. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation compatible with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizing agents, and preservatives. The formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials, and can be stored in a condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimens described herein (i.e., water) for injection, immediately prior to use. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is contained in a single-use vial, such as a single-use sealed vial. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is contained in a multi-use vial. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is contained in bulk in a container. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is cryopreserved.
[0132] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for intravenous or subcutaneous administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for local administration to a tumor site, such as for intratumoral injection.
[0133] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition must meet certain standards for administration to an individual. For example, the United States Food and Drug Administration has issued regulatory guidelines setting standards for cell-based immunotherapeutic products, including 21 CFR 610 and 21 CFR 610.13. Methods are known in the art to assess the appearance, identity, purity, safety, and / or potency of pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is substantially free of extraneous protein capable of producing allergenic effects, such as proteins of an animal source used in cell culture other than the engineered αβ T cells. In some embodiments, “substantially free” is less than about any of 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, 1 ppm or less of total volume or weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is prepared in a GMP-level workshop. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than about 5 EU / kg body weight / hr of endotoxin for parenteral administration. In some embodiments, at least about 70%of the engineered αβ T cells in the pharmaceutical composition are alive for intravenous administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has a “no growth” result when assessed using a 14-day direct inoculation test method as described in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) . In some embodiments, prior to administration of the pharmaceutical composition, a sample including both the engineered αβ T cells and the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient should be taken for sterility testing approximately about 48-72 hours prior to the final harvest (or coincident with the last re-feeding of the culture) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is free of mycoplasma contamination. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is free of detectable microbial agents. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is free of communicable disease agents, such as HIV type I, HIV type II, HBV, HCV, Human T-lymphotropic virus, type I; and Human T-lymphotropic virus, type II. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is free of viral (e.g., lentivirus) components during manufacture. V. Method of Making
[0134] In one aspect, there is provided a method of making the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) disclosed herein, comprising introducing into a population of T cells (e.g., primary T cells) a heterologous nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d, or a heterologous nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d and a heterologous nucleic acid encoding the engineered receptor (e.g., CAR, cTCR or TAC) .
[0135] For instance, the introducing may comprise introducing into a population of primary immune cells (e.g., a precursor αβ T cell) a vector (e.g., viral vector such as lentiviral vector) comprising any one of the nucleic acids encoding the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptors described herein.
[0136] Any of the isolated nucleic acids or vectors encoding the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptors described herein can be used for making the engineered αβ T cells described herein. In some embodiments, when a population of precursor cells are used for the production of engineered αβ T cells described herein, the methods also include one or more isolation and / or enrichment steps, for example, isolating and / or enriching αβ T cells. Such isolation and / or enrichment steps can be performed using any known techniques in the art, such as magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) . Also see Examples.
[0137] Methods of introducing vectors (e.g., viral vectors) or isolated nucleic acids into a mammalian cell are known in the art. The vectors described herein can be transferred into a primary immune cell (e.g., a primary αβ T cell) by physical, chemical, or biological methods.
[0138] Physical methods for introducing a vector (e.g., viral vector) into an immune cell include calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, particle bombardment, microinjection, electroporation, and the like. Methods for producing cells comprising vectors and / or heterologous nucleic acids are well-known in the art. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. In some embodiments, the vector (e.g., viral vector) is introduced into the cell by electroporation.
[0139] Biological methods for introducing a vector (e.g., viral vector) into a primary immune cell include the use of DNA and RNA vectors. Viral vectors have become the most widely used method for inserting genes into mammalian, e.g., human cells.
[0140] Chemical means for introducing a vector (e.g., viral vector) into a primary immune cell include colloidal dispersion systems, such as macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. An exemplary colloidal system for use as a delivery vehicle in vitro is a liposome (e.g., an artificial membrane vesicle) .
[0141] RNA molecules encoding the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptors described herein may be prepared by a conventional method (e.g., in vitro transcription) and then introduced into the primary αβ T cells via known methods such as mRNA electroporation. See, e.g., Rabinovich et al., Human Gene Therapy 17: 1027-1035 (2006) .
[0142] In some embodiments, the transduced / transfected primary αβ T cell is propagated ex vivo after introduction of the vector or isolated nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the transduced / transfected immune cell is cultured to propagate for at least about any of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, or 14 days. In some embodiments, the transduced / transfected primary αβ T cell is further evaluated or screened to select desired engineered primary αβ T cell, e.g., any of the engineered primary αβ T cells described herein.
[0143] Reporter genes may be used for identifying potentially transfected / transduced cells and for evaluating the functionality of regulatory sequences. In general, a reporter gene is a gene that is not present in or expressed by the recipient organism or tissue and that encodes a polypeptide whose expression is manifested by some easily detectable property, e.g., enzymatic activity. Expression of the reporter gene is assayed at a suitable time after the DNA / RNA has been introduced into the recipient cells. Suitable reporter genes may include genes encoding luciferase, beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, secreted alkaline phosphatase, or the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (e.g., Ui-Tei et al. FEBS Letters 479: 79-82 (2000) ) . Suitable expression systems are well known and may be prepared using known techniques or obtained commercially.
[0144] Other methods to confirm the presence of the heterologous nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptors described herein in a engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) include, for example, molecular biological assays well known to those of skill in the art, such as Southern and Northern blotting, RT-PCR and PCR; biochemical assays, such as detecting the presence or absence of a particular peptide, e.g., by immunological methods (such as ELISAs and Western blots) , Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , or Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) (also see Example section) .A. Source of immune cells, cell preparation and culture
[0145] Primary αβ T cells for use in expansion and genetic modification can be obtained from a number of sources, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , bone marrow, lymph node tissue, cord blood, thymus tissue, tissue from a site of infection, ascites, pleural effusion, spleen tissue, and tumors. In some embodiments, any number of T cell lines available in the art may be used. For example, T cells can be obtained from a unit of blood collected from a subject using any number of techniques known to the skilled artisan, such as FicollTM separation. In some embodiments, cells from the circulating blood of an individual are obtained by apheresis. The apheresis product typically contains lymphocytes, including T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, other nucleated white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. The cells collected by apheresis may be washed to remove the plasma fraction and to place the cells in an appropriate buffer or media for subsequent processing steps. In some embodiments, the cells are washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) . In some embodiments, the wash solution lacks calcium and may lack magnesium or may lack many if not all divalent cations. Initial activation steps in the absence of calcium may lead to magnified activation. As those of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate a washing step may be accomplished by methods known to those in the art, such as by using a semi-automated “flow-through” centrifuge (for example, the Cobe 2991 cell processor, the Baxter CytoMate, or the Haemonetics Cell Saver 5) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After washing, the cells may be resuspended in a variety of biocompatible buffers, such as, for example, Ca2+-free, Mg2+-free PBS, PlasmaLyte A, or other saline solution with or without buffer. Alternatively, the undesirable components of the apheresis sample may be removed and the cells directly resuspended in culture media.
