Method for producing a composition containing humic substance, composition containing humic substance, and use of the composition
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/EP2026/056969
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-24
- Filing Date
- 2026-03-12
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-01
Smart Images
Figure EP2026056969_01102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
[0001] P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0003] METHOD FOR PRODUCING A HUMIDITY-CONTAINING COMPOSITION, HUMIDITY-CONTAINING COMPOSITION AND USE OF THE COMPOSITION
[0004] TECHNICAL AREA
[0005] This disclosure relates to a process for producing a humic substance-containing composition, for example, in the form of a soil conditioner. The disclosure further relates to the composition produced by the process, for example, in the form of a humic substance-containing soil conditioner. Furthermore, this disclosure relates to various uses of this humic substance-containing composition, including the restoration of organic matter in the soil (such as nutrient humus), which, in addition to soil revitalization, also ensures the absorption and long-term binding of carbon dioxide from the air. Finally, this disclosure relates to a kit for producing a humic substance-containing composition and the use of this kit.
[0006] STATE OF THE ART
[0007] Humus is an important component of topsoil. It contains finely decomposed organic matter and fulfills various vital soil functions. Among other things, humus stores many essential nutrients for plants, promoting growth and resilience. Humus also acts as a water reservoir, pH buffer, and filter, preventing certain pollutants from leaching into groundwater. Finally, the humus layer contains numerous microorganisms and other organisms that perform important functions within the humus. Humus encompasses all dead organic matter in the soil. The alkaline-soluble portion of this fraction is called humic acid. In addition to humic acid, there are fulvic acids, which are soluble in both water and acids, and humins, which are insoluble in both. These three groups of substances are separated during soil preparation.P29026PC00 March 2026.
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[0009] Humic acids are high-molecular-weight chemical compounds that, along with other humic substances, are formed during the decomposition process of biological material through "humification." They fulfill various functions that are essential for soil fertility and plant growth. For example, humic substances / humic acids contribute significantly to the uptake of macro- and micronutrients and promote plant growth and health.
[0010] Soil degradation encompasses the increasing impoverishment or even destruction of many soils worldwide. Various factors contribute to this, including global climate change, improper soil management, and other practices that lead to soil erosion, humus loss, nutrient imbalances, chemical contamination, compaction, soil acidification, and salinization. The loss of humus and humus-forming microorganisms poses a particular challenge. Another problem is the loss of minerals and trace elements. The result is a drastic decline in fertile soils. This can lead to devastating global problems, including crop failures that threaten food security for humans and animals. [The importance of soil organic matter, Key to drought-resistant and sustained food production, FAO Soils Bulletin, 80, ISSN 0253-2050, Rome, 2005]
[0011] In addition to the decline in soil fertility, which has already reached dramatic levels, an increase in eutrophication due to nutrient release is also observed in bodies of water such as inland lakes and the sea. This decline in soil fertility is primarily linked to a significant loss of humus, not least due to the heavy use of artificial fertilizers. A UN review report (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Panel, 2005) even concluded that one-third of all fertile soils were lost between 1950 and 1990. Humus loss and the decline in soil fertility also reduce the soil's water absorption and retention capacity, as well as its ability to bind plant-available nutrients (cation exchange capacity).
[0012] Besides the increasing decline in soil fertility – and especially the loss of humus – the increasing carbon dioxide pollution also poses a global challenge. The interplay between the decline of the humus layer (P29026PC00 March 2026)
[0013] 3 / 34
[0014] The increasing carbon dioxide pollution presents a particular challenge: Since humus layers bind very large quantities of carbon dioxide, humus degradation poses a particularly high risk to the global climate balance, as it leads to a reduction in the carbon dioxide absorption capacity of soils. Conversely, strengthening humus layers also holds great potential, not only for restoring humus layers but also for mitigating and combating the effects of climate change. For example, the publications "Artificial Humic Acids: Sustainable Materials against Climate Change," Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 1902992 and "Artificial humic substances improve microbial activity for binding CO2," iScience 2021, 24, 102647, demonstrate the potential of artificial humic acids in combating climate change.[Evidence for the primacy of living root inputs, not root or shoot litter, in forming soil organic carbon, Sokol et al, New Phytologist, 2018, 221, 233; Natural and artificial humic substances to manage minerals, ions, water, and soil microorganisms, Yang et al, Chem Rev 2021, 50, 6221].
[0015] Numerous approaches to restoring soil fertility are known, but they all have several significant drawbacks. For example, traditional aerobic composting is inefficient and insufficient to restore soil fertility. Furthermore, carbon dioxide is released during traditional aerobic composting. Technical methods for introducing carbon into the soil are also known, such as hydrothermal carbonization, in which shredded organic biomass is converted into carbon colloids in the form of a synthetic humic substance under pressure and with the addition of carboxylic acids (e.g., citric acid) at temperatures around 400° Celsius. However, this process destroys microbial structures.
[0016] Therefore, there is a need to counteract global soil degradation and develop approaches that efficiently incorporate carbon into soils in such a way that the natural properties of humus layers are at least met or even exceeded. Ideally, a way would also be found to improve soil fertility while simultaneously reducing carbon dioxide emissions. [https: / / www.decadeonrestoration.org / ]P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0018] PRESENTATION OF THE INVENTION
[0019] The present invention is therefore based on the general objective of overcoming at least some of the disadvantages of the prior art. A preferred objective is to counteract soil degradation by providing a method for producing a humic substance-humic acid-containing composition (for example, in the form of a soil amendment). Ideally, the composition thus produced would fulfill the functions of natural humic acid. Hereinafter, this starting form is referred to as a humic substance-containing composition. In at least some preferred embodiments, a further objective is to provide a humic substance-containing composition that binds carbon dioxide from the air particularly efficiently or in large quantities.
[0020] This problem is solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are described in the dependent claims.
[0021] According to a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a process for producing a humic substance-containing composition. This humic substance-containing composition can, for example, be a humic substance-containing soil conditioner. The humic substance-containing composition can, for example, be a humic substance-containing fertilizer.
[0022] The process includes one step a) providing a fermentation mixture. The fermentation mixture comprises:
[0023] - A carbon-containing starting material;
[0024] - A culture of fermentative microorganisms comprising at least lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, actinobacteria, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and
[0025] - a nutrient medium.
