Apparatus and method for error impact mitigation using transmission parameter deviation information

Abstract

The disclosure inter alia relates to an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise at least one processor. The apparatus may further comprise at least one memory storing instructions. The instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the apparatus to perform receiving, from a network node, deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter. The instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the apparatus to perform, based on the deviation information, determining at least one of the following: an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus.

Description

[0001] APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ERROR IMPACT MITIGATION USING TRANSMISSION PARAMETER DEVIATION INFORMATION

[0002] TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

[0003] Various example embodiments relate to wireless communication networks, in particular to using deviation information associated with a transmission parameter to mitigate an impact of various errors in such networks.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Radio frequency (RF) and base band errors occurring in wireless communication networks may affect the performance of such networks, e.g. with respect to Artificial Intelligence (Al) and / or Machine Learning (ML) applications. For example, said errors may impact prediction accuracy of AI / ML applications in such networks, leading to a degradation of the performance of the AI / ML applications. Examples of wireless communication networks comprise cellular networks such as networks operating according to Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5G or 6G radio access technology. 5G radio access technology may also be referred to as New Radio (NR) access technology. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP, develops standards for LTE, 5G / NR and 6G. One of the topics discussed within 3GPP is how to mitigate the impact of RF and base band errors in such networks, e.g. for AI / ML applications.

[0006] SUMMARY OF SOME EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

[0007] Studies of using AI / ML techniques for applications in wireless communication networks such as, e.g., Channel State Information (CSI) compression / decompression, CSI prediction, beam management, positioning, mobility, etc. have shown that RF and base band errors at the input of AI / ML models may significantly impact a prediction accuracy of said models, which may in turn lead to a degradation of the performance of the AI / ML techniques in said applications.

[0008] In general, RF and base band errors may be associated with two different concepts: Over-The-Air (OTA) or Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) impact, and conductive impact.Conductive impact may in particular originate from a conductive connection of a radio antenna a) to a transmission chain and / or to a power amplifier (transmission side), or b) to a reception chain and / or to a low noise amplifier (reception side).

[0009] OTA / EIRP impact (or antenna gain / RF impact), on the other hand, may in particular correspond to the impact of factors relating to a radio connection for transmitting and / or receiving electromagnetic waves with a transmitter and / or a receiver such as, e.g., antenna / antenna array RF beamformers and / or RF beams used at a user equipment (UE), UE shielding (e.g., due to decorations or user holding position), channel environment (e.g., surroundings, locations, (non)-line-of-sight conditions), and various physical parameters (e.g., UE power supply, temperature etc.).

[0010] The aforementioned factors may affect transmissions performed by the UE (e.g. the transmission power / EIRP). Further, due to the reciprocity of a radiation pattern (e.g., of a beam) in both transmission and reception, the aforementioned factors may likewise affect measurements performed by the UE (e.g., power measurements).

[0011] While approaches such as a calibration during manufacture or Automatic Gain Control (AGC) may help to mitigate, at least in part, the effect of errors in particular resulting from a conductive impact, it may also be desirable to mitigate the effect of errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact.

[0012] In view of the above, certain embodiments of the disclosure may have the effect of mitigating the impact of RF and base band errors in particular due to EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact, e.g. on AI / ML models. To this end, certain embodiments of the disclosure may allow to take into account deviation information indicative of a deviation of first values (e.g., expected values) of a transmission parameter from second values (e.g., actual values) of the transmission parameter, e.g. when performing transmissions and / or measurements.

[0013] According to a first example aspect, there is disclosed an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise at least one processor. The apparatus may further comprise at least one memory storing instructions. The instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may causethe apparatus to perform receiving, from a network node, deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter. The instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the apparatus to perform, based on the deviation information, determining at least one of the following: an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus.

[0014] The apparatus according to the first example aspect may be or may comprise a user equipment (UE).

[0015] According to a second example aspect, there is disclosed an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise at least one processor. The apparatus may further comprise at least one memory storing instructions. The instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the apparatus to perform obtaining at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter and at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter. The instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the apparatus to perform determining deviation information indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value. The instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may further cause the apparatus to perform transmitting the deviation information to a user equipment.

[0016] The apparatus according to the second example aspect may be or may comprise a network node such as, e.g., a Radio Access Network (RAN) node.

[0017] According to each of the example aspects, a respective method is also disclosed.

[0018] Thus, according to the first example aspect, there is disclosed a method performed by an apparatus. The method may comprise receiving, from a network node, deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter. The method may further comprise determining, based on the deviation information, at least one of thefollowing: an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus.

[0019] The apparatus by which the method according to the first example aspect is performed may be or may comprise a user equipment (UE).

[0020] According to the second example aspect, there is disclosed a method performed by an apparatus. The method may comprise obtaining at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter and at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter. The method may further comprise determining deviation information indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value. The method may further comprise transmitting the deviation information to a user equipment.

[0021] The apparatus by which the method according to the second example aspect is performed may be or may comprise a network node such as, e.g., a RAN node.

[0022] Any of the disclosed devices (e.g., the apparatus according to any of the described example aspects) may be a stationary device or a mobile device. A user equipment may in particular be a terminal device, e.g. a mobile device such as a smartphone, a tablet, a wearable, a smartwatch, a low power device, an loT device, an IIoT device, a vehicle, a truck, a drone, an airplane, or the like. A user equipment may in particular be capable of communicating with (transmitting and / or receiving signals and / or data to / from) one or more other user equipments and / or with one or more network nodes, such as a base station of a wireless communication network. Generally, a user equipment may be any device enabled for communication with a wireless communication network and / or with another user equipment.

[0023] A network node may be understood as a wireless communication station installed at a fixed or mobile location and may in particular be or comprise an entity of a radio access network of a wireless communication system. For instance, a network node may be, comprise, or be part of a base station of a wireless communication network of any generation (e.g. a gNB, eNodeB, NodeB, BTS or the like) of a 3GPP standard. Generally, a network node may be or comprise a hardware or software component implementing a certain functionality. In an example, anetwork node may be an entity as defined by 3GPP 5G or NR standard (also referred to as gNB). Accordingly, while a network node may be understood to be implemented in or be a single device or module, a network node may also be implemented across or comprise multiple devices or modules. As such, a network node may in particular be implemented in or be a stationary device. Multiple network nodes may in particular establish a wireless communication system or network, which may in particular be an NR or 5G system (5GS) or any other wireless communications system defined by a past or future standard, in particular successors of the present 3 GPP standards. Network nodes may be capable of being in direct and / or indirect communication with user equipment.

[0024] According to the example aspects of the present disclosure, there is in each case also disclosed a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of the respective aspect. The computer program may in each case be stored on a computer-readable storage medium, in particular a tangible and / or non-transitory medium. The computer readable storage medium could for example be a disk or a memory or the like. The computer program could be stored in the computer readable storage medium in the form of instructions encoding the computer-readable storage medium. The computer readable storage medium may be intended for taking part in the operation of a device, like an internal or external memory, for instance a Read-Only Memory (ROM) or hard disk of a computer, or be intended for distribution of the program, like an optical disc.

[0025] Thus, according to the example aspects of the present disclosure, there is in each case also disclosed a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon the computer program of the respective aspect.

[0026] Any disclosure herein relating to any example aspect is to be understood to be equally disclosed with respect to any subject-matter according to the respective example aspect, e.g. relating to an apparatus, a method, a computer program, and a computer-readable storage medium. For example, any passage describing at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform a step is to be understood as disclosing the step as a method step itself. Thesame holds the other way around, i.e., any passage describing a method or method step is to be understood as disclosing at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform the method or method step. The disclosure of a method or a method step shall also be considered as a disclosure of means for performing and / or causing to perform the respective method or method step. Likewise, the disclosure of means for performing and / or causing to perform a method or method step shall also be considered as a disclosure of the method or method step itself.

[0027] Specifically, an apparatus (e.g., the apparatus according to any of the described example aspects) is disclosed, configured to carry out, perform and / or control or comprising respective means for performing and / or controlling the method according to any of the above-mentioned example aspects. Further, an apparatus (e.g., the apparatus according to any of the described example aspects) is disclosed comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform the method according to any aspect.

[0028] The apparatus according to any aspect may comprise means for performing the specified method or steps.

[0029] In general, the means or functionality of any of the disclosed devices or apparatuses (e.g., the apparatus according to any of the described example aspects) may be implemented in hardware and / or software. They may comprise one or multiple modules or units providing the respective functionality. They may for instance comprise at least one processor for executing computer program code for performing the required functions, at least one memory storing the program code, or both. They could comprise for instance circuitry that is designed to implement the required functions, for instance implemented in a chipset or a chip, like an integrated circuit. In general, the means may comprise for instance one or more processing means or processors.

[0030] Specific means may be used to implement specific functions / functionalities / features, e.g. receiving means for receiving, from a network node, deviation information indicative of adeviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter, and / or determining means for determining, based on the deviation information, at least one of the following: an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus (said means may for example be comprised by the apparatus according to the first example aspect).

[0031] Further examples of specific means may comprise, e.g., obtaining means for obtaining at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter and at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter, determining means for determining deviation information indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value, and / or transmitting means for transmitting the deviation information to a user equipment (said means may for example be comprised by the apparatus according to the second example aspect).

[0032] Thus, according to the respective example aspects of the present disclosure, there is in each case also disclosed a respective apparatus comprising means for performing a method according to the respective aspect of the present disclosure.

[0033] Any of the above-disclosed example aspects may, however, in general be performed by an apparatus, which may be a module or a component for a device, for example a chip.

[0034] The apparatus according to any aspect may comprise only (i.e., consist of) the disclosed components, for instance means, processor, memory, circuitry, or may further comprise one or more additional components.

[0035] The described aspects may be advantageous in particular in terms of an accuracy with which a transmission parameter (e.g., of a transmission performed by a UE) may be controlled and / or with which a measurement may be reported (e.g., by a UE in a wireless communication network). More specifically, in accordance with the described aspects, deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value (e.g., a respective expected value) of a transmission parameter from at least one second value (e.g., a respective actual value) aredetermined and transmitted (second example aspect) and / or are received and used (first example aspect). Said deviation information may advantageously allow to account for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact, e.g. when performing transmissions and / or when reporting measurements. In this way, the accuracy with which a transmission parameter may be controlled, and / or with which a measurement may be reported, may advantageously be enhanced, thereby inter alia improving the performance of AI / ML models. Further, due to the enhanced accuracy when controlling the transmission parameter, energy consumption for a corresponding transmission may advantageously be reduced.