[0146] Primary αβ T cells can be isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes by lysing the red blood cells and depleting the monocytes, for example, by centrifugation through a PERCOLLTM gradient or by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. A specific subpopulation of T cells, such as CD3+, CD28+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+, and CD45RO+ T cells, can be further isolated by positive or negative selection techniques. For example, in some embodiments, T cells are isolated by incubation with anti-CD3 / anti-CD28 (i.e., 3×28) -conjugated beads, such as M-450 CD3 / CD28 T, for a time period sufficient for positive selection of the desired T cells. In some embodiments, the time period is about 30 minutes. In a further embodiment, the time period ranges from about 30 minutes to about 36 hours or longer and all integer values there between, such as about 10 to about 24 hours. In a further embodiment, the time period is at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours. For isolation of T cells from patients with leukemia, use of longer incubation times, such as 24 hours, can increase cell yield. Longer incubation times may be used to isolate T cells in any situation where there are few T cells as compared to other cell types, such in isolating T cells from tumor tissue or from immune-compromised individuals. Further, use of longer incubation times can increase the efficiency of capture of CD8+ T cells. For example, by simply shortening or lengthening the time T cells are allowed to bind to the CD3 / CD28 beads and / or by increasing or decreasing the ratio of beads to T cells, subpopulations of T cells can be preferentially selected for or against at culture initiation or at other time points during the process. Additionally, by increasing or decreasing the ratio of anti-CD3 and / or anti-CD28 antibodies on the beads or other surface, subpopulations of T cells can be preferentially selected for or against at culture initiation or at other desired time points. The skilled artisan would recognize that multiple rounds of selection can also be used. It may be desirable to perform the selection procedure and use the “unselected” cells in the activation and expansion process. “Unselected” cells can also be subjected to further rounds of selection.
[0147] If, for example the primary αβ T cells are derived from peripheral blood, the peripheral blood is preferably obtained from a subject to which the engineered primary αβ T cells are to be administered.
[0148] Enrichment of a T cell population by negative selection can be accomplished with a combination of antibodies directed to surface markers unique to the negatively selected cells. One method is cell sorting and / or selection via negative magnetic immunoadherence or flow cytometry that uses a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies directed to cell surface markers present on the cells negatively selected. For example, to enrich for CD4+ cells by negative selection, a monoclonal antibody cocktail typically includes antibodies to CD14, CD20, CD11b, CD16, HLA-DR, and CD8. It may be desirable to enrich for or positively select for regulatory T cells which typically express CD4+, CD25+, CD62Lhi, GITR+, and FoxP3+. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, T regulatory cells are depleted by anti-C25 conjugated beads or other similar method of selection.
[0149] For isolation of a desired population of cells by positive or negative selection, the concentration of cells and surface (e.g., particles such as beads) can be varied. It may be desirable to significantly decrease the volume in which beads and cells are mixed together (i.e., increase the concentration of cells) , to ensure maximum contact of cells and beads. For example, in one embodiment, a concentration of 1 billion cells / ml or 2 billion cells / ml is used. In a further embodiment, greater than 100 million cells / ml is used. In a further embodiment, a concentration of cells of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, or 150 million cells / ml is used. Using high concentrations may result in increased cell yield, cell activation, and cell expansion. Further, use of high cell concentrations may allow more efficient capture of cells that may weakly express target antigens of interest, such as CD28-negative T cells, or from samples where there are many tumor cells present (i.e., leukemic blood, tumor tissue, etc. ) . Such populations of cells may have therapeutic value and would be desirable to obtain. In some embodiments, using high concentration of cells allows more efficient selection of CD8+ T cells that normally have weaker CD28 expression.
[0150] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to use lower concentrations of cells. By significantly diluting the mixture of T cells and surface (e.g., particles such as beads) , interactions between the particles and cells is minimized. This selects for cells that express high amounts of desired antigens to be bound to the particles. For example, CD4+ T cells express higher levels of CD28 and are more efficiently captured than CD8+ T cells in dilute concentrations. In some embodiments, the concentration of cells used can be from about 1×105 / mL to about 5×106 / mL, such as from about 1×105 / mL to about 1×106 / mL.
[0151] In some embodiments, the population of T cells are enriched for CD4+ and / or CD8+cells. In some embodiments, the population of T cells are enriched for both CD4+ and CD8+cells, such as by using CD4 Nanobeads and CD8 Nanobeads. In some embodiments, the population of T cells are activated before introducing the heterologous nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or the engineered receptor into the primary αβ T cells, such as by using anti-CD3 / CD28 particles. The enrichment of CD4+ and / or CD8+ cells may be performed before introducing the nucleic acid encoding the chimeric adaptor and / or the engineered receptor into the population of immune cells. The enrichment of CD4+ and / or CD8+ cells may be performed after introducing the heterologous nucleic acid encoding the T cell receptor and / or the engineered receptor into the population of primary αβ T cells (e.g., a mixture of PBMC) .
[0152] In some embodiments, the cells may be incubated on a rotator for varying lengths of time at varying speeds at either 2-10℃, or at room temperature.
[0153] T cells for stimulation can also be frozen after a washing step. Without being bound by theory, the freeze and subsequent thaw step may provide a more uniform product by removing granulocytes and to some extent monocytes in the cell population. After the washing step that removes plasma and platelets, the cells may be suspended in a freezing solution. While many freezing solutions and parameters are known in the art and will be useful in this context, one method involves using PBS containing 20%DMSO and 8%human serum albumin, or culture media containing 10%dextran 40 and 5%dextrose, 20%human serum albumin and 7.5%DMSO, or 31.25%plasmalyte-A, 31.25%dextrose 5%, 0.45%NaCl, 10%dextran 40 and 5%dextrose, 20%human serum albumin, and 7.5%DMSO or other suitable cell freezing media containing for example, Hespan and PlasmaLyte A. The cells then are frozen to -80℃ at a rate of 1° per minute and stored in the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen storage tank. Other methods of controlled freezing may be used as well as uncontrolled freezing immediately at -20℃ or in liquid nitrogen.
[0154] In some embodiments, cryopreserved cells are thawed and washed as described herein and allowed to rest for one hour at room temperature prior to activation.