[0026] The carbon-containing feedstock preferably comprises biomass (e.g., plant residues) and / or pyrolysis coal. The carbon-containing feedstock can be organic. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0028] The process further includes a step of b) anaerobic fermentation of the fermentation mixture to form the humic substance-containing composition.
[0029] Surprisingly, this process—and in particular this fermentation mixture—has proven especially suitable for producing humic substances / humic acids from carbon compounds. The resulting composition can, for example, be a humic-containing soil amendment. This amendment is also suitable for supporting soil fertility, making nutrients available to plants, and efficiently fixing carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the soil amendment produced using the described process represents an effective, rich, and readily available carbon source for plants.
[0030] Surprisingly, it has been found that the fermentative microorganism culture used exhibits a high degree of synergy. Ultimately, this microorganism culture enables the conversion of the carbon-containing starting material into usable, natural substances with high nutritional value. In the process, valuable nutrients such as amino acids and organic acids are released and made available for plant uptake.
[0031] In some embodiments, the humic substance-containing composition is a humic substance-containing soil conditioner. These embodiments relate to all aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] The humic substance-containing composition can be present in various forms. Typically, it is largely liquid, though it may contain sediment. It can be a suspension or a dispersion. It is also possible for the humic substance-containing composition to be concentrated and used as a concentrate. Furthermore, the humic substance-containing composition (e.g., the humic substance-containing soil conditioner) can be applied in different ways. For example, it can be applied via fertilization. In one embodiment, the soil conditioner is in the form of liquid manure.
[0033] The carbon-containing feedstock used in the process is preferably in the form of comminuted particles. Optionally, at least the P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0035] Biomass and / or pyrolysis coal may be present in the form of comminuted (e.g., ground) particles, but it is preferred if the carbon-containing feedstock is present as a whole in the form of comminuted particles. It is particularly preferred to use the carbon-containing feedstock in the form of ground particles.
[0036] Different grind sizes are conceivable, but it has proven particularly advantageous if the carbon-containing starting material (e.g., the biomass) is present in the finest possible ground form. In some embodiments, the carbon-containing starting material (e.g., the biomass) is in liquid form or in the form of ground particles with an average particle diameter of less than 5 mm, preferably less than 1 mm. Besides improved distribution, this enables more efficient and complete conversion. Optionally, the specification can also refer only to the biomass, so that in some embodiments the biomass is present in the form of ground particles with an average particle diameter of less than 5 mm, preferably less than 1 mm.
[0037] Various comminution methods can be used. In some embodiments, mechanical comminution or grinding is carried out. In some embodiments, the carbon-containing starting material is digested in a digestion process, preferably using hydrogen peroxide, before the fermentation mixture is provided. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, the carbon-containing starting material is comminuted by cavitation before the fermentation mixture is provided, preferably with a high-performance mixer or with ultrasound. This is particularly effective when the cavitation is carried out with a high-performance mixer, preferably at 15,000 rpm to 50,000 rpm, and especially at 25,000 rpm to 35,000 rpm.
[0038] The microorganism culture used contains at least lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, actinobacteria, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Depending on the application, these microorganisms may be present in varying proportions, or additional microorganisms may be included in the culture. The microorganism culture can, for example, comprise 3% to 5% by volume of the fermentation mixture. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0040] The lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacilliles) used help to suppress unwanted bacteria and microorganisms harmful to plant growth, thus promoting a healthy balance in the ecosystem. In this way, the lactic acid bacteria act as a barrier against other microorganisms. They can also acidify the environment. Furthermore, the lactic acid bacteria can produce vitamins, improve the uptake of nutrients from the decomposition of organic matter, and produce the enzyme lactase. Different species can be used depending on the application. The use of Lactobacillus plantarum and / or Lactobacillus casei is particularly advantageous.
[0041] The purple bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas) in the fermentation mixture are able to convert light energy into chemical energy. Therefore, it is particularly advantageous if the fermentation mixture is exposed to light during anaerobic fermentation, for example, using a suitable fermentation vessel (such as a standard, airtight fermentation container). Furthermore, the purple bacteria contribute to nutrient production and improve soil fertility. They can also perform anoxygenic light synthesis.
[0042] The actinobacteria of the fermentation mixture (actinomycetes) support various processes in soils and waters, such as soil decomposition (breakdown of organic matter in the soil), bioremediation, plant-microbe symbiosis and water balance.
[0043] In some applications, it can be advantageous to use additional microorganisms. These additional microorganisms may already be present in the microorganism culture (and anaerobically fermented as part of that culture). Alternatively, they may be added after anaerobic fermentation. [Artificial humic substances improve microbial activity for binding CO2, Tang et al., iScience 2021, 24, 102647].
[0044] It has proven advantageous to add fungi such as Trichocereus (Trichoderma) and / or mycorrhizal fungi to improve the soil's ability to decompose organic matter. These fungi are best added after the fermentative decomposition, but can also be included in the microorganism culture. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0046] Generally speaking, in some embodiments, Trichoderma fungi and / or mycorrhizal fungi are added to the fermentation mixture after anaerobic fermentation.
[0047] The mycorrhizal fungi can be advantageously arbuscular. While not adhering to a specific theory, it is assumed that mycorrhizal fungi such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are particularly beneficial because they can produce glomalin, which significantly contributes to the binding of soil particles into aggregates (POM). Glomalin is a glycoprotein that causes soil particles to stick together ("crumb glue") and is attractive to soil microorganisms. The result is a loose, aerated soil with a good crumb structure. This allows carbon compounds to be stabilized in the form of clay-humus complexes.
[0048] Depending on the application, it can be advantageous for the fermentative microorganism culture to contain one or more additional microorganisms. Microorganisms from the rumen microbiome of ruminants are particularly interesting in this context, as they contribute to efficient conversion and the production of high-quality metabolic products. In some embodiments, the fermentative microorganism culture comprises microorganisms from one or more of the following genera: Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Butyrivibrio.
[0049] In addition to the microorganism culture, the carbon-containing starting material, and the nutrient medium, the fermentation mixture may optionally contain further components. In some embodiments, the fermentation mixture also contains inorganic minerals, preferably in the form of ground particles with an average particle diameter of less than 5 mm, preferably less than 1 mm.