[0036] As mentioned, EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact may in particular correspond to the impact of factors such as, e.g., one or more beamformers and / or beams used by the apparatus, a shielding of the apparatus (e.g., due to decorations of the apparatus or a holding position of a user of the apparatus), an environment of the apparatus (e.g., surroundings of the apparatus, a location of the apparatus, (non)-line-of-sight conditions of the apparatus with respect to the network node), and various physical parameters (e.g., a power supply of the apparatus, a temperature of the apparatus, a surrounding temperature etc.). As further mentioned, due to the reciprocity of a (e.g., irregular) radiation pattern (e.g., of a beam) in both transmission and reception, the aforementioned factors may affect both, transmissions performed by the apparatus and / or measurements performed by the apparatus.

[0037] In the following, various example embodiments of the various example aspects of the present disclosure are described in detail. It will be understood that any disclosure herein relating to any example aspect is to be understood to be disclosed in a corresponding manner with respect to any other example aspect.

[0038] The apparatuses, methods, computer programs and / or storage media in accordance with the described aspects may for instance correspond to apparatuses, methods, computer programs and / or storage media for 5G or 6G (e.g., standardized in 3GPP Rel-20 or beyond).

[0039] The transmission parameter may for instance comprise or correspond to a parameter associated with one or more transmissions performed by the apparatus according to the firstexample aspect (e.g., to the apparatus according to the second example aspect) and / or one or more transmissions performed by the apparatus according to the second example aspect (e.g., to the apparatus according to the first example aspect).

[0040] In example embodiments, the transmission parameter corresponds to a transmission power. As used herein, transmission power may also be referred to as transmitted power, transmit power, transmitting power, Tx power, radio power, RF power, or output power. Therefore, the terms “transmission power”, “transmitted power”, “transmit power”, “transmitting power”, “Tx power”, “radio power”, “RF power”, and “output power” are used interchangeably herein. As used herein, the term “transmission” may be abbreviated as “Tx”. Similarly, as used herein, the term “reception” may be abbreviated as “Rx”. The transmission power of a UE may for instance be referred to as UE power or UE transmission power. A transmission power may for instance be indicated in units of dBm (decibel-milliwatts). Decibel-milliwatts may be understood as a unit of power expressing a power level relative to one milliwatt (mW) using a logarithmic scale.

[0041] The at least one first value (e.g. each of the at least one first value) associated with the transmission parameter may for instance comprise or correspond to a first value of the transmission parameter. For example, the at least one first value (e.g. each of the at least one first value) may comprise or may correspond to a number representative of a value of the transmission parameter. Similarly, (e.g., each of) the at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter may for instance comprise or correspond to a second value of the transmission parameter, and / or may comprise or may correspond to a number representative of a value of the transmission parameter. For example, each of the at least one first value and / or each of the at least one second value may comprise or may correspond to a number representing a transmission power in units of dBm.

[0042] Alternatively, (e.g. each of) the at least one first value and / or (e.g. each of) the at least one second value may for example comprise or correspond to a value determined based on and / or derived from a respective value of the transmission parameter.In example embodiments, (e.g., each of) the at least one first value corresponds to an expected value of the transmission parameter and / or (e.g., each of) the at least one second value corresponds to an actual value of the transmission parameter. The expected value of the transmission parameter may for example correspond to a value of the transmission parameter that is expected, e.g. by the network node. The expected value may also be referred to as a nominal value, a target value or a desired value. The actual value of the transmission parameter may for example correspond to a value of the transmission parameter that is (e.g., actually) measured, e.g. by the network node. The actual value may also be referred to as a real value or a measured value.

[0043] In particular expected values and / or actual values of the transmission parameter may be used to account for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact on transmissions and / or measurements, as further described herein.

[0044] The at least one first value (e.g., corresponding to an expected, nominal, target or desired value) may for example comprise or correspond to a value indicated to the apparatus by the network node. For example, the at least one first value may correspond to a transmit power indicated to the apparatus by the network node, e.g. as part of a Transmit Power Control (TPC) procedure. The at least one second value (e.g., corresponding to an actual, real or measured value), may for example comprise or correspond to a value (e.g., actually) measured by the network node. For example, the at least one second value may correspond to a transmit power measured by and / or at the network node, e.g. as part of a TPC procedure.

[0045] As mentioned, the deviation information is received from a network node. For example, the deviation information may be received from the apparatus according to the second example aspect.

[0046] As mentioned, the deviation information is indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value. For example, the deviation information may comprise one or more values respectively indicating a respective deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value. In other words, in example embodiments, for each pair of values comprising a first value and a second value, the deviation information maycomprise (e.g., exactly) one value indicating the deviation between said first value and said second value. Alternatively or in addition, the deviation information may comprise one or more values indicating a deviation associated with a plurality (e.g., a subset or all) of the first values and / or with a plurality (e.g., a subset or all) of the second values, e.g. indicating an average or a median deviation of the plurality of first values and / or of the plurality of second values. A value indicating a deviation may for instance comprise or correspond to a number representative of the deviation (e.g., in absolute or relative numbers). Alternatively, a value indicating a deviation may indicate a value range comprising the deviation (e.g., by binning various deviation values into value ranges).

[0047] As used herein, a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value may also be understood as a deviation of the at least one second value from the at least one first value.

[0048] In example embodiments, the deviation information is indicative of a respective difference between (e.g., each of) the at least one first value and (e.g., a respective one of) the at least one second value. For example, the deviation information may comprise one or more values respectively indicating a respective difference between the at least one first value and the at least one second value. In other words, for each pair of values comprising a first value and a second value, the deviation information may comprise (e.g., exactly) one value indicating the difference between said first value and said second value. A respective difference between the at least one first value and the at least one second value may correspond to an absolute difference (e.g., given in dBm if the transmission parameter corresponds to a transmission power) or to a relative difference (e.g., given as a decimal value or as a percentage value). An absolute difference may be the result of a subtraction. A relative difference may be the result of dividing said absolute difference by a divisor, wherein the respective first value or the respective second value may be used as the divisor. A value indicating a difference may for instance comprise or correspond to a number representative of the difference. Alternatively, a value indicating a difference may indicate a value range comprising the difference (e.g., by binning various difference values into value ranges). Alternatively to being indicative of the respective difference, the deviation information may be indicative of a respective ratio of the at least one first value and the at least one second value.Differences and / or ratios of the first and second values have been found to be particularly suitable to account for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact, as further described herein.

[0049] As mentioned, at least one of the following is determined (e.g. calculated) based on the deviation information: an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter, or an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus. In other words, in example embodiments, the apparatus is caused to determine an adjusted parameter value, an adjusted measurement value, or both.

[0050] Determining the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value based on the deviation information may for instance comprise or correspond to using the deviation information (e.g., one or more values comprised by or derivable from the deviation information; for instance values indicating differences between and / or ratios of the first and second values, as further described herein) for determining the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value.

[0051] In example embodiments, determining (e.g., calculating) the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value based on the received deviation information comprises:

[0052] - obtaining (for example receiving, e.g. from the network node, or determining, e.g.

[0053] measuring by the apparatus) an unadjusted parameter value and / or an unadjusted measurement value; and

[0054] - adjusting the unadjusted parameter value and / or the unadjusted measurement value based on the deviation information.

[0055] Adjusting (or correcting) the unadjusted parameter value and / or the unadjusted measurement value based on the received deviation information may for example comprise or correspond to subtracting and / or adding a value comprised by or derivable from the deviation information from / to the unadjusted parameter value and / or from / to the unadjusted measurement value. Alternatively, or in addition, adjusting (or correcting) the unadjusted parameter value and / or the unadjusted measurement value based on the received deviation information may compriseor correspond to multiplying or dividing the unadjusted parameter value and / or the unadjusted measurement value with / by a value comprised by or derivable from the deviation information.

[0056] As an example, with some value A indicating a difference between a first value of a transmission parameter and a second value of a transmission parameter, determining an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter may comprise adding or subtracting (depending on the sign of value A) value A to or from an unadjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter. Similarly, as an example, determining an adjusted measurement value may comprise adding or subtracting value A to or from an unadjusted measurement value.

[0057] As a further example, with some value B indicating a ratio between said first value and said second value, determining said adjusted parameter value may comprise multiplying or dividing said unadjusted parameter value with / by value B. Similarly, as a further example, determining said adjusted measurement value may comprise multiplying or dividing said unadjusted measurement value with / by value B.

[0058] It is to be understood that the above examples of determining an adjusted parameter value and / or an adjusted measurement value based on deviation information are only for illustrative purposes and are not to be understood as limiting. Further possibilities of determining an adjusted parameter value and / or an adjusted measurement value based on deviation information will be apparent to a person skilled in the art.

[0059] The adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter may for instance comprise or correspond to an adjusted value of the transmission parameter (e.g. having been adjusted as further described herein). For example, the adjusted parameter value may comprise or may correspond to a number representative of an adjusted value of the transmission parameter. For example, the adjusted parameter value may comprise or may correspond to a number representing an adjusted transmission power in units of dBm. As a further example, the adjusted parameter value may comprise or correspond to a value determined based on and / or derived from an adjusted value of the transmission parameter.The measurement performed (e.g. having been or being performed, e.g. periodically) by the apparatus may for example be associated with one or more transmissions from the network node to the apparatus. The measurement may for example comprise or correspond to a measurement of a strength and / or a quality of a radio signal received by the apparatus (e.g., RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power), RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality), or SINR (Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio)). In example embodiments, the measurement performed by the apparatus comprises or corresponds to a Layer 1 (LI) measurement (e.g., a LI -RSRP measurement) or a measurement of a beam (e.g., of an SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) or CSI-RS (Channel State Information Reference Signal) beam), for instance a beam RSRP. In example embodiments, the measurement performed by the apparatus is a downlink (DL) measurement. In example embodiments, the measurement performed by the apparatus is a power measurement.

[0060] The adjusted measurement value associated with the measurement performed by the apparatus may for instance comprise or correspond to an adjusted measured value (e.g. having been adjusted as further described herein) of a measured quantity (e.g., RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, SINR) associated with the measurement. For instance, an RSRP measurement may be associated with the measured quantity RSRP. In example embodiments, the adjusted measurement value comprises or corresponds to a number representative of an adjusted measured value of the measured quantity. For example, the adjusted measurement value may comprise or may correspond to a number representing an adjusted measured RSRP in units of dBm. As a further example, the adjusted measurement value may comprise or correspond to a value determined based on and / or derived from an adjusted measured value of a measured quantity associated with the measurement.

[0061] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:

[0062] - performing a transmission to the network node based on the adjusted parameter value; and / or

[0063] - transmitting, to the network node, the adjusted measurement value.In other words, in example embodiments, the adjusted parameter value is used for performing a transmission to the network node and / or the adjusted measurement value is transmitted (e.g., reported) to the network node.

[0064] In particular in this way, it may be accounted for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact on transmissions and / or measurements, as further described herein.