[0155] Also contemplated in the present disclosure is the collection of blood samples or apheresis product from a subject at a time period prior to when the expanded cells as described herein might be needed. As such, the source of the cells to be expanded can be collected at any time point necessary, and desired cells, such as T cells, isolated and frozen for later use in T cell therapy for any number of diseases or conditions that would benefit from T cell therapy, such as those described herein. In one embodiment, a blood sample or an apheresis is taken from a generally healthy subject. In certain embodiments, a blood sample or an apheresis is taken from a generally healthy subject who is at risk of developing a disease, but who has not yet developed a disease, and the cells of interest are isolated and frozen for later use. In certain embodiments, the T cells may be expanded, frozen, and used at a later time. In certain embodiments, samples are collected from a patient shortly after diagnosis of a particular disease as described herein but prior to any treatments. In a further embodiment, the cells are isolated from a blood sample or an apheresis from a subject prior to any number of relevant treatment modalities, including but not limited to treatment with agents such as natalizumab, efalizumab, antiviral agents, chemotherapy, radiation, immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporin, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate, and FK506, antibodies, or other immunoablative agents such as CAMPATH, anti-CD3 antibodies, cytoxan, fludarabine, cyclosporin, FK506, rapamycin, mycophenolic acid, steroids, FR901228, and irradiation. These drugs inhibit either the calcium dependent phosphatase calcineurin (cyclosporine and FK506) or inhibit the p70S6 kinase that is important for growth factor induced signaling (rapamycin) (Liu et al., Cell 66: 807-815 (1991) ; Henderson et al., Immun 73: 316-321 (1991) ; Bierer et al., Curr. Opin. Immun. 5: 763-773 (1993) ) . In a further embodiment, the cells are isolated for a patient and frozen for later use in conjunction with (e.g., before, simultaneously or following) bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, T cell ablative therapy using either chemotherapy agents such as, fludarabine, external-beam radiation therapy (XRT) , cyclophosphamide, or antibodies such as OKT3 or CAMPATH.
[0156] In some embodiments, T cells are obtained from a patient directly following treatment. In this regard, it has been observed that following certain cancer treatments, in particular treatments with drugs that damage the immune system, shortly after treatment during the period when patients would normally be recovering from the treatment, the quality of T cells obtained may be optimal or improved for their ability to expand ex vivo. Likewise, following ex vivo manipulation using the methods described herein, these cells may be in a preferred state for enhanced engraftment and in vivo expansion. Thus, it is contemplated within the context of the present disclosure to collect blood cells, including T cells, dendritic cells, or other cells of the hematopoietic lineage, during this recovery phase. Further, in certain embodiments, mobilization (for example, mobilization with GM-CSF) and conditioning regimens can be used to create a condition in a subject wherein repopulation, recirculation, regeneration, and / or expansion of particular cell types is favored, especially during a defined window of time following therapy. Illustrative cell types include T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and other cells of the immune system.
[0157] In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) has normal (i.e., unmodified) expression levels of endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of an endogenous TCR, prior to or after introducing the heterologous nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptor described herein into the αβ T cell. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has no or reduced expression and / or function of an ɑ-chain of an endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has no or reduced expression and / or function of a β-chain of an endogenous TCR. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has no or reduced expression and / or function of TRAC. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein (e.g., HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-C) . In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has no or reduced expression and / or function of CIITA. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell has no or reduced expression and / or function of B2M. The expression of the genes may be reduced and / or depleted using any known method in the art, such as CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing. In some embodiments, the disruption, modification, mutation, and / or deletion of one or more genes associated with endogenous TCR results in reduced mismatch of the endogenous TCR with the exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR described herein) .
[0158] In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) is modified to have no or reduced expression of TRAC, wherein the TRAC gene is knocked out using CRISPR / Cas technology. In some embodiments, endogenous TCR is knocked-out using CRISPR / Cas9 technology with TRAC gRNA1 (SEQ ID NO: 7) . In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) is modified to have no or reduced expression of TRAC, wherein the TRAC gene is disrupted using base editing technology. In some embodiments, endogenous TCR is disrupted using base editing technology with TRAC gRNA2 (SEQ ID NO: 8) .B. Activation and expansion of T cells
[0159] In some embodiments, prior to or after introducing the heterologous nucleic acid encoding the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptors described herein, the αβ T cells (e.g., primary αβ T cells) can be activated and expanded generally using methods as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,352,694; 6,534,055; 6,905,680; 6,692,964; 5,858,358; 6,887,466; 6,905,681; 7,144,575; 7,067,318; 7,172,869; 7,232,566; 7,175,843; 5,883,223; 6,905,874; 6,797,514; 6,867,041; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060121005.
[0160] Generally, T cells can be expanded by contact with a surface having attached thereto an agent that stimulates a CD3 / TCR complex associated signal and a ligand that stimulates a co-stimulatory molecule on the surface of the T cells. In particular, T cell populations may be stimulated as described herein, such as by contact with an anti-CD3 antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, or an anti-CD2 antibody immobilized on a surface, or by contact with a protein kinase C activator (e.g., bryostatin) in conjunction with a calcium ionophore. For co-stimulation of an accessory molecule on the surface of the T cells, a ligand that binds the accessory molecule is used. For example, a population of T cells can be contacted with an anti-CD3 antibody and an anti-CD28 antibody, under conditions appropriate for stimulating proliferation of the T cells. To stimulate proliferation of either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells, an anti-CD3 antibody and an anti-CD28 antibody can be used. Examples of an anti-CD3 antibody include UCHT1, OKT3, HIT3a (BioLegend, San Diego, US) can be used as can other methods commonly known in the art (Graves J, et al., J. Immunol. 146: 2102 (1991) ; Li B, et al., Immunology 116: 487 (2005) ; Rivollier A, et al., Blood 104: 4029 (2004) ) . Examples of an anti-CD28 antibody include 9.3, B-T3, XR-CD28 (Diaclone, Besancon, France) can be used as can other methods commonly known in the art (Berg et al., Transplant Proc. 30 (8) : 3975-3977 (1998) ; Haanen et al., J. Exp. Med. 190(9) : 13191328 (1999) ; Garland et al., J. Immunol Meth. 227 (1-2) : 53-63 (1999) ) .
[0161] The primary stimulatory signal and the co-stimulatory signal for the T cell may be provided by different protocols. For example, the agents providing each signal may be in solution or coupled to a surface. When coupled to a surface, the agents may be coupled to the same surface (i.e., in “cis” formation) or to separate surfaces (i.e., in “trans” formation) . Alternatively, one agent may be coupled to a surface and the other agent in solution. In one embodiment, the agent providing the co-stimulatory signal is bound to a cell surface and the agent providing the primary activation signal is in solution or coupled to a surface. Both agents can be in solution. The agents may be in soluble form, and then cross-linked to a surface, such as a cell expressing Fc receptors or an antibody or other binding agent which will bind to the agents. In this regard, see for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20040101519 and 20060034810 for artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) that are contemplated for use in activating and expanding T cells in certain embodiments in the present disclosure.