[0050] The inorganic minerals can be present in varying amounts. For example, the inorganic minerals can make up 3% to 5% by volume of the fermentation mixture.
[0051] The inorganic minerals can be comminuted in various ways. In some embodiments, the inorganic minerals are comminuted by cavitation before the fermentation mixture is provided, preferably with a P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0053] High-performance mixers or ultrasound. For example, cavitation can be carried out with a high-performance mixer preferably at 15,000 rpm - 50,000 rpm, particularly at 25,000 rpm - 35,000 rpm.
[0054] In some embodiments, the inorganic minerals are digested in a digestion process, preferably using hydrogen peroxide, before the fermentation mixture is provided.
[0055] Depending on the application, the biomass can consist of different plant residues. It has proven particularly advantageous to use plant residues with a high proportion of filler tissue (cortex and pith parenchyma). Embodiments in which the plant residues and / or the pyrolysis charcoal have a bulk density of less than 5 g / cm³ are especially advantageous. 3 exhibit, preferably of 0.01 g / cm² 3 up to 1.5 g / cm³ 3 .
[0056] Pyrolysis coal is a product formed by the thermochemical conversion (pyrolysis) of organic matter (typically at 350–900 °C, although other temperatures are conceivable) under conditions of near-complete exclusion of oxygen. The organic matter used can be, for example, biomass, such as plants and / or plant residues and / or sewage sludge. For instance, the pyrolysis coal can be biochar. In other words, the pyrolysis coal can also consist of biochar. Put another way, the term "pyrolysis coal" can optionally be replaced by "biochar" in some embodiments.
[0057] In preferred embodiments, the biomass and / or the pyrolysis charcoal are obtained from plants of one or more of the following orders: grasses (Poa-les); mallows (Malvales); and asters (Asterales). These orders are preferred because their constituents contribute to promoting the fermentation processes (grasses). Furthermore, the non-woody properties of these orders allow for significantly easier microbial conversion. In addition, the herbaceous plant structure is suitable as ground cover, and their flowers provide food for insects.
[0058] Particularly preferred are embodiments in which the biomass and / or the pyrolysis charcoal (or, in these embodiments, typically plant charcoal) is obtained from one or more of the following genera: Miscanthus ssp., Panicum ssp., P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0060] Phyllostachys spp., Helianthus spp., Silphium spp., Sida spp., Paulownia spp., and Sambucus spp. are preferred because they are perennial crops that are established once and can then be harvested annually. Another advantage is that all of the aforementioned species, except for Paulownia spp., are plants with a high parenchyma content. Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells of the ground tissue that make up the majority of non-woody (herbaceous) plant structures and serve, for example, to store nutrients. These properties make them particularly suitable for absorbing the described nutrient components. Paulownia is one of the fastest-growing trees in the world and thus, along with the aforementioned species, represents a readily available source of biomass. It stores large quantities of CO2 during its growth.
[0061] Preferably, the plant residues have a water absorption capacity of at least 150% of their own weight, and in particular at least 250% of their own weight. This water absorption capacity refers to the increase in weight due to water absorption after immersion of the plant residues in water at room temperature and normal pressure for at least 3 hours. An advantage of the described water absorption capacity is that it ensures the uptake of additional liquid nutrients for the intended microbial conversion by microorganisms.
[0062] It has proven particularly advantageous to use biomass and / or pyrolysis charcoal (or, in these embodiments, typically plant charcoal) in the process, derived from plants containing 0% to 50% by weight, preferably 5% to 45% by weight, lignin, and 0% to 90% by weight, preferably 5% to 80% by weight, cellulose. These values refer to the total weight of the dry biomass or the total weight of the dry pyrolysis charcoal. Optionally, the biomass may contain a small amount of residual moisture.
[0063] It has also proven particularly advantageous to use biomass and / or pyrolysis coal (or, in these embodiments, typically plant-based charcoal) in the process, which are obtained from plants containing 0 wt.% to 35 wt.%, preferably 5 wt.% to 30 wt.%, hemicellulose and 0 wt.% to 25 wt.%, preferably 2 wt.% to 23 wt.%, silicon. Also this P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0065] The figures refer to the total weight of the dry biomass or the total weight of the dry pyrolysis coal. Optionally, the biomass may contain a small amount of residual moisture.
[0066] Depending on the application, the fermentation mixture can be prepared in different ways. For example, it is theoretically possible to mix all components of the fermentation mixture directly together. However, it has proven particularly advantageous to first pretreat the carbon-containing starting material (e.g., the biomass) with the nutrient medium, for example, so that the carbon-containing starting material (e.g., the biomass) can become fully saturated with the nutrient medium (if a liquid nutrient medium is used). The pretreated carbon-containing starting material can then be mixed with the fermentation-active microorganism culture.In some embodiments, the step of preparing the fermentation mixture thus comprises mixing the carbon-containing starting material with the nutrient medium to form a premix, and subsequently mixing the premix with the fermentation-active microorganism culture. Preferably, the microorganism culture is added to the premix in liquid form. In some embodiments, air is removed from the premix, for example by vacuum sealing. This allows an anaerobic state to be achieved.
[0067] Depending on the application, different nutrient media can be used. In some embodiments, the nutrient medium comprises a sugar solution, preferably containing glucose, fructose, and / or byproducts from sugar production such as molasses. The use of a sugar solution containing at least glucose is particularly preferred. An advantage of these embodiments is that these nutrient media are particularly inexpensive. In some embodiments, the nutrient medium comprises molasses.
[0068] Depending on the application, the fermentation mixture may also contain minerals. For example, it is particularly beneficial for soil fertility if the fermentation mixture contains at least one of the following minerals: selenium, zinc, magnesium, silicon, calcium, sulfur, chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, copper, molybdenum, iodine, and nickel. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0070] According to the invention, the fermentation mixture is fermented anaerobically. The anaerobic conditions can be achieved in various ways. For example, in some embodiments, the fermentation mixture can be fermented in an airtight fermentation vessel. Preferably, the oxygen content of the air surrounding the fermentation mixture during anaerobic fermentation is less than 3% by volume, particularly less than 1% by volume, for example less than 0.1% by volume, and most preferably less than 0.01% by volume. In some embodiments, this oxygen content is essentially 0.000% by volume.