[0065] Performing the transmission based on the adjusted parameter value may for instance comprise controlling the transmission parameter (e.g., by the apparatus) such that a value of the transmission parameter corresponds at least temporarily to the adjusted parameter value. Generally, performing a transmission to a network node may for example comprise or correspond to transmitting a signal or a message to the network node. The transmission may for example be an uplink transmission, e.g. a PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel), a SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), and / or a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) transmission.

[0066] Transmitting the adjusted measurement value to the network node may for instance comprise transmitting information indicative of the adjusted measurement value to the network node, e.g. such that the network node is able to obtain the adjusted measurement value based on the information indicative of the adjusted measurement value. The adjusted measurement value may be transmitted to the network node as part of a measurement report transmitted by the apparatus to the network node. Said measurement report may for example correspond to a report associated with or being based on a measurement as described further herein (e.g., a measurement of a strength and / or a quality of a radio signal received by the apparatus such as, for instance, an RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, or SINR measurement; a LI measurement such as, for instance, a Ll-RSRP measurement; and / or a measurement of a beam such as, for instance, an SSB or CSI-RS beam).

[0067] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- determining a calibration table based on the deviation information, the calibration table comprising one or more calibration values indicative of the deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value, wherein the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value is determined based on the calibration table.

[0068] In other words, in example embodiments, the deviation information is used (e.g., collected) by the apparatus for determining (e.g. creating, building, generating) the calibration table. The calibration table may be formed at least in part by the one or more calibration values. In example embodiments, the one or more calibration values comprise or correspond to the one or more values respectively indicating a respective deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value, as further described herein. Alternatively or in addition, the one or more calibration values may comprise or may correspond to the one or more values indicating a deviation associated with a plurality of the first values and / or with a plurality of the second values, as further described herein. While the calibration table may generally correspond to a multi-dimensional table, the calibration table may in particular correspond to a two-dimensional table.

[0069] As mentioned, the adjusted parameter value / measurement value may be determined based on the calibration table. For example, the adjusted parameter value / measurement value may be determined based on the one or more calibration values. In other words, in example embodiments, the calibration table (e.g., the one or more calibration values) is (are) used by the apparatus for determining the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value. Thus, the calibration table may for example be understood as a table for adjusting and / or calibrating parameter values associated with transmission parameters and / or for adjusting and / or calibrating measurement values associated with measurements performed by the apparatus.

[0070] Determining the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value based on the calibration table may for example comprise obtaining an unadjusted parameter value / measurement value and adjusting the unadjusted parameter value / measurement value based on the calibration table (e.g., based on the one or more calibration values). Adjusting (or correcting) the unadjusted parameter value and / or the unadjusted measurement valuebased on the calibration table may for example comprise or correspond to subtracting and / or adding one of the one or more calibration values from / to the unadjusted parameter value / measurement value. Alternatively, or in addition, adjusting (or correcting) the unadjusted parameter value / measurement value based on the calibration table may comprise or correspond to multiplying or dividing the unadjusted parameter value / measurement value with / by one of the one or more calibration values.

[0071] In example embodiments, the calibration table further comprises at least one of the following: o the at least one first value;

[0072] o the at least one second value;

[0073] o an indication of a respective transmission parameter control command associated with a respective calibration value;

[0074] o an indication of a respective time associated with a respective calibration value;

[0075] o an indication of a respective location associated with a respective calibration value; o an indication of a respective slot associated with a respective calibration value; or o an indication of a respective beam associated with a respective calibration value.

[0076] The transmission parameter control command may for instance comprise or correspond to a control command (e.g. transmitted from the network node to the apparatus) causing the apparatus to change a value of the transmission parameter, e.g. in a desired manner. For the example of the transmission parameter corresponding to the transmission power of the apparatus, the transmission parameter control command may for instance correspond to a TPC command. The transmission parameter control command (e.g., a TPC command) may for example cause the apparatus to increase, decrease or maintain a current value of the transmission parameter (e.g., the transmission power).

[0077] The indication of the respective transmission parameter control command may for example identify a respective transmission parameter control command. For instance, said indication may comprise or may correspond to an index corresponding to a particular transmission parameter control command.The indication of a respective time associated with a respective calibration value may for example indicate a time at which the respective calibration value has been determined. The indication of the respective time may for instance comprise or correspond to a time stamp associated with the respective calibration value.

[0078] The indication of a respective location associated with a respective calibration value may for example indicate a (e.g. geographic) location at which the respective calibration value has been determined. The indication of the respective location may for instance comprise or correspond to a location tag associated with the respective calibration value.

[0079] The indication of a respective slot associated with a respective calibration value may for example indicate a slot for which the respective calibration value has been determined. A slot may for example be understood as a time unit, e.g. a part of a radio frame (for instance, a subdivision of a subframe).

[0080] The indication of a respective beam associated with a respective calibration value may for example indicate a (radio) beam for which the respective calibration value has been determined. A (radio) beam may for example be understood as a spatial unit associated with a radio signal, e.g. comprising a directional transmission of radio signals (for instance, a radio signal formed using beamforming techniques).

[0081] As mentioned, the one or more calibration values may be indicative of the deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value. Thus, in example embodiments, also the at least one first value and / or the at least one second value are associated with a respective calibration value.

[0082] In example embodiments, the at least one first value, the at least one second value and / or the respective indication of a respective transmission parameter control command, time, location, slot and / or beam are stored in the calibration table in association with the respective calibration value. For example, the at least one first value, the at least one second value and / or the respective indication may be comprised in a same row or a same column of the calibration table as the respective calibration value.Thus, besides the one or more calibration values, the calibration table may in example embodiments be formed by one or more of the above elements. For example, the calibration table may comprise the one or more calibration values and the at least one first value (e.g., corresponding to a respective expected value), wherein each of the one or more calibration values may be associated with a respective one of the at least one first value. In this way, for each first value associated with the transmission parameter (and / or for each second value, transmission parameter control command, time, location, slot and / or beam), the calibration table comprises (e.g. exactly) one calibration value, thus allowing for calibrating (or adjusting, or correcting) an unadjusted value of the transmission parameter based on the calibration value.

[0083] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:

[0084] - receiving, from the network node, an indication of at least one of the following:

[0085] o a size associated with the calibration table;

[0086] o a value range associated with the calibration table; or

[0087] o a value quantization associated with the calibration table.

[0088] The size associated with the calibration table may for instance correspond to a size of the calibration table (e.g., number of rows, number of columns, etc.). The value range associated with the calibration table may for instance comprise or correspond to a range of values (e.g. a range of first values, second values, transmission parameter control commands, times, locations, slots and / or beams) comprised and / or covered by the calibration table (e.g., defined by respective maximum and minimum values). The value quantization associated with the calibration table may for instance comprise or correspond to a quantization of values (e.g., binning, categorization etc. of first values, second values, transmission parameter control commands, times, locations, slots and / or beams) used in the calibration table. A respective indication of the size, value range and / or value quantization may for example comprise or correspond to information indicative of the size, value range and / or value quantization.By receiving the respective indication from the network node, the apparatus may be configured with respect to the calibration table by the wireless communication network comprising the network node in a desired manner.

[0089] In example embodiments, the above information (size, value range, value quantization) may be transmitted from the apparatus according to the second example aspect to the user equipment (an example of the apparatus according to the first example aspect).

[0090] Calibration tables as described above have been found to allow for a particularly practicable handling of the deviation information used to account for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact, as further described herein.

[0091] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:

[0092] - receiving, from the network node, an indication of a stationary time and / or of a coherence time respectively associated with the deviation information; and

[0093] - based on determining that the stationary time and / or the coherence time has lapsed, acquiring updated deviation information.

[0094] In other words, in example embodiments, the apparatus is further caused to acquire updated deviation information if it is determined that the stationary time has lapsed, that the coherence time has lapsed, or both. Correspondingly, if it is determined that neither the stationary time nor the coherence time has lapsed, in example embodiments, the apparatus is not caused to acquire updated deviation information.

[0095] The indication of the stationary time and / or of the coherence time may for example comprise one or more values representative of the stationary time and / or of the coherence time. Each of the stationary time and / or the coherence time may in particular correspond to a time period. Determining that the stationary time and / or the coherence time has lapsed may thus comprise determining that the respective time period has lapsed.The stationary time may for example correspond to a time period during which one or more characteristics (e.g., statistics) of a radio link between the apparatus and the network node (as further described herein) do not change (e.g., stay within one or more predetermined bounds). The coherence time may for example correspond to a time period during which one or more parameters associated with (e.g., of) said radio link are constant. Each of the stationary time and / or the coherence time may be associated with the deviation information and may indicate a respective time period during which the deviation information may be considered valid.

[0096] In example embodiments, a time period corresponding to the stationary time is longer than a time period corresponding to the coherence time.

[0097] Acquiring the updated deviation information (e.g., only) when the stationary time has lapsed may further allow to reduce signaling overhead as it may help to avoid updating the deviation information too frequently.

[0098] Acquiring updated deviation information may for example comprise requesting the updated deviation information (e.g., from the network node) and, based on (e.g., after and / or in response to) requesting the updated deviation information, receiving the updated deviation information (e.g., from the network node). Alternatively, or in addition, acquiring the updated deviation information may comprise (e.g., the apparatus itself) obtaining (e.g., collecting) the updated deviation information, e.g. for determining an updated calibration table.

[0099] Alternatively, or in addition, in example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:

[0100] - receiving, from the network node, an indication of a stationary distance and / or of a coherence distance respectively associated with the deviation information; and

[0101] - based on determining that the stationary distance and / or the coherence distance has been travelled, acquiring updated deviation information.

[0102] In other words, in example embodiments, the apparatus is further caused to acquire updated deviation information if it is determined that the stationary distance has been travelled, that the coherence distance has been travelled, or both.The stationary distance may for example correspond to a (e.g. physical) distance for which one or more characteristics (e.g., statistics) of a radio link between the apparatus and the network node (as further described herein) do not change (e.g., stay within one or more predetermined bounds). The coherence distance may for example correspond to a (e.g. physical) distance for which one or more parameters associated with (e.g., of) said radio link are constant. Each of the stationary distance and / or the coherence distance may be associated with the deviation information and may indicate a respective distance for which the deviation information may be considered valid. In example embodiments, the stationary distance is longer than the coherence distance.

[0103] It is to be understood that any disclosure herein relating to the indication of the stationary time and / or of the coherence time is to be understood to be disclosed in a corresponding manner for the indication of the stationary distance and / or of the coherence distance.

[0104] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:

[0105] - obtaining radio link information indicative of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus and the network node;

[0106] - determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion; and

[0107] - based on (e.g., after and / or in response to) determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion, acquiring updated deviation information.