[0162] In some embodiments, the T cells, are combined with agent-coated beads, the beads and the cells are subsequently separated, and then the cells are cultured. In an alternative embodiment, prior to culture, the agent-coated beads and cells are not separated but are cultured together. In a further embodiment, the beads and cells are first concentrated by application of a force, such as a magnetic force, resulting in increased ligation of cell surface markers, thereby inducing cell stimulation.
[0163] By way of example, cell surface proteins may be ligated by allowing paramagnetic beads to which anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 are attached (3×28 beads) to contact the T cells. In one embodiment, the cells (for example, 104 to 108 T cells) and beads (for example, anti-CD3 / CD28 MACSiBead particles at a recommended titer of 1: 100) are combined in a buffer, preferably PBS (without divalent cations such as, calcium and magnesium) . Those of ordinary skill in the art can readily appreciate any cell concentration may be used. For example, the target cell may be very rare in the sample and comprise only 0.01%of the sample or the entire sample (i.e., 100%) may comprise the target cell of interest. Accordingly, any cell number is within the context of the present disclosure. The mixture may be cultured for about 48 hours.
[0164] The mixture of T cells and activating agent (e.g., beads) may be cultured for several hours (about 3 hours) to about 21 days or any hourly integer value in between, such as about 8 days or about 14 days. In another embodiment, the beads and T cells are cultured together for 2-3 days. Several cycles of stimulation may also be desired such that culture time of T cells can be 60 days or more. Conditions appropriate for T cell culture include an appropriate media (e.g., Minimal Essential Media or RPMI Media 1640 or, X-vivo 15, (Lonza) ) that may contain factors necessary for proliferation and viability, including serum (e.g., fetal bovine or human serum) , interleukin-2 (IL-2) , insulin, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-7, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, TGFβ, and TNF-αor any other additives for the growth of cells known to the skilled artisan. Other additives for the growth of cells include, but are not limited to, surfactant, plasmanate, and reducing agents such as N-acetylcysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol. Media can include RPMI 1640, AIM-V, DMEM, MEM, α-MEM, F-12, X-Vivo 15, and X-Vivo 20, optimizer, with added amino acids, sodium pyruvate, and vitamins, either serum-free or supplemented with an appropriate amount of serum (or plasma) or a defined set of hormones, and / or an amount of cytokine (s) sufficient for the growth and expansion of T cells. Antibiotics, e.g., penicillin and streptomycin, are included only in experimental cultures, not in cultures of cells that are to be infused into a subject. The target cells are maintained under conditions necessary to support growth, for example, an appropriate temperature (e.g., 37℃) and atmosphere (e.g., air plus 5%CO2) . T cells that have been exposed to varied stimulation times may exhibit different characteristics. For example, typical blood or apheresed peripheral blood mononuclear cell products have a helper T cell population (TH, CD4+) that is greater than the cytotoxic or suppressor T cell population (TC, CD8) . Ex vivo expansion of T cells by stimulating CD3 and CD28 receptors produces a population of T cells that prior to about days 8-9 consists predominately of TH cells, while after about days 8-9, the population of T cells comprises an increasingly greater population of TC cells. Accordingly, depending on the purpose of treatment, infusing a subject with a T cell population comprising predominately of TH cells may be advantageous. Similarly, if an antigen-specific subset of TC cells has been isolated it may be beneficial to expand this subset to a greater degree.
[0165] In addition to CD4 and CD8 markers, other phenotypic markers vary significantly, but in large part, reproducibly during the course of the cell expansion process. Thus, such reproducibility enables the ability to tailor an activated T cell product for specific purposes.
[0166] In some embodiments, the methods include assessing expression of one or more markers on the surface of the modified cells or cells to be engineered. In one embodiment, the methods include assessing surface expression of TCR, MHC I, or CD3 (e.g., CD3ε) , for example, by affinity-based detection methods such as by flow cytometry. In some aspects, where the method reveals surface expression of the antigen or other marker, the gene encoding the antigen or other marker is disrupted or expression otherwise repressed for example, using the methods described herein.
[0167] In some embodiments, the method of activating the engineered ɑβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) includes co-culturing engineered ɑβ T cells with a CD1d ligand, such as ɑ-GalCer or sulfatide. In some embodiments, the CD1d ligand is bound to CD1d. In some embodiments, the CD1d ligand is bound to CD1d expressed on the surface of dendritic cells. In a specific embodiment, the dendritic cell is a human dendritic cell into which a polynucleotide encoding a disease-specific antigen has been introduced. This is because the antigenic peptide can further induce acquired immunity in the subject's body. In other embodiments, the CD1d ligand is bound to immobilized CD1d. In this case, the engineered ɑβ T cells can be used for administration to a subject without requiring isolation of the activated engineered ɑβ T cells.
[0168] In one embodiment, the activation of the engineered ɑβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) of the present disclosure is performed by contacting a CD1d-expressing cell in a state of being pulsed (loaded) with a CD1d ligand (e.g., ɑ-GalCer or sulfatide) and the engineered ɑβT cell in an in vitro reaction system. In another embodiment, the activation may be administration of the engineered ɑβ T cell and a CD1d-expressing cell pulsed with a CD1d ligand (e.g., ɑ-GalCer or sulfatide) to a subject. By administering to the administration subject, the engineered ɑβ T cell and the CD1d-expressing cell pulsed with the CD1d ligand are contacted in the body of the subject, and the engineered ɑβ T cell can be activated in the same manner as in an in vitro reaction system. In this case, the CD1d-expressing cell and the engineered ɑβ T cell are administered simultaneously or sequentially to the administration subject. Here, when the CD1d-expressing cell and the engineered ɑβ T cell are sequentially administered to the administration subject, the order in which the two cells are administered to the administration subject is not particularly limited.
[0169] A CD1d-expressing cell in a state of being pulsed (loaded) with a CD1d ligand (e.g., ɑ-GalCer or sulfatide) can be obtained by co-culturing an arbitrary CD1d-expressing cell and a CD1d ligand and binding the CD1d ligand to CD1d on the cell surface. CD1d-expressing cells include tumor cells, dendritic cells that are normally present in healthy individuals, or any cell that expresses CD1d from an artificially introduced polynucleotide encoding CD1d (including established cell lines) (See, for example, International Publication Nos. WO2007 / 097370, WO2010 / 061930, WO2013 / 018778, etc. ) .C. Isolation and enrichment of engineered αβ T cells
[0170] In some embodiments, the method described herein further comprise isolating or enriching engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) comprising the exogenous TCR and / or engineered receptors described herein.