[0071] Different fermentation temperatures are conceivable. For a high-quality composition (for example, a high-quality soil amendment) and for time-efficient implementation of the process, it is particularly advantageous to carry out anaerobic fermentation at a temperature of 20 to 38°C, preferably 24 to 26°C. Regardless of the chosen temperature, it is advantageous to ferment the fermentation mixture anaerobically for at least one week, preferably at least two months. Anaerobic fermentation for two to three months has proven particularly advantageous. This duration is beneficial because it combines both high conversion rates and a relatively short reaction time.
[0072] Regardless of the chosen temperature or duration, it is also advantageous, due to the purple bacteria (see above), if the fermentation mixture is exposed to visible light, preferably daylight, during anaerobic fermentation.
[0073] In typical embodiments, a sediment forms during or at the end of anaerobic fermentation. It has proven advantageous to separate the sediment after fermentation, for example by decantation. Thus, in some embodiments, the process further includes a step of separating a sediment from the fermentation mixture after anaerobic fermentation, preferably by decantation.
[0074] Depending on the application, the process described herein can also be used, for example, to produce fructose, especially crystalline fructose. The fructose can be obtained, for instance, from the molasses or molasses syrup of the soil conditioner. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0076] In another aspect, the present disclosure therefore relates to a process for the production of humic substances from a fructose manufacturing process, wherein the process comprises:
[0077] - Carrying out the process for producing a humic substance-containing soil amendment according to one of the embodiments disclosed herein;
[0078] - Isolating a molasses-containing fraction from the humic substance-containing soil amendment;
[0079] - Conversion of the molasses-containing fraction to fructose, especially to crystalline fructose.
[0080] According to a second aspect, the present disclosure relates to the humic substance-containing composition (e.g. the humic substance-containing soil amendment) produced according to the process according to one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0081] Also revealed is a soil (e.g., arable soil) that includes the humic substance-containing soil amendment.
[0082] Furthermore, a soil (e.g., a planting substrate such as potting soil or flower soil) is revealed, which includes the humic substance-containing soil amendment.
[0083] According to a third aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of the humic-containing soil amendment according to one of the embodiments disclosed herein for fertilizing and / or fertigating soils or earths, in particular agricultural soils or planting substrates. The planting substrates can be, for example, potting soil or flower soil.
[0084] Furthermore, a method for increasing the fertility of soil or earth is disclosed, comprising:
[0085] - Providing the humic substance-containing soil amendment produced according to the process according to one of the embodiments disclosed herein; and
[0086] - Incorporation of the humic substance-containing soil amendment into the soil or ground. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0088] The step of providing the humic substance-containing soil amendment can, for example, include the production of the humic substance-containing soil amendment according to the method of one of the embodiments described in the present disclosure.
[0089] The process can optionally include allowing the humic-containing soil amendment to act on the soil for at least one week, preferably at least one month, after application. Preferably, this action lasts at least six months.
[0090] The described method allows for an increase in soil fertility. Fertility can manifest itself in various ways. For example, an increase in fertility can be attributed to a humification process. This increase is plausible, as the humus content is known to significantly and in many ways determine soil fertility.
[0091] The choice of soil or earth into which the soil amendment is incorporated is not particularly restricted. For example, sand such as desert sand can be used, preferably in combination with biomass. Regardless of whether sand or another type of soil is used, biomass is preferably mixed into the soil. Soils such as planting substrates (e.g., potting soil or planting soil) can also be used.
[0092] Preferably, the mass ratio of the humic substance-containing soil amendment relative to the mass of the soil lies within the range of 0.05:1.0 to 5.0:1.0, preferably from 0.1:1.0 to 3.0:1.0.
[0093] Furthermore, a method for absorbing a pollutant from a pollutant-containing fluid is disclosed, comprising:
[0094] - Providing the humic substance-containing soil amendment produced according to the process according to one of the embodiments disclosed herein; and
[0095] - Contact of the pollutant-containing fluid with the humic substance-containing composition, forming a pollutant-depleted fluid. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0097] It is understood that during contact, at least some of the pollutants are absorbed by the humic substance-containing composition. This can initially involve absorption and / or adsorption. Over time, this can further include the binding and even the conversion of the pollutants into beneficial products.
[0098] The choice of pollutants is not particularly limited. For example, the pollutants CO, CO2, SO₂ can be used. X , NO X , NH3.
[0099] According to a fourth aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of the humic substance-containing soil amendment according to one of the embodiments disclosed herein for the absorption and binding of carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide-containing gas, preferably air. For example, the humic substance-containing soil amendment can serve, at least in some embodiments, for the metabolization and binding of carbon dioxide.
[0100] Furthermore, a method for absorbing carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide-containing gas, preferably air, is disclosed. The method comprises:
[0101] - Providing the humic substance-containing composition (e.g., the humic substance-containing soil amendment) produced according to the process according to one of the embodiments disclosed herein;
[0102] - Optional: Incorporation of the humic substance-containing composition into soil or earth; and
[0103] - Action of the carbon dioxide-containing gas on the humic substance-containing composition, forming a carbon dioxide-depleted gas.
[0104] The carbon dioxide-depleted gas is depleted in carbon dioxide compared to the gas before exposure.
[0105] Depending on the application, different carbon dioxide-containing gases can be used. For example, air can be used, but gases with higher carbon dioxide concentrations can also be used, such as flue gas or exhaust gases (e.g., from the chemical industry). P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0107] The step of providing the humic substance-containing soil amendment can, for example, include the production of the humic substance-containing soil amendment according to the method of one of the embodiments described in the present disclosure.
[0108] The choice of soil or earth into which the soil amendment is optionally incorporated is not particularly restricted. For example, sand such as desert sand can be used. Regardless of whether sand or another type of soil is used, biomass is preferably also mixed into the soil. Soils such as planting substrates (e.g., potting soil or flower soil) can also be used.
[0109] The duration of exposure to the carbon dioxide-containing gas can vary. Preferably, the carbon dioxide-containing gas is exposed to the humic substance-containing soil amendment for at least one week, preferably at least one month, and particularly at least six months.
[0110] According to a fifth aspect, the present disclosure relates to a kit for the production of a humic substance-containing composition (for example, for the production of a humic substance-containing soil amendment). The kit comprises:
[0111] - A carbon-containing feedstock comprising biomass and / or pyrolysis coal;
[0112] - A culture of fermentative microorganisms, including at least lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, actinobacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae;
[0113] - a nutrient medium; and
[0114] - Optionally, inorganic minerals in the form of ground particles.