[0108] In other words, in example embodiments, the apparatus is further caused to acquire updated deviation information if a change of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus and the network node satisfies a predetermined criterion.

[0109] The updated deviation information may differ at least in part from the deviation information (e.g., one or more updated calibration values comprised by the updated deviation information may differ from one or more corresponding calibration values comprised by the deviationinformation). It is to be understood that any disclosure herein relating to the deviation information is to be understood to be disclosed in a corresponding manner for the updated deviation information.

[0110] As mentioned, if a change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion, updated deviation information may be acquired. Correspondingly, if a change of the one or more characteristics does not satisfy the predetermined criterion, updated deviation information may not be acquired (e.g., the already received deviation information may be maintained and continued to be used).

[0111] Determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion may for example comprise determining that one or more values indicative of a (e.g., absolute or relative) degree of change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link exceeds one or more predetermined thresholds (e.g., determining that certain characteristics of the radio link change more than said one or more thresholds). The predetermined criterion may thus, e.g., be based on one or more thresholds.

[0112] For example, the apparatus (e.g., itself) may determine that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion. Alternatively, or in addition, determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion may comprise obtaining a corresponding indication, e.g. from the network node.

[0113] The radio link between the between the apparatus and the network node may be direct and / or indirect and may also be referred to as a (direct and / or indirect) radio connection of the apparatus and the network node.

[0114] In example embodiments, the one or more characteristics of the radio link are characteristics of the radio link that are associated with (e.g., affected by) one or more external factors associated with the apparatus. Said external factors associated with the apparatus may for example correspond to one or more beamformers and / or beams used by the apparatus, a shielding of the apparatus (e.g., due to decorations of the apparatus or a holding position of a user of the apparatus), an environment of the apparatus (e.g., surroundings of the apparatus, alocation of the apparatus, (non)-line-of-sight conditions of the apparatus with respect to the network node), and various physical parameters (e.g., a power supply of the apparatus, a temperature of the apparatus, a surrounding temperature etc.).

[0115] The one or more characteristics of the radio link may correspond to one or more channel conditions of a radio channel between the apparatus and the network node. The radio link information indicative of the one or more characteristics of the radio link may for instance comprise one or more values representative of the one or more characteristics of the radio link and / or of said radio channel.

[0116] Obtaining the radio link information may comprise receiving the radio link information (e.g., from the network node) and / or determining the radio link information (e.g., by the apparatus itself), e.g. based on one or more corresponding measurements.

[0117] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:

[0118] - receiving, from the network node, updated deviation information; and

[0119] - based on the updated deviation information, determining a second adjusted parameter value and / or a second adjusted measurement value.

[0120] In other words, in example embodiments, the apparatus is further caused to determine a second adjusted parameter value and / or a second adjusted measurement value based on updated deviation information received from the network node. As mentioned, the updated deviation information may differ at least in part from the deviation information. The updated deviation information either may be received by the apparatus based on (e.g., after and / or in response to) requesting the updated deviation information or may be received by the apparatus without the apparatus having requested the updated deviation information.

[0121] The second adjusted parameter value may differ from the (first) adjusted parameter value, and / or the second adjusted measurement value may differ from the (first) adjusted measurement value, in particular since the updated deviation information may differ at least in part from the deviation information, as further described herein. It is to be understood that anydisclosure herein relating to determining the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value is to be understood to be disclosed in a corresponding manner for determining the second adjusted parameter value and / or the second adjusted measurement value.

[0122] By acquiring updated deviation information (e.g., based on determining that the stationary time and / or the coherence time has lapsed, or based on determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion) and / or by receiving updated deviation information from the network node, it may be ensured that the deviation information accurately reflects the current characteristics (e.g., statistics) and / or parameters of the radio link, thereby ensuring an accuracy with which it may be accounted for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact (as further described herein) even when the characteristics of the radio link change (e.g. short-term), or the stationary time / coherence time has lapsed.

[0123] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:

[0124] - receiving, from the network node, an indication at least in part indicating the at least one first value; and

[0125] - performing at least one transmission to the network node based on the at least one first value.

[0126] In other words, in example embodiments, the apparatus is further caused to perform at least one transmission to the network node based on the at least one first value, an indication of which has previously been received by the apparatus from the network node.

[0127] In example embodiments, the indication at least in part indicating the at least one first value may allow for determining the at least one first value, e.g. together with a previous value of the transmission parameter (e.g., a value of the transmission parameter associated with a previous, for instance earlier, transmission by the apparatus to the network node). In example embodiments, the at least one first value is thus determinable based on a) a previous value of the transmission parameter and b) the indication at least in part indicating the at least one firstvalue. The indication at least in part indicating the at least one first value may for instance comprise or correspond to a transmission parameter control command, as further described herein.

[0128] Alternatively, said indication may indicate the at least one first value alone (e.g., without a previous value of the transmission parameter).

[0129] For the example of the transmission parameter corresponding to the transmission power of the apparatus, said indication may correspond to a TPC command and the at least one first value may be determinable based on a) a previous value of the transmission power (e.g., a value of the transmission power used by the apparatus for a previous or earlier transmission to the network node) and b) a TPC command received by the apparatus in response to the previous or earlier transmission.

[0130] Performing the at least one transmission to the network node based on the at least one first value may for instance comprise using the at least one first value for performing the at least one transmission. For example, performing the at least one transmission based on the at least one first value may comprise controlling the transmission parameter (e.g., by the apparatus) such that a respective value of the transmission parameter associated with a respective transmission corresponds at least temporarily to a respective one of the at least one first value. In example embodiments, the number of first values corresponds to a number of transmissions performed. The at least one transmission may for example be an uplink transmission, e.g. a PUSCH, SRS, and / or PUCCH transmission.

[0131] In particular due to the at least one transmission to the network node based on the at least one first value, the network node may be enabled to determine the at least one second value (namely, based on said at least one transmission), as further described herein, thereby in turn enabling the network node to determine the deviation information and to provide the deviation information to the apparatus.

[0132] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- indicating, to the network node, a capability of the apparatus to use the deviation information.

[0133] In other words, the apparatus may indicate its capability to use deviation information to the network node. For example, the apparatus may indicate that it is capable of (e.g., configured for) using deviation information in a manner as further described herein (e.g., for determining adjusted parameter and / or measurement values, etc.).

[0134] In this way, the apparatus may advantageously inform the network node of its respective capability, thereby reducing overhead in case the apparatus is not capable of using deviation information (in this case, it may be dispensed with providing the deviation information to the apparatus in the first place) and / or allowing to account for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact (in case the apparatus is capable of using deviation information), as further described herein.

[0135] In example embodiments, the deviation information is received either as part of at least one Transmit Power Control, TPC, command or separately from a TPC command. Thus, the deviation information may either be included in a TPC command (as further described herein) or may be included in a dedicated signaling separate from a (e.g., any) TPC command. While including the deviation information in a TPC command may be beneficial in terms of an overall complexity (e.g., overall number of command types etc.), including the deviation information in a dedicated signaling (e.g., deviation information signaling) may avoid an increased complexity of the TPC procedure.

[0136] The apparatus according to the first example aspect may for example correspond to the user equipment to which the deviation information may be transmitted according to the second example aspect. Further, the apparatus according to the second example aspect may correspond to the network node from which the apparatus according to the first example aspect may receive the deviation information. Correspondingly, the deviation information received by the apparatus according to the first example aspect may correspond to the deviation information determined and transmitted by the apparatus according to the second example aspect.The deviation information may for example be determined (e.g., calculated) by the apparatus according to the second example aspect based on the at least one first value and the at least one second value.

[0137] Obtaining, by the apparatus according to the second example aspect, the at least one first value may for example comprise determining the at least one first value (e.g., corresponding to a respective desired value), e.g. based on a previous value of the transmission parameter, as further described herein.

[0138] Obtaining, by the apparatus according to the second example aspect, the at least one second value (e.g., corresponding to a respective actual value) may for example comprise determining the at least one second value, e.g. based on a measurement performed by the apparatus according to the second example aspect.

[0139] To this end, the apparatus according to the second example aspect may for instance at least in part indicate the at least one first value to the user equipment and determine the at least one second value based on measuring a value of a transmission parameter associated with at least one transmission performed by the user equipment to the apparatus based on the at least one first value.

[0140] Thus, in example embodiments, the at least one second value is obtained by the apparatus according to the second example aspect by performing at least the following:

[0141] - at least in part indicating the at least one first value to the user equipment;

[0142] - receiving, from the user equipment, at least one transmission performed based on the at least one first value; and

[0143] - determining the at least one second value based on the received at least one transmission.

[0144] As mentioned, the at least one first value being indicated at least in part may allow for determining the at least one first value, e.g. together with a previous value of the transmission parameter, as further described herein. For example, the at least one first value may be determinable based on a) a previous value of the transmission parameter and b) the at leastone first value being indicated at least in part. The at least one first value may be indicated at least in part by means of a transmission parameter control command, as further described herein.

[0145] The at least one first value being indicated at least in part to the user equipment by the apparatus according to the second example aspect may for example correspond to the apparatus according to the first example aspect receiving said indication at least in part indicating the at least one first value from the network node.

[0146] The at least one transmission received by the apparatus according to the second example aspect from the user equipment may for example correspond to the at least one transmission performed by the apparatus according to the first example aspect to the network node.

[0147] Determining the at least one second value based on the received at least one transmission may for example comprise measuring a respective value of a transmission parameter associated with a respective transmission having been performed by the user equipment based on a respective one of the at least one first value.

[0148] In other words, the apparatus according to the second example aspect may indicate, at least in part, the at least one first value to the user equipment, the user equipment may perform the least one transmission based on the at least one first value, and the apparatus according to the second example aspect may determine the at least one second value based on receiving said at least one transmission.

[0149] As mentioned, in particular in the above way the apparatus according to the second example aspect (e.g., a network node) may determine the at least one second value and thus the deviation information which may then be provided (e.g., transmitted) to the apparatus according to the first example aspect (e.g., a UE).

[0150] In example embodiments, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus according to the second example aspect to perform:- obtaining radio link information indicative of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus and the user equipment;

[0151] - determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion; and

[0152] - based on (e.g., after and / or in response to) determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion, transmitting updated deviation information to the user equipment.

[0153] In other words, in example embodiments, the apparatus according to the second example aspect is further caused to transmit updated deviation information to the user equipment if a change of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus and the network node satisfies a predetermined criterion, as further described herein. In this way, it may be ensured that the deviation information accurately reflects the current characteristics of the radio link, thereby ensuring an accuracy with which a transmission parameter may be controlled and / or with which a measurement may be reported even when the characteristics of the radio link change (e.g. short-term).