[0171] In some embodiments, the isolation methods include the separation of different cell types based on the absence or presence in the cell of one or more specific molecules, such as surface markers, e.g., surface proteins, intracellular markers, or nucleic acid.
[0172] In some embodiments, any known method for separation based on such markers may be used. In some embodiments, the separation is affinity-or immunoaffinity-based separation. For example, the isolation in some aspects includes separation of cells and cell populations based on the cells'expression or expression level of one or more markers, typically cell surface markers, for example, by incubation with an antibody or binding partner that specifically binds to such markers, followed generally by washing steps and separation of cells having bound the antibody or binding partner, from those cells having not bound to the antibody or binding partner.
[0173] Such separation steps can be based on positive selection, in which the cells having bound the reagents are retained for further use, and / or negative selection, in which the cells having not bound to the antibody or binding partner are retained. In some examples, both fractions are retained for further use. In some aspects, negative selection can be particularly useful where no antibody is available that specifically identifies a cell type in a heterogeneous population, such that separation is best carried out based on markers expressed by cells other than the desired population.
[0174] The separation need not result in 100%enrichment or removal of a particular cell population or cells expressing a particular marker. For example, positive selection of or enrichment for cells of a particular type, such as those expressing a marker, refers to increasing the number or percentage of such cells, but need not result in a complete absence of cells not expressing the marker. Likewise, negative selection, removal, or depletion of cells of a particular type, such as those expressing a marker, refers to decreasing the number or percentage of such cells, but need not result in a complete removal of all such cells.
[0175] In some examples, multiple rounds of separation steps are carried out, where the positively or negatively selected fraction from one step is subjected to another separation step, such as a subsequent positive or negative selection. In some examples, a single separation step can deplete cells expressing multiple markers simultaneously, such as by incubating cells with a plurality of antibodies or binding partners, each specific for a marker targeted for negative selection. Likewise, multiple cell types can simultaneously be positively selected by incubating cells with a plurality of antibodies or binding partners expressed on the various cell types.
[0176] For example, in some aspects, specific subpopulations of T cells, such as cells positive or expressing high levels of one or more surface markers, e.g., CD28+, CD62L+, CCR7+, CD27+, CD127+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+, and / or CD45RO+ T cells, are isolated by positive or negative selection techniques.
[0177] For example, CD3+, CD28+ T cells can be positively selected using CD3 / CD28 conjugated magnetic beads (e.g., M-450 CD3 / CD28 T Cell Expander) .
[0178] In some embodiments, isolation is carried out by enrichment for a particular cell population by positive selection, or depletion of a particular cell population, by negative selection. In some embodiments, positive or negative selection is accomplished by incubating cells with one or more antibodies or other binding agent that specifically bind to one or more surface markers expressed or expressed (marker+) at a relatively higher level (markerhigh) on the positively or negatively selected cells, respectively.
[0179] In some aspects, the sample or composition of cells to be separated is incubated with small, magnetizable or magnetically responsive material, such as magnetically responsive particles or microparticles, such as paramagnetic beads (e.g., such as Dynabeads or MACS beads) . The magnetically responsive material, e.g., particle, generally is directly or indirectly attached to a binding partner, e.g., an antibody, that specifically binds to a molecule, e.g., surface marker, present on the cell, cells, or population of cells that it is desired to separate, e.g., that it is desired to negatively or positively select.
[0180] In some embodiments, the magnetic particle or bead comprises a magnetically responsive material bound to a specific binding member, such as an antibody or other binding partner. There are many well-known magnetically responsive materials used in magnetic separation methods. Suitable magnetic particles include those described in Molday, U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,773, and in European Patent Specification EP 452342 B, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Colloidal sized particles, such as those described in Owen U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,698, and Liberti et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,084 are other examples.
[0181] The incubation generally is carried out under conditions whereby the antibodies or binding partners, or molecules, such as secondary antibodies or other reagents, which specifically bind to such antibodies or binding partners, which are attached to the magnetic particle or bead, specifically bind to cell surface molecules if present on cells within the sample.
[0182] In some embodiments, the sample is placed in a magnetic field, and those cells having magnetically responsive or magnetizable particles attached thereto will be attracted to the magnet and separated from the unlabeled cells. For positive selection, cells that are attracted to the magnet are retained; for negative selection, cells that are not attracted (unlabeled cells) are retained. In some aspects, a combination of positive and negative selection is performed during the same selection step, where the positive and negative fractions are retained and further processed or subject to further separation steps.
[0183] In certain embodiments, the magnetically responsive particles are coated in primary antibodies or other binding partners, secondary antibodies, lectins, enzymes, or streptavidin. In certain embodiments, the magnetic particles are attached to cells via a coating of primary antibodies specific for one or more markers. In certain embodiments, the cells, rather than the beads, are labeled with a primary antibody or binding partner, and then cell-type specific secondary antibody-or other binding partner (e.g., streptavidin) -coated magnetic particles, are added. In certain embodiments, streptavidin-coated magnetic particles are used in conjunction with biotinylated primary or secondary antibodies.
[0184] In some embodiments, the magnetically responsive particles are left attached to the cells that are to be subsequently incubated, cultured and / or engineered; in some aspects, the particles are left attached to the cells for administration to a patient. In some embodiments, the magnetizable or magnetically responsive particles are removed from the cells. Methods for removing magnetizable particles from cells are known and include, e.g., the use of competing non-labeled antibodies, magnetizable particles or antibodies conjugated to cleavable linkers, etc. In some embodiments, the magnetizable particles are biodegradable.
[0185] In some embodiments, the affinity-based selection is via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, Calif. ) . Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) systems are capable of high-purity selection of cells having magnetized particles attached thereto. In certain embodiments, MACS operates in a mode wherein the non-target and target species are sequentially eluted after the application of the external magnetic field. That is, the cells attached to magnetized particles are held in place while the unattached species are eluted. Then, after this first elution step is completed, the species that were trapped in the magnetic field and were prevented from being eluted are freed in some manner such that they can be eluted and recovered. In certain embodiments, the non-target cells are labelled and depleted from the heterogeneous population of cells
[0186] In certain embodiments, the isolation or separation is carried out using a system, device, or apparatus that carries out one or more of the isolation, cell preparation, separation, processing, incubation, culture, and / or formulation steps of the methods. In some aspects, the system is used to carry out each of these steps in a closed or sterile environment, for example, to minimize error, user handling and / or contamination. In one example, the system is a system as described in International Patent Application, Publication Number WO2009 / 072003, or US 20110003380 A1.