[0115] The carbon-containing starting material can include, for example, biomass (e.g., plant residues) and / or pyrolysis coal.
[0116] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of the kit according to one of the embodiments of the fifth aspect, for the production of a P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0118] humic substance-containing composition (for example, for the production of humic substance-containing soil amendments, such as humic substance-containing fertilizers).
[0119] According to a sixth aspect, the present disclosure relates to a microorganism culture (as such) and also to the use of this microorganism culture for the production of a humic substance-containing composition (e.g., a humic substance-containing soil conditioner), for example, for the production of a humic substance-containing fertilizer. The microorganism culture comprises at least lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, actinobacteria, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
[0120] Preferred embodiments, in particular preferred genera or species, as well as preferred further components and a preferred culture composition, were discussed in the context of the first aspect of this disclosure. The embodiments described in the context of the first aspect are also embodiments of the sixth aspect of this disclosure.
[0121] The present disclosure (above and below) is described in the context of various aspects and embodiments to facilitate understanding of the disclosure. However, this document is to be understood as a single disclosure. In particular, embodiments described in the context of a particular aspect are generally also to be understood as embodiments of other aspects and apply to them unless explicitly stated otherwise or the context requires otherwise. For example, embodiments described in connection with the method of the first aspect are also embodiments of the other aspects unless explicitly stated otherwise or the context requires otherwise.This applies in particular to the embodiments of the first aspect, which are also embodiments of the kit and its use (fifth aspect), as well as of the microorganism culture and its use (sixth aspect).
[0122] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in this disclosure have the same meaning as they are normally understood by a person skilled in the art in the field to which the disclosure relates. Although other methods and materials may also be used in the practical application or testing of this disclosure which may not be understood as described herein, the disclosure shall not be construed as otherwise.
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[0124] Where the methods and materials described are similar or equivalent, the preferred methods and materials are described herein.
[0125] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXECUTION FORMS
[0126] The following examples describe some embodiments of the present disclosure. Some of the examples refer to Figure 1, which shows a scheme for the production and use of the humic substance-containing soil amendment.
[0127] Example 1: Basic mixture of microorganisms
[0128] The following examples use a fermentative microorganism culture, the preparation of which is described in this example. The composition of this microorganism culture is summarized in the table below:
[0129] Microorganism Source Used Quantity
[0130] Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 1.3 x 10 7 CFU / ml Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469 1.2 x 10 4 CFU / ml Saccharomyces cerevi- IFO 0203 3.3 x 10 4 KBS / ml siae
[0131] Purple bacteria (Rho-ATCC 17001 1.6 x 10 4 CFU / ml
[0132]
[0133] dopseudomonas)
[0134] The microorganism culture also contains actinobacteria. These actinobacteria form during fermentation. They can originate, for example, from plant residues used as part of the biomass.
[0135] The microorganism culture is produced through the following steps: The base mixture is created from a mixture of the aforementioned microorganisms in equal parts of 0.5% to 5%, preferably 2%. From this mixture, the starter for fermentative propagation is then prepared. This mixture consists of 0.5% to 5% (preferably 2.2%) microorganism culture, 0.5% to 10% (preferably 5%) sugar cane molasses, and 92.80% water. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0137] Example 2: Production of humic substances from plant particles
[0138] Step 1:
[0139] Plant parts from energy crops (e.g., miscanthus or residues from agricultural production such as nutshells) are provided. These plant parts are shredded to a size of 0-3 mm and placed in a container. Depending on the density of the plant particles, this proportion of the total quantity of the subsequent experimental formulation ranges from 1% by weight to 30% by weight, preferably 10% by weight.
[0140] Step 2: Providing a second nutrient base to activate the microbial structures
[0141] A nutrient base dissolved in water, in the form of carbohydrates (e.g., glucose), is provided. This consists of sugar cane molasses with a naturally occurring mineral content.
[0142] The content of various minerals and trace elements in sugar molasses is listed in the table below. However, the exact levels can differ significantly from the values shown in the table for sugar molasses from different sources.
[0143] Mineral average value (in %)
[0144] Potassium (K) 3.50
[0145] Chloride (CI) 1.30
[0146] Calcium (Ca) 0.60
[0147] Sulfur (S) 0.50
[0148] Magnesium (Mg) 0.40
[0149] Sodium (Na) 0.20
[0150]
[0151] Phosphorus (P) 0.10
[0152] Minerals milligrams / mg per kg
[0153] Iron 200.00
[0154] Manganese 20.00
[0155] Zinc 10.00
[0156] Copper 9.00
[0157] Cobalt 0.50
[0158]
[0159] Selenium 0.02P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0161] The amount of this nutrient solution preferably ranges between 3 vol.% and 5 vol.% based on the total amount (3 - 5 liters of molasses to 97 / 95 liters of water).
[0162] Step 3: Providing a microbial base for metabolizing the nutrients from Step 1 and Step 2
[0163] The base mixture according to Example 1 is used. The amount of this microbial base is preferably between 3% and 5% by volume based on the total quantity (3-5 liters to 97 / 95 liters of water).
[0164] Step 4
[0165] The first nutrient solution described in step 2 is mixed with the plant particles so that they can absorb the molasses / water mixture.
[0166] When mixing the starting materials with the nutrient medium, it has proven particularly advantageous to remove / evacuate the air from the mixture after mixing. This can be done, for example, by using a vacuum pump or similar technology. This process ensures an additional anaerobic environment for the subsequent fermentation.
[0167] Step 5
[0168] The microbial base described in step 3 is added to the above-mentioned mixture of plant particles and molasses (step 4) and thoroughly mixed. The container is sealed airtight and stored at a temperature of 20°C–37°C, preferably 25°C. The mixture is then exposed to microbial metabolization under anaerobic conditions for 30–100 days, preferably 90 days.
[0169] The microbial structures multiply through the nutrient solution of the molasses and successively consume first the easily digestible parenchyma structures, then the celluloses and hemicelluloses, and then the remaining components such as remnants of lignin.