[0154] It is to be understood that any disclosure herein relating to obtaining, by the apparatus according to the first example aspect, radio link information, is to be understood to be disclosed in a corresponding manner for obtaining radio link information by the apparatus according to the second example aspect. Similarly, it is to be understood that any disclosure herein relating to determining, by the apparatus according to the first example aspect, that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion is to be understood to be disclosed in a corresponding manner for determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion by the apparatus according to the second example aspect.

[0155] The updated deviation information transmitted to the user equipment by the apparatus according to the second example aspect may for example correspond to the updated deviation information received by the apparatus according to the first example aspect from the network node.As mentioned, the updated deviation information may ensure that the deviation information accurately reflects the current characteristics (e.g., statistics) and / or parameters of the radio link, thereby ensuring an accuracy with which it may be accounted for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact (as further described herein) even when the characteristics of the radio link change (e.g. short-term).

[0156] As used herein, performing a second step based on a first step may for example mean that the second step may be performed, e.g. directly, in response to the first step, e.g. without any intermediate steps in between the first step and the second step. Alternatively, performing a second step based on a first step may mean that the second step may be performed (merely) after the first step, e.g. such that there may be at least one intermediate step in between the first step and the second step.

[0157] It is to be understood that the presentation of the embodiments disclosed herein is merely by way of examples and non-limiting.

[0158] Herein, the disclosure of a method step shall also be considered as a disclosure of means for performing the respective method step. Likewise, the disclosure of means for performing a method step shall also be considered as a disclosure of the method step itself.

[0159] Other features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for the purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure, for which reference should be made to the appended claims. It should be further understood that the drawings are not drawn to scale and that they are merely intended to conceptually illustrate the structures and procedures described herein.

[0160] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0161] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in whichFIG. 1 exemplarily illustrates a user equipment and a network node in wireless communication;

[0162] FIG. 2 shows an example embodiment of a method according to the first example aspect;

[0163] FIG. 3 shows an example embodiment of a method according to the second example aspect;

[0164] FIGS. 4 A, 4B show an example of a signaling flow chart according to example embodiments of the described aspects;

[0165] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an example of an apparatus according to the first example aspect;

[0166] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an example of an apparatus according to the second example aspect;

[0167] FIG. 7 shows a schematic illustration of examples of tangible and non-transitory computer-readable storage media.

[0168] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0169] The following description serves to deepen the understanding of the present disclosure and shall be understood to complement and be read together with the description of example embodiments of the present disclosure as provided in the above SUMMARY section of this specification.

[0170] In the following, an example wireless communication system, within which the present disclosure may be applied, is described. While the radio system in the examples below is a 5G / NR system, this is only to be considered a non-limiting example.FIG. 1 exemplarily illustrates a UE 100 (an example of the apparatus according to the first example aspect) in wireless communication with a gNB 110 (an example of the apparatus according to the second example aspect) via a radio link 10. Radio link 10 may enable transmitting / receiving information and / or signals in between the UE 100 and the gNB 110.

[0171] As exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 1, various (in particular external) factors may lead to an EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact on radio link 10. For example, the channel environment (exemplarily illustrated by tree 20), a shielding of UE 100 (exemplarily illustrated by hand 40 of a user of UE 100), various physical parameters (exemplarily illustrated by cloud 30 representing a weather at a location at which UE 100 is located) or beamformers and / or beams used at UE 100 may lead to said EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact on radio link 10.

[0172] The aforementioned factors may affect transmissions performed by UE 100 (e.g. the transmission power) and / or, due to the reciprocity of a radiation pattern (e.g., of a beam) in both transmission and reception, measurements performed by UE 100 (e.g., power measurements).

[0173] In view of this, in accordance with example embodiments of the present disclosure, deviation information indicative of a deviation of first values (e.g., expected values) of a transmission parameter from second values (e.g., actual values) of the transmission parameter due to the aforementioned factors may be taken into account, e.g. when performing transmissions and / or measurements. In this way, the impact of RF and base band errors in particular due to EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact, e.g. on AI / ML models, may be advantageously mitigated.

[0174] For example, UE 100 may receive, from gNB 110 (an example of a network node), deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter.

[0175] Correspondingly, gNB 110 may transmit the deviation information to UE 100. Based on the deviation information, UE 100 may determine an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter and / or an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by UE 100. Further, UE 100 may perform a transmission to gNB 110based on the adjusted parameter value and / or may transmit the adjusted measurement value to gNB 110.

[0176] In the current progress of 3GPP development (e.g., in release 19), studies of AI / ML techniques for CSI compression / decompression, CSI prediction, beam management, positioning, mobility, and so on, show that the RF error and base band error at the input of AI / ML model may have significant impact on the AI / ML inference / prediction accuracy, which may lead to degradation of AI / ML performance. In this context, two concepts, namely OTA / EIRP impact and conductive impact, may be distinguished as follows.

[0177] Based on reciprocity of FR2 (Frequency Range 2) beams for Tx and Rx, also the beam correspondence defined in 3GPP TS (Technical Specification) 38.101-2, the DL (Downlink) and UL (Uplink) may use the same beam, which may be generated by the same antenna array with same antenna control chip. For both Tx and Rx, the beam gain of antenna array may be the same, and the impact from the surrounding may be the same. This may be considered as EIRP / OTA / antenna gain / RF impact.

[0178] There may also be conductive impact which may be understood as that the antenna and control chips may connect to Tx chain / PA (Power Amplifier) or may connect to Rx chain / LNA (Low Noise Amplifier). There may be feedback control at both Tx and Rx chains to correct the gain of the UL / DL signals at the conductive port (not the antenna output EIRP). The feedback loop inside Tx / RX chain may lead to the Tx / Rx varying all the time around an expected value.

[0179] Some of the below details may be related to the impact of OTA / EIRP / antenna gain, RF error:

[0180] For example, in application to the AI / ML-based beam management, the SSB / CSLRS beam measurements (e.g., RSRP) may contain errors, the EIRP impact, which may cause more uncertainty in the predictions on top of a prediction error of the AI / ML model itself (cf., e.g., 3GPP R4-2419184, RRM core requirements for AI / ML Based Beam Management, RAN4 #113 in Orlando, US, 18th - 22nd November 2024, Nokia incorporated herein by reference).Currently, in the 3GPP RF standards (TS 38.101-2), Section 6.2.4 relating to configured transmitted power contains the following equation:

[0181] The configured UE maximum output power PCMAX,f,c for carrier f of a serving cell c shall be set such that the corresponding measured peak EIRP PUMAX,f,c is within the following bounds

[0182] PPowerclass + ΔPIBE – MAX(MAX(MPRf,c, A-MPRf,c) + ΔMBP,n, P-MPRf,c) – MAX{T(MAX(MPRf,c, A-MPRf,c)), T(P-

[0183]

[0184] MPRf,c)} ≤ PUMAX,f,c ≤ EIRPmax while the corresponding measured total radiated power PTMAX,f,c is bounded by

[0185] PTMAX,f,c ≤ TRPmax

[0186] The above equation contains a tolerance factor which allows for a certain level of errors in the RF output (cf. one example in the below table):

[0187] Table 6.2.4-1: PUMAX,f,c tolerance for FR2-1

[0188] Operating Band AP (dB) Tolerance T(AP)

[0189] (dB)

[0190] n257, n258, n259, AP = 0 0

[0191] n260, n261, n262

[0192] 0 < AP < 2 1.5

[0193] 2 < AP < 3 2.0

[0194] 3 < AP < 4 3.0

[0195] 4 < AP < 5 4.0

[0196] 5 < AP < 10 50

[0197] 10 < AP < 15 7.0

[0198] 15 < AP < X 80

[0199] NOTE: X is the value such that Pumax,f,c lower bound, PPowerclass - ΔP - T(ΔP) = minimum output power specified in clause

[0200]

[0201] 6.3.1

[0202] Further, there is also a LI and L3 measurements tolerance that is currently specified in RAN4 TS 38.133, Section 10, which may be used as input of the AI / ML model:Table 10.1.3.1.1-1: SS-RSRP Intra frequency absolute accuracy in FR2 Accuracy Conditions

[0203] Normal Extreme SSB

[0204] condition condition Ês / Iot Io Note 2 range

[0205] Minimum Io Maximum Io dB dB dB dBm I SCSSSBMOTE’ d Bnili / B Wchaomel dB<mf BWchannell SCSSSB = SCSSSB =

[0206] 120 kHz 240kHz

[0207] Same value as SSB_RP

[0208] in Table B.2.2-2,

[0209] +6 +9 5-6 according to UE Power N / A -70

[0210] class, operating band

[0211] and angle of arrival

[0212]

[0213] +8 +11 N / A -70 -50 Note 1: Values based on Refsens and EIS spherical coverage as defined in clauses 7.3.2 and 7.3.4 of TS 38.101-2

[0019] . Applicable side condition selected depending on angle of arrival Note 2: Io specified at the Reference point, and assumed to have constant EPRE across the bandwidth Note 3: In the test cases, the SSB Ês / Iot and related parameters may need to be adjusted to ensure

[0214]

[0215] Ês / Iot at UE baseband is above the value defined in this table.

[0216] These tolerances may be used for controlling the accuracy of a UE without AI / ML. There may be both, a tolerance for Tx and a tolerance for measurement. Said tolerances may be considered as being reciprocal in terms of the (e.g., irregular) antenna pattern. The same EIRP of antenna gain may be used for both Tx and Rx, as explained above.

[0217] AI / ML models may be considered as a relatively new aspect in 3GPP studies and a measurement tolerance which allows a certain level error at the input of AI / ML may have significant impact on performance of the AI / ML models.

[0218] Therefore, how to minimize an error in the inputs of the AI / ML models may be considered as one issue addressed by various example embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, various example embodiments of the present disclosure may help to reduce a RF error included in the input of AI / ML model(s).

[0219] While it may be possible to at least partly increase an accuracy of a RF power, e.g. by calibration in the manufactory, a correction of a power amplifier by automatic gain control (AGC) algorithms, power feedback loops or the like, said approaches may at most correct a conductive RF error mentioned above. An error due to EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact may however not be corrected with these approaches.As mentioned, in the current progress of 3GPP development (e.g., in release 19), studies of AI / ML techniques show that the RF error / EIRP / OTA / antenna gain which may be used as input of AI / ML model(s) may have significant impact on the AI / ML accuracy, which may lead to degradation of the AI / ML performance.

[0220] As further mentioned, while it may generally be possible to improve an accuracy of the RF power with one of the aforementioned approaches, said approaches may at most correct a conductive RF error. An error due to EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact caused, e.g., by one of the following example factors may however not be corrected with these approaches:

[0221] 1. Different implementations of beamformers and beams on the UE side, e.g., by different antenna panels (e.g., when the UE spherical coverage is provided by multiple panels) or when different Rx or Tx beams of the UE are created with different antenna elements of the same panel with slightly varying characteristics.