[0187] In some embodiments, the system or apparatus carries out one or more, e.g., all, of the isolation, processing, engineering, and formulation steps in an integrated or self-contained system, and / or in an automated or programmable fashion. In some aspects, the system or apparatus includes a computer and / or computer program in communication with the system or apparatus, which allows a user to program, control, assess the outcome of, and / or adjust various aspects of the processing, isolation, engineering, and formulation steps.
[0188] In some embodiments, a cell population described herein is collected and enriched (or depleted) via flow cytometry, in which cells stained for multiple cell surface markers are carried in a fluidic stream. In some embodiments, a cell population described herein is collected and enriched (or depleted) via preparative scale (FACS) -sorting. In certain embodiments, a cell population described herein is collected and enriched (or depleted) by use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) chips in combination with a FACS-based detection system (see, e.g., WO 2010 / 033140, Cho et al. (2010) Lab Chip 10, 1567-1573; and Godin et al. (2008) J Biophoton. 1 (5) : 355-376. In both cases, cells can be labeled with multiple markers, allowing for the isolation of well-defined T cell subsets at high purity.
[0189] In some embodiments, the antibodies or binding partners are labeled with one or more detectable marker, to facilitate separation for positive and / or negative selection. For example, separation may be based on binding to fluorescently labeled antibodies. In some examples, separation of cells based on binding of antibodies or other binding partners specific for one or more cell surface markers are carried in a fluidic stream, such as by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) , including preparative scale (FACS) and / or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) chips, e.g., in combination with a flow-cytometric detection system. Such methods allow for positive and negative selection based on multiple markers simultaneously.
[0190] In some embodiments, the engineered ɑβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) described herein are enriched using ɑ-galactosylceramide (ɑ-GalCer) or sulfatide. For example, adding ɑ-GalCer or sulfatide to the culture medium of the engineered αβ T cells may promote the growth of iTCR-or γδTCR-expressing cells, enriching the engineered ɑβ T cells expressing iTCR or γδTCR, or engineered ɑβ T cells co-expressing iTCR or γδTCR and an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) . In some embodiments, the engineered ɑβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) described herein are enriched after coculture with CD1d-expressing feeder cells.
[0191] Therefore, in some embodiments, there is provided a method of enriching the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) , comprising culturing the cells in a culture medium comprising ɑ-GalCer (such as about 10-5000 ng / mL μg / mL ɑ-GalCer) or sulfatide (such as 0.1-50 μg / mL sulfatide) .
[0192] Also see “Examples” section for isolation and / or enrichment methods. V. Method of Treatment
[0193] The present application in one aspect provides a method of treating a disease or condition in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein.
[0194] In some embodiments, the individual, to whom the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) or pharmaceutical compositions thereof are administered is a primate, such as a human, monkey, gorilla, chimpanzee, etc. In some embodiments, the individual is a human. The individual can be male or female and can be any suitable age, including infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult, and geriatric individuals. In some embodiments, the individual is a mammal, including but are not limited to, mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, chinchillas, cats, dogs, horses, donkeys, cows, goats, sheep, deer, monkeys, apes, etc. In some embodiments, the individual is a livestock. In some embodiments, the individual is a companion animal. In some examples, the individual is a validated animal model for disease, adoptive cell therapy, and / or for assessing toxic outcomes. In some embodiments, the individual is human.
[0195] Diseases or conditions that can be treated with the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) include, but are not limited to, cancer, infectious diseases, and allergic diseases. The engineered αβ T cells can also be used in combination with other immunotherapeutic cells. In particular, the engineered αβ T cells can be used together with cells that become functional and activated, etc. as a result of the functional activity of the engineered αβ T cells. Here, the treatment is described as an example, but the engineered αβ T cells in one aspect of the present disclosure is effective in preventing the above-described diseases or conditions by inducing immunity in an individual.
[0196] In some embodiments, the disease or condition is cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor cancer. In some embodiments, the solid cancer is selected from the group consisting of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , relapsed or refractory B cell tumor, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) , mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , goblet cell carcinoma (GCC) , relapsed or refractory malignant solid tumor, colon cancer, rectal cancer, renal-cell carcinoma, liver cancer, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the esophagus, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin's Disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, solid tumors of childhood, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or ureter, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS) , primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, T-cell lymphoma, environmentally induced cancers, combinations of said cancers, and metastatic lesions of said cancers.
[0197] The methods are applicable to cancers of all stages, including early stage, advanced stage and metastatic cancer. The methods described herein may be used as a first therapy, second therapy, third therapy, or combination therapy with other types of cancer therapies known in the art, such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, gene therapy, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, stem cell transplantation, targeted therapy, cryotherapy, ultrasound therapy, photodynamic therapy, radio-frequency ablation or the like, in an adjuvant setting or a neoadjuvant setting.
[0198] In some embodiments, the disease or condition is an infectious disease. The infectious disease may be caused by a viral infection, a bacterial infection, a fungal infection, or a protozoal infection.
[0199] Examples of infections include, but are not limited to, viral infections caused by respiratory virus (including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) ) , hepatitis virus (including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) ) , influenza (including influenza A and influenza B) , herpes virus (including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) , herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) ) , papillomavirus (including human papillomavirus (HPV) ) , coronavirus (COVID) , and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , and / or bacterial infections caused by Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) .
[0200] Any suitable methods for the administration of the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) can be used herein. The route of administration is in accordance with any known and accepted methods, such as by single or multiple bolus or infusion over a long period of time in a suitable manner, e.g., injection or infusion by subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intratumoral, intraarterial, or intralesional routes, or by sustained release or extended-release means. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is administered intravenously, such as by infusion. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell is administered intratumorally.
[0201] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition provided herein contains the engineered αβ T cells (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cells) in amounts effective to treat or prevent the disease or disorder, such as a therapeutically effective or prophylactically effective amount. Therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy in some embodiments is monitored by periodic assessment of treated subjects. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is repeated until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. However, other dosage regimens may be useful and can be determined.
[0202] Dosages and desired drug concentration of pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may vary depending on the particular use envisioned. The determination of the appropriate dosage or route of administration is well within the skill of an ordinary artisan. Animal experiments provide reliable guidance for the determination of effective doses for human therapy. Interspecies scaling of effective doses can be performed following the principles laid down by Mordenti, J. and Chappell, W. “The Use of Interspecies Scaling in Toxicokinetics, ” In Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Yacobi et al., Eds, Pergamon Press, New York 1989, pp. 42-46. It is within the scope of the present application that different formulations will be effective for different treatments and different disorders, and that administration intended to treat a specific organ or tissue may necessitate delivery in a manner different from that to another organ or tissue.