[0170] After anaerobic fermentation, fungal structures, e.g., Tricoderma or mycorrhizae, can optionally be added to the resulting mixture. P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0172] Example 3: Production of humic substances from pyrolysis coal and carbon-containing substances using a technical process
[0173] Step 1: Providing the carbon base as the first part of the nutrient solution
[0174] Variant 1: Pyrolysis coal is dry-ground to a very fine consistency until a particle size of 0.1 to 10 mm, preferably < 1 mm, is achieved.
[0175] Variant 2: Alternatively, the pyrolysis coal can also be wet-ground, resulting in a colloidal structure with a size of < 2 pm.
[0176] Variant 3: Another method for processing pyrolysis coal involves comminuted it by cavitation. For this purpose, the pyrolysis coal is comminuted in a high-performance mixer at high speed (from 15,000 l / min, preferably 25,000 l / min) in water or aqueous nutrient media.
[0177] With respect to the total quantity of the following experimental formulation, this proportion is between 1 wt.% and 30 wt.%, preferably 10 wt.%, depending on the density of the dry carbon particles.
[0178] Step 2: Providing a second nutrient base to activate the microbial structures
[0179] A nutrient base dissolved in water, in the form of carbohydrates (e.g., glucose), is provided. This consists of sugar cane molasses with a naturally occurring mineral content.
[0180] The content of various minerals and trace elements in sugar molasses is listed in the table below. However, the exact levels can differ significantly from the values shown in the table for sugar molasses from different sources.
[0181] Mineral average value (in %)
[0182] Potassium (K) 3.50
[0183] Chloride (CI) 1.30
[0184] Calcium (Ca) 0.60
[0185] Sulfur (S) 0.50
[0186] Magnesium (Mg) 0.40
[0187]
[0188] Sodium (Na) 0.20P29026PC00 March 2026
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[0190] Phosphorus (P)
[0191]
[0192] Minerals milligrams / mg per kg
[0193] Iron 200.00
[0194] Manganese 20.00
[0195] Zinc 10.00
[0196] Copper 9.00
[0197] Cobalt 0.50
[0198]
[0199] Selenium 0.02
[0200] The amount of this nutrient solution preferably amounts to between 3% and 5% of the total amount (3 - 5 liters of molasses to 97 / 95 liters of water).
[0201] Step 3: Providing a microbial base for metabolizing the nutrients from Step 1 and Step 2
[0202] The base mixture according to Example 1 is used. The amount of this microbial base preferably amounts to between 3% and 5% by volume based on the total quantity (3-5 liters of molasses to 97 / 95 liters of water).
[0203] Step 4
[0204] The first nutrient solution described in step 2 is mixed with the carbon particles so that they can absorb the molasses / water mixture.
[0205] Step 5
[0206] The microbial base described in step 3 is added to the above-mentioned mixture of carbon particles and molasses and thoroughly mixed. The container is sealed airtight and stored at a temperature of 20°C–37°C, preferably 25°C. The mixture is then exposed to microbial metabolization under anaerobic conditions for 30–100 days, preferably 90 days.
[0207] After anaerobic fermentation, fungal structures, e.g., Tricoderma or mycorrhizae, can optionally be added to the resulting mixture. P29026PC00 March 2026
[0208] 23 / 34
[0209] Example 4: Analytical measurements: ICP-MS
[0210] Two different humic substances were analytically investigated. These were produced from pyrolysis charcoal from plants (Cl) and pyrolysis charcoal from technical processes (Cl I) using the method according to Example 3.
[0211] The humic substances were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). pH and conductivity were also measured. For the ICP-MS analysis, the sample solution was introduced into an inductively coupled argon plasma via a pneumatic nebulizer system.
[0212] The measurement results are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 below.
[0213] Table 1 shows the ingredients of the soil amendment produced from the fermentative conversion of biochar (Kl).
[0214] Table 2 shows the ingredients of the soil amendment produced from the fermentative conversion of biochar (Cl). Pyrolysis biochar from a technical process based on Direct Air Capturing was used (Obrist DAC).
[0215] Table 1
[0216] Parameter KlgteOraS FWF Unit | Method pH value 6 16 i • pH-orgDunger-flüssig-lbi Leiftibigl.eit 1130000 pS cm ' * HIOSU-SaMbu Bcr 8 0.933 mq'l H2O-ICPMS Ilm Ca'ciurn Ca 622 mg'l H2O-ICPMS-lbu Cadmium Cd < 0.0001 mg 1 < H2O-ICPMS-ibu kupfe* Cu 0.349 mg'l J H2O-ICPMS Ibu Sseo Fe 3.14 mg.l 1 H2O ICPMS-'bu Kal'um K 2080 rr.g'l HJü-ICPMS Itu Magnesium Mg 235 r mg'l H2O-ICPMS-iru Manganese Mn 2.34 1mg'l H2O-ICPMS Ibu Molybdän Mo 0.033 mg '< H2O-ICPMS Ibu Natrium Na 885 mg i HZO-ICPMS-llbu Zink Zn 0.0692 ‘ mg i i HiO-ICPMS-lbu Phosphor P 16.4 mgJ ! H2O ICPMS-Ibu Hydrogencarbonat HCO3- 9838.38 mml 1 Wasser-BV- rj Alkalmitat 161.24 inmoi ' > Wasser-BV .bu Ammonium 47.271 mg.l Wasser.BV-.bu Cnlnnd 725.27 mgl Wasser-BV-.bu Nitrat N-NO3 51.22 Sulfat 586.80 mg 1 Wasser-BV-.bu
[0217]
[0218] P29026PC00 März 2026
[0219] 24 / 34
[0220] Tabelle 2
[0221] Parameter Result FWF Unit Method pH value 8.12 pH-OgDunger-fluid-Ibu Conductivity 9300.00 pS / cm H2OSU-Sai-lKu Boron 0 0.854 mg / l HPO-ICPMS Ibi Calcium Ca 1030 mfl / l HLO-ICPMS-Ibu Calcium Cd 0.0024 _ TP L H2O-ICPMS-lbu Copper Cu 0.130 mg / l H?O ICPMS Ibu Iron Fe 18.7 mg, ' i H2O-ICPMS-lbu Potassium K 1660 mg, i H2O-ICPMS-IOU Magnet Mg 308 mg ill HXMCPMS-bu Manganese Mn 24.5 mgil H2O-ICPf.1S-.cu Molybdenum Mo 0.0114 mg rt H2O-ICPMS-.0J sodium Na 76.4 mg, I H2O-ICPMS-1EU zinc Zn 3.37 mg, I H2O-ICPMS-bu phosphorus P 38.8 mgfl H2O-ICPMS-lbu hydrogen cartanate HCO3- 7480.92 mg / l water-BV-lou AMlimttrt 122.60 mm: ' Water-BV-ibu Amrrwn'um 128.915 mg, fl Water-BV-lou Chloride 764.65 mgfl Water-BV-lou Nitrate N-NO3 33.72 mg-l Su"at 1677.00 .... Wl Water-BV-ipu
[0222]
[0223] Example 5: Use of the humic substance-containing composition for the absorption and binding of carbon dioxide from the air
[0224] Humic substances are an indicator of fertile and resilient soils, but more and more soils are losing this important building block of soil activity due to intensive use and climatic influences. In agricultural production and environmental remediation, humic substances bind pollutants, improve the availability of soil nutrients, and optimize soil structure. Furthermore, they improve carbon sequestration and promote plant and microbial growth. [Natural and artificial humic substances to manage minerals, ions, water, and soil microorganisms, Yang et al, Chem Soc Rev, 2021, 50, 6221]. Soils and soils treated with humic substances are also able to absorb enormous quantities of carbon dioxide from the air by activating microbiology and increasing plant and root activity. [Artificial humic substances improve microbial activity for binding CO2, Yang et al, IScience 2021, 24, 102647].P29026PC00 March 2026.