[0222] 2. The antenna radiation pattern may change depending on UE shielding, decoration of the UE, user holding position, UE distance from human body.

[0223] 3. The channel environment, e.g., UE surrounding, locations, good condition for line-of-sight communication between network and UE or not.

[0224] 4. Battery power supply constancy, temperature of UE, weather conditions, temperature, etc.

[0225] At least the above factors may cause issues with respect to Tx power (OTA / EIRP / antenna gain). UE may not be able to guarantee a Tx power due to changes associated with said factors. Thus, a mechanism for a UE to know such information to correct for it temporally, e.g. for the subsequent transmission and / or within a limited duration of time, may be desirable. When any of the factors mentioned above changes, it may be desirable for a UE to know the updated information to again correct a subsequent transmission.

[0226] In reciprocity of an (e.g., irregular) antenna pattern to be used in both Tx and Rx, the Rx antenna gain may experience the same impact. The inaccuracy of the antenna gain controlmay impact the measurement of, e.g., RSRP which may for example be the input of an AI / ML model.

[0227] In view of this, according to various example embodiments of the present disclosure, it may be considered to be proposed, inter alia, to correct a value, e.g. RSRP, within a certain duration of time (e.g., one minute or the like), because said conditions may be stable within said duration of time (e.g., one minute). When said conditions change, the issue may again occur and it may be desirable that UE and / or gNB update.

[0228] Various example embodiments of the present disclosure may thus be considered to address the following two issues relating to OTA / EIRP / antenna gain impact mentioned above:

[0229] 1) UE may not be completely aware about inherited errors and / or inaccuracies that may be introduced by different components of the transmitting chain and external environment. Those errors may result in inaccurate selection / adjustment of the transmit power.

[0230] a. Even when close-loop power control is in use, a change in transmit power that is indicated by the NW may be implemented by the UE with an error. For example, NW may have indicated a need to increase Tx power for 1,5dB, however the resulting adjustment by the UE may be only IdB.

[0231] b. Due to such inaccuracies, the power adjustments might need to be performed for multiple times, resulting in non-optimal performance, e.g., insufficient Tx power, may cause loss of packets or, the other way around, too high adjustment may cause interference to other users. 2) Similary to the errors that are not completely known in the UL directions, similar errors may be present in the DL measurements of the received power, e.g., in RSRP, RSRQ, etc.

[0232] a. Both Tx and Rx may use the same antenna pattern based on the reciprocity. In the Rx, the same beam may be used to measure the SSB / CSI-RS beam and other beams from gNB. Since these measurements in DL direction may then be reported back to the NWand may be used for the decisions about the beam, TRP, cell switch, inaccuracies in those may cause wrong mobility decision at the NW side, i.e., selection of non-optimal beam / TRP / cell or even beam or radio link failures (BF, RLF).

[0233] b. For AI / ML applications in radio interface, the unpredictable and uncorrelated errors in evaluation of the Rx power (e.g., Ll-RSRP) of the beams (e.g., of SetB beams) used as input features of the AI / ML may result in significant errors in the prediction of the beams. Those errors may be related to the EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact mentioned above.

[0234] In view of this, as mentioned, in accordance with example embodiments of the present disclosure, deviation information indicative of a deviation of first values (e.g., expected values) from second values (e.g., actual values) of a transmission parameter due to the aforementioned factors may be taken into account, thereby mitigating the impact of RF and base band errors in particular due to EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact, e.g. on AI / ML models.

[0235] FIG. 2 shows an example embodiment 200 of a method according to the first example aspect. Method 200 may for example be performed by an apparatus according to the first example aspect (e.g., a UE). First, deviation information may be received from a network node, the deviation information being indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter (action 210). Then, at least one of the following may be determined based on the deviation information: an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus (action 220).

[0236] An example implementation of method 200 will be described further below with respect to FIGS. 4 A, 4B.

[0237] FIG. 3 shows an example embodiment 300 of a method according to the second example aspect. Method 300 may for example be performed by an apparatus according to the secondexample aspect (e.g., a network node). First, at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter and at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter may be obtained (action 310). Then, deviation information indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value may be determined (action 320). Then, the deviation information may be transmitted to a user equipment (action 330).

[0238] An example implementation of method 300 will be described further below with respect to FIGS. 4 A, 4B.

[0239] Example embodiments of the present disclosure may be understood to represent a close-loop feedback from gNB to UE that may further reduce a UE RF error as such feedback may be considered as a direct measure of UE Tx power. In the reciprocity, the same Tx beam may be used as Rx beam for measurements by the UE. Therefore, a Tx error in terms of EIRP / gain identified by such close-loop feedback may correspond to the Rx EIRP / gain error. If a UE is able to use this knowledge, then a Rx RF error may be further reduced, which may be equivalent to reducing a measurement error (e.g. at the input of a AI / ML model). In other words, example embodiments of the present disclosure may thus be understood to represent a method of calibration and minimizing errors in power evaluation with close loop power control.

[0240] It may be considered a central idea of example embodiments of the present disclosure to introduce a mechanism which may e.g. be used to create one or more calibration tables for a UE to reduce errors in the transmission and / or reception of the UE for a following transmission (e.g. power transmission) and / or measurement (e.g., power measurement). Said mechanism is not limited to be part of TPC commands extension, but may also be implemented as or correspond to an independent signaling.

[0241] In brief, said mechanism may include in particular the following steps that are further described herein:

[0242] • NW may indicate a change to the transmit power of the UE in UL

[0243] 1) UE may adjust the transmit power following the instruction from the NW2) UE may transmit within the adjusted power during stationary / coherence time of the channel

[0244] 3) NW may measure the UE transmit power and compare the adjustment in the power to the change indicated in step 1).

[0245] 4) The difference between indicated and actual power (which may be referred to as a power delta) may be saved at the gNB, in particular together with other parameters such as, e.g., Rx beam, timestamp and / or slot number, etc.

[0246] a. The collected information may be further post-processed, e.g., averaged in time.

[0247] 5) Power delta may either be used at the NW directly, e.g. to account for upcoming power adjustments, or may be indicated to the UE

[0248] 6) If the (power) deltas are reported back to the UE, UE may use those for a. The adjustment of the UL transmit power; and / or

[0249] b. If beam correspondence conditions are applicable (e.g., TDD transmission mode is used, and the same components and beams are used for the Rx and Tx at the UE), then (power) deltas may also be used to adjust the evaluations of the Rx power (e.g., RSRP) at the UE to minimize the errors in the reported measurements and / or at the input of AI / ML model(s).

[0250] The mechanism may additionally include:

[0251] • The control of such calibration table based on time and / or location of UE, e.g., the validation and update of such (calibration) table based on channel stationarity.

[0252] When a UE is working in the field, the UE’s channel environment may change in real-time e.g. based on radio conditions and / or user activities. However, for a so-called stationary / coherence distance / time, within which the wireless channel environment and / or surroundings of UE may not change dramatically (e.g., the mean value and variance of channel statistics may not change for a certain duration of time), UE may reuse the network close-loop feedback e.g. in the form of a temporal calibration table to correct next UE Tx and Rx power. In example embodiments, said stationary / coherence distance / time may thus beconsidered as a side condition that the close-loop correction (or calibration) table may be used.

[0253] In the following, further details of the close-loop feedback mechanism are described.

[0254] Collection of a temporal real-time calibration table based on close loop control

[0255] When a UE is in RRC connection mode, the UE may collect (e.g., all) the close-loop power control feedback from the network (e.g., from a network node) as a calibration table to correct the Tx and Rx power for following transmissions.

[0256] As mentioned, UE in the field may receive the network close-loop feedback (e.g., a power delta). For example, if a TPC command requests the UE to increase the transmission power by 1 dBm, then the network may inform the UE that the actual increase was 1.5 dBm, e.g. when gNB measures the power increase as 1.5dBm. In this example, the network may feedback a power-delta of 0.5 dBm to the UE. According to example embodiments of the present disclosure, the UE may collect those power feedbacks (e.g., in the form of powerdeltas), e.g. together with actually UE transmitted power in a table. The table constructed by the UE may be for a relatively large power range or may be used for a relatively small power range. A gap between each two power-values may be 0.5 dBm, IdBm, 2dBm, or larger or smaller. If there is any power value missing from close loop feedback, then UE and / or network may send requests to each other to check that particular power value (e.g., UE may send a NACK for retransmission), or leave a corresponding entry blank.

[0257] Further, a new capacity / indicator may be used to inform the network that a temporal real-time calibration is used by the UE to further correct the RF error, e.g. of the input of an AI / ML model. Network may ask the UE to update the calibration when the channel scenario changes, or when the network identifies some, e.g. sudden, change of the UE power. The network may also indicate one or more separate threshold values to enable the UE to detect a channel change event while collecting the time-sequential data in the table on the UE.

[0258] In the following, an example implementation of methods 200, 300 is described.FIGS. 4A, 4B show an example of a signaling flow chart 400 between UE 100 and a gNB 110 (or, more generally, a wireless communication network comprising gNB 110) according to example embodiments of the described aspects. Flow chart 400 comprises the following:

[0259] Actions 401 to 402 - Indicator to inform the network that the close-loop based calibration is used at the UE

[0260] Action 401 (optional): UE sends to network an indicator to inform network that the close-loop based calibration table is used at UE to further correct the RF power (an example of indicating, to the network node, a capability of the apparatus to use the deviation information).

[0261] Action 402 (optional): Network agrees on the table size, the power range, and / or the gap between (e.g. each) two power-values within the power range (an example of receiving, from the network node, an indication of a size associated with the calibration table, a value range associated with the calibration table and / or a value quantization associated with the calibration table) which may for example be 0.5 dBm, IdBm, 2dBm, or larger or smaller. Network may also send a stationary / coherence time at which UE will start the procedure to create the calibration table and / or update one or more values inside the calibration table (an example of an indication of a stationary time and / or of a coherence time respectively associated with the deviation information).

[0262] It is to be understood that the UE does not need to indicate this capability. For example, the gNB may generally provide the feedback of TPC command for the power delta and, if the UE does not support this capability, the UE may ignore this information.

[0263] Actions 403 to 410 - Collection of the values of close-loop based calibration table

[0264] At the border of the stationary / coherence time, the UE may record (e.g., all) the values of the close-loop feedback from network in the agreed calibration table (e.g., all the time).

[0265] Actions 403 to 406: The UE performs normal transmissions. The network may ask the UE to increase, decrease or maintain the same power based on TPC commands (an example of anindication transmitted from the network node to the user equipment at least in part indicating the at least one first value).