[0203] Dosages may vary depending on attributes particular to the disease or disorder and / or patient and / or other treatments. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered at a dosage of between about 104 to about 109 cells / kg of body weight of the individual. In some embodiments engineered αβ T cell or pharmaceutical composition thereof is suitably administered to the individual at one time or over a series of treatments. In some embodiments, the engineered αβ T cell described herein or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered as part of a combination treatment, such as simultaneously with or sequentially with, in any order, another therapeutic intervention, such as an antibody, an engineered cell, or an agent, such as a cytotoxic or therapeutic agent.
[0204] Thus, in some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a disease or condition in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) . In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with cells that express CD1d. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is SCLC.
[0205] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating a disease or condition in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an engineered αβ T cell (e.g., engineered primary αβ T cell) comprising an exogenous TCR specifically recognizing CD1d (e.g., iTCR or γδTCR) and further comprising an engineered receptor (e.g., a CAR, a cTCR, or a TAC) . In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with cells that express CD1d. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is SCLC. EXAMPLES
[0206] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their disclosure nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc. ) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. The examples below are intended to be purely exemplary of the application and should therefore not be considered to limit the application in any way.
[0207] The present disclosure has been described in terms of particular embodiments found or proposed by the present inventor to comprise preferred modes for the practice of the disclosure. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that, in light of the present disclosure, numerous modifications and changes can be made in the particular embodiments exemplified without departing from the intended scope of the disclosure. For example, due to codon redundancy, changes can be made in the underlying DNA sequence without affecting the protein sequence. Moreover, due to biological functional equivalency considerations, changes can be made in protein structure without affecting the biological action in kind or amount. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Example 1: Expression of CD1d-targeting TCR in Jurkat cell line
[0208] Jurkat cell line was first used to verify the expression of CD1d-targeting TCRs including iTCR from iNKT and specific γδTCR that recognize CD1d (γδTCR-1 and γδTCR-2) . Because iTCR is a type of αβTCR, it can mismatch with endogenous TCR in Jurkat cells. Therefore, a Jurkat cell line with TRAC gene knocked-out was used to reduce the mismatch risk. CRISPR / Cas9 technology comprising a gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 7) targeting TRAC gene was used to generate the Jurkat TRAC KO cell line. To verify that a CD1d-targeting TCR (iTCR) and a CAR can be simultaneously delivered and expressed, virus vectors with iTCR / γδTCR sequence and DLL3 CAR sequence linked by T2A (SEQ ID NO: 11) was also constructed. Specifically, the iTCR sequence and DLL3 CAR sequence were arranged as: iTCR β chain-P2A-iTCR αchain-T2A-DLL3 CAR. This polycistron was cloned in a retroviral vector to test the expression of each component. The amino acid sequences of iTCR α chain, iTCR β chain, γδTCR-1 γ chain, γδTCR-1 δ chain, γδTCR-2 γ chain, and γδTCR-2 δ chain are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-6, respectively. The iTCR α and β chain, γδTCR-1 γ and δ chain, or γδTCR-2 γ and δ chain were linked by P2A. The amino acid sequence of DLL3 CAR is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9. Thus, seven kinds of cells were generated: Jurkat-TRAC KO (Jurkat cells with TRAC gene knocked-out) , Jurkat-TRAC KO+iTCR (Jurkat-TRAC KO cells expressing iTCR) , Jurkat-TRAC KO+iTCR&CAR (Jurkat-TRAC KO cells expressing iTCR and DLL3 CAR) , Jurkat-TRAC KO+ γδTCR-1 (Jurkat-TRAC KO cells expressing γδTCR-1) , Jurkat-TRAC KO+ γδTCR-1&CAR (Jurkat-TRAC KO cells expressing γδTCR-1 and DLL3 CAR) , Jurkat-TRAC KO+γδTCR-2 (Jurkat-TRAC KO cells expressing γδTCR-2) , and Jurkat-TRAC KO+ γδTCR-2&CAR (Jurkat-TRAC KO cells expressing γδTCR-2 and DLL3 CAR) . An anti-surface CD3 antibody (CAT#300316, Biolegend) , an anti-TCRVα24Jα18 antibody (CAT#342916, Biolegend) , an anti-TCRVδ1 antibody (CAT#17-5679-42, ThermoFisher) , and an anti-Camelid VHH antibody (CAT#A02019, Genscript) were used to detect the expressions of CD3, iTCR, γδTCR-1 (or γδTCR-2) and DLL3 CAR, respectively.
[0209] As shown in FIGs. 1A-1C, CD1d-targeting iTCR, γδTCR-1 and γδTCR-2 could be expressed in Jurkat TRAC KO cell line. In Jurkat TRAC KO cell line, CD3 could not be detected on the cell surface because the whole CD3 complex could not be assembled without TCR α-chain. With the expressed CD1d-target iTCR or γδTCR, the CD3 complex could properly assemble and be presented on the cell surface, indicating that the exogenous TCR is successfully expressed. CD1d-targeting TCR could also be properly expressed together with CAR structure by a single virus construct with decent efficiency. Example 2: Activation of CD1d-targeting TCR by CD1d-expressing cancer cell lines
[0210] The Jurkat cells generated from Example 1 were used to test the functionality of the expressed CD1d-targeting TCR. As shown in FIGs. 2A-2B, multiple AML cell lines (FIG. 2A) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines (FIG. 2B) were verified for CD1d expression, and the expression of CD1d was not affected after the cells were labeled with luciferase (-Luc) . Groups tested without anti-CD1d antibody serve as negative control. AML cell lines MOLM13 and THP-1 were used to stimulate Jurkat cells expressing CD1d-targeting TCRs in the presence of α-GalCer (100ng / mL) or sulfatide (1μg / mL) . iTCR is known to recognize α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) presented by CD1d, and γδTCR-2 was reported to recognize sulfatide presented by CD1d. γδTCR-1 has no preference for these two lipid antigens. CD69 was detected as an early activation marker for Jurkat. As shown in FIG. 3, after 2.5h co-culture (the ratio of Jurkat : target cell line was 1: 1) , these CD1d-expressing AML cell lines could not activate Jurkat TRAC KO cell line to express CD69. But with iTCR or γδTCR-1, Jurkat cells could be activated and CD69 expression increased. When comparing CD69 activation in γδTCR-2-expressing Jurkat cells, sulfatide-CD1d induced a stronger signal than α-GalCer-CD1d, which is consistent with previous reports. Example 3: Expression of CD1d-targeting TCR in primary T cells