[0225] 25 / 34
[0226] In contrast to the technically produced humic substances described above, the humic substance-containing composition described here is produced via fermentation processes and additionally activated with microorganisms and minerals, which enhances this amazing ability.
[0227] The described humic substance-containing composition is therefore suitable, for example, for closing a carbon gap that exists between arable soils and meadows and pastures (see Fig. 2): Meadows and pastures contain approximately 240 tons of humic carbon per hectare, while arable soils contain only about 60 tons of humic carbon per hectare. This results in a theoretical humic carbon gap of 180 tons of humic carbon per hectare. This gap can be closed by the humic substance-containing composition of the present disclosure. It has been scientifically proven that every gram of carbon in the soil, applied as humic substance, leads to approximately 50 grams of carbon from microbial growth [Artificial humic substances improve microbial activity for binding CO2, Tang et al, IScience 2021, 24, 102647].
[0228] Through bacterial photosynthesis, stimulated by the applied humic substance-containing composition, the soil binds approximately 50 tons of carbon from the ambient air per year until the aforementioned humic / carbon gap is closed. This results in the following CO2 sequestration potential per hectare per year.
[0229] 11 humic substance-containing soil amendment / ha x 50 biological lever x 3.66 (CO2 / C) = 183 t CO2 / ha (see Fig. 2).
[0230] In addition to this storage in the soil, an average of 5 tons of CO2 / ha per year are bound in the roots of plants, and 25 tons of CO2 / ha per year are bound through photosynthesis. With a plant yield of 15 tons of biomass / ha per year, a further 10 tons of CO2 / ha per year are removed from the atmosphere through pyrolysis.
[0231] In summary, with appropriate application of the described humic substance-containing soil amendment, a total of 223 tons of CO2 per hectare of usable land can realistically be bound annually (see Fig. 1).
[0232] Further advantages include the ability to generate 7,500 kW of heat and 3,000 kW of electricity during pyrolysis (see Fig. 1). P29026PC00 March 2026
[0233] 26 / 34
[0234] Example 6: Analysis of the humic substance composition and its use to increase the fertility of desert sand
[0235] As part of a pilot study aimed at making desert sand fertile using humic-containing fertigation solutions, analyses were carried out at the Institute of Analytical Biochemistry at the Helmholtz Center Munich. The following instruments were used for the analyses: i) a 12 Tesla Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FT-ICR-MS); ii) a First UPLC-q TOE / MS (an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer); and iii) an 800 MHz NMR spectrometer.
[0236] Two processed fertigation solutions K(l) and K(ll) were analyzed, which were produced according to the procedure described in Example 3 using pyrolysis coal from two different sources:
[0237] K(l) was produced from pyrolysis coal obtained from a technical process for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere.
[0238] K(l I) was produced from pyrolysis coal obtained from a technical process in which carbon is extracted from organic material.
[0239] As part of the analyses, both humic substance-containing fertigation solutions produced using the described method (according to Example 3) were examined for their humic structure.
[0240] Subsequently, K(l I) was mixed with desert sand and biomass and observed over time. The aim of this procedure was to be able to depict the accelerated humification process over time.
[0241] The starting point for the soil mixture used was desert sand WÜ I 12 / 23. In step 1, this was mixed with the humic substance-containing fertigation solution K(ll) produced from the described process.
[0242] The resulting intermediate product WS II 12 / 23 was mixed with biomass in a further process step. This initial mixture, WS III 12 / 23, was examined in detail (see Figure 7). P29026PC00 March 2026
[0243] 27 / 34
[0244] After 12 months of exposure (“maturation period”), the identical sample was analyzed again using the same procedure to assess the humification process. The analyses showed that, in infertile soils, a humification process that would take centuries in nature can be initiated using the fertigation solutions produced according to the described procedure (Figures 8-10).
[0245] Figure 3 shows details of the analytical method used and in particular the digestion method.
[0246] Figures 4 and 5 show profiles of the reference Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA). Figure 4 shows the FTICR-MS profile of SRFA, and Figure 5 shows the Van Krevelen diagrams of SRFA. The Van Krevelen diagrams were generated based on the conversion of all exact masses to elemental compositions with a mass precision of 0.1 ppm. The resolution at m / z 400 is 400,000. The bubbles are proportional to the intensity of the signals in the mass spectra. A high H / C value indicates high saturation, while a low H / C value indicates either low saturation and / or higher aromaticity (for example, phenol has an H / C value of 1). The O / C ratio reflects the carbon oxidation state. For example, CβHκOe sugars would have an H / C ratio of 2 and an O / C ratio of 1.
[0247] Humic substances do not have a clearly defined chemical composition or genetic fingerprint. In scientific circles, the Suwannee River Fulvic Acid profile is used to classify humic substances.