[0266] Actions 407 to 409: The network analyses the UE transmission power based on previous TPC command and determines if the power actually transmitted by the UE is as expected or not. The difference may be calculated (an example of determining deviation information). For example, if a TPC command requests the UE to increase the transmission power by 1 dBm, but the network found that the UE actually increased the transmission power by 1.5 dBm, the difference between the actual increase and configured increase is 0.5dBm.

[0267] Then, the network may inform the UE that the difference between the actual increase and the expected increase is 0.5dBm (an example of transmitting the deviation information to a user equipment).

[0268] For example, after each TPC command, the gNB may feedback the power difference from the expected power level in action 409. For example, if the first message is a TPC command to the UE (increase 1.5dB) in action 404, then the second message, action 409, to UE may be the power difference (+-0.5 dB).

[0269] Action 410: The UE receives the network feedback (an example of receiving, from a network node, deviation information), the UE records the planned transmitted power, e.g. 21 dBm, and the actually transmitted power based on the feedback from the network.

[0270] For example, the network may have sent a TPC command to request the UE to increase the transmission power by 1 dBm as compared to the previous N-l transmission. If a transmission power of a previous N-l transmission of the UE was 20 dBm, then the transmission power of the N transmission should be 21 dBm. However, network may inform UE that for UE’s N transmission the actual increase is 1.5 dB, i.e., the actual N transmission is 21.5 dB which is 0.5 dB higher than the configured 21 dBm, and the recorded value as “delta” in the calibration table should be +0.5 dB for 21 dBm output power. Each value may be listed with a time stamp as in example Table 1 shown below (an example of determining a calibration tablebased on the deviation information); the time stamp may be used to validate the value e.g. based on a stationary / coherence time at a later stage (described further below).

[0271] Table 1: Calibration table based on network close-loop feedback.

[0272] Power value close-loop feedback time stamp

[0273] correction, delta

[0274] 23dBm +1dB 08:10:09

[0275] 21dBm 0.5dB 08:10:09

[0276] 19dBm -0.5dB 08:10:09

[0277] 0dBm -2dB 08:10:09

[0278]

[0279] Alternatively, UE may record a difference between increase IdB but the actual increase being 1.5 dB as the network’s feedback.

[0280] Table 2 Calibration table based on network close-loop feedback.

[0281] TPC command close-loop feedback time stamp

[0282] correction, delta

[0283] 0 (decrease 1 dB) +1dB 08:10:09

[0284] 1 (maintain the same -0.5dB 08:10:09

[0285] power)

[0286] 2 (increase 1 dB) -0.5dB 08:10:09

[0287] 3 (increase 3 dB) +1 dB

[0288]

[0289] The PA (Power Amplifier) may be highly sensitive to a temperature when in operation. In particular, when the PA transmits with higher power, a temperature of the PA may be higher than when the PA transmits with lower power. Therefore, using Table 1 to correct the RF error may be more accurate as compared with using Table 2 (e.g., because Table 1 contains absolute power values).Alternatively, the UE may collect sequential data about the power within a constant / predefined time interval.

[0290] Actions 411 to 412: correction of next transmitting power or LI measurements based on calibration table.

[0291] Action 411: When the UE performs any transmission such as, e.g., a PUSCH, SRS, PUCCH transmission (an example of performing a transmission to the network node based on an adjusted parameter value), the correction of “delta” may be added on top of the output of the power equations (an example of determining an adjusted parameter value associated with a transmission parameter based on deviation information). For example, if the PUSCH output power is determined according to the equation in section 7.1.1 of TS 38.213, after the final output power for the next transmission is determined according to the equation, the delta may be added on top of that determined power to increase the accuracy.

[0292] The UE may for instance use Table 1 directly to correct the next transmitting power, which is particularly straightforward based on the configured power values. If the next transmitting power is not in Table 1, the UE may for instance calculate a difference of a previous transmitting power and the next transmitting power first and then apply the correction in Table 2.

[0293] For example, if the previous transmit power is 15 dBm and the next transmitter power is 18 dB, the difference is 3dB. Then, based on Table 2, +ldB may need to be applied on top of the next transmission.

[0294] Similarly in UL, the UE may use the Table 1 and Table 2 to correct a LI measurement report (an example of determining an adjusted measurement value based on deviation information). This may depend on the Rx beam gain applied to do the measurement, typically the highest beam gain. The UE may find the corresponding delta to correct the measurement results, and then report it to the NW (an example of transmitting, to the network node, the adjusted measurement value).In an example embodiment, if there is no value to correct the output power of a next transmission, or the value is not valid, there may be no need to correct that transmission or LI measurement.

[0295] In particular by the network 110 sending the observed delta(s) to the UE 100 (action 409) and the UE 100 registering the delta(s) between configured and actual transmit power (action 410) and using the registered delta(s) to calculate transmit power for PUSCH, SRS, PUCCH etc. or Ll-RSRP measurements (action 411), UE 100 may advantageously account for errors resulting in particular from EIRP / OTA / antenna gain impact on transmissions and / or measurements, as further described herein.

[0296] Control and update the real-time calibration table

[0297] According to an example embodiment, the table may be validated based on timestamp(s) as follows:

[0298] 1. Network may estimate the channel condition changes along time, e.g., significant change of UE environment, gradual change of UE power, sudden change of UE power. For example, if the stationarity changes (e.g., mean and variance changes along time), the stationary / coherence time may be impacted, and the network may need to inform the UE to update the table (an example of determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion and, based thereon, transmitting updated deviation information to the user equipment).

[0299] 2. The network may send to the UE a time stamp from which the channel stationarity changes, and a new stationary / coherence time as in action 402, and the UE may need to update the table and collect the close-loop feedback in the calibration table again.

[0300] 3. Likewise, the UE may estimate channel property changes, e.g., significant change of UE environment, gradual change of UE power, sudden change of UE power. Based thereon, UE may invalidate the calibration table and may start to collect the feedback from the network again (an example of determining thatthe change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion and, based thereon, acquiring updated deviation information).

[0301] The change of the environment may include indoor to outdoor movement, urban to rural area movement, parking lot to building area movement, a user residing in the park or at a lake etc. or may include if the UE is in browsing mode e.g. in a user’s hand or in the pocket of the user, e.g. when the user is listening to music etc.

[0302] Example of monitoring change of channel by UE

[0303] The UE may collect the data within one sliding window which may be as long as or longer than the stationary / coherence time based on the feedback from the network. The UE may estimate the close-loop feedback correction, delta for each output power level according to Table 1 and / or Table 2. Then, such value recorded in Table 1 and / or Table 2 may be a single feedback from the network or may be the average value that may be calculated based on a plurality of corresponding feedbacks within one sliding window. The UE may need to observe the change of such value(s) based on the sliding window along time. If the change of one or more values is above a threshold, then the UE may invalidate the one or more values in the table. New values may be needed to replace the old obsolete values, and a new timestamp may be recorded into the table as well.

[0304] Example embodiments of the present disclosure may relate to future versions of 3GPP TS 38.211, TS 38.212, TS 38.214, TS 38.306, TS 38.101-1, TS 38.101-2 and / or (part of) a future technical specification relating to AI / ML requirements.

[0305] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an example 100 of an apparatus according to the first example aspect (e.g., a UE). For example, apparatus 100 may be one of a smartphone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, a smart watch, a smart band, an loT device or a vehicle or a part thereof.

[0306] Apparatus 100 comprises a processor 101. Processor 101 may represent a single processor or two or more processors, which are for instance at least partially coupled, for instance via a bus. Processor 101 executes a program code stored in program memory 102 (for instanceprogram code causing apparatus 100 in connection with an apparatus 110 according to the second example aspect to perform one or more of the example embodiments of a method according to any of the described aspects or parts thereof, when executed on processor 101), and interfaces with a main memory 103. Program memory 102 may also contain an operating system for processor 101. Some or all of memories 102 and 103 may also be included into processor 101.

[0307] One of or both of a main memory and a program memory of a processor (e.g. program memory 102 and main memory 103) could be fixedly connected to the processor (e.g. processor 101) or at least partially removable from the processor, for instance in the form of a memory card or stick.

[0308] A program memory (e.g. program memory 102) may for instance be a non-volatile memory. It may for instance be a FLASH memory (or a part thereof), any of a ROM, PROM, EPROM, MRAM or a FeRAM (or a part thereof) or a hard disc (or a part thereof), to name but a few examples. For example, a program memory may for instance comprise a first memory section that is fixedly installed, and a second memory section that is removable from, for instance in the form of a removable SD memory card.

[0309] A main memory (e.g. main memory 103) may for instance be a volatile memory. It may for instance be a DRAM memory, to give non-limiting example. It may for instance be used as a working memory for processor 101 when executing an operating system, an application, a program, and / or the like.

[0310] Processor 101 further controls a communication interface 104 (e.g. radio interface) configured to receive and / or transmit data and / or information. For instance, communication interface 104 may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals from a network node, in particular as described herein. It is to be understood that any computer program code based processing required for receiving and / or evaluating radio signals may be stored in an own memory of communication interface 104 and executed by an own processor of communication interface 104 and / or it may be stored for example in memory 103 and executed for example by processor 101.Communication interface 104 may in particular be configured to communicate according to a cellular communication system like a 2G / 3G / 4G / 5G or future generation cellular communication system, e.g. 6G. Apparatus 100 may use radio interface 104 to communicate with a network node.

[0311] For example, the communication interface 104 may further comprise a BLE and / or Bluetooth radio interface including a BLE transmitter, receiver or transceiver. For example, radio interface 104 may additionally or alternatively comprise a WLAN radio interface including at least a WLAN transmitter, receiver or transceiver.

[0312] The components 102 to 104 of apparatus 100 may for instance be connected with processor 101 by means of one or more serial and / or parallel busses.

[0313] It is to be understood that apparatus 100 may comprise various other components. For example, apparatus 100 may optionally comprise a user interface (e.g. a touch-sensitive display, a keyboard, a touchpad, a display, etc.).

[0314] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an example 110 of an apparatus according to the second example aspect (e.g., a network node, for instance a base station or a gNB). For instance, apparatus 110 may be configured for scheduling and / or transmitting signals to the apparatus 100, as described above.

[0315] Apparatus 110 comprises a processor 111. Processor 111 may represent a single processor or two or more processors, which are for instance at least partially coupled, for instance via a bus. Processor 111 executes a program code stored in program memory 112 (for instance program code causing apparatus 110 to perform alone or together with apparatus 100 example embodiments according to the described aspects or parts thereof), and interfaces with a main memory 113.