[0211] To examine the feasibility of expressing CD1d-targeting TCR together with CAR in primary T cells, the same virus as in Example 1 were used to transfect primary T cells isolated from PBMCs via CD4 and CD8 T cell isolation kit (CAT#L00932-7.5, L00933-7.5, Genscript) after TransAct beads (CAT#130-111-160, Miltenyi) activation. To avoid mismatch and further facilitate CD3 complex to incorporate the exogenous TCR, the endogenous TCR was disrupted using base editing with TRAC gRNA2 (SEQ ID NO: 8) after the transfection of virus. Thus, primary T-TRAC KO+CAR (primary T cells with TRAC gene knocked-out and expressing DLL3 CAR) , primary T-TRAC KO+iTCR&CAR (primary T-TRAC KO cells expressing iTCR and DLL3 CAR) , primary T-TRAC KO+ γδTCR-1&CAR (primary T-TRAC KO cells expressing γδTCR-1 and DLL3 CAR) , and primary T-TRAC KO+ γδTCR-2&CAR (primary T-TRAC KO cells expressing γδTCR-2 and DLL3 CAR) were generated. Primary T cells were also tested as negative control. As shown in FIG. 4, CD1d-targeting iTCR / γδTCR-1 / γδTCR-2 could be expressed in primary T cells similarly to that in Jurkat, as detected by the α-TCRVα24Jα18 antibody (α-iTCR antibody) and α-TCRVδ1 antibody. Compared with expressing DLL3 CAR alone, primary T cells could also efficiently co-express exogenous TCR and CAR. Example 4: The killing capacity of primary T expressing CD1d-targeting TCR
[0212] We next examined the activity of the exogenous TCR to activate the killing capacity of primary T cells. CD1d-positive AML (MOLM-13-luc, FIG. 5A) and SCLC (H727-luc, FIG. 5B) cell lines as targets were co-cultured with DLL3 CAR / γδTCR-1&DLL3 CAR / γδTCR-2&DLL3 CAR / γδTCR-1 / γδTCR-2 transfected primary T cells in the presence of sulfatide at various effector : target (E: T) ratios of 8: 1, 4: 1 or 2: 1. The activity of killing was evaluated by detecting luciferase from target cells. The killing efficiency of each group of primary T cells on target cells was calculated as follows: cytotoxicity (%) = [1- (RLUexperimental group-RLUblank control group) / (RLUUnT group-RLUblank control group) ] × 100%. The cytotoxicity results normalized to the untreated control group (untransfected primary T cells, UnT) were presented in FIGs. 5A-5B. As shown in FIG. 5A, the MOLM-13-luc cell line does not express any DLL3 antigen, and therefore primary T cells expressing DLL3 CAR alone could not be activated. All the observed killing activities were mediated by CD1d-targeting γδTCR-1 / γδTCR-2. Consistent with activation in Jurkat, γδTCR-2 exhibited better killing activity than γδTCR-1 in the presence of sulfatide. In H727-luc cell line (FIG. 5B) , DLL3 CAR recognized its target antigen and mediate partial killing activity. Co-expression of CD1d-targeting γδTCR-1 / γδTCR-2 with DLL3 CAR further enhanced this killing activity. These TCRs could also directly activate primary T cells to kill H727-luc in the absence of DLL3 CAR. SEQUENCE LISTING
Claims
1.An engineered αβ T cell comprising an exogenous T cell receptor (TCR) specifically recognizing CD1d.2.The engineered αβ T cell of claim 1, wherein the exogenous TCR is an iTCR.3.The engineered αβ T cell of claim 1, wherein the exogenous TCR is a γδTCR.4.The engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell.5.The engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the engineered αβ T cell has normal expression of endogenous TCR.6.The engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of α-chain and / or β-chain of an endogenous TCR.7.The engineered αβ T cell of claim 6, wherein the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression of T cell Receptor Alpha Constant (TRAC) .8.The engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression and / or function of at least one HLA protein, CIITA and / or Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) .9.The engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 6-8, wherein the expression of the genes is reduced via CRISPR / Cas technology or base editing technology.10.The engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 1-9, further comprising an engineered receptor.11.The engineered αβ T cell of claim 10, wherein the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , a chimeric T cell receptor (cTCR) , or a T cell antigen coupler (TAC) .12.The engineered αβ T cell of claim 11, wherein the engineered receptor comprises an extracellular antigen binding domain specifically recognizing an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD19, BCMA, Claudin 18.2, NY-ESO-1, VEGFR2, MAGE-A3, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD38, CEA, EGFR, GD2, HER2, IGF1R, mesothelin, PSMA, ROR1, GPC3, DLL3, GPRC5D, CLL1, WT1 and combinations thereof; optionally wherein the extracellular domain specifically recognizing DLL3.13.A nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit, a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit, and a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d.14.The nucleic acid of claim 13, wherein:a) the first TCR subunit is a β-chain of iTCR, and the second TCR subunit is a α-chain of iTCR; orb) the first TCR subunit is a δ-chain of γδTCR, and the second TCR subunit is a γ-chain of γδTCR.15.The nucleic acid of claim 13 or 14, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence, the second nucleic acid sequence, and the third nucleic acid sequence are linked to each other through a sequence encoding a 2A self-cleaving peptide.16.The nucleic acid of claim 15, wherein the 2A peptide is T2A, P2A, E2A, or F2A peptide.17.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 13-16, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the second nucleic acid sequence, and the second nucleic acid sequence is upstream of the third nucleic acid sequence.18.A vector comprising the nucleic acid of any one of claims 13-17.19.An engineered αβ T cell comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first TCR subunit and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second TCR subunit, wherein the first TCR subunit and the second TCR subunit form a heterodimer that specifically recognizes CD1d, or one or more vectors comprising the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence.20.The primary αβ T cell of claim 19, wherein the engineered αβ T cell further comprises a third nucleic acid sequence encoding an engineered receptor.21.The primary αβ T cell of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the engineered αβ T cell is an engineered primary αβ T cell.22.The engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 19-21, wherein the engineered αβ T cell is modified to have no or reduced expression of TRAC.23.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered αβ T cell of any one of claims 1-12 and 19-22, the nucleic acid of any one of claims 13-17, or the vector of claim 18.24.A method of treating a disease or condition in an individual, comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 23.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the disease or condition is cancer.26.The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the disease or condition is associated with cells that express CD1d.27.The method of any one of claims 24-26, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , relapsed or refractory B cell tumor, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) , mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , goblet cell carcinoma (GCC) and a relapsed or refractory malignant solid tumor.