[0248] Figure 6 shows a comparison of the two humic substance-containing fertigation solutions (Kl / Kll) produced according to the procedure described above against the SRFA profile. The figure shows a high degree of agreement. The humic substance content could thus be confirmed.
[0249] Figure 7 shows microscopic images (top of each) of samples WÜ 1 12 / 23 (Fig.
[0250] 7A), WS II 12 / 23 (Fig. 7B) and WS III 12 / 23 (Fig. 7C), as well as the element distributions P29026PC00 March 2026
[0251] 28 / 34
[0252] (each below), which were determined for these samples. Fig. 7B shows that the sand grains are present as individual grains. Fig. 7C shows that a complex composition has formed as a result of the process.
[0253] Figures 8-9 show a comparison of the FTICR-MS spectra of the different samples. "WS III 12 / 23 (11.2024)" refers to the sample that was originally prepared in November 2024, subjected to a 12-month incubation period ("maturation period"), and finally measured in November 2025. To assess the humification process, control samples were prepared and analyzed under identical conditions in November 2025 (see the (11.2025) designation in the sample names).
[0254] Figure 10 shows a comparison of the Van Krevelen diagrams of the two samples WS III 12 / 23 (11.2025 in Fig. 10A vs. 11.2024 in Fig. 10B).
[0255] Taken together, the analyses of Figures 8-10 show that in infertile soils, a humification process can be initiated using the fermentation solutions produced according to the method described herein, a process that would take centuries in nature. In particular, the Van Krevelen diagrams show that the material has been humified, but the original hydrocarbon content is retained.
Claims
P29026PC00 March 2026 29 / 34 PATENT CLAIMS 1. A process for producing a humic substance-containing composition, the process comprising: a. Providing a fermentation mixture comprising: i. A carbon-containing feedstock comprising biomass and / or pyrolysis coal; ii. A culture of fermentative microorganisms comprising at least lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, actinobacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae; and ill. a nutrient medium; b. Anaerobic fermentation of the fermentation mixture to form the humic substance-containing composition.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the humic substance-containing composition is a humic substance-containing soil amendment.
3. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass is plant residues.
4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the pyrolysis coal is in the form of ground particles with an average particle diameter of less than 5 mm, preferably less than 1 mm.
5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein Trichoderma fungi and / or mycorrhizal fungi are added to the fermentation mixture after anaerobic fermentation. P29026PC00 March 2026 30 / 34 6. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass and / or the pyrolysis coal has a bulk density of less than 5 g / cm³. 3 exhibit, preferably of 0.01 g / cm² 3 up to 1.5 g / cm³ 3 .
7. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass and / or the pyrolysis charcoal is obtained from plants of one or more of the following orders: Poales (grasses); Malvales (mallows); and Asterales (asters).
8. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass and / or the pyrolysis coal is obtained from one or more of the following genera: Miscanthus ssp., Panicum ssp., Phyllostachys ssp., Helianthus ssp., Silphium ssp., Sida ssp., Paulownia ssp., Sambucus ssp.
9. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass and / or the pyrolysis charcoal are obtained from plants containing 0 wt.% to 50 wt.%, preferably 5 wt.% to 45 wt.%, lignin and 0 wt.% to 90 wt.%, preferably 5 wt.% to 80 wt.%, cellulose.
10. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass and / or the pyrolysis charcoal are obtained from plants containing hemicellulose from 0 wt.% to 35 wt.%, preferably from 5 wt.% to 30 wt.%, and silicon from 0 wt.% to 25 wt.%, preferably from 2 wt.% to 23 wt.%.
11. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass and / or the pyrolysis char were comminuted by cavitation prior to the provision of the fermentation mixture, preferably with a high-performance mixer or with ultrasound. P29026PC00 March 2026 31 / 34 12. Method according to claim 11, wherein the cavitation is preferably carried out with a high-performance mixer at 15000 l / min - 50000 l / min, in particular at 25000 l / min - 35000 rpm.
13. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the biomass and / or the pyrolysis coal are digested in a digestion process, preferably using hydrogen peroxide, prior to the provision of the fermentation mixture.
14. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the nutrient medium comprises a sugar solution which preferably contains glucose, fructose and / or residues from sugar production, in particular molasses.
15. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the anaerobic fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 20 to 38°C, preferably 24 to 26°C.
16. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation mixture is exposed to visible light during anaerobic fermentation.
17. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the fermentation mixture is fermented anaerobically for at least 1 week, preferably at least 2 months.
18. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the step of providing the fermentation mixture comprises mixing the carbon-containing starting material with the nutrient medium to form a premix and subsequently removing air from the premix.
19. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nutrient medium comprises a carbohydrate-containing mixture formed as a by-product in the reaction of a fructose-containing starting solution to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). P29026PC00 March 2026 32 / 34 20. A humic substance-containing composition, for example in the form of a humic substance-containing soil amendment, produced according to a method of the preceding claims.
21. Use of the humic substance-containing soil amendment according to claim 20 for fertilizing and / or fertigating soils or earths, in particular agricultural soils or planting substrates.
22. Methods for increasing the fertility of soil or earth, comprising: a. Providing the humic substance-containing soil amendment according to claim 20; and b. Introducing the humic substance-containing soil amendment into the soil or earth.
23. Use of the humic substance-containing soil amendment according to claim 20 for the absorption and binding of carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide-containing gas, preferably air.
24. Method for absorbing carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide-containing gas, preferably air, comprising: a. Providing the humic substance-containing composition according to claim 20; b. Optionally, the humic substance-containing composition can be introduced into soil or earth; c. Action of the carbon dioxide-containing gas on the humic substance-containing composition, forming a carbon dioxide-enriched gas. P29026PC00 March 2026 33 / 34 25. Method for absorbing a pollutant from a pollutant-containing fluid, comprising: a. Providing the humic substance-containing composition according to claim 20; b. Contact of the pollutant-containing fluid with the humic substance-containing composition, forming a pollutant-depleted fluid.
26. Kit for the production of a humic substance-containing composition, for example a humic substance-containing soil amendment, comprising: a. A carbon-containing feedstock comprising biomass and / or pyrolysis coal; b. A culture of fermentative microorganisms comprising at least lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, actinobacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae; C. a nutrient medium; and d. Optionally, inorganic minerals in the form of ground particles.