[0316] Program memory 112 may also comprise an operating system for processor 111. Some or all of memories 112 and 113 may also be included into processor 111.Moreover, processor 111 controls a communication interface 114 which is for example configured to communicate according to a cellular communication system like a 2G / 3G / 4G / 5G or future generation cellular communication system, e.g. 6G. Communication interface 114 of apparatus 110 may be realized by radio heads for instance and may be provided for communication between a network node and a user equipment.

[0317] The components 112 to 114 of apparatus 110 may for instance be connected with processor 111 by means of one or more serial and / or parallel busses.

[0318] It is to be understood that apparatuses 100, 110 may comprise various other components.

[0319] FIG. 7 shows a schematic illustration of examples of tangible and non-transitory computer-readable storage media according to the present disclosure that may for instance be used to implement memory 102 of FIG. 5 or memory 112 of FIG. 6. To this end, FIG. 7 displays a flash memory 1000, which may for instance be soldered or bonded to a printed circuit board, a solid-state drive 1001 comprising a plurality of memory chips (e.g. Flash memory chips), a magnetic hard drive 1002, a Secure Digital (SD) card 1003, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory stick 1004, an optical storage medium 1005 (such as for instance a CD-ROM or DVD) and a magnetic storage medium 1006.

[0320] Any presented connection in the described embodiments is to be understood in a way that the involved components are operationally coupled. Thus, the connections can be direct or indirect with any number or combination of intervening elements, and there may be merely a functional relationship between the components.

[0321] As used in this text, the term ‘circuitry’ may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in analog, digital and / or quantum circuitry) and

[0322] (b) combinations of hardware circuit(s) and software, such as (as applicable):

[0323] (i) a combination of analog, digital and / or quantum hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and(ii) any or all portions of hardware processor(s) (including digital and / or quantum processor(s)) with software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile device, computing device, or server, to perform various functions) and

[0324] (c) any or all portions of hardware circuit(s), such as a microprocessor(s), processor(s) and / or quantum processor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

[0325] This definition of ‘circuitry’ applies to all uses of this term in this text, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this text, the term ‘circuitry’ also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term ‘circuitry’ also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

[0326] Any of the processors mentioned in this text, in particular but not limited to processors 101 and 111 of FIGS. 5 and 6, could be a processor of any suitable type. Any processor may comprise but is not limited to one or more microprocessors, one or more processor(s) with accompanying digital signal processor(s), one or more processor(s) without accompanying digital signal processor(s), one or more special-purpose computer chips, one or more field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAS), one or more controllers, one or more applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICS), or one or more computer(s). The relevant structure / hardware has been programmed in such a way to carry out the described function.

[0327] Moreover, any of the actions or steps described or illustrated herein may be implemented using executable instructions in a general-purpose or special-purpose processor and stored on a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., disk, memory, or the like) to be executed by such a processor. References to ‘computer-readable storage medium’ should be understood to encompass specialized circuits such as FPGAs, ASICs, signal processing devices, and other devices.As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0328] The wording “A, or B, or C, or a combination thereof’ or “at least one of A, B and C” or “at least one of A, B or C” or “A, B, and / or C” may be understood to be not exhaustive and to include at least the following: (i) A, or (ii) B, or (iii) C, or (iv) A and B, or (v) A and C, or (vi) B and C, or (vii) A and B and C.

[0329] It will be understood that the embodiments disclosed herein are only example, and that any feature presented for a particular example embodiment may be used with any aspect of the present disclosure on its own or in combination with any feature presented for the same or another particular example embodiment and / or in combination with any other feature not mentioned. It will further be understood that any feature presented for an example embodiment in a particular category may also be used in a corresponding manner in an example embodiment of any other category.

[0330] List of abbreviations

[0331] AGC Automatic Gain Control

[0332] Al Artificial Intelligence

[0333] BF Beam link failure

[0334] CSI Channel State Information

[0335] DL Downlink

[0336] EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

[0337] gNB next Generation Node B

[0338] LNA Low Noise Amplifier

[0339] ML Machine Learning

[0340] OTA Over-The-Air

[0341] PA Power Amplifier

[0342] PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

[0343] PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelRAN Radio Access Network

[0344] RF Radio Frequency

[0345] RLF Radio link failure

[0346] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator Rx Reception

[0347] SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio SRS Sounding Reference Signal

[0348] SSB Synchronization Signal Block

[0349] TDD Time Division Duplex

[0350] TPC Transmit Power Control

[0351] Tx Transmission

[0352] UE User Equipment

[0353] UL Uplink

Claims

Claims1. An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform:- receiving, from a network node, deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter; and- based on the deviation information, determining at least one of the following: o an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or o an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one first value corresponds to an expected value of the transmission parameter and / or wherein the at least one second value corresponds to an actual value of the transmission parameter.

3. The apparatus of any of claims 1 or 2, wherein the deviation information is indicative of a respective difference between the at least one first value and the at least one second value.

4. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- performing a transmission to the network node based on the adjusted parameter value; and / or- transmitting, to the network node, the adjusted measurement value.

5. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- determining a calibration table based on the deviation information, the calibration table comprising one or more calibration values indicative of the deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value, wherein the adjustedparameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value is determined based on the calibration table.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the calibration table further comprises at least one of the following:o the at least one first value;o the at least one second value;o an indication of a respective transmission parameter control command associated with a respective calibration value;o an indication of a respective time associated with a respective calibration value;o an indication of a respective location associated with a respective calibration value;o an indication of a respective slot associated with a respective calibration value;oro an indication of a respective beam associated with a respective calibration value.

7. The apparatus of any of claims 5 or 6, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- receiving, from the network node, an indication of at least one of the following: o a size associated with the calibration table;o a value range associated with the calibration table; oro a value quantization associated with the calibration table.

8. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- receiving, from the network node, an indication of a stationary time and / or of a coherence time respectively associated with the deviation information; and - based on determining that the stationary time and / or the coherence time has lapsed, acquiring updated deviation information.

9. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- obtaining radio link information indicative of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus and the network node;- determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion; and- based on determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion, acquiring updated deviation information.

10. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- receiving, from the network node, updated deviation information; and- based on the updated deviation information, determining a second adjusted parameter value and / or a second adjusted measurement value.

11. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- receiving, from the network node, an indication at least in part indicating the at least one first value; and- performing at least one transmission to the network node based on the at least one first value.

12. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- indicating, to the network node, a capability of the apparatus to use the deviation information.

13. The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the deviation information is received either as part of at least one Transmit Power Control, TPC, command or separately from a TPC command.

14. An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform:- obtaining at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter and at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter;- determining deviation information indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value; and- transmitting the deviation information to a user equipment.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one second value is obtained by the apparatus by performing at least the following:- at least in part indicating the at least one first value to the user equipment;- receiving, from the user equipment, at least one transmission performed based on the at least one first value; and- determining the at least one second value based on the received at least one transmission.

16. The apparatus of any of claims 14 or 15, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus to perform:- obtaining radio link information indicative of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus and the user equipment;- determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion; and- based on determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion, transmitting updated deviation information to the user equipment.

17. An apparatus (100) comprising:- means for receiving (210), from a network node (110), deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmissionparameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter; and- means for determining (220), based on the deviation information, at least one of the following:o an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or o an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the at least one first value corresponds to an expected value of the transmission parameter and / or wherein the at least one second value corresponds to an actual value of the transmission parameter.

19. The apparatus of any of claims 17 or 18, wherein the deviation information is indicative of a respective difference between the at least one first value and the at least one second value.

20. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 19, comprising:- means for performing a transmission to the network node (110) based on the adjusted parameter value; and / or- means for transmitting, to the network node (110), the adjusted measurement value.

21. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 20, comprising:- means for determining a calibration table based on the deviation information, the calibration table comprising one or more calibration values indicative of the deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value, wherein the adjusted parameter value and / or the adjusted measurement value is determined based on the calibration table.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the calibration table further comprises at least one of the following:o the at least one first value;o the at least one second value;o an indication of a respective transmission parameter control command associated with a respective calibration value;o an indication of a respective time associated with a respective calibration value;o an indication of a respective location associated with a respective calibration value;o an indication of a respective slot associated with a respective calibration value;oro an indication of a respective beam associated with a respective calibration value.

23. The apparatus of any of claims 21 or 22, comprising:- means for receiving, from the network node (110), an indication of at least one of the following:o a size associated with the calibration table;o a value range associated with the calibration table; oro a value quantization associated with the calibration table.

24. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 23, comprising:- means for receiving, from the network node (110), an indication of a stationary time and / or of a coherence time respectively associated with the deviation information; and- means for acquiring, based on determining that the stationary time and / or the coherence time has lapsed, updated deviation information.

25. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 24, comprising:- means for obtaining radio link information indicative of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus (100) and the network node (110);- means for determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion; and- means for acquiring, based on determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion, updated deviation information.

26. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 25, comprising:- means for receiving, from the network node (110), updated deviation information;and- means for determining, based on the updated deviation information, a second adjusted parameter value and / or a second adjusted measurement value.

27. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 26, comprising:- means for receiving, from the network node (110), an indication at least in part indicating the at least one first value; and- means for performing at least one transmission to the network node (110) based on the at least one first value.

28. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 27, comprising:- means for indicating, to the network node (110), a capability of the apparatus (100) to use the deviation information.

29. The apparatus of any of claims 17 to 28, wherein the deviation information is received either as part of at least one Transmit Power Control, TPC, command or separately from a TPC command.

30. An apparatus (110) comprising:- means for obtaining (310) at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter and at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter;- means for determining (320) deviation information indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value; and- means for transmitting (330) the deviation information to a user equipment (100).

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the at least one second value is obtained by the apparatus (110) by performing at least the following:- at least in part indicating the at least one first value to the user equipment (100); - receiving, from the user equipment (100), at least one transmission performed based on the at least one first value; and- determining the at least one second value based on the received at least one transmission.

32. The apparatus of any of claims 30 or 31, comprising:- means for obtaining radio link information indicative of one or more characteristics of a radio link between the apparatus (110) and the user equipment (100);- means for determining that a change of the one or more characteristics of the radio link satisfies a predetermined criterion; and- means for transmitting, based on determining that the change of the one or more characteristics satisfies the predetermined criterion, updated deviation information to the user equipment (100).

33. A method, performed by an apparatus, the method comprising:- receiving, from a network node, deviation information indicative of a deviation of at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter from at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter; and- based on the deviation information, determining at least one of the following: o an adjusted parameter value associated with the transmission parameter; or o an adjusted measurement value associated with a measurement performed by the apparatus.

34. A method, performed by an apparatus, the method comprising:- obtaining at least one first value associated with a transmission parameter and at least one second value associated with the transmission parameter;- determining deviation information indicative of a deviation of the at least one first value from the at least one second value; andtransmitting the deviation information to a user equipment.

35. A computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any of claims 33 or 34.